Unit 英汉对比与翻译 二
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unit9 汉英对比与翻译二
4、去年发现了一种稀有元素。 A rare element was found last year. 5、饿得他话都说不出来了。 It makes him so hungry that he can’t speak. • He is too hungry to speak. • • • •
• 6、能不能提前完成计划呢？ • Is it possible to carry out the plan ahead of time? • 7、只有慎之又慎，才能避免犯 不必要的错误。 • Being very careful, you (we) can avoid making unnecessary mistakes.
• 只要知道电压和电流就能够确定电阻。 • Knowing the voltage and current, you (we) can determine the resistance. • The resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are known.
• 热得他们全身冒汗。 • It’s so hot that they are sweating like a pig. • 累得我走不动了。把我累得走不动 了。 • It makes me so tired that I can’t walk any more.
• 要解决问题，还必须做系统、周密 的调查工作和研究工作。 • In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study.
四、采用there…be结构译出
Unit 2 英汉对比和翻译 共18页
Ø 红茶
Ø Take off
3)词的搭配
Ø The new dictionary has really taken off. (popular)
Ø Take off your wet shirt
Ø The doctor took off his wounded left leg. Ø They had to take off (取消) the show because
衣衫褴褛，瘸腿，满脸胡须。
Ø 某些以－ible 或－able结尾的形容词用作定 语时，与every，the only，或形容词最高级 连用来修饰名词时，也常放在名词后
Ø We must help them in every way possible (every possible way). 我们一定要用一切可 能的办法来帮助他们。
of poor audience.
Ø You can take only one day off.
Ø The officer leading the inquiry has been taken
Collocation (continued)
Ø看 Ø 看电视 watch TV Ø 看黑板 look at the blackboard Ø 看电影 see a film Ø 看地图 study a map Ø 看小说 read a novel Ø 看朋友 visit a friend
Ø一个当选希望极微的候选人
5)set phrases:
Ø To make a monkey of
Ø To burn the boat
Ø To fish in the air
Ø To call a spade a spade
第2章英汉对比与翻译
汉语喜欢用单词担任各种句子成分，短语用法十 分有限。但汉语在遣词造句时，特别讲究词语的 音韵均衡和偶式对应，善于使用四字格词语和排 比式词汇，尽显汉语方块字的外形美和音韵美。
这就要求译者在英译汉时既要准确把握数量众多 的英语短语的意思，还应考虑汉语行文习惯，适 当使用汉语四字结构和排比句式。
译文：It is funny that a beautiful girl like her should fall in love with such an ugly man.
Conclusion:
5. 英语前重心；汉语后重心
英语句子叙事往往是前重心，汉语则习惯 于后重心。
英语句子往往先说最近发生的事，再说先 前发生的事，基本按时间逆序展开；或者 先叙述事实，再说出其发生的时间、地点、 方式手段。汉语正好与此相反。此外，英 语句子往往先给出观点、结论、推断，再 加以论证；而汉语句子则习惯于先说事， 再总结，往往采用“前因后果”句式。
Conclusion:
8. 英语句子主语很少省略；汉语多用无主 语句。
主语在英语句子中的地位是不可动摇的， 除了祈使句、人物对话、说明书或某些特 殊实用文体中有时可省略主语，一般不使 用无主语句。
英译汉时许多英语句子的主语可以考虑省 略；汉译英时，则应力求主语到位。
例15
原句：As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of a historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.
这就要求译者在英译汉时既要准确把握数量众多 的英语短语的意思，还应考虑汉语行文习惯，适 当使用汉语四字结构和排比句式。
译文：It is funny that a beautiful girl like her should fall in love with such an ugly man.
Conclusion:
5. 英语前重心；汉语后重心
英语句子叙事往往是前重心，汉语则习惯 于后重心。
英语句子往往先说最近发生的事，再说先 前发生的事，基本按时间逆序展开；或者 先叙述事实，再说出其发生的时间、地点、 方式手段。汉语正好与此相反。此外，英 语句子往往先给出观点、结论、推断，再 加以论证；而汉语句子则习惯于先说事， 再总结，往往采用“前因后果”句式。
Conclusion:
8. 英语句子主语很少省略；汉语多用无主 语句。
主语在英语句子中的地位是不可动摇的， 除了祈使句、人物对话、说明书或某些特 殊实用文体中有时可省略主语，一般不使 用无主语句。
英译汉时许多英语句子的主语可以考虑省 略；汉译英时，则应力求主语到位。
例15
原句：As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of a historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.
Unit 2 英汉差异与翻译
冠词
A.
a fish a marriage a good dream Rome was not built in a day. Twins are naturally of an age. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
暗示, 暗指, 提及; 隐喻; 典故
allusion
examples
1. He was, and still is, devoted to teaching English. 2. Diamond cut diamond. 3. One boy is a boy; two boys half boy; three boys no boy. 4. The peace agreement signed at the eleventh hour.
proverb, 谚语,俗语,常言[C] "Haste makes waste" is a proverb. “欲速则不达”是一句谚语。 slang
俚语 Their conversation was full of slang. 他们的谈话充满了俚语。 行话;(盗贼等的)黑话,切口
C.
a bird’s-eye view of Xi’an St. Paul’s the barber’s a stone’s throw
D.
They fell in love at first sight. A view of Qinling Mountains can be obtained from the tower. The sight of the fly makes e
Unit two 英汉语言文化对比
such structures.
Subject-prominent vs. Topicprominent
A subject-prominent language (eg English) is a language in which the grammatical units of subject and predicate (SV) are basic to the structure of sentences and in which sentences usually have subject-predicate structure.
知己知彼，百战不殆
We can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself.
P41 主语的转换（汉语主语是非名词） 采用新工艺大大降低了产品的成本。
The adoption of the new process has greatly cut the cost of production.
上外大学英语精读book3P2
Why do you teach? My friend asked the question when I told him that I didn’t want to be considered for an administration position. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a “step up” toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.
Subject-prominent vs. Topicprominent
A subject-prominent language (eg English) is a language in which the grammatical units of subject and predicate (SV) are basic to the structure of sentences and in which sentences usually have subject-predicate structure.
知己知彼，百战不殆
We can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself.
P41 主语的转换（汉语主语是非名词） 采用新工艺大大降低了产品的成本。
The adoption of the new process has greatly cut the cost of production.
上外大学英语精读book3P2
Why do you teach? My friend asked the question when I told him that I didn’t want to be considered for an administration position. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a “step up” toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.
英汉对比翻译Lesson 2(无作业版)
二、个性 1. 英语重视名词的分类 专有名词（proper noun）、普通名词（common noun） 普通名词：个体名词（individual noun）、集体名词 （collective noun）、物质名词（material noun）、抽 象名词（uncountable noun） • 个体名词+集体名词=可数名词（countable noun） • 物质名词+抽象名词=不可数名词（uncountable noun）
• • • • •
2）表示无生命的东西，一般前面加of Eg. the door of the teaching building 3）双重所有格 Eg. He is a good friend of my father’s.
说明父亲的好朋友不止一个。
He is a good friend of my father.
• 2. 复数名词 • 1）汉语在表达复数时，通常用语缀“们” • Eg. The students may work in teams or individually on this problem. • 同学们可以合作或独立解决这个问题。 • 2）有泛指意义的英语复数名词在汉译时不需使用复 数形式 • Eg. Cigarettes are harmful to our health. • 吸烟有害健康。
• 有些名词在不同场合，代表的意义不同， 可以 兼属两类（可数、不可数） • Eg. She bought chicken and turkey. 她买了鸡肉和火鸡肉。 • • She keeps chickens and turkeys. • 她饲养了一些小鸡和火鸡。
• 2. 名词性（gender）的形态化和词汇手段 • 1）汉语和英语中多数名词都是中性的，少数有生命 的名词需要阴阳性形式，通常采用词汇手段。 • Eg. she, girl, woman (she-wolf, girl-scout, woman-friend) • boy, man (boy-wonder, fireman) • 男/ 女（用于人）、公/母（用于动物）、雌/ 雄 （用于学名） • 坤（女性的）：坤包（lady’s handbag）、坤表 （women’s watch）、坤车（women’s bike）
英汉对比与翻译第二章
d) Omisห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ion
• A serious matter this for you and me. (= A serious matter is this for you and me./ This is a serious matter for you and me.) 对你和我来说，这是件严重的事情。
• b) extension of sentence parts • Adverbial extension • It would be nice if one had two heads and neither required sleep.
b）Expansion
• b) extension of sentence parts
a）Conversion
―There be…‖ • There was a knock at the door.
b）Extension
b）Extension
• a）adding modifier • Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputers.
• 钢的结构及其形成的性质，取决于加热的温度和冷却 的速度。
c) Combination
c) Combination
• Simple sentences • Compound sentences • Complex sentences
c) Combination
1 汉译英概述及原则
2) 译文必须符合英语的习惯表达（英语惯用法， 避免中国式英语）：
百闻不如一见。 Seeing is believing. 宣传 propaganda（少用，多含负面成分）political propaganda；publicity多用，为中性词 精神文明 spiritual civilization (含宗教色彩) ethical and cultural progress
中国执行改革开放政策，争取在五十年到七十年间内发展 起来。 China pursues a policy of reform and opening to the outside world, striving to become developed within a 5070 year period. Pursuing a policy of reform and opening to the outside world, China strives to become developed within a 50-70 year period. China is now carrying out the policies of reform and opening to the outside world and will strive to become developed in 50 to 70 years.
三条原则：
1) 译文必须符合英语的语法：三种轴 心结构： a. 主－系－表结构 (S+V+P) a) 人类在地球上已存在多久了？ How long has man been on earth? b) 牛奶变酸了。 Milk turns sour.
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?(他一回到家，天就下起了瓢泼大雨。）
?D）Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality. (inverted)
?当时我确实 还不太懂战争的意义以及 战争实际上是怎么回事。
? E） By the time he entered college, he had been exposed to English for 6 years.
英汉对比与翻译 （二） 英汉句法现象的对比
2. 句法现象的对比
A: People are always talking about “the problem of youth”. If there is one—which I take leave to doubt—then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings—. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.
?人们总是在谈论 “青年人问题”。如 果真有这么一个问题 ——对这一点我 要不揣冒昧地表示怀疑 ——那也是年 长者造出来的，而不是青年人自己造 成的。让我们认真考虑一下问题的根 本吧，而且我们要承认青年人毕竟是 人——跟他们长辈一样的人。青年人 和老年人之间只有一点不同，那就是 青年人的光辉未来在他们前头，而老 年人的辉煌已经留在他们身后，或许 这就是问题之所在 。
? 上大学前，他学英语已经有六年时间了。 ? 英语和汉语句子中语态的使用频率存在一定的差异。被
动语态在英语中的使用比率相对与汉语而言要多。
?Nothing was gained by all the over caution.
?所有这些谨小慎微，到头来一无所得。
?I must have been cheated again.
英语的时态有十六种，与汉语的时态相比要复杂得 多，汉语一般没有时态的变化。
如：I will go to Beijing tomorrow afternoon.
( 我明天下午去北京)
Jack used to be a government official, but he is in prison now.
? B. He that loves glass without G,
? Takes away L and that is he.
中文也有类似拆字游戏：
此木是柴山山出
因火生烟夕夕多（纪）
? ( Glass without G is lass, meaning a “young woman”. If the L is taken away from “lass” what remains is an “ass”, referring to a donkey or a stupid person.
(杰克从前是个政府官员，现在是犯人。）
2）句子结构
?A）The two countries—with all the talk of warmer relations—are spying on each other as avidly as at the height of the cold war.
?大自然为保护鲸，使它不致在北 冰洋受冻，便让它长了一曾厚厚 的脂肪，叫做鲸脂。鲸杀死后， 把鲸脂剥下来熬油，这项工作有 的在船上进行，有的在岸上进行。
3）复合句顺序（短语顺序）
? 翻译下列句子，注意排列顺序的差异：
? Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected there is a “high temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with its centre roughly thirty miles above the ground.
?(尽管两国高唱关系改善，但双方仍像在 冷战期间一样互相侦察对方）
?B）The question is whether he can understand what she said about her position.
?(问题是他能不能理解她的立场）
?C）Hardly had he got home, it began to rain cats and dogs.
? Thus, it means “ He who loves women is a stupid person”.孙( 利民, 2005:74)
? 在翻译实践中，我们通常把句子作为操作处理的 基本单位。英语和汉语的句子结构及句法既有相 似之处，更有明显的区别。（傅晓玲等，2004： 58）
1）时态对比：
?我准是又上当了。
?To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber. When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore.
?D）Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality. (inverted)
?当时我确实 还不太懂战争的意义以及 战争实际上是怎么回事。
? E） By the time he entered college, he had been exposed to English for 6 years.
英汉对比与翻译 （二） 英汉句法现象的对比
2. 句法现象的对比
A: People are always talking about “the problem of youth”. If there is one—which I take leave to doubt—then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings—. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the rub is.
?人们总是在谈论 “青年人问题”。如 果真有这么一个问题 ——对这一点我 要不揣冒昧地表示怀疑 ——那也是年 长者造出来的，而不是青年人自己造 成的。让我们认真考虑一下问题的根 本吧，而且我们要承认青年人毕竟是 人——跟他们长辈一样的人。青年人 和老年人之间只有一点不同，那就是 青年人的光辉未来在他们前头，而老 年人的辉煌已经留在他们身后，或许 这就是问题之所在 。
? 上大学前，他学英语已经有六年时间了。 ? 英语和汉语句子中语态的使用频率存在一定的差异。被
动语态在英语中的使用比率相对与汉语而言要多。
?Nothing was gained by all the over caution.
?所有这些谨小慎微，到头来一无所得。
?I must have been cheated again.
英语的时态有十六种，与汉语的时态相比要复杂得 多，汉语一般没有时态的变化。
如：I will go to Beijing tomorrow afternoon.
( 我明天下午去北京)
Jack used to be a government official, but he is in prison now.
? B. He that loves glass without G,
? Takes away L and that is he.
中文也有类似拆字游戏：
此木是柴山山出
因火生烟夕夕多（纪）
? ( Glass without G is lass, meaning a “young woman”. If the L is taken away from “lass” what remains is an “ass”, referring to a donkey or a stupid person.
(杰克从前是个政府官员，现在是犯人。）
2）句子结构
?A）The two countries—with all the talk of warmer relations—are spying on each other as avidly as at the height of the cold war.
?大自然为保护鲸，使它不致在北 冰洋受冻，便让它长了一曾厚厚 的脂肪，叫做鲸脂。鲸杀死后， 把鲸脂剥下来熬油，这项工作有 的在船上进行，有的在岸上进行。
3）复合句顺序（短语顺序）
? 翻译下列句子，注意排列顺序的差异：
? Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected there is a “high temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with its centre roughly thirty miles above the ground.
?(尽管两国高唱关系改善，但双方仍像在 冷战期间一样互相侦察对方）
?B）The question is whether he can understand what she said about her position.
?(问题是他能不能理解她的立场）
?C）Hardly had he got home, it began to rain cats and dogs.
? Thus, it means “ He who loves women is a stupid person”.孙( 利民, 2005:74)
? 在翻译实践中，我们通常把句子作为操作处理的 基本单位。英语和汉语的句子结构及句法既有相 似之处，更有明显的区别。（傅晓玲等，2004： 58）
1）时态对比：
?我准是又上当了。
?To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber. When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore.