学术英语摘要及文献综述
英语专业毕业论文文献综述要求和格式
英语专业毕业论文文献综述报告的基本要求文献综述是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的论文。
文献综述要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次；并对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述。
牛顿说过：如果我能比别人看得更远些，那是因为我站在前人肩上的缘故。
对于撰写本科毕业论文来说，一篇好的文献综述就能起到这样的作用。
撰写本科毕业论文需要做好一些基础性的工作。
其一是要了解前人关于这一课题研究的基本情况。
研究工作最根本的特点就是要有创造性，而不是重复别人走过的路。
熟悉前人对本课题的研究情况，可以避免重复研究的无效劳动，可以站在前人的基础上，从事更高层次、更有价值的研究。
其二是要掌握与课题相关的基础理论知识。
理论基础扎实，研究工作才能有一个坚实的基础，否则，没有理论基础，你就很难深入研究下去，很难有真正的创造。
上述两项基础性工作，在文献综述中得到了充分的体现。
文献综述是由学生通过系统地查阅与所选课题相关的国内外文献，进行搜集、整理、加工，从而撰写出综合性叙述和评价的文章。
在文献综述中，要较全面地反映与本课题直接相关的国内外研究成果，特别是近年来的最新成果和发展趋势，也要指出该课题需要进一步解决的问题。
通过文献综述对中外研究成果的比较和评价，不仅可以进一步阐明本课题选题的意义，还可以为本课题组织材料、形成观点奠定基础。
文献综述的写作是本科学生毕业论文创作中一次重要的研究实践活动。
文献综述的写作能反映出学生多方面的能力，其中主要的则是中外文献阅读能力和综合分析能力。
（二）文献综述的基本特征文献是指用文字、图形、符号、声频、视频等技术手段记录知识的载体，是各种资料的总称。
文献综述的基本特征可以概括为下面三点。
第一，综合性。
文献综述是对某一时期同一课题的所有主要研究成果的综合概括。
因此，要尽可能把所有重要研究成果搜集到手，并作认真的加工、整理和分析，使各种流派的观点清楚明晰，不要遗漏重要的流派和观点。
学术英语理工类文献综述英文
学术英语学院名称：材料科学与工程学院学生姓名：***学号：**********专业班级：新能源材料与器件1312015年 6月16 日The current development of genetically modified crops ofChina and its safety issuesZhang Qingfei(College of materials science and engineering, Nanchang University, 10001) Abstracts:GM technology as a new, highly efficient genetically modified technology, already widely used in the cultivation of new varieties of field crops. China's transgenic technology started earlier, China's current GM technology level in the forefront of the world, especially made great achievements in the cultivation of new varieties of crops. In this paper, the status quo using gene transfer on Chinese agriculture and safety of transgenic technology are introduced, and the resolve of GM safety issues some thought. On this basis, I made some new ideas of transgenic technology and application of transgenic technology development prospects were discussed.Keywords: GM technology; GM crops; GM safety issues; ChinaIntroduction:As the core of the biotechnology giant leap .Transgenic technology is known as the second "green revolution." In 1983, the world's first strain of transgenic tobacco plants marks the arrival of the era of gene transfer plants. In the ensuing decades, genetically modified crops developed rapidly. In 2014, there are 28 countries in the world planted GM crops, the planting area has reached more than 180 million hectares, Chinese genetically modified crops planting area is 3.6 million hectares. With the widespread planting of genetically modified crops, the impact of transgenic technology in agriculture is growing. As the research of GM crops, China has made great achievements in the research of rice and cotton.The development of anything will not be smooth. With the development of GM technology, its security deposit issues also be exposed. The safety of genetically modified crops has been disputed by people, opponents argue that GM crops have great potential risk, it should be resisted. What is more, some people exaggerate the risk of genetically modified crops. Aroused people's fear of genetically modified. In this paper, the people of GM crops concerns, the status of the development of GM crops were elaborated. Besides, security problems of genetically modified crops and their solutions will be discussed.The current development of genetically modified crops in chinaGM refers to the Technology that use molecular biology method to transfer the artificial separation and some modified biological gene to other species and change the genetic characteristics of the species .Plant transgenic technology is the genetic transformation of plants, making plants to meet human needs in aspects of shape, nutrition and consumer quality.China's biotech crop improvement research began in the 1980s, during the past 30 years, Chinese agricultural and biological high-tech has been developing rapidly. At present, China's hybrid rice, cotton and other advanced in the world. GM technology Applied on cotton, rice and other crops on behalf of China's development status of GM crops.As a cotton producing countries, the industrialization of Chinese insect-resistant cotton has brought huge economic and ecological benefits to Chinesesociety. Since the 1990 s, China's major cotton producing areas often suffered insect outbreaks and the effect conventional control is poor. In 1994, under the impetus of the country, Bt gene was successfully imported into The main plant cotton species .China has become the second country with the independent development of insect-resistant cotton.In 1999, China began to commercial cultivation of cotton. In 2010, gm cotton planting and product in China reached 3.45 million hectares, accounting for 69% of the total cotton planting and product. The planting of insect-resistant cotton have effectively controlled the damage caused by the cotton bollworm .The insect-resistant cotton also reduced pesticide use, protect the farmland ecological environment.Cotton yield and growth of calendar year in China:China's research on genetically modified (gm) rice have got rich achievements. In August 17, 2009, the Ministry of Agriculture promulgated transgenic rice security certificate for the two anti-lepidopteran pests transgenic rice -----"Hua Hui 1" and "Bt Shan You 63" .In addition, China has produced the anti-amino phosphonic herbicide Bar gene rice lines, the new salt tolerance strains which represented by T22-77. Compared with ordinary rice, these transgenic rice has unmatched superior properties .It will bring huge economic benefits to Chinese farmers if these rice be planted on large-scale .For example, each 667m2 planting salt-tolerant transgenic rice can increase the income of 100 yuan. Transgenic rice can reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers, which is benefical to the environment.GM soy is the world's first commercialization, promotion and application of the fastest growing GM crops .Dates from Agropages shows that show in 2012 , global soybean acreage reached 107 million hectares, of which GM soybeans accounted for 79 percent (84.5 million hectares). As the world's first four major soybean producing countries, China is planting soybeans which are non-GMO soybeans. The transgenic soybean was still in the research stage, failed to achieve commercial GM soy production and large-scale demonstration.Analysis about safety issuesGM technology could efficiently improve crop yield, quality and resistance to meet growing human material needs. Transgenic technology is a double-edged sword, both its positive and beneficial side, also has its negative, the negative side, The biggest potential hazards of transgenic technology is the escape of target gene and gene pollution. With the genetically modified plants wide spread around the world ,the gene of interest may vary pollen spread to other species, or spread into the environment, which may causing unpredictable results. Canada's "superweeds" event and Mexican’s “corn genetic pollution” incident has sounded the alarm for us. Besides, certain genetic traits like instability of some transgenic plants are instability, transge nic plants’ good traits will become weaken over time. Another possibility is that some transgenic plants will produce some harmful variations which will endanger human health.Effects of transgenic expression products on humans is a problem that people are most concerned about. Some of the transgene expression product will make people allergic to. But for the most expression product we are lack of direct evidence to affirm their effects on human health and the environment.In order to verify the impact of Bt proteins on animal health. Since 1999, scientists feed white mouse with genetically modified food which containing the Bt protein for many years, the results showed that mice genetically modified agricultural products containing Bt protein is safe to the mouse. However, in the short-term animal feeding trials data can not prove the Bt protein is safe to us.Because human is the long-term consumer of rice. Recently, Canadian scientists discovered, Bt proteins can enter any place of the body. Even the in baby's umbilical cord blood were also found the Bt proteins. Therefore, this discovery had to let the people worried about the safety of transgenic Bt crops.Since the transgenic technology used gene beyond the conventional sexual hybridization gene scope, and for the problem that whether transgenic plants will affect human health and the environment or not we are also lack of systematic knowledge and experience .By the current level of science ,we can not be completely accurate prediction of the results of an outer genes in the new genetic background would cause.Currently, the safety evaluation of transgenic plants primarily relates to environmental safety and food safety aspects. The core issue of environmental safety assessment is after transgenic plants released into the field, whether it will evolve into weed, whether the genes will transfer to wild plants drift or not ; whether it will destroy the natural environment and break the original biological populations homeostasis ; whether it will destroy biodiversity, and so on. Ecological effects of GM crops may arise mainly in the gene flow, non-target effects, the target pest resistance evolution, etc.ConlusionFor security issues, by taking the right measures and scientific management system is able to solve these problems. We can improve the safety of transgenic plants from the following aspects:(1) Carrying out propagandas about genetically modified technical and transgenic plants.Cultivating people’s objectivity awareness of security issues to genetically modified(2) Improving the legal system transfer plant genes and their products;(3) The establishment of transgenic crop management technology system and risk assessment system; and(4) Using food processing technology to process raw materials of transgenic food, remove the transgene expression product that exist in the raw materials of transgenic food.In addition to cultivation of crops, we can also use transgenic technology to cultivate some asexual reproduction and non-food plants. This concept have two advantages .On the one hand, it is a good solution to the genes escape and genes pollution problems. Because the escape and contamination of genes mainly through plants’ pollen s, and asexual reproduction plants will not produce pollen. On the other hand, people do not worry about the transgene expression products will affect human health, because these transgenic plants is not food crops. Transgene expression products don’t enters the body. For example, we can cultivate forestry trees which with high resistance; foliage plants which can glowing; Aquatics which can absorb the harmful heavy metals in water and so on. These plants will bring great benefits to humanity. Prospects of transgenic technology is unlimited, as long as strengthen supervision and follow scientific methods, can be avoided completely turn the negative effects of human gene technology may bring.Reference:[1] Deng Xu, Wei Bin, Hu Zhang Li. Transgenic Chlamydomonas resistance to heavy metals and enrichment of cadmium ions. Biotechnology, 2007 ,17(6):66-68[2] Li Ligong ,Ye Weijun, Guo Longbiao. The research progress and commercialization of transgenic rice prospect analysis. Chinese Rice., 2012, 18(6):1-4[3] Wangren Xiang. The development and application of gm cotton in China. Crop Research , 2001 , Cotton Album:6-9[4] Yu Yongliang, Liang Huizhen, Wang Shufeng, Lian Yun, Wei Yanli, Wang Tingfeng. The research progress of transgenic soybeans and its industrialization in China. Soybean Science, 2010, 29, (1):143-148[5] Zhuyan Tao, Xu Hong, Guo Aiguang, Li Dianrong. Plant transgenic technology and contemporary social development. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2008, 24(4):509-522。
英语学术文章结构的12个不同部分
英语学术文章结构的12个不同部分1. Abstract标准摘要五句话，包含五个层次的内容：1.1 Introduction: 为什么要进行本项研究，现状中本项研究的缺失或者做了但是存在不足;1.2 Method：用什么方法做这个研究;1.3 Data：用什么样的数据来验证你的方法;1.4 Results：从研究中得出什么结论;1.5 Implication：得出的结论对研究领域和实践有什么意义(理论与实践意义)2. Introduction2.1 Research background：目的是证实该研究问题的重要性。
如这一类问题造成的损失很严重，因此研究这一问题很重要。
2.2 Research problem：在上述的这一大研究背景下，要做什么问题(或者方面)的研究;在上述的这一大研究背景下，这一研究可以在哪些方面解决现存的实际问题。
2.3 研究现状：别人已经做了哪些东西，别人已经做过什么，发现了什么样的问题?2.4 现存的研究有什么问题与不足：别人有什么没有做过?为什么别人没有做得更好?并说明这些研究不足会带来严重后果。
2.5 本研究的目标(objective)和研究范围(scope)：本研究弥补这些问题中(这些没做过或者做过没做好的问题中)的哪些不足，采用什么研究方法去弥补不足。
陈述本项研究的范围局限，并高度概括本论文研究结论。
2.6 文章结构：本论文的后续部分的基本内容架构。
3. Literature review目的：Literature review证明与说明两件事情：一是研究目标的设定是有意义的;二是你在本研究中采用的方法是可靠的、有效的。
包括三个层次的内容：3.1 对选题(你找到的研究问题)的justification。
即对做过没做好或者没做过的研究问题，在这个研究领域，针对research problem而言，让读者明白本项研究是有意义的;3.2 现存文献中对本文值得参考并可借鉴的东西(包括分析工具和成果);3.3 非相关或者相邻研究领域值得借鉴的东西，侧重于可借鉴的研究方法。
新时代研究生学术英语综合教程第五单元
新时代研究生学术英语综合教程第五单元本单元主要探讨了研究生学术英语写作的基本技巧和规范，包括摘要、引言、文献综述、研究方法、结果和讨论等部分。
同时，还介绍了学术英语的语言特点，如准确、客观、简洁、专业等。
首先，我们需要明确学术英语的写作目的和读者对象。
学术英语是一种专门用于学术交流的语言，其主要目的是清晰、准确地表达研究思想和研究成果，以便于其他学者理解和交流。
因此，学术英语的读者对象主要是其他领域的专家、学者和相关人员。
其次，学术英语写作需要遵循一定的规范和格式。
在摘要部分，需要简明扼要地介绍研究目的、方法、结果和结论，并避免使用主观评价和解释性语言。
在引言部分，需要简要介绍相关领域的研究现状和发展趋势，引出本研究的必要性和重要性。
在文献综述部分，需要系统地梳理和评价相关文献，为研究提供充分的理论和实践基础。
在研究方法部分，需要详细说明研究设计、样本选择、数据采集和分析方法等，确保研究的科学性和可靠性。
此外，学术英语的语言特点也需要引起重视。
学术英语通常使用简单、直接、客观的语言，避免使用模糊、主观、个人色彩浓厚的语言。
同时，学术英语还强调语言的准确性和专业性，避免使用过于口语化或非正式的语言。
在讨论部分，我们需要进一步思考和研究结果的意义和影响，以及研究的局限性和改进方向。
同时，还需要探讨研究方法的科学性和可靠性，以及文献综述的全面性和准确性。
最后，我们还需要注意一些常见的学术英语写作错误和不当行为。
例如，抄袭、造假、过度引用等行为都是严重的学术不端行为，不仅会影响研究信誉，还会损害整个学术界的利益。
因此，我们需要时刻保持诚实和自律，遵循学术规范和道德准则。
总之，研究生学术英语综合教程第五单元为我们提供了学术英语写作的基本知识和规范，帮助我们更好地进行学术研究和交流。
我们应该认真学习并掌握这些知识和技能，为今后的学术研究和职业发展打下坚实的基础。
Literature_Review_格式规范
重庆科技学院学术英语课程论文文献综述题目：A Preliminary Exploration on theConstitutional Principles andFormative Methods of Euphemism委婉语的构造原则和构成方式初探学生姓名：指导教师：院系：专业、班级：学号：完成时间：2015年6月说明：封面标题要用中英双语，英文题目在上。
英文题目的实词首字母均须大写，字体：西文Arial；字号：3号；中文题目黑体三号。
段落安排：行距固定值28磅。
对齐方式：两端对齐。
学生姓名、教师姓名等一律用黑体三号，单倍行距Literature Review说明：标题Literature Review 首字母均须大写，字体：西文Arial；字号：3号；段落安排：段前24磅，段后18磅；单倍行距。
对齐方式：居中。
1. IntroductionAs a widespread and popular rhetorical device, euphemisms came into people‟s life long time ago. …….And the research of euphemisms has a long history ……………..建议：综述前写一导言，简介研究课题主要内容，概括研究现状,研究目的。
2. The definition of euphemism说明：标题序号与标题名之间，加圆点，并空1个英文字符；标题第一个单词的首字母大写；字体：西文Arial；字号：小3号；段落安排：段前空24磅，段后空6磅；行距：固定值20磅。
对齐方式：左对齐。
The word euphemism comes from Greek; the prefix eu- means good and the stem phemism means speech; the whole word…s literal meaning is word of good omen. In early 1580s, the British writer George Blunt first created the word euphemism …and defined it as …a good or favorable interpretation of a bad word‟. (Shu, 1995：17)（正文中直接引用原文，必须加引号并标出确切的页码）……………………………(正文字体：小四号罗马体，行距为固定值20磅，对齐方式：两端对齐；段首空四个英文字符)3. Researches abroad3.1 Researches from socio-linguistic perspective说明：标题序号与标题名之间，不加圆点，空1个英文字符；标题第一个单词的首字母大写；字体：西文Arial；字号：四号；段落安排：段前空12磅，段后空6磅；行距：固定值20磅。
英语摘要如何写范文
英语摘要如何写范文英文回答：An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper, thesis, or other academic work. It provides a brief overview of the work's purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. The abstract is typically the first part of a research paper, and it is often used by readers to decide whether or not to read the full paper.There are many different styles of abstracts, but they all typically include the following information:Purpose: The purpose of the research paper is stated in the abstract. For example, the purpose of the study might be to investigate the effects of a new drug or to test a new theory.Methods: The methods used in the research paper are described in the abstract. For example, the methods mightinclude a survey, an experiment, or a literature review.Results: The results of the research paper are presented in the abstract. For example, the results might show that a new drug is effective or that a new theory is supported.Conclusions: The conclusions of the research paper are stated in the abstract. For example, the conclusion might be that a new drug should be approved for use or that a new theory should be accepted.The abstract is a very important part of a research paper, and it should be written carefully. The abstract should be clear, concise, and informative. It should also be accurate and objective.中文回答：摘要是研究论文、论文或其他学术作品的简短总结。
学术英语写作的结构
学术英语写作的结构
学术英语写作的结构通常遵循一定的模式，以下是一种常见的结构：1.引言（Introduction）：在引言部分，作者简要介绍论文的主题、
研究背景、研究目的和研究问题。
此外，还可以提供一些相关的文献综述，以帮助读者更好地理解论文的背景和重要性。
2.文献综述（Literature Review）：文献综述部分对已有的相关研究
进行总结和分析，为论文的研究问题提供理论支持和背景信息。
这一部分应该包括对相关研究的批判性评价，以及当前研究的空白和需要进一步探讨的问题。
3.研究方法（Research Methodology）：在研究方法部分，作者详细
介绍研究设计、数据采集和分析方法、样本和抽样方法等。
这一部分应该清楚地说明研究是如何实施的，以及如何收集和分析数据的。
4.结果与讨论（Results and Discussion）：结果与讨论部分呈现研究
结果，并对结果进行解释和讨论。
这一部分应该包括对数据的描述性分析、推断性分析和解释性分析，以及对结果的讨论和意义。
5.结论（Conclusion）：结论部分总结论文的主要发现和贡献，并对
未来研究提出建议。
这一部分应该强调研究的局限性、对理论和实践的贡献，以及对未来研究的启示。
6.参考文献（References）：参考文献部分列出文中引用的各篇文献，
按照规定的格式编排，如APA、MLA等。
这一部分应该包括所有引用的文献，以便读者查阅和核实。
以上是一种常见的学术英语写作结构，但具体的结构安排可能因学科领域、论文类型和个人偏好而有所不同。
在写作时，作者应该根据论文的具体要求和规范进行适当的调整。
基于大学学术英语写作特点探究学位英语文献综述写作模式
外语教研WAIYU JIAOYAN2020年12月Dec.2020教!J帀・TEACHER基于大学学术英语写作特点探究学位英语文献综述写作模式赵春曦.（东北大学，辽宁沈阳110000）摘要：大学学术英语写作强调英语语言的逻辑性和内容的严谨性，文章基于学术英语写作的特点，具体分析了如何完成学位英语文献综述的写作。
在强调语言输出质量的同时，关注语言输入与语言输出的有机结合，从而实现批判性思维的训练与养成，以便于更充分发挥英语语言的工具性作用，为大学阶段的英语学习确定合理的学习目标。
关键词：大学学术英语；文献综述写作；语言逻辑性；内容完整性中图分类号：H315文献标识码：A收稿日期：2020-06-30文章编号：1674-120X（2020）35-0040-02一、引言根据英语词汇分类，英语可以分为通用英语，学术英语和专业英语。
通用英语词汇主要包括日常□语和听力词汇，学生词汇学习能力以全国大学英语四六级考试成绩为衡量标准。
学术英语词汇以大学阶段的学术英语讲座和报告所涉及的词汇为主，学生词汇学习能力主要以托福和雅思测试成绩为衡量标准。
专业英语词汇主要是大学高年级阶段所采用的英语原版教材中所涉及的有关具体学科的英语词汇，如医学词汇、计算机词汇等，学生词汇学习能力以是否能够用英语流利地撰写学术论文并进行论文宣讲为衡量标准。
所以，学术英语写作的范围包括相对来说比较简单的托福雅思测试中的学术英语写作和涉及专业学科的学术论文写作。
从英语写作的整体要求来看，学术英语跟通用英语比较起来，更注重语言的逻辑性，强调内容的严谨性。
学术英语写作内容以大学阶段的学期论文和毕业时提交的学位论文为主，尤其是学位论文，除注重语言逻辑性和内容严谨性之外，还特别重视文章的格式是否规范以及文章内容是否具有独创性。
大多数情况下，学术论文的篇幅取决于它所承担的职能，普通的学期论文介于5000-10000字之间，硕士和博士学位论文可能达到几万字。
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Abstract:
In recent years, with the continuous development of online shopping, third-party online payment mode are increasingly popular among users. With its convenient, high credibility and security, it has become the mainstream model of online payment.And because of it's fast development, the third-party online payment has attracted more and more attention of people from all walks of life. And the focus is the risk of the use of this platform. In this paper, the author introduces the present development status of the third-party online payment. This paper is focusing on risk analysis and monitoring technology using scenario analysis . In order to prevent and control the risk of third party online payment, we should thoroughly research the third party online payment market and consider all aspects.
Reference
Yong Xu ,Ruiying YaoXueyan Liu，2009,A Payment Model of Mobile Phone based on Thirdparty Security.
Wei Feifei,2009,Trust and Security Research of the C2C E-Commerce System Based on third part payment Platform. Zhao Wei-wen and Xu Ying-fu. Discussion on third-party payments business of Commercial banks [J]. Business China.2008 (7): 20-21. Xu Xiao-ping. Research of security electronic payment model based on third payment authority [J].Computer Engineering and Design.2006.27 (12):2136-2139. RandyC.Marehany，JosePhG..Tront，E-Commerce Security Issues, IEEE.2002. Qin Feng and Zhou Li. Study on credit evaluation issue of EC platform based on third-party [J]. China Scientific dissertation Online，2005. Niu yun. Application and research on EC security technology, Beijing: Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2004. Shuo He, The evolution and development research of Mobile payment [J]. Chinese credit card, 2008,(14) . Juanxiao Sun, Jianling Gao, Lin Zhu, Fei Feng. The analysis of the E-commerce "third-party guarantee to pay" approach [J].Financial Accounting, 2006, (01) Guanrong Wang. The business model and development of Cell phone mobile payment in China[J]. Financial Accounting, 2008, (05)
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
And security technology of C2C EC based on third-party payment platform has following types.1) Security technology of thirdparty payment account .2)Security Technology in the transaction of C2C EC based on third-party payment platform.3）Other security technologies （Firewall、Antivirus technology ，Security technology related to the login account of C2C EC web site）Whereas as a new technology, it brings some trust and security problems including breaking in the system, denial of Service, identity Counterfeit, computer virus and so on, the system has set up a trust and security system to solve these problem .the trust and security problems can be considered and settled synthetically and the trust and security system framework can be set up. This will be great help for the study and development of C2C EC trust and security.
Literature review:
• Third-party secured payment means that when buyers and sellers reach agreement on merchandise trade, the buyer will pay money to a third party for custody and the third-party won't pay the seller to complete the whole transaction until the buyer receives the seller of goods and confirmed(Yong Xu ,Ruiying YaoXueyan Liu，2009) .However China's e-payment market is essentially developing 50 years late from the US market,In certain aspects there are defects.Such as how to monitor the Precipitation funds and the question of users' Information Security.And now Alipay and tenpay are China's main thirdp a r t y t r a d i n g platforms.Based on the Trust and security system above the C2C EC system with third-party payment has following types of security risks. 1. Breaking in the system ;2. Denial of Service;3. Identity Counterfeit;4. Computer virus;(Wei Feifei,2009)