Chapter 2 Lecture 2 语言学
英语语言学第二章讲课ppt课件
allophone音位变体
and
A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only.
Narrow transcription 严式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics 变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Bilabial 双唇音 Labiodental 唇齿音 Dental 齿音 Alveolar 齿龈音 Palatal 腭音 Velar 软腭音 Glottal 喉音
of how speech sounds are produced. (2) Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 studies how
英语语言学教程Chapter 2 精品PPT课件
Its main principles were that
there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and
that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.
The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
These principles continue to be followed today.
Questions for the students:
Do you know that human beings are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system?
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
Teaching aims: Let the students have the general idea about phonetics and phonology.
Teaching difficulties: Manner of articulation ; (发音方法） Place of articulation ; （发音部位） The criteria of vowel description （元音的描述 ）; Broad and narrow transcription （宽式 / ; 窄式标音） allophone（音位变体）; minimal pairs（最小对立位）; assimilation（同化）
语言学chapter 2
1. Lips 2. Teeth 3. Teeth ridge (alveolus) 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate (velum) 6. Uvula 7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 9. Back of tongue 10.Vocal cords 11.Pharyngeal cavity The speech organs 12.Nasal cavity
How to pronounce [p] & [ph]
Where will the sound [p] and [ph] occur
[p] occurs after [s] [ph] occurs at the beginning of a word
Phone
Phone is a phonetic unit or segment. [p] [ph] [t] [s] [k ] [f] [e] [a] [u] It does not necessarily distinguish meaning [si ׃m ] [ti ׃m] [spi ׃k] [ph i ׃k]
Classification of vowels
---- English vowels can be divided into two large categories:
monophthongs: individual vowels diphthongs: one sound glides to another [ ][ ][ ][ ][ ][ ] [ ][ ]
Exercises: describe the following sounds
[ [ [ [ [ ] front close unrounded short ] central semi-open unrounded short ]central semi-close unrounded long ]back open unrounded long ] back close rounded long
语言学导论第二章
lodger
calling
singing robber
utter
2)classification of English vowels: monophthongs单元音: 1.the part of the tongue that is held highest: front: [i:, i, e, æ , ɑ ] central: [ə: , ə, ʌ ] back: [u:, u, Ɔ: , Ɔ, ɑ:] 2.width of the mouth: open: [ æ , ʌ , Ɔ, ɑ, ɑ:]
2.in terms of place of articulation: bilabial双唇音: [p, b, m, w] labiodental唇齿音: [f, v] dental齿音: [, ] alveolar齿龈音: [t, d, s, z, n, l, r] palatal腭音: [ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, j] velar软腭音: [k, g, ŋ ] glottal喉音: [h]
D pull shot park hock hot cop much cut
Sound discrimination: A B C peer pair fear dear dare sheer spear spare really poor pull found town tone sell red raid men less lace wet seal sail feel
(2)articulatory phonetics: 1)speech organs: 1.three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity (the pharynx/throat) the oral cavity (the mouth) the nasal cavity (the nose) 2.the throat glottis(声门) vocal cords(声带) larynx---Adam’s apple
语言学教程第二章ppt课件
The categories of consonant, therefore, are
established on the basis of several factors.
.
a. the actual relationship between the
tongue curled up and back in a retroflex gesture
and then striking the roof of the mouth in the
post-alveolar region as it returns to its position
behind the lower front teeth. In some forms of
humans, meaningful in human
communication and with which linguists
are concerned.
.
.
Phonetics and ittics is the science
which studies the characteristics of
vocal organs(发音器官).
The articulatory apparatus of a
human being are contained in
three important areas: (1) the
pharyngeal cavity(咽腔) – the
throat
(2) the oral cavity(口腔) – the
through easily and the sound produced
语言学第二章chapter2电子教案
Language
Number of speakers
1. Chinese/Mandarin 1,300,000,000
Affricates VL
破擦音 VD w
Nasals
鼻音 VD p b
Liquids 流音 VD
f v θδ f v θδ
td
kg
s z ∫З
h
t∫ dЗ
n
η
I
r
j
td
kg
s z ∫З
h
Classification of vowels 元音分类
English vowels can be divided into two large categories:
The manner of articulation：
• Stops/plosives 爆破音: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] • Fricatives 摩擦音:[f] [v] [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [h] • Affricates 破擦音:[tʃ] [dʒ] • Liquids流音: [l] [r] • Nasals鼻音: [m] [n] [ŋ ] • glides/semivowels半元音: [j] [w]
The place of articulation：
• bilabial: [p], [b], [w] • labiodental :[f] [v] • dental: [θ] [ð] • alveolar: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [r] • palatal: [ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [j] • velar: [k], [g] • glottal: [h]
英语语言学 Lecture 2 - speech sounds
A New Seaghsounds of spoken English≠letters of written English↓InternationalPhonetic Alphabet →IPAIPA is a standardized and internally accepted system of phonetic transcription.Its basic principle is using a different letter for each distinguishable speech sounds. With minor modification it is now still used by phoneticians and linguists.The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 2005)only some of the sounds →units in the language system.study from various perspectives ↓PhoneticsPhonologyPhonetics -studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.Articulatory Phonetics- the study of the production of speech sounds.Acoustic Phonetics- the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics - concerned with the perception of speech sounds.- the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. Aim- discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.1- analyze an individual language, say English, in order to determine itsphonological structure, i.e. whichsound units are used and how they are put together.2- compare the properties of sound systems in different languages in order to make hypotheses about the rulesthat underlie the use of sounds inthem, and3- ultimately discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of alllanguages.nasal cavityoral cavitypharyngealcavityThe three resonating cavitiesSpeech Organs 1.lips 2.teeth 3.teeth ridge (alveolar) 4.hard palate 5.soft palate (velum) 6.uvula 7.tip of the tongue 8.blade of the tongue 9.front of the tongue 10.back of the tongue11.vocal cords1 2 1 234 567 8 910 11MouthConsonants are produced ‘by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction’.By contrast, a vowel is produced without such ‘stricture’ so that ‘air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose’.The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.The place of articulation refers to the point where a consonant is made.Consonants - any place between the lips and the vocal folds.Bilabial双唇音*[w] tongue body raises to velum →labia-velar[f], [v]Upper teeth & Lower lip 唇齿音[ð], [θ]Tongue tip/blade & teeth 齿音[t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l] , [ ]tongue tip/blade&alveolar ridge齿龈音[ſ],[3],([tſ],[d3])tongue tip&back of the alveolar ridge 后齿龈音[j][k], [g], [η], [w] [h] Palatal 硬腭音Velars 软腭音Glottal 声门音[ ] - 书[ u] [ ][ ] [ ] Retroflex 卷舌音Uvular 小舌音Pharyngeal喉音Place of Articulation Bilabial [p], [b], [m], [w] Labiodental [f], [v]Dental [ð], [θ]Alveolar [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], Post-alveolar [ſ], [3],Palatal [j]Velar [k], [g], [η], [w] Glottal [h]RetroflexUvularPharyngealComplete closure(articulators)→ airstreamcannot escapethrough themouth.1.Closing phasepression3.release [p], [b], [k], [g], [t], [d]爆破音（plosive）Most sounds are produced orally, with the velum raised, preventing air flow from entering the nasal cavity. However, when the velum is lowered and the airstream is allowed to flow out through the nose to produce sounds -nasals. [m][n][η]鼻音air stream partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced [f], [v] [ð], [θ] [s], [z] [ſ], [3] [h]摩擦音one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed for turbulent air stream[w][j]无摩擦延续音（半元音）obstruction in the incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth [l]边音塞擦音a stop followedimmediately by africativean articulator is set vibrating by the airstream [r] ( )颤音only one vibration is produced [ ]触音/闪音[p] [b] [f] [v] [m] Voiceless bilabial stopVoiced bilabial stopVoiceless labiodental fricative Voiced labiodental fricative Bilabial nasal。
语言学Chapter 2
II. Phonology
Phonology studies the patterning of speech sounds, that is, the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.
ord …
Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements: compound: ’blackbird; ’greenhouse; ’hotdog… noun phrase: black ’bird; green ’house; hot ’dog…
2. Phone phoneme alloerm Phone Phoneme Property Transcription phonetic unit , [p]、[ph] specific phonological unit, /p/ abstract [p] + [ph]
Underline the words that end with a sound as required:
A fricative:
pay horse tough rice breath push sing wreathe hang cave message A nasal: train bang leaf limb A stop: drill pipe fit crab fog ride laugh rack through tip An affricate: rack such ridge booze
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? Complementary distribution: When two or more than
two sounds never occur in the same environment, they
h
=
_
are said to be in complementary distribution. [p , p ] [l, l ]
Phonological processes
? Assimilation: The process by which one sound takes on some or all the features of its neighboring sound, thus making the two sounds similar, the process is called assimilation. ? Regressive assimilation: There are two possibilities of assimilation: if a preceding sound is influenced by a following sound, making the two sounds similar, it is called regressive assimilation. ? Progressive assimilation: The converse process of regressive assimilation, in which a following sound is influenced by a preceding sound, making the two sounds similar, the process is known as progressive assimilation.
Phonemes and allophones
? Phone： phone, as a basic unit of phonetic study, is a minimal sound segment that human speech organs can produce.
? Phoneme : phoneme, as a basic unit of phonological study, is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can distinguish meaning.
Phonetics is the study of all possible speech sounds while phonology studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.
Phonological analysis
? Phonetics and Phonology phonetics studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted,
and received. Phonology, on the other hand, is the study of the sound systems of languages. It is concerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages, with its primary aim being to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.
? Phonemic contrast: It refers to two phonemes in a minimal pair occur in the same place and can distinguish meaning, these two phonemes are said to be in phonemic contrast.
? Allophones: the different realizations of the same phoneme in different phonetic environments are called
allophones. For example, [p , p ] are two
h
=
different phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/. Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme.
Chapter 2
Speech Sounds
Study Contents
? Phonological analysis ? Phone, phonemes and allophones ? Phonological processes ? Distinctive features ? Syllable ? suprasegmental features
Phonemes s: When two different forms are identical
in every way except for one sound segment in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. beat—bit; bin—tin