英语专业文献综述
英语专业毕业论文文献综述要求和格式
英语专业毕业论文文献综述报告的基本要求文献综述是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的论文。
文献综述要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次；并对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述。
牛顿说过：如果我能比别人看得更远些，那是因为我站在前人肩上的缘故。
对于撰写本科毕业论文来说，一篇好的文献综述就能起到这样的作用。
撰写本科毕业论文需要做好一些基础性的工作。
其一是要了解前人关于这一课题研究的基本情况。
研究工作最根本的特点就是要有创造性，而不是重复别人走过的路。
熟悉前人对本课题的研究情况，可以避免重复研究的无效劳动，可以站在前人的基础上，从事更高层次、更有价值的研究。
其二是要掌握与课题相关的基础理论知识。
理论基础扎实，研究工作才能有一个坚实的基础，否则，没有理论基础，你就很难深入研究下去，很难有真正的创造。
上述两项基础性工作，在文献综述中得到了充分的体现。
文献综述是由学生通过系统地查阅与所选课题相关的国内外文献，进行搜集、整理、加工，从而撰写出综合性叙述和评价的文章。
在文献综述中，要较全面地反映与本课题直接相关的国内外研究成果，特别是近年来的最新成果和发展趋势，也要指出该课题需要进一步解决的问题。
通过文献综述对中外研究成果的比较和评价，不仅可以进一步阐明本课题选题的意义，还可以为本课题组织材料、形成观点奠定基础。
文献综述的写作是本科学生毕业论文创作中一次重要的研究实践活动。
文献综述的写作能反映出学生多方面的能力，其中主要的则是中外文献阅读能力和综合分析能力。
（二）文献综述的基本特征文献是指用文字、图形、符号、声频、视频等技术手段记录知识的载体，是各种资料的总称。
文献综述的基本特征可以概括为下面三点。
第一，综合性。
文献综述是对某一时期同一课题的所有主要研究成果的综合概括。
因此，要尽可能把所有重要研究成果搜集到手，并作认真的加工、整理和分析，使各种流派的观点清楚明晰，不要遗漏重要的流派和观点。
英文文献综述标准范文(精选4篇)
英文文献综述标准范文(精选4篇)
1.如何写英语毕业论文的文献综述
1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。
（短篇论文不必列目录）
3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。
字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词：关键
词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容
有实质意义的词汇。
关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，
以供读者检索。
每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排
在“提要”的左下方。
一篇标准的英语文献综述
一篇标准的英语文献综述A Standard Review of English LiteratureIntroduction:The purpose of this literature review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing research on a specific topic in English literature. It aims to analyze and synthesize the findings from various studies, identify gaps in the current knowledge, and propose directions for future research. This review will focus on the major themes, theories, methodologies, and debates within the field of English literature, while also highlighting significant contributions and key scholars in the discipline.Section 1: Historical OverviewTo begin, a historical overview of English literature is necessary. This section will trace the development of English literature from its origins in the medieval period, through the Renaissance, Romanticism, Victorian era, and into the modern and postmodern periods. It will examine the major literary movements, authors, and works that have shaped the field, providing a context for the subsequent sections.Section 2: Major Themes and MotifsThis section will explore the major themes and motifs that are prevalent in English literature. It will discuss the representation of love, loss, nature, identity, social class, gender, and other significant topics in various literary works. Furthermore, it will examine how these themes have evolved and been interpreted by different authors across different time periods.Section 3: Literary Theory and CriticismIn this section, the focus will shift towards the theoretical and critical approaches used in the analysis and interpretation of English literature. It will provide an overview of the major schools of literary theory, such as formalism, structuralism, post-structuralism,feminist theory, and postcolonial theory, among others. The section will also discuss the contributions of key literary critics and their impact on the field.Section 4: Research MethodologiesTo understand the research process in English literature, this section will examine the various methodologies employed by scholars. It will discuss the use of close reading, intertextuality, comparative analysis, archival research, and other research methods in the field. The section will highlight the strengths and limitations of each methodology, providing insights into how researchers approach their studies.Section 5: Debates and ControversiesEnglish literature is not without its share of debates and controversies. This section will explore some of the ongoing discussions and disagreements within the field. It may include debates on the canon, the role of literature in society, the relevance of certain authors or works, and the influence of politics and ideology on literary analysis. The section will present different perspectives on these issues, showcasing the diversity of thought within English literature.Section 6: Significant Contributions and Key ScholarsFinally, this section will highlight some of the significant contributions made by scholars in the field of English literature. It will showcase the groundbreaking research, influential books, and key theories that have shaped the discipline. It will also acknowledge the scholars who have made significant contributions to the field and have become influential figures within English literature.Conclusion:In conclusion, this literature review has provided a comprehensive overview of the major themes, theories, methodologies, and debates within the field of English literature. It has traced the historical development of the discipline, explored the significant themes and motifs, discussed the theoretical and critical approaches, examined research methodologies, and highlighted ongoing debates and significant contributions. Thisreview serves as a valuable resource for researchers and scholars interested in the field of English literature, and it also lays the foundation for further research and exploration of the discipline.。
关于高校专业英语教学研究的文献综述
初中英语深度阅读教学的研究主要集中在以下几个方面：
（1）初中英语深度阅读教学的理论依据和研究方法。该方面的研究主要探讨 深度阅读教学的理论基础和实施方法，为教学实践提供指导。
（2）初中英语深度阅读教学的实践研究。该方面的研究主要是对实际教学案 例进行分析和探讨，总结出深度阅读教学实践中的经验和不足。
高校专业英语教学效果的评估方 法及不足
教学效果的评估是高校专业英语教学的重要组成部分。目前，常见的评估方法 包括考试成绩、平时表现、口语面试等。这些评估方法虽然能够在一定程度上 反映学生的学习效果，但仍然存在一些问题，如考试成绩无法全面反映学生的 实际应用能力、平时表现评价的主观性等。因此，完善高校专业英语教学效果 的评估方法势在必行。
摘要
本篇文献综述对初中英语深度阅读教学进行研究，总结目前的研究现状及不足， 提出未来的研究方向。通过对大量相关文献的搜集、整理和分析，文章介绍了 深度阅读教学的概念和重要性，探讨了初中英语深度阅读教学的研究现状、方 法、成果和不足，并指出了未来研究的方向和创新点。
引言
深度阅读教学是一种注重学生阅读能力和思维培养的教学方式，旨在提高学生 的阅读理解水平、语言表达能力、批判性思维和创造性思维。初中阶段是英语 学习的重要时期，因此，初中英语深度阅读教学的研究具有重要意义。本次演 示综述了目前国内外关于初中英语深度阅读教学的研究现状、方法、成果和不 足，以期为未来的研究提供参考和启示。
二、综述
1、研究现状
近年来，小学英语阅读教学逐渐受到了国内外的。研究内容主要包括教学理论、 教学实践和教学评价等方面。在国内外学者的努力下，该领域的研究成果丰硕。
2、研究方法
对于小学英语阅读教学的研究，学者们采用了多种方法，包括文献研究、实证 研究和个案研究等。文献研究主要从理论层面探讨英语阅读教学的策略和方法； 实证研究则通过课堂观察、问卷调查和访谈等方式，对实际教学情况进行研究； 个案研究则针对典型案例进行分析语深度阅读教学的效果评价研究。该方面的研究主要是对深度阅 读教学的实际效果进行评价和分析，总结出其优势和不足。 3.初中英语深度 阅读教学的不足
英语教育专业毕业论文文献综述
毕业论文（设计）文献综述一、国内外现状传统的教学方式一直是以教师为主导地位的教学，教师讲，学生听，教学模式古板，教学方法落后，师生之间互动很少。
随着新教育体制尊重学生主体地位的提出，倡导课堂上要让学生多发言、多参与，不少学者就做了有关学生学习积极性调动方面的研究。
他们认为积极性是一种主观意识，是个体主动地根据自己的意愿，自己制定的目标而行动，而不是依靠外力推动的行为品质。
黄甫全在《小学教育学》中提到当代的心理研究表明，中小学生具备着一种特殊的、丰富的、可贵的人格特质和情感体验，有着与成人不同的思考方式。
而这种人格特质和情感体验让他们感觉到了自己存在的意义和价值加上与生俱来的好奇心和求知欲让他们具备了发展的潜能，这种潜能使得他们具有了发展的主动性和能动性（2007：69）。
心理专家扬霞在《让孩子学习上瘾的10个法则》中指出，孩子的学习自觉性并不是天生就有的，而是需要后天慢慢培养的，首先要有兴趣和动机（2006：29）。
在学生的学习过程中，与他们关系最紧密的就是教师。
教师在课堂上扮演着多种角色，他们是课堂的组织者，知识的传播者，同时还是学生的辅导员。
除此之外还要充当多种配角。
因此，教师能否将这些角色扮演好直接关系到学生学习的积极性。
我国学者陈琦、刘儒德等人在《当代教育心理学》中就指出教师课堂教学的新颖性、启发性还有灵活性能够调动学生的积极性，同时，他们也提出学习兴趣是学习动机中最活跃的心理成分（2007：233）。
当今，社会教学的主要组织模式仍然是课堂，课堂是完成教学任务和学生学习的主要环境，课堂也是学生与老师接触最多的时候。
因而，课堂对学生的意义非常重大。
但我们都知道一节课的时间是短暂的，那么如何在这短短的时间里调动起学生学习的积极性，让学生较好的完成学习任务就有必要对课堂进行了深入的探讨。
Thomas S.C. Farrell在《Reflecting on Classroom Communication in Asia》中就对课堂的交流模式以及如何促进更有效的交流等方面做了研究。
英语论文文献综述(描述研究现状)
General descriptions of the relevant literature:A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies .... There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of ....The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ....The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how .... During the past 30 years much more information has become available on ....In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on ....A large and growing body of literature has investigated ....General reference to previous research/scholarly activity (usually more than one author) Many historians have argued that .... (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994) Numerous studies have attempted to explain .... (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002)Recent evidence suggests that .... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001) Recently, in vitro studies have shown that T.thermophylus EFTu can .... (Patel et al., 1997; Jones et al., 1998).Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that ....Several attempts have been made to .... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001) Several studies have revealed that it is not just X that acts on ..... (Smith, 1996; Jones ....Several biographies of Harris have been published. Smith presents an .... account, whilst Jones ....Several studies investigating X have been carried out on ....Data from several sources have identified the increased morbidity and mortality associated with obesityPrevious studies have reported .... (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1992). Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999, ....A number of studies have found that .... (Smith , 2003; Jones, 2004).Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between ....At least 152 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between..... Other studies have considered the relationship ....The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987, ....The causes of X have been widely investigated (Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994). The geology of X has been addressed in several small-scale investigations and .....Xs have been identified as major contributing factors for the decline of many species (1). X has also been shown to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in murine-induced arthritis (11).I t has been suggested that levels of X are independent of the size of the Y (Smith et al., 1995)It has conclusively been shown that X and Y increase Z (Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 ....It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to .... (Smith, 1998; .... Reference to current state of knowledgeA relationship exists between an individual's working memory and their ability to ...... (Jones et al.,1998).GM varieties of maize are able to cross-pollinate with non-GM varieties (Smith, 1998; Jones, 1999).There is an unambiguous relationship between spending on education and economic development (Rao, 1998).X is one of the most intense reactions following CHD (Lane, 2003).MIF has been found to oppose the anti-inflammatory actions of X on Y (Alourfi, 2004). Reference to single investigations in the past: researcher(s) as sentence subjectWang et al. (2004) have recently developed a methodology for the selective introduction of ......Reference to single investigations or publications in the past: time frame prominentIn 1975, Smith et al. published a paper in which they described ....In 1990 Patel et al. demonstrated that replacement of H2O with heavy water led to .... Thirty years later, Smith (1974) reported three cases of Candida Albicans which ....In the 1950s Gunnar Myrdal pointed to some of the ways in which …. (Myrdal, 1957) In 1981, Smith and co workers demonstrated that X induced in vitro resistance to .... In 1990, El-Guerrouj et al. reported a new and convenient synthetic procedure to obtain ....In 1984 Jones et al. made several amino acid esters of X and evaluated them as water-soluble pro-drugs.Reference to single publication: no time frameSmith has written the most complete synthesis to date of ....Reference to single investigations in the past: investigation prominent Preliminary work on X was undertaken by Abdul Karim (1992).The first systematic study of X was reported by Patel et al. in 1986.The study of the structural behaviour of X was first carried out by Rao et al. (1986)..... Analysis of the genes involved in X was first carried out by Smith et al (1983).A recent study by Smith and Jones (2001) involved ....A longtitudinal study of X by Smith (2002) reports that ....A small scale study by Smith (2002) reaches different conclusions, finding no increase in ....Smith's cross-country analysis (2002) showed that ....Smith's comparative study (2002) found that ....Detailed examination of X by Smith and Patel (1961) showed that ....In another major study, Zhao (1974) found that just over half of the ....In a randomised controlled study of X, Smith (2004) reported that ....In a large longitudinal study, Boucahy et al. 2004) investigated the incidence of X in Y. Reference to single investigations in the past: research topic as subjectClassical conditioning was first demonstrated experimentally by Pavlov (Smith, 2002). In his seminal study ....The electronic spectroscopy of X was first studied by Smith and Douglas 1 in 1970 The acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between X and Y was first reported by Baeyer in 1872X formed the central focus of a study by Smith (2002) in which the author found ....X was originally isolated from Y in a soil sample from .... (Wang et al., 1952).The way in which the X gene is regulated was studied extensively by Ho and colleagues (Ho et al. 1995 and 1998).To determine the effects of X, Zhao et al (2005) compared ....Reference to what other writers do in their text (author as subject)Smith (2003) identifies poor food, bad housing, inadequate hygiene and large families as the major causes of ....Rao (2003) lists three reasons why the English language has become so dominant. These are: ....Smith (2003) traces the development of Japanese history and philosophy during the 19th century.Jones(2003) provides in-depth analysis of the work of Aristotle showing its relevance to contemporary times.Smith (2003) draws our attention to distinctive categories of motivational beliefs often observed in ....Smith (2003) defines evidence based medicine as the conscious, explicit and judicious use of .....Rao (2003) highlights the need to break the link between economic growth and transport growth .....Smith (2003) discusses the challenges and strategies for facilitating and promoting .... Toh (2003) mentions the special situation of Singapore as an example of ....Smith (2003) questions whether mainstream schools are the best environment for .... Smith (2003) considers whether countries work well on cross-border issues such as .... Smith (2003) uses examples of these various techniques as evidence that ....Some analysts (e.g. Carnoy, 2002) have attempted to draw fine distinctions between .... Other authors (see Harbison, 2003; Kaplan, 2004) question the usefulness of such an approach.Reference to other writers' ideas (author as subject)According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.This view is supported by Jones (2000) who writes ....Smith argues that her data support O'Brien's (1988) view that ....As Smith reminds us, ....Elsewhere, Smith has argued that ....Some ways of introducing quotationsIn the final part of the Theses, Marx writes: "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point ...."Sachs concludes: "The idea of development stands today like a ruin in the intellectual landscape…" (Sachs, 1992a: 156).As Smith argues: "In the past, the purpose of education was to ...." (Smith , 2000:150). As Carnoy (2004: 215) states: "there are many good reasons to be sceptical".Being CriticalAs an academic writer, you are expected to be critical of the sources that you use. This essentially means questioning what you read and not necessarily agreeing with it just because the information has been published. Being critical can also mean looking forreasons why we should not just accept something as being correct or true. This can require you to identify problems with a writer's arguments or methods, or perhaps to refer to other people's criticisms of these. Constructive criticism goes beyond this by suggesting ways in which a piece of research or writing could be improved. ...... being against is not enough. We also need to develop habits of constructive thinking. Edward de BonoIntroducing questions, problems and limitations (theory)One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether ......A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that ......One of the limitations with this explanation is that it does not explain why... .One criticism of much of the literature on X is that ......The key problem with this explanation is that ......The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y. However, there is an inconsistency with this argument.Smith's argument relies too heavily on qualitative analysis of ......It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable.Smith's interpretation overlooks much of the historical research ......One major criticism of Smith's work is that .....Many writers have challenged Jones' claim on the grounds that .......X's analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......Introducing questions, problems and limitations (method/practice)Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account. Perhaps the most serious disadvantage of this method is that .....Difficulties arise, however, when an attempt is made to implement the policy. Nevertheless, the strategy has not escaped criticism from governments, agencies and academics.One major drawback of this approach is that ......The main limitation of biosynthetic incorporation, however, is ......However, this method of analysis has a number of limitations.However, approaches of this kind carry with them various well known limitations. All the studies reviewed so far, however, suffer from the fact that ....... However, there are limits to how far the idea of/concept of X can be taken. However, such explanations tend to overlook the fact that......However, one of the problems with the instrument the researchers used to measure X was ......Identifying a study's weaknessOffering constructive suggestionsA better study would examine a large, randomly selected sample of societies with ......A much more systematic study would identify how X interacts with other variables that are believed to be linked to ......Highlighting inadequacies of previous studiesMost studies in the field of X have only focussed on ......Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ......Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they .....However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of ......The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.Previous studies of X have not dealt with ......However, these studies used non-validated methods to measure .....Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ......However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature …. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ......However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.Introducing other people's criticismsHowever, Jones (2003) points out that .....Many analysts now argue that the strategy of X has not been successful. Jones (2003), for example, argues that .....Non-government agencies are also very critical of the new policies.The X theory has been / vigorously / strongly challenged in recent years by a number of writers.Smith's analysis has been criticised by a number of writers. Jones (1993), for example, points out that ……Smith's meta-analysis has been subjected to considerable criticism.The most important of these criticisms is that Smith failed to note that ......Jones (2003) is probably the best known critic of the X theory. He argues that .….The latter point has been devastatingly critiqued by Jones (2003).Critics have also argued that not only do social surveys provide an inaccurate measure ofX, but the......Critics question the ability of poststructuralist theory to provide ......More recent arguments against X have been summarised by Smith and Jones (1982): Jones (2003) is critical of the conclusions that Smith draws from his findings.。
关于英语专业毕业论文写作的文献综述
关于英语专业毕业论文写作的文献综述引言英语专业毕业论文是英语专业学生在毕业时撰写的具有一定价值的学术性论文。
它是考查英语专业学生大学四年以来所学的英语专业知识的重要方式，也可锻炼学生理论联系实际进行科学研究的能力，是本科学生获得学士学位的重要依据。
目前，我国大部分的院校都要求英语专业本科生必须用英语撰写学位论文，而且对于撰写英语毕业论文基本上没有限制条件，只要考试成绩合格者都可以参加毕业论文的写作。
但是，从有关的调查中显示，英语专业毕业论文质量不高，存在很多的问题。
目前已有很多的学者和教师就英语专业毕业论文写作了一定的研究年，旨在提高学生撰写英语毕业论文的水平。
主要分为两大类，第一类讨论的重点是毕业论文题目的选取，论文的格式等；第二类主要一调查问卷为主，讨论毕业论文存在的问题和解决的对策。
以此为背景，为了让广大学生对英语论文写作有一个更全面的认识，本文就关于英语毕业论文写作的性质和意义，选题策略，英语毕业论文写作中存在的主要问题及对策的文献进行综述。
对于英语毕业论文写作中存在争议的问题，如是否要创新的问题提出了自己的看法。
一、英语专业毕业论文的性质和意义1.英语毕业论文的性质臧学运认为英语专业毕业论文除了具备一般论文的学术特征：学术性（scholarly），规范性（formal）, 创新性(original)之外，必须体现出其英语专业的特色，即专业性（professional）。
就其题材和体裁而言，具有说明和议论的性质，论文讨论的重点应该是与英语的文化，语言，翻译，文学或教学法等相关的专业学术性的话题，专业突出性极强。
其次，论文的论点和论据要具备独创性，可靠性和科学性，要有自己独特的观点，论据需要翔实，材料真实可靠。
当然，论文的结构必须规范，完整一致，语言流畅简练，用词准确，得体，生动，多样。
只有这样，创作出来的论文质量才会高。
2. 英语专业毕业论文写作的意义毕业论文的写作是一个个、非常复杂的过程，它包括很多的步骤，如选题，文献的检索和收集，撰写初稿，修改再到定稿等。
英文文献综述的范文
英文文献综述的范文下面是店铺为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的范文”的资料，供大家参阅。
英文文献综述范文How to Write a Literature Review ?I. The definition of Literature Review文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研论文中重要的文体之一。
它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。
通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
II. The purposes of literature review And Its ComponentsA. The PurposesOn the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focusedresearch question.B. Its ComponentsThere are six parts in a complete Literature Review.标题与作者(title and author)摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)引言(introduction)述评(review)结论(conclusion)参考文献(references)III. Classification of Source MaterialsHow can we locate the materials relevant to our topics betterand faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.A: Background sources:Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries andencyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.B: Primary sourcesThose providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields toomany results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.C: Secondary sourcesThose providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, bookreviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors orwriters and their works, etc. Secondary sources will informmost of your writingin college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use andwill help you interpret those primary sources. T o use theme well, however, youneed to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need toanalyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.D: Web sourcesThe sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellentresource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Websources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. Youmay start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excit e, etc. It’s agood idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in itsown way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for theauthorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you useinformation. The currency of website information should also be taken intoaccount. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literaturereviewA. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sourcesIf you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work andthe other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paperon a topic without reading the original source.B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesisRemember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depthProbably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention WilliamLittlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topicin depth. Choose those.D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged expertsIf you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist onTask-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,Choose the article by the expert.E. Choosing the most current sourcesIf your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in ascientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all thebooks on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information inperiodicals.V. Writing a literature ReviewA. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.6. Criticism of the work in the area.B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.C. Some tips for writing the review:1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the mostrelated references last.3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.4. Start writing your review early.VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和注意事项英文文献主要部分细节提示：引言(Introduction)引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围和内容。
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英语专业文献综述The Standardization Office was revised on the afternoon of December 13, 2020Y i b i n U n i v e r s i t y2015届本科毕业论文文献综述题目_翻译目的论指导下的英语介词汉译策略研究二级学院外国语学院专业英语学生姓名简汝梦学号年级 2011级指导教师徐文英职称讲师年月日文献综述翻译目的论指导下的英语介词汉译策略研究Study on the Translation Strategies of English PrepositionsBased on Skopos Theory摘要：英语介词使用频率高，搭配能力强，含义灵活，因此在翻译中属于比较难以处理的一种词类。
目的论论者认为翻译是有明确的目的和意图，在译者的作用下，以原文文本为基础的跨文化的人类交际活动。
目的论以文本目的为翻译过程的第一准则，目的决定了译者需要采用何种翻译策略和方法。
目的论的提出为英语介词的汉译提供了可靠的指导。
本文将目的论引入到介词翻译中，认为在目的论原则的指导下，英语介词的汉译可通过加词、减词、分译、转译等策略来达到较好的翻译效果以及更好地实现翻译目的。
关键词：英语介词；翻译；目的论导言：随着时代的发展，以及中国入世的大好形势的出现，汉语与英语在世界上似乎显得同等重要，所以将这两种语言互相转化是我们越来越重要的任务。
在英语中，英语介词数量不多，但其构成的介词短语在英语中的出现频率很高，功能多样且位置灵活，对构成句子具有重要作用，因此对于英语介词的翻译策略问题一直深受广大翻译学者的关注。
目的论以文本目的为翻译过程的第一准则，目的论者认为翻译是一种有目的的活动，目的决定了译者需要采用何种翻译策略和方法，即“目的决定论”。
目的论的提出为英语介词汉译提供了有效的指导。
因此，译者若能熟练掌握翻译目的和翻译方法，则能译出高质量的译文。
鉴于此，本文先是阐述各大专家对于英语介词翻译以及翻译目的论的已有研究和探索，并结合笔者自己的观点加以评述；然后以此综述在翻译目的论指导下研究英语介词的汉译策略是个切实可行的手段；最后预测此观点的发展前景一定是光明受欢迎的。
历史发展：对于翻译目的论的发展历程，笔者在总结各前辈的资料中得出：在20世纪70年代，功能主义翻译理论兴起于德国，其四大代表性人物及其理论是: 凯瑟林娜·赖斯(Katharina Reiss)的功能主义翻译批评理论(functional categoryof translationcriticism)，即文本类型理论(始见于赖斯1971年出版的《翻译批评的可能性与限度》)他把能范畴引入翻译中，发展了以原文与译文功能关系为基础的翻译批评模式，从而提出了功能派理论思想的雏形; 汉斯·弗米尔(Hans Vermeer)的功能主义翻译目的论(functional skopos theory of translation); 赫尔兹一曼塔利(Holz-M anttri)的翻译行为理论(theory of translation action);克里斯汀娜·诺德(Christiane Nord)对功能派各学说进行了梳理, 提出了翻译功能加忠实理论(function plus loyalty theory of translation)从而完善了该理论。
现状分析：翻译目的论现在已经发展了成为了一个比较成熟的理论，广泛运用于各类翻译实践当中。
弗米尔的功能主义翻译目的论是其中最主要的理论,费米尔提出“翻译目的论”,将翻译定义为跨文化交际的一个次范畴，其预期目的是整个翻译活动的出发点并决定翻译的方法和策略，在翻译活动中，文本功能和文本接受者应处于优先地位，译者起重要作用。
段自立在《翻译目的论介评》中认为，根据目的论，所有翻译都应遵循三个法则：目的法则、连贯性法则和忠实性法则。
目的法则是目的论的最高法则，决定翻译过程的最主要因素是整体翻译行为的目的，即“目的决定手段”。
(Duan 82) 李智勇在Comparative Study of Chinese Bible Translations from the Perspective of Skopos Theory指出，连贯性法则指的是译文必须能让读者理解并在译语文化及使用译文的交际环境中有意义。
(Li 115) 同时，王小曼和赵慧君在Skopos theory in translation studies中还指出忠实性法则指的是译文应该忠实于原文。
(Wang, Zhao 360) 由此，笔者认为目的法则作为所有翻译法则的首要原则，是我们在翻译过程中必须给予高度重视和运用的原理，对指导英语介词的翻译亦是如此。
目前大家对英语介词的翻译这一块的研究主要停留在对英语介词的定义，特点，以及一些简单的翻译策略上，有些介词的翻译侃侃而谈、空洞乏味，缺乏一定的理论支撑，由此误导了一些读者对文本正确意思的理解，使读者读译本时疑惑不解。
正如顾玉莲在《轮机英语中介词的语义动化》中曾指出，英语和汉语属两种不同的语言体系，在语音、词汇、句法乃至修辞诸层面上有显着差别。
然而两种语言体系均有介词类。
(Gu 66) 冯丽在《谈英语介词的翻译》中谈到“介词((Preposition)又译作前置词，是指用在名词，代词及某些名词性词组的前面，同它合起来组成介词结构，表示动作或行为的方向、对象、处所、时间等的词。
”（feng 28）英汉两种语言的介词从内容到形式、从特性到用法都有一定的差异性。
了解这种差异性，能使我们对英汉的组织结构有更深刻的认识，从而有助于我们挖掘隐藏在句子表面组织后的深刻的语言哲学问题，也能为我们运用这些规律解决实践中汉英翻译打开思路，具有十分重要的研究价值和实践意义。
许庆庆在英语《介词的分类及翻译法浅析》中谈到英语没有发达的词形变化，是介词起着广泛的联系词语的作用。
介词独立的时候几乎没有意义可言，只有处于某种关系中时，才有意义，因此介词常被称为虚词。
它用来表明名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系，不能单独作句子成分。
(Xu 78) 笔者也认为多数介词的含义十分灵活，在不同语言环境中，一个介词可以多义多用，对组成英语句子有着很重要的作用。
因此，对英语介词的正确恰当翻译格外重要，对提升整篇文章的翻译效果具有重要意义。
广览各位前辈的文献，于艳红、杨喜存等人分别在《英语介词及其翻译》和《关于英语介词翻译的几个问题》中对英语介词的翻译主要提出了以下翻译策略: 一、加译。
所谓加译，是指在翻译介词时添加一些词，所加之词不是无中生有，而是根据原文介词的含义加以补充。
二、省译。
不译是在忠实于原文内容的前提下省掉不必要的词，使译文更简洁，更合乎译文语言规范，决不是任意省略或删减某些介词或介词短语。
（Yu 118）三、反译。
将介词(介词短语)译成否定式正说反说的变换是翻译中变通说法以利行文的重要手段。
英语中除了一些具有明显的反说词义的介词(如without, despite, except,等)外，很多介词(介词短语)都可能有反说式，如after a while不久。
四、转换翻译。
转换翻译是指将英语介词转换译为其他词类：1，介词转译为动词。
连淑能教授在其《英汉对比研究》一书中指出:汉语介词大多是从动词“借”来的，严格地说，现代中国语根本就没有真正的介词。
而这一点使英语中一些动词性很强的动态介词，如across(横过)，against(反对)，along沿着)，into(进入)，through(通过)，off(离开)等等得以直接转译，而丝毫不失其本来含义。
2，介词转译为连词。
介词是同其宾语构成介词短语在句中发挥作用的。
如果介词短语是表示原因、条件、伴随状况等用法的静态动词时，按其搭配关系及使用的具体场合，有时可译成汉语中的连词“和、同、与、由于、因为、如果、虽然、当……时”等。
3，介词转译为形容词或副词。
英语中放置在名词之后，对于名词起修饰限定作用的静态介词短语常译为形容词。
（Yang 6）趋向预测：这一系列关于翻译目的论和英语介词的翻译问题的研究具有一定的科学依据和指导意义，让大家对翻译目的论的认识和掌握介词的翻译技巧有一定的指引和借鉴。
并且，笔者相信在接下来的发展进程中，对翻译目的论的认识和英语介词汉译的研究一定会更加深入，理论联系实际，将翻译目的论和英语介词的汉译策略相结合，相得益彰，形成更完美的体系。
总结：以上关于英语介词的汉译法研究颇具有指导意义，但笔者认为，以目的论为指导对英语介词的翻译进行研究的文章并不多，同时英语介词本身所带有的特点和其较强的专业性使得不少译者的译文在满足读者需求这一目的方面不太令人满意。
因此，这一角度的研究具有一定的意义。
本文拟探讨目的论视角下英语介词的汉译。
文章将在前人研究基础上，对英语介词的特点和功能进行总结，并结合实例，对其进行分析，进而论证：翻译过程中可能涉及到增译、省译、转译等方法，只要能达到文本的预期目的都是可的行和有建设性的。
这体现了目的论的核心原则“结果决定方法”。
笔者希望通过以上各种分析，使译者了解到目的论在英语介词翻译中的重要性，从而使译者能根据英语介词的特点来决定英语介词翻译中的策略。
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