供应链管理英文课件-第4章
物流管理,供应链管理课件chopra4_ppt_ch16
Includes all processes involved in planning for and fulfilling a customer order ISCM processes:
– – – – – Strategic Planning Demand Planning Supply Planning Fulfillment Field Service
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16-8
The Supply Chain IT Framework
The Supply Chain Macro Processes
– – – – – Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Internal Supply Chain Management (ISCM) Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) Plus: Transaction Management Foundation Figure 16.1
供应链管理英文课件 第4章
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Factors Influencing Distribution Network Design
? Distribution network performance evaluated along two dimensions at the highest level:
4-4
Factors Influencing Distribution Network Design
? Elements of customer service influenced by network structure:
? Response time ? Product variety ? Product availability ? Customer experience ? Order visibility ? Returnability
Facility Costs
Number of facilities
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TotalCosts
4-11
Total Costs Related to Number of Facilities
Total Costs
Number of Facilities
Facilities Inventory Transportation
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The Role of Distribution in the Supply Chain
? Distribution : the steps taken to move and store a product from the supplier stage to the customer stage in a supply chain
物流管理,供应链管理课件chopra4_ppt_ch02
Variety of products required increases Demand per product becomes more disaggregated
Number of channels through which product may be acquired increases
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2-9
Step 1: Understanding the Customer and Supply Chain Uncertainty
Overall attribute of customer demand Demand uncertainty: uncertainty of customer demand for a product Implied demand uncertainty: resulting uncertainty for the supply chain given the portion of the demand the supply chain must handle and attributes the customer desires
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2-8
Step 1: Understanding the Customer and Supply Chain Uncertainty
Identify the needs of the customer segment being served Quantity of product needed in each lot Response time customers will tolerate Variety of products needed Service level required Price of the product Desired rate of innovation in the product
物流供应链管理课件chopra4_ppt_ch01
Information
Product
Customer
Funds
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1-11
The Objective of a Supply Chain
Maximize overall value created Supply chain value: difference between what the final product is worth to the customer and the effort the supply chain expends in filling the customer’s request Value is correlated to supply chain profitability (difference between revenue generated from the customer and the overall cost across the supply chain)
Chapter 1 Understanding the Supply Chain
1-1
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Traditional View: Logistics in the US Economy (2006, 2007)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
供应链管理第3版 ChopraChapter 4_NEW
Chapter 4Designing the Distribution Network in a Supply ChainTrue/False1. Distribution occurs between every pair of stages in the supply chain.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate2. Distribution only occurs between manufacturing and consumers in the supplychain.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate3. Companies in the same industry often select very different distribution networks,because the choice of the distribution network can be used to achieve a varietyof supply chain objectives ranging from low cost to high responsiveness.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate4. Companies in the same industry should always select similar distributionnetworks, because their objectives will be similar.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate5. A customer always wants the highest level of performance along all dimensionsof customer service, including response time, product variety, product availability, customer experience, order visibility, and returnability.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate6. A customer does not necessarily want the highest level of performance along alldimensions of customer service, including response time, product variety,product availability, customer experience, order visibility, and returnability.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy7. Outbound transportation costs per unit tend to be lower than inbound costs,because inbound lot sizes are typically larger.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy8. Outbound transportation costs per unit tend to be higher than inbound costs,because inbound lot sizes are typically larger.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy9. Transportation costs are high with drop-shipping because the average outbounddistance to the end consumer is large and package carriers are used to shipping the product.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy10. Transportation costs are low with drop-shipping because the average outbounddistance to the end consumer is small.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Easy11. The main advantage of in-transit merge over drop-shipping is the somewhatlower transportation cost and improved customer experience.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate12. The main advantage of a distribution network with local storage is that it canlower the delivery cost and provide a faster response than other networks.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Moderate13. The main advantage of a distribution network with local storage is that it canlower the inventory and facility costs.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate14. The major disadvantage of a distribution network with local storage is theincreased delivery cost.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate15. The major disadvantage of a distribution network with local storage is theincreased inventory and facility costs.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy16. A distribution network designer needs to consider product characteristics as wellas network requirements when deciding on the appropriate delivery network.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Hard17. Only niche companies will end up using a single distribution network.Answer: TrueDifficulty: Easy18. Most companies are best served by a single distribution network.Answer: FalseDifficulty: Moderate19. Distributors add value to a supply chain between a supply stage and a customerstage if there are many small players at the customer stage, each requiring asmall amount of the product at a time.Answer: TrueDifficulty: ModerateMultiple Choice1. The steps taken to move and store a product from the supplier stage to acustomer stage in the supply chain is referred to asa. transportation.b. retailing.c. wholesaling.d. distribution.e. manufacturing.Answer: dDifficulty: Easy2. Distribution is a key driver of the overall profitability of a firm becausea. the addition of distributors only adds cost to the supply chain.b. it directly impacts both the supply chain cost and the customer experience.c. it slows down the responsiveness of the supply chain.d. it cannot be developed as a part of supply chain strategy.e. Distribution is not a key driver of profitability.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate3. The choice of the distribution network can be used to achieve supply chainobjectives such asa. low cost.b. high responsiveness.c. high cost.d. high responsibility.e. a and b onlyAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate4. Companies in the same industry often select very different distribution networksbecausea. some companies are poorly run.b. different companies try to avoid using the same approach.c. different companies have different objectives for their supply chain.d. all of the abovee. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate5. A poor/inappropriate distribution network cana. lead to high profitability.b. hurt the level of service customers receive while increasing cost.c. have a significant negative impact on the profitability of a firm.d. all of the abovee. b and c onlyAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate6. Which of the following would not be the result of a poor/inappropriate distributionnetwork?a. High profitabilityb. Low level of customer servicec. High costd. Poor profitabilitye. None of the above are true.Answer: aDifficulty: Easy7. On which dimensions should the performance of a distribution network beevaluated at the highest level?a. Profitability of individual supply chain componentsb. Efficiency of overall supply chain networkc. Customer needs that are metd. Cost of meeting customer needse. c and d onlyAnswer: eDifficulty: Hard8. Which of the following are measures of customer service that are influenced bythe structure of the distribution network?a. Response timeb. Product varietyc. Product availabilityd. Customer experiencee. all of the aboveAnswer: eDifficulty: Easy9. Which of the following are measures of customer service that are influenced bythe structure of the distribution network?a. Returnabilityb. Order visibilityc. Customer experienced. Product availabilitye. all of the aboveAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate10. Which of the following is not a measure of customer service that is influenced bythe structure of the distribution network?a. Returnabilityb. Customer experiencec. Customer maturityd. Product availabilitye. All of the above are measures of customer service.Answer: cDifficulty: Easy11. The time between when a customer places an order and receives delivery isa. response time.b. product variety.c. product availability.d. customer experience.e. order visibility.Answer: aDifficulty: Easy12. The number of different products/configurations that a customer desires from thedistribution network isa. response time.b. product variety.c. product availability.d. customer experience.e. order visibility.Answer: bDifficulty: Easy13. The probability of having a product in stock when a customer order arrives isa. response time.b. product variety.c. product availability.d. customer experience.e. order visibility.Answer: cDifficulty: Easy14. The ease with which the customer can place and receive their order as well asother aspects of value that the sales staff provides isa. customer experience.b. order visibility.c. product availability.d. response time.e. returnability.Answer: aDifficulty: Easy15. The ability of the customer to track their order from placement to delivery isa. customer experience.b. order visibility.c. product availability.d. response time.e. returnability.Answer: bDifficulty: Easy16. The ease with which a customer can return unsatisfactory merchandise and theability of the network to handle such returns isa. customer experience.b. order visibility.c. product availability.d. response time.e. returnability.Answer: eDifficulty: Easy17. The costs incurred in bringing material into a facility area. sourcing transportation costs.b. outbound transportation costs.c. crossbound transportation costs.d. inbound transportation costs.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Easy18. The costs incurred in sending material out of a facility area. sourcing transportation costs.b. outbound transportation costs.c. crossbound transportation costs.d. inbound transportation costs.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Easy19. Outbound transportation costs per unit tend to bea. about the same as inbound costs.b. higher than inbound costs.c. lower than inbound costs.d. neither higher or lower than inbound costs.e. none of the aboveAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate20. As the number of facilities in a supply chain increasesa. the inventory and resulting inventory costs also increase.b. the inventory and resulting inventory costs decrease.c. the inventory increases and resulting inventory costs decrease.d. the inventory decreases and resulting inventory costs increase.e. the inventory and resulting inventory costs remain the same.Answer: aDifficulty: Moderate21. As the response time desired by the customer decreases, the required number offacilities in the distribution networka. decreases.b. remains the same.c. increases.d. increases and then decreases.e. none of the aboveAnswer: cDifficulty: Moderate22. As the number of facilities in a supply chain increases, total transportation costa. decreases.b. remains the same.c. increases.d. increases to a point and then decreases.e. decreases to a point and then increases.Answer: eDifficulty: Hard23. As the number of facilities in a supply chain increases, total facility costsa. decrease.b. remain the same.c. increase.d. increase to a point and then decrease.e. decrease to a point and then increase.Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate24. Total logistics costs for a supply chain network are a sum ofa. inventory and facility costs.b. inventory, facility, and distributor costs.c. facility, transportation, and distributor costs.d. inventory, transportation, and facility costs.e. none of the aboveAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate25. As the number of facilities in a supply chain network increases, total logisticscosts willa. decrease.b. decrease at first and then increase.c. increase.d. increase at first and then decrease.e. neither increase or decrease.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate26. Which of the following are key decisions in the design of a distribution network?a. Will product be delivered to the customer location or picked up from apre-ordained site?b. Will product flow through a production facility?c. Will product flow through an intermediary (or intermediate location)?d. all of the abovee. a and c onlyAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate27. Which of the following is not a distinct distribution network design that may beused to move products from factory to customer?a. Manufacturer storage with direct shippingb. Manufacturer storage with distributor pickupc. Distributor storage with package carrier deliveryd. Distributor storage with last mile deliverye. Manufacturer/distributor storage with customer pickupAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate28. Which of the following is not a distinct distribution network design that may beused to move products from factory to customer?a. Manufacturer storage with direct shippingb. Manufacturer storage with direct shipping and in-transit mergec. Distributor storage with package carrier deliveryd. Distributor storage with manufacturer pickupe. Retail storage with customer pickupAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate29. In which distribution network design is product shipped directly from themanufacturer to the end customer, bypassing the retailer (who takes the orderand initiates the delivery request)?a. Manufacturer storage with direct shippingb. Manufacturer storage with direct shipping and in-transit mergec. Distributor storage with package carrier deliveryd. Distributor storage with last mile deliverye. Manufacturer/distributor storage with customer pickupAnswer: aDifficulty: Easy30. Which distribution network is also referred to as drop-shipping with productdelivered directly from the manufacturer to the customer location?a. Manufacturer storage with direct shippingb. Manufacturer storage with direct shipping and in-transit mergec. Distributor storage with package carrier deliveryd. Distributor storage with last mile deliverye. Manufacturer/distributor storage with customer pickupAnswer: aDifficulty: Moderate31. Advantages of manufacturer storage with direct shipping includea. the ability to reduce cost of inventory by centralizing inventories at themanufacturer.b. offering the manufacturer the opportunity to postpone customization untilafter the customer order has been placed.c. supply chains save on the fixed cost of facilities, because the need forother warehousing space in the supply chain has been eliminated.d. providing a good customer experience in the form of delivery to thecustomer location.e. all of the aboveAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate32. Which of the following is an advantage of manufacturer storage with directshipping?a. Transportation costs are low because the average outbound distance tothe end consumer is small and package carriers are used to shipping theproduct.b. Supply chains save on the fixed cost of facilities, because the need forother warehousing space in the supply chain has been eliminated.c. Response times tend to be small because the order has to be transmittedfrom the retailer to the manufacturer.d. Order tracking is easy to implement because of the complete integrationof information systems at both the retailer and the manufacturer.e. The handling of returns is likely to be simple and inexpensive, improvingcustomer satisfaction.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate33. Disadvantages of manufacturer storage with direct shipping includea. Transportation costs are high because the average outbound distance tothe end consumer is large and package carriers are used to shipping theproduct.b. Response times tend to be large because the order has to be transmittedfrom the retailer to the manufacturer and shipping distances are onaverage longer from the manufacturer’s centralized site.c. Order tracking becomes harder to implement because it requirescomplete integration of information systems at both the retailer and themanufacturer.d. The handling of returns is likely to be difficult and more expensive, hurtingcustomer satisfaction.e. all of the aboveAnswer: eDifficulty: Moderate34. Which of the following would be a disadvantage of manufacturer storage withdirect shipping?a. The ability to reduce cost of inventory by centralizing inventories at themanufacturer.b. The manufacturer has to postpone customization until after the customerorder has been placed.c. Supply chains have to eliminate other warehousing space to save on thefixed cost of facilities.d. Response times tend to be large because the order has to be transmittedfrom the retailer to the manufacturer and shipping distances are onaverage longer from the manufacturer’s centralized site.e. Provides a good customer experience when a single order containingproducts from several manufacturers is delivered in partial shipments.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate35. Which distribution network design is similar to pure drop-shipping, except thatpieces of the order coming from different locations are combined so that thecustomer gets a single delivery?a. Manufacturer storage with direct shippingb. Manufacturer storage with direct shipping and in-transit mergec. Distributor storage with package carrier deliveryd. Distributor storage with manufacturer pickupe. Retail storage with customer pickupAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate36. The main advantage of in-transit merge over drop-shipping isa. the ability to reduce cost of inventory by centralizing inventories at themanufacturer.b. supply chains save on the fixed cost of facilities, because the need forother warehousing space in the supply chain has been eliminated.c. somewhat lower transportation cost and improved customer experience.d. order tracking is easy to implement because of the complete integrationof information systems at both the retailer and the manufacturer.e. the handling of returns is likely to be simple and inexpensive, improvingcustomer satisfaction.Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate37. The major disadvantage of in-transit merge compared to drop-shipping isa. transportation costs are high because the average outbound distance to theend consumer is large and package carriers are used to shipping the product.b. response times tend to be large because the order has to be transmitted fromthe retailer to the manufacturer and shipping distances are on average longerfrom the manufacturer’s centralized site.c. order tracking becomes harder to implement because it requires completeintegration of information systems at both the retailer and the manufacturer.d. the additional effort during the merge itself.e. the handling of returns is likely to be difficult and more expensive, hurtingcustomer satisfaction.Answer: dDifficulty: Easy38. Which distribution network design is being used when inventory is not held bymanufacturers at the factories, but is held by distributors/retailers in intermediate warehouses and package carriers are used to transport products from theintermediate location to the final customer?a. Manufacturer storage with direct shippingb. Manufacturer storage with direct shipping and in-transit mergec. Distributor storage with package carrier deliveryd. Distributor storage with manufacturer pickupe. Retail storage with customer pickupAnswer: cDifficulty: Easy39. Which of the following is an advantage of distributor storage with carrier delivery?a. Inventory cost is higher than with manufacturer storage.b. Product variety is lower than with manufacturer storage.c. Order visibility for the customer is easier than with manufacturer storage.d. Higher cost to provide the same level of product availability asmanufacturer storage.e. Cost of facilities and handling is somewhat higher than manufacturerstorage.Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate40. Which of the following is a disadvantage of distributor storage with carrierdelivery?a. Information infrastructure is simpler than manufacturer storage.b. Response time is faster than with manufacturer storage.c. Returnability is easier than with manufacturer storage.d. Product variety is lower than with manufacturer storage.e. Transportation cost is lower than with manufacturer storage.Answer: dDifficulty: Moderate41. Which distribution network design is being used when the distributor/retailerdelivers the product to the customer’s home instead of using a package carrier?a. Manufacturer storage with direct shippingb. Manufacturer/distributor storage with customer pickupc. Distributor storage with package carrier deliveryd. Distributor storage with last mile deliverye. Retail storage with customer pickupAnswer: dDifficulty: Moderate42. Which of the following is an advantage of distributor storage with last miledelivery?a. More expensive to provide product availability than any other optionexcept retail stores.b. Inventory cost is higher than distributor storage with package carrierdelivery.c. Response time is very quick ranging from same day to next day delivery.d. Transportation cost is higher than any other distribution option.e. Returnability is harder and more expensive than a retail network.Answer: cDifficulty: Easy43. Which of the following is a disadvantage of distributor storage with last miledelivery?a. Transportation cost is higher than any other distribution option.b. Information cost is similar to distributor storage with package carrierdelivery.c. Customer experience is very good, particularly for bulky items.d. Returnability is easier to implement than other options.e. Order traceability is less of an issue and easier to implement thanmanufacturer storage or distributor storage with package carrier delivery.Answer: aDifficulty: Hard44. Which distribution network design is being used when inventory is stored at themanufacturer or distributor warehouse but customers place their orders online or on the phone and then come to designated pickup points to collect their orders?a. Manufacturer storage with direct shippingb. Manufacturer/distributor storage with customer pickupc. Distributor storage with package carrier deliveryd. Distributor storage with last mile deliverye. Retail storage with customer pickupAnswer: bDifficulty: Moderate45. Which of the following is an advantage of manufacturer/distributor storage withcustomer pickup?a. Facility costs can be very high if new facilities have to be built.b. Transportation cost is lower than the use of package carriers, especially ifusing an existing delivery network.c. Order visibility is difficult but essential.d. Product variety is similar to other manufacturer or distributor storageoptions.e. Significant investment in information infrastructure required.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate46. Which of the following is a disadvantage of manufacturer/distributor storage withcustomer pickup?a. Customer experience is lower than other options because of the lack ofhome delivery.b. Response time is similar to package carrier delivery with manufacturer ordistributor storage.c. Returnability is somewhat easier given that pickup location can handlereturns.d. Product availability is similar to other manufacturer or distributor storageoptions.e. Facilities costs are lower if existing facilities are used.Answer: aDifficulty: Hard47. Which distribution network design is being used when inventory is stored locallyat retail stores and customers walk into the retail store or place an order online or on the phone and pick it up at the retail store?a. Manufacturer storage with direct shippingb. Manufacturer/distributor storage with customer pickupc. Distributor storage with package carrier deliveryd. Distributor storage with last mile deliverye. Retail storage with customer pickupAnswer: eDifficulty: Easy48. Which of the following is an advantage of retail storage with customer pickup?a. Inventory cost is higher than all other options.b. Transportation cost is lower than all other options.c. Facilities and handling costs are higher than other options.d. Product variety is lower than all other options.e. Product availability is more expensive to provide than all other options.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate49. Which of the following is a disadvantage of retail storage with customer pickup?a. Returnability is easier than other options given that pickup location canhandle returns.b. Inventory cost is higher than all other options.c. Transportation cost is lower than all other options.d. Facilities and handling costs are lower than other options.e. Product variety is higher than all other options.Answer: bDifficulty: Moderate50. Distributors add value to a supply chain between a supply stage and a customerstagea. if there is a small number of customers requiring a large amount ofproduct.b. if there is a large number of customers requiring a large amount ofproduct.c. if there are many small players at the customer stage, each requiring asmall amount of the product at a time.d. if there are a few large players at the customer stage, each requiring alarge amount of the product at a time.e. Distributors do not add value to a supply chain.Answer: cDifficulty: Moderate51. Improvement in supply chain performance at the result of distributors occurs forwhich of the following reasons?a. Reduction in transportation cost because of LTL shipments frommanufacturers to distributor.b. Reduction in outbound transportation cost because the distributorcombines products from many customers into a single outbound shipment.c. Reduction in inventory costs because distributor disaggregates safetyinventory rather than aggregating at each retailer.d. A more stable order stream from distributor to manufacturer (compared toerratic orders from each retailer) allows manufacturers to lower cost byplanning production more effectively.e. By carrying inventory closer to the point of sale, manufacturers are able toprovide a better response time than distributors can.Answer: dDifficulty: Hard52. Which of the following statements about distribution networks is true?a. The ownership structure of the distribution network can have as big animpact as the type of distribution network.b. The choice of a distribution network has very long-term consequences.c. The choice of an exclusive distribution strategy may be advantageous.d. All of the above are true.e. None of the above are true.Answer: dDifficulty: HardEssay/Problems1. Explain the measures of customer service that are influenced by the structure ofthe distribution network.Answer: Response time is the time between when a customer places an orderand receives delivery.Product variety is the number of different products/configurations that acustomer desires from the distribution network.Availability is the probability of having a product in stock when a customer order arrives.Customer experience includes the ease with which the customer can place and receive their order. It also includes purely experiential aspects, such as thepossibility of getting a cup of coffee and the value that the sales staff provides.Order visibility is the ability of the customer to track their order from placementto delivery.Returnability is the ease with which a customer can return unsatisfactorymerchandise and the ability of the network to handle such returns.Difficulty: Moderate2. Explain how the design of the distribution network affects the cost of the foursupply chain drivers.Answer: As the number of facilities in a supply chain increases, the inventory and resulting inventory costs also increase. To decrease inventory costs, firms try toconsolidate and limit the number of facilities in their supply chain network.Outbound transportation costs per unit tend to be higher than inbound costsbecause inbound lot sizes are typically larger. Increasing the number of。
供应链管理(英文课件)Chapter4-Inventory Management[精]
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8Leabharlann Continuous Review Policy
• (Q,R) policy – whenever inventory level falls to a reorder level R, place an order for Q units
• What is the value of R?
9
Continuous Review Policy
• Average demand during lead time: L x AVG
• Safety stock: zSTDL
• Reorder Level, R: LAV zG ST D L
inventory systems are used)
4
Periodic Review Policy
• inventory is reviewed at regular intervals • appropriate quantity is ordered after each review • it is impossible or inconvenient to frequently review
• A distributor of TV sets that orders from a manufacturer and sells to retailers
• Fixed ordering cost = $4,500 • Cost of a TV set to the distributor = $250 • Annual inventory holding cost = 18% of
供应链管理(英文课件)Chapter4-Inventory Management
• AVG = Average daily demand faced by the distributor
• STD = Standard deviation of daily demand faced by the distributor
• L = Replenishment lead time from the supplier to the distributor in days
• Average demand during lead time: L x AVG
• Safety stock: zSTDL
• Reorder Level, R: LAV zG STD L
• Order Quantity, Q: Q 2K AVG
h
10
Service Level & Safety Factor, z
inventory systems are used)
4
Periodic Review Policy
• inventory is reviewed at regular intervals • appropriate quantity is ordered after each review • it is impossible or inconvenient to frequently review
• Every time the distributor places an order from the manufacturer, the distributor pays a fixed cost, K, plus an amount proportional to the quantity ordered.
供应链管理英文课件 (4)
Transportation Facilities and handling
Information
Table 4-1
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Manufacturer Storage with Direct Shipping Network
Service Factor Performance
Response time
influenced by network structure:
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Factors Influencing Distribution Network Design
• Supply chain costs affected by
network structure:
– Inventories – Transportation – Facilities and handling – Information
4-12
• One of six designs may be used
Design Options for a Distribution Network
1. Manufacturer storage with direct shipping 2. Manufacturer storage with direct shipping and in-transit merge 3. Distributor storage with carrier delivery 4. Distributor storage with last-mile delivery 5. Manufacturer/distributor storage with customer pickup 6. Retail storage with customer pickup
物流管理,供应链管理课件chopra4_ppt_ch15
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
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Example 15.2: ToFrom Trucking
Revenue from segment A = pA = $3.50 per cubic ft Revenue from segment B = pB = $3.50 per cubic ft Mean demand for segment A = DA = 3,000 cubic ft Std dev of segment A demand = sA = 1,000 cubic ft CA = NORMINV(1- pB/pA, DA,sA) = NORMINV(1- (2.00/3.50), 3000, 1000) = 2,820 cubic ft If pA increases to $5.00 per cubic foot, then CA = NORMINV(1- pB/pA, DA,sA) = NORMINV(1- (2.00/5.00), 3000, 1000) = 3,253 cubic ft
Chapter 15 Pricing and Revenue Management in the Supply Chain
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
供应链管理(英文课件)Chapter4-Inventory Management
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Continuous Review Policy : Example
Month Sept Oct Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug Sales 200 152 100 221 287 176 151 198 246 309 98 156
• h = Cost of holding one unit of the product for one day at the distributor
• α = service level. This implies that the probability of stocking out is 1 - α
14
Continuous Review Policy: Example
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Parameter Average weekly demand
Value
44.58
Standard deviation of weekly demand
Average demand during lead time
32.08
89.16
• Inventory holding cost is charged per item per unit time. • Inventory level is continuously reviewed, and if an order
is placed, the order arrives after the appropriate lead time. • If a customer order arrives when there is no inventory on hand to fill the order (i.e., when the distributor is stocked out), the order is lost. • The distributor specifies a required service level.
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Response Time Product Variety Product Availability Customer Experience Order Visibility
1 4
4 1
4 1
3 2 2 2 3
2 3 3 1 2
4 1
4
5 1
1
4 5
1
3 4
1
5 6
Returnability
Inventory Transportation
© 2007 Pearson Education
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Factors Influencing Distribution Network Design
Distribution network performance evaluated along two dimensions at the highest level:
Facility Costs
Number of facilities
© 2007 Pearson Education 4-10
Total Costs Related to Number of Facilities
Total Costs
Total Costs
Facilities Inventory Transportation
Transportation Costs and Number of Facilities (Fig. 4.3)
Transportation Costs
Number of facilities
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Facility Costs and Number of Facilities (Fig. 4.4)
Factories
Distributor/Retailer Warehouse
Customers
Product Flow
Information Flow
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Manufacturer or Distributor Storage with Customer Pickup (Fig. 4.10)
Supply Chain Management (3rd Edition)
Chapter 4 Designing the Distribution Network in a Supply Chain
© 2007 Pearson Education 4-1
Outline
The Role of Distribution in the Supply Chain Factors Influencing Distribution Network Design Design Options for a Distribution Network E-Business and the Distribution Network Distribution Networks in Practice Summary of Learning Objectives
© 2007 Pearson Education 4-13
Manufacturer Storage with Direct Shipping (Fig. 4.6)
Manufacturer
Retailer
Customers
Product Flow
Information Flow
© 2007 Pearson Education 4-14
Number of Facilities
Response Time
© 2007 Pearson Education 4-6
The Cost-Response Time Frontier
Hi
Local FG Mix Regional FG Local WIP
Cost
Central FG Central WIP Central Raw Material and Custom production Custom production with raw material at suppliers
Fe by Distributor/Retailer
Customers
Product Flow Information Flow
© 2007 Pearson Education 4-16
Distributor Storage with Last Mile Delivery (Fig. 4.9)
– Customer needs that are met – Cost of meeting customer needs
Distribution network design options must therefore be compared according to their impact on customer service and the cost to provide this level of service
Supply chain costs affected by network structure:
– – – – Inventories Transportation Facilities and handling Information
4-5
© 2007 Pearson Education
Service and Number of Facilities (Fig. 4.1)
Number of Facilities
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Variation in Logistics Costs and Response Time with Number of Facilities (Fig. 4.5)
Response Time
Total Logistics Costs
© 2007 Pearson Education
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The Role of Distribution in the Supply Chain
Distribution: the steps taken to move and store a product from the supplier stage to the customer stage in a supply chain Distribution directly affects cost and the customer experience and therefore drives profitability Choice of distribution network can achieve supply chain objectives from low cost to high responsiveness Examples: Wal-Mart, Dell, Proctor & Gamble, Grainger
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Facility & Handling Information
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Linking Product Characteristics and Customer Preferences to Network Design
High demand product
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Low demand product
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Very low demand product
Many product sources
Factories
Retailer
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Pickup Sites
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Customer Flow Product Flow Information Flow
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Comparative Performance of Delivery Network Designs (Table 4.7)
© 2007 Pearson Education
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Factors Influencing Distribution Network Design
Elements of customer service influenced by network structure:
– – – – – – Response time Product variety Product availability Customer experience Order visibility Returnability
Retail Storage with Customer Pickup Manufacturer Storage with Direct Shipping Manufacturer Storage with InTransit Merge Distributor Storage with Package Carrier Delivery Distributor storage with last mile delivery Manufacturer storage with pickup