霍桑的《红字》中的清教思想分析

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论《红字》中的清教思想

论《红字》中的清教思想

论《红字》中的清教思想作者:李文悦来源:《文学教育》2015年第12期内容摘要:霍桑的《红字》是一部充满了神秘清教思想的作品。

他一方面将清教的道德观念作为认识社会的基准,渗透了清教的“原罪”与“自我救赎”的意识;另一方面他又抨击清教苛刻的教条对人性的摧残和迫害。

本文主要通过对三位主人公的分析研究,探讨《红字》中原罪与自我救赎的思想以及霍桑对社会命运的思考。

关键词:《红字》清教原罪自我救赎纳撒尼尔·霍桑共创作了一百多部短篇小说,及四部长篇,是美国十九世纪影响力最大的浪漫主义小说家之一。

他的大多数作品都渗透着具有神秘色彩的清教思想,其中《红字》极具代表性。

一.“原罪”意识在清教思想道德观中占据着核心地位的即“原罪”意识,它认为人生来皆是背负罪恶的。

而霍桑出身于清教世家,加之他很早就关注并研究新英格兰的清教史,因此早年时期他心中就孕育着一种这样一种观念——他也认为每个人的心中普遍有着与生俱来、无所不在的“恶”。

从而霍桑善用犀利而敏锐的眼光去挖掘人类心中“恶”的根源,探讨人类的道德问题。

“原罪”的宗教观便是他作品中最常表达的主题,旨在揭示人类的罪恶。

《红字》中的几个主要人物身上都背负着他们各自的“罪”。

海丝特胸前的红字“A”象征着她与牧师丁梅斯代尔所犯下的“原罪”。

“A”为“adultery”的首字母,意思是通奸。

尽管海丝特极力想要庇护自己的心上人,却依然犯了欺骗罪;丁梅斯代尔牧师因畏惧惩罚,隐瞒了自己的罪恶,继续留在圣职上,既亵渎了上帝,又欺骗了教民;齐林沃思的罪则表现在他发现海丝特的不忠罪行之后,进行了疯狂的复仇,对牧师的心灵不断折磨,最后俨然成为一个“恶魔”;就连最天真无邪的小女孩珍珠都是“……罪恶的情欲泛滥中开放的花朵”,这更加强烈地体现了霍桑想要传达的“原罪”意识。

二.自我救赎意识霍桑在《红字》中对清教的某些信条给予了肯定,他认为上帝是仁慈博爱的,人人都有自我救赎的可能。

他主张人们必须正视罪恶,通过虔诚的忏悔和高尚的品行来完善自我,洗刷自身的罪恶,从而得到救赎。

批判性思维视野下《红字》中的清教主义道德观

批判性思维视野下《红字》中的清教主义道德观

批判性思维视野下《红字》中的清教主义道德观段少明(中国人民大学外国语学院,北京100872)摘要:霍桑是19世纪美国浪漫主义代表性作家,他最有名的小说当属《红字》,其丰富的意蕴让无数学者为之探索,尤其是小说反映的道德观更是引起巨大争议。

霍桑写这部小说是在探索一种精神出路,他在寻求这种精神出路过程中产生了矛盾和彷徨。

他所阐释的加尔文式的道德观应当批判地看待。

此种道德观既肯定了勤俭节约、自爱自强的良好品质,也束缚了人性的正常发展。

秉持批判性思维对《红字》进行分析,会看到清教主义既有束缚人性的弊端,也有规范社会的益处。

关键词:批判性思维;《红字》;清教主义;道德观;中图分类号:I106.4文献标识码:A文章编号:2095-7726(2020)04-0031-04一、批判性思维及《红字》简介(一)批判性思维美国教育家和哲学家约翰·杜威(John Dewey )认为,批判性思维是一种敢于质疑权威、不随波逐流的学术品格,它能帮助人们理性辩证地看待事物。

约翰·杜威把这种思考方式认定成“反省思维”,即“根据相应的背景信息以及趋势做出进一步判断的方法”。

理查德·保罗和琳达·埃尔德将其定义为“建立在较为正确的判定基础上,使用恰当的评估标准对事物的全面客观价值的一种思考”[1]。

理查德·帕克将其定义为:“小心地运用逻辑关系去推定一个断言是否属实。

”[2]北京大学谷振诣教授在其编写的《批判性思维教程》中认为,批判性思维就是会提出合适的问题然后进行正确解答的能力[3]。

中国人民大学杨金武教授在其编著的《逻辑和批判性思维》一书中写道:“批判性思维能力包括对各种信息的理解、识别、分析、综合、比较、判断等方面的能力,其中推理和论证能力最为重要,要善于批判性思维首先要擅长推理和论证。

从根本上说,批判性思维是一门逻辑学科。

”[4]批判性思维是学者或智者应当具备的品质之一,最早可追溯到古希腊时期,苏格拉底的产婆术(art of midwifery )就涉及批判性思维。

《红字》中透露出的霍桑哲学思想

《红字》中透露出的霍桑哲学思想

《红字》中透露出的霍桑哲学思想在英美文学的舞台上,有一部以救赎为主题的作品熠熠生辉——霍桑《红字》。

其以基督教的赎罪为原型,创造了带有悲剧牺牲与崛起意味的灵魂救赎故事。

而这部分著作也无不渗透着作者霍桑的哲学思想。

与黑格尔的辩证法、查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士的实用哲学观有相同之处。

而哲学思想体现在文中的清教批判反思,女性自由主义、超验与反超验三个方面。

本文主要基于这三个方面进行作品哲学思想的解读。

《红字》;霍桑哲学;思想救赎;清教洪丽(1981.08.15-),女,满族,辽宁鞍山人,鞍山师范学院外國语学院,硕士,讲师,研究方向:英语语言文学和哲学。

一、霍桑与《红字》霍桑出生于美国马萨诸塞州的一个清教徒家庭,受家庭的影响和当时清教主流思想的影响,其文学创作带有浓厚的传统宗教思想,而霍桑文学创作中传统宗教思想渗透之外,也有着自己明确的主观态度:不完全肯定。

特别是其成长过程中受美国早期文艺复兴的影响,在文学创作中保留传统宗教思想的基础上融入对人文主义,女性主义的关注,这奠定了霍桑文学创作的超验主义哲学思想基础。

而这种带有批判与反思性质的哲学思想,为其文学创作注入了活力。

因此在其经典著作《红字》中,我们既看到其对清教的不满,展示了清教对人性的压抑及摧残。

其又遵循清教道德观念,肯定原罪思想。

其积极致力于原罪意识主线指引下人性解放与道德圆满的融合,因此其文学创作带有宗教哲学和人性反思的色彩。

《红字》围绕女主人公海斯特·白兰展开,其中有两大男性主角,分别为其貌不扬但博学多才的丈夫罗杰·齐林窝斯,受人尊重的牧师瑟·丁梅斯德,情感是小说叙述的主线。

海斯特·白兰随丈夫从英国移居波士顿,但是途中遭遇不幸,丈夫被捕失去联系,独立坚强的海斯特·白兰只身一人来到美国,而在波士顿其遇到了男牧师瑟·丁梅斯德,两人逐渐产生感情,并发展为恋人关系。

而当地的清教徒对两人的结合表现出极大的反对,认为其大逆不道,为了维护恋人,坚强的海斯特·白兰拒绝说出恋人的名字,而当地的清教徒为了惩罚她,酷刑折磨之后要求她胸前始终佩戴红色A字,象征着耻辱。

《红字》:清教徒社会与罪与赎的挣扎

《红字》:清教徒社会与罪与赎的挣扎

红字:清教徒社会与罪与赎的挣扎介绍《红字》是美国作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑于1850年发表的一部小说,以17世纪普利茅斯殖民地为背景,描绘了一个被严格道德观念束缚的清教徒社会中,一位女性艾迪丝因婚外情而生下私生子并被标记出来的故事。

本文将探讨小说中主要角色的内心挣扎、社会背景对他们行为的影响以及罪与赎的主题。

清教徒社会与道德观念在17世纪普利茅斯殖民地,清教徒社会强调对道德和宗教规范的遵守。

他们坚信人类天性堕落,并强调罪孽、忏悔和救赎。

这种重视道德的环境对小说中角色的行为产生了重大影响。

艾迪丝·皮林:内心挣扎与自我惩罚艾迪丝是小说中被标记为犯罪者的女主角。

她在艾德·威尔逊牧师的诱惑下发生了婚外情,并生下私生子珀尔。

艾迪丝内心深处感到罪恶和自我厌恶,她拼命试图掩盖真相并承受自己的内疚感。

她通过将“红字”A缝在自己的衣服上,永远提醒自己的罪过,以此来进行自我惩罚和赎罪。

阿瑟·唯登:伪善与责任感阿瑟·唯登是艾迪丝的丈夫,他在小说中被描绘为一个表面上虔诚但实际上充满欺骗和伪善的人物。

尽管知道妻子出轨并生下私生子,他选择隐瞒真相,并放任艾德·威尔逊牧师承受错误的名声。

然而,在小说结尾,他无法摆脱内心的负罪感,最终选择与艾迪丝亲密团聚并接受共同责任。

赛迦·彭肖恩:勇敢与拯救力量赛迦·彭肖恩是小说中一位年轻有为的医生,他对艾迪丝和珀尔充满同情和怜悯。

他不仅愿意接纳并照顾艾迪丝和珀尔,还试图揭示社会虚伪的一面。

赛迦出于对真理和正义的追求,以及对自由与个人权利的信念,成为了小说中的拯救者。

罪与赎的主题《红字》探讨了罪孽和赎罪的主题。

小说表明,在一个道德束缚严格、不容忍错误的社会中,每个角色都面临着内心挣扎和痛苦。

然而,在真相暴露、内心敞开之后,他们被给予使用真实性来接受及改变宿命的机会。

这种显露出来的罪过和重新获得尊严与救赎,是小说呼唤读者反思道德观念并思考宽恕与新生命力量。

浅析清教思想对霍桑的影响

浅析清教思想对霍桑的影响

浅析清教思想对霍桑的影响论文关键词:霍桑清教主义清教徒《红字》原罪论文摘要:纳撒尼尔·霍桑并不是一个清教徒,但是清教主义的思想却对他影响深远。

一方面,他承认清教主义对人性的压抑和迫害;另一方面,他又坚信清教主义的诸如“原罪”等教义,主张人生来就有罪恶,应该自我救赎。

这种矛盾思想在他的代表作《红字》中获得了很好的体现。

一清教主义是从殖民地时期开始便深深刻在美国历史上的一个不容忽视和忘却的烙印。

作为一种文化遗产,清教主义思想对于美国思想及文学具有持久的影响力。

可以说,如果对清教思想没有一定的理解,那就不可能真正地理解美国及其文学。

而对霍桑和他的代表作《红字》来说,清教主义更是不可回避的一个解读视角。

本文将从清教主义的兴起、它与霍桑的历史渊源,以及在《红字》中霍桑对清教主义的态度等方面来看一下清教思想对霍桑的影响。

二(“清教思想/清教主义)(Puritanism)”一词是由“清教徒(Puritan)”衍生来的,是人们对清教徒思想和行为的概括。

“清教徒”一词源于拉丁语Purus,意为清洁、纯净。

清教运动产生于16世纪后半期。

在亨利八世与罗马天主教会决裂后,英国国教成了以国王为首的维护国王统治的工具,教会内部仍然腐朽不堪。

16世纪后期,教会一部分虔洁信徒提出要清除国教中天主教的残存因素,他们的主张被称为“清教”,他们则被称为“清教徒”。

他们要求在信仰上只以新约圣经为准则,而非以教会或所谓传统制度作为信徒应当遵奉的权威。

他们特别强调教会必须是具备圣经所示条件的真宗教和圣洁无疵的真教会。

清教对英属北美殖民地的建立起过重要的作用。

1620年,102名清教徒乘坐著名的五月花号(Mayflower)来到美洲的普利茅斯建立殖民地,他们是英国第一批新大陆移民,是150年后美国大多数人民的祖先。

美国宗教历史学家偑里·米勒(Perry Miller)这样描述新英格兰的清教徒:“……他是一个现实的理想主义者……他来到新大陆为了建立一个完美的社会和拥有选举权的王国……”从殖民地时期开始,清教主义对美国的政治、经济、思想、文化、宗教等各方面都给予了深远影响。

《红字》――对清教主义的怀疑.

《红字》――对清教主义的怀疑.

摘要 : <<红字 >>是十九世纪美国作家霍桑的成名作 . 自从本世纪五十年代被译介到我国以来 , 一直倍受读者的喜爱 . 其不朽的魅力在于它不仅无情的鞭挞了清教法规对人性的践踏 , 更重要的是作者对人性的善的肯定 . 本文旨在通过小说中四位主要人物的分析 , 阐明作品所表现的深刻思想内涵 :通过与邪恶的搏斗,人可以获得道德上的完善,从而批判了清教主义所倡导的“原罪” “善恶” “拯救灵魂” “彻底堕落”的说法:小说作者主要关心的是原罪导致的后果及人们对待原罪的态度,而不是罪孽本身,他认为由于爱而犯下罪过可以得到忏悔拯救。

关键字 :清教法规;人性;白兰;丁梅斯代尔;齐灵沃斯;珍珠;红字 AAbstract :The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a classical novel in American literature in the 19th century. Since the first Chinese translation of The Scarlet Letter appeared in the 1950’ s scholars and readers in this country have shown an ever-increasing interest in his works. Its immortal enchantment lies in not only its condemnation of the negative impact of Puritan society on people‟s spirit, but also its affirmation of goodness. The novel aims at criticizing severely Puritanical asceticism, suggesting Hawthorne‟s further thinking over the “original sin” “good and evil” “soul salvation” “total depravity” by analyzing the four main characters in the novel. The novel concerns the consequence caused by the sin and people‟s attitude towards sin rather than the sin itself. He believes man can do good deeds to get rid of evil in his heart.Key Words:Puritanism; Human nature; Prynne; Dimmesdale; Roger; Pearl; the scarlet letter1. IntroductionThe Scarlet Letter is a famous American novel whose author, Nathaniel Hawthorne, is considered the leading American native fictionist of the 19th century. Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusette, of a prominent Puritan family, on July4, 1804. “In 1850 he brought out his masterpiece The Scarlet Letter, the story of a triangular love affair in colonial America. In this novel Hawthorne condemned the Puritan philosophy oflife”[1]P49 “His stories display a psychological insight into moral isolation and human emotion. He distrusted the claim of objective reason to be able to arrive at humanly relevant truth” [2]P53His short stories and novel includes: The Minister‟s Black Veil, Twice Told Tales, Mosses from an Old Manse, The House of The Seven Gables, The Marble Faun, among which The Scarlet Letter is the most famous. The novel is short but very moving. Prynne, a young and beautiful woman, came to New England two years before his husband, an old, ugly man who can not give Prynne love. Prynne, then falls in love with Dimmesdale, a young handsome clergyman and then has a baby, Pearl, because she can not get any news from her husband, thinking that he has died. When her “adultery” is discovered, she is punished to wear a scarlet letter “A” on her chest all her life. Her husb and, Roger, tries his best to torment Dismmesdale. And Dimmesdale, suffering from both physical and spirit torment, announces his “sin” at last, he dies an honest man. Roger, withers at last, Prynne, restructures her life and wins people‟s respect, Pearl, leaves for Europe, marries a noble family, leading a happy life.Hawthorne‟s thought was full of contradictions. In his days, American capitalism was developing rapidly, and the social structure was changeable. He couldn‟t understand this change, and tried to explain it by discovering the “hidden evil” in everyone‟s heart because of the influence of Puritanism. He used symbolism and imagination, which made his works full of mystical color.In this research paper, I analsize the main characters of the novel aiming at discussing the novel isa skeptic to the Puritan Thought.2. Puritanism in American“Puritanism was entirely English in its origin, yet the movement achieved its greatest influence in America. The 17th century colonies in New England represent the fullest development of the movement.”[3]P22 Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church, who came into existence in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James I. The first Puritans to arrive in America were Separatists. A new group of Separatists fled Englandin 1607---1609, to the north of Plymouth, in the area around Boston, other Puritans began arriving in 1628---1630. They came over under the auspices of the Massachusetts Bay Company, a corporation with rights to the area of land lying between the Charles and the Merrimack rivers.They came to America out of various reasons, but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. They believe that the church should be restored to complete “purity”, they accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from G od. Puritans‟ lives were extremely disciplined and hard. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets.“ Puritans includes people from the humblest to the loftiest ranks of English society, educated and uneducated, poor and rich” [4]P91“The Puritans were indebted to John Calvin and the example of the Calvinist tradition. Another source of Puritanism was the Bible, considered the sole authority in matters of faith” It has the following thoughts: “The Puritans demand greater purity and stricter obedience to the will of God, Englishmen in the 16th called such person: “Puritans”, a name derived from the Latin word for pure, and intended as a criticism of the reformers for being too extreme in theirdemands.” [5]P21 “Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts h as sometimes been exaggerated.” [6]P913. The analysis of characters3.1 Hester PrynneHester Prynne was a woman who committed adultery, which is representation of evil of human nature in Puritans‟eye, and cannot be accepted by the puritans and the society at that time and. Hester betrayed her husband and went against the principle of honesty according to Puritanism, so she must accept the severe penalty in the puritan society, wearing a scarlet letter “A” on her breast all her life which means “adultery”. “At the least, they should have put the brand of a hot iron on Hester Prynne‟s forehead.” “This woman has brought shame upon us all, and ought to die.” [7]P43 The women‟s vicious curse was the supplement of the puritanical code of law. To the puritans, the civilized life was to throw the human nature into the prison. Here, we can see the writer‟s negation to the Gail-the symbol of the Puritanism. But “And never had Hester Prynne appeared more ladylike, in the antique interpretation of the term, than as she issued from the prison.” [8]P45 “The door of the jail being flung open from within, there appeared, in the first place, like a black shadow emerging into sunshine, the grim and grisly presence of the town-beadle, with a sword by his side and his stuff of o ffice in his hand” [9]P44In the whole story, Hester generally kept silent, accepted the insult from adults to children in thepuritan society. In fact, she showed extreme strength and courage to resist the bias of the Puritanism by her good deeds. She was always the first one to help people in trouble; gradually she won people‟s respect by her benevolence. She spent most of her time on embroidery and Pear, her fancy work was elegant and incomparable, which made people admire her ability. She didn‟t only st ruggle for the right of her own but also for a new world where both men and women could possess the equal right to love. She was anAmazon against the Puritanism. Several times when they met in the forest, she encouraged Dimmesdale to escape together with her. “Hester never thought of meeting him in any narrower privacy than beneath the open sky.” [10]P154 “She took off the formal cap that confined he r hair;” “Her sex, her youth, and the whole richness of the beauty, came back from what men call the irrevo cable past.”[11]P171 In Hawthorme ’ s and Poe’ s novels, women’ s black long hair stands for romance and desire, while evil in Puritan society(在霍桑 , 爱伦·坡等许多作家的小说中 , 女人的长黑发象征浪漫和情欲 , 这在清教徒眼中就是罪恶 [12]P66 Her action itself is an affirm to the feudal regime and oppress. Here, we can see Prynne never give up her pursue for love and freedom.At the end of the story, to the reader‟s surprise, Prynne had returned to New England. “People brought sorrows and perplexities, and besought her counsel, as one who had herself gone through a mighty trouble. Earlier in life, Prynne had vainly imaged that she herself might be the destined prophetess” [13]P221 this is the bitterest satire to the Puritanism and its doctrine of total depravity. 3.2 Dimmesdale and Roger“ Dimmesda le was a man torn between human nature and the religious rules that formed civilization at that time.” [14]P27The puritans saw themselves as restoring the Christian tradition to its original purity by new faith but to restore an old one. They hoped to inspire whole communities with zeal for Christian living, mainly through powerful preaching and bible study. He represents many of their best virtues. He was conscientious, learned, and eager to serve. He also represents some of their common vices. He was hypocritical humorless, and a bit vain.“ Unlike Hester and Roger who represented two poplars of passion and puritan doctrine, Dimmesdale struggled between the two extremes. The rigorous doctrine of puritan society got him stuck in his dilemma. Neither could he deny his love to Hester nor could he make a public confession about his sin because he was afraid of the consequence. This dilemma gnawed his heart till his final confession and death.” [15]P43As a puritan representative, he suffered more from the guilt of his hypocrisy than from the guilt of his passion. He was a clergyman, meanwhile he was a man full of compassion and human nature, he loved Prynne very much, and he committed adultery which betrayed the puritanical code of law. Four decisions were thus forced upon him; he must assert his position in relation to man, God, his original sin and better self. In each case, he only added new falsity to his torment and suffering. “He was struggling on the edge of the spirit and flesh coming breakdown, and he was beat and lashed by the so-called articles of religion “the gory whip” at every moment. It must be considered that he continued to be engaged in the pure mission of a priest with the criminal body should be a great affront to god and a deception to god-people. Eventually, he told the secret in mind with divine courage, he obtains tranquil and the newborn of spirit.” [16]P48 this restraint from religion in human nature exposes the hypocrisy of Puritanism and its doctrine of predestination.. Roger was someone whose emotional famine ended in a dark feast of avenge. This made him a figure of black magic in Hawthorne‟s sense, that was, someone who had willingly committed his soul to the devil‟s care, and who became learned in the arts of evil -doing. He was the mostdeplorable figure, “at first, he was a victim; at last, he entirely became a ruthless devil. The basic factor led to the result is affected by moral conception, and the main criterion is Puritanism at that time.” [17]P92 His fate was a satire to the “good and evil” “soul salvation” in the Puritanical code of law.Roger was the full embodiment and victim of the rigorous code of puritan society which negates human passion. He represented moral evil and destroying power. When his evil work was done he positively withered up, shriveled away like an uprooted weed that lay wilting in the sun. Some people may think that he was the victim and he revenged for his dignity. But from the cruel means he revenged on Prynne and Dimmesdale he committed an unforgivable sin. When Dimondale, his tormented subject, ascended thescaffold to confess his sin triumphantly, he was completely defeated just as the puritan hierarchy was defeated.Prynne and Dimmesdale were sinners at first, they committed the …original sin‟ according to the Puritanical code of law, and however, they did good deeds to others and got rid of evil in their heart. On the contrary, Roger was not forgivable he saw revenge his sole purpose of life.3.3 The Role of Pearl“ Pearl was a character who has not yet chosen good or evil .She was in a natural pre-moral state. In this crucial sense she was an unformed person and a reader cannot penetrate much of he personality. Her innocence is tainted with a natural inclination to selfishness, perhaps strengthened by her sadly solitary life. Hawthorne tried to show that Pear was like a rippling stream, mirroring life around her without really understudy or judging it for herself.” [18]P63 Pearl was in fact “the scarlet letter “in another form, it endowed with life .S he was a living symbol of adultery.” [19]P111She was viewed almost as a ghost in the Puritans‟ eyes. However ,in little Pearl‟s mind ,the scarlet letter is the first thing she got used to .It was the token that her loving – tender-care mother ware quite op posite to the puritan‟s outlook ,she didn‟t consider the scarlet letter on her mother‟s breast as a sign of shame ,but an undispatchable part of her mother. Her idea about “A” was a rebellion against the Puritan society which she found no common with.Pear l didn‟t go with the society which she lives in. On some other times, like a brave warrior in the battle, she fights forcefully against the puritan .She is not a coward anyway. It is the social isolation and discrimination that shape her character inlife .Fortunately, nature offers her warmth to Pearl, from the beginning to the end, the sunshine is always with her. “She stood laughing in the midst of it, all brightened by its splendors, and scintillating with the vivacity excited by rapid motion .The light lingered about the lonely child, as if glad of such a playmate.” [20]P155The impressive friendship of the nature makes her feel that she is one of the members in nature like a wild animal. In the forest, it is understandable that a pigeon-----the symbol of peace, utters a sound to greet the girl. What is more fascinating is that the wolf -----the wildest animal in that forest, “has surly lapsed his tale into the improvable, came up and smelt of Pearl‟s robe and offered his savage head to be patted by her hand.”[21]P173Since her release from the dark prison, she was separated naturally from other children by the society .Sometime Pearl only watches the children play under the puritanical nature in great distance .She will never take part in their games, nor will they invite her to. However, “she had not the disease of sadness, which almost all children, in these days, inherit, with the scrofula, from the troubles of their ancestors.” [22]P156 This is more than a satire to the Puritanism, it is seemingly paradoxical that the Puritan considers Pearl as a symbol of adultery, where as the author regardsher as an angel .Besides, “Pearl, this character hints Hawthorne‟s skeptic feeling to Puritanism, she breached of the requirements in Puritanism‟s homespun wear ing and worn the bright and glittering “Bizarre dress” by Prynne.” [23]P18At the end of the novel, Pearl left England to Europe, leading a happy life, which announced an affirmation from the author that Pearl would be unable to obtain happiness in the strict and severe Puritanism society.4. ConclusionThe four characters are a significant arrangement. They display a picture of all desires and sufferings. good and evil ,and therefore, they make the book an allegory of mankind .To conclude the story, Hawthorne puts into a sentence one most important moral: “Be true !Be true !Be true !Show freely to the world, if not your worst, yet some trait where by the worst may be inferred! ” [24]P236 When people are not true to the world and to themselves, how is it possible for them to make any judgment? The authorseems to have examined the basis of the whole system of Puritan civilization and he stresses that all human action should be open to interpretation, and people can not and should not impose the truth with absolute certainty. The ideal society as Hawthorne images should be built not on false living, but on a new moral order, in which broadmindedness, compassion, and individualism will be highly valued. And from these figures, we began to comprehend the Puritan thoughts and values. We have realized what the dark side of Puritan is: harshness, persecutions and absolute certainty.Bibliography[1] 王松年 . 美国文学作品选读 [M]. 上海交通大学出版 , 1998[2] 吴定柏 . 美国文学大纲 [M]. 上海外语教育出版社 , 2003[3] ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN[M]. V olum23. GROLIER INCORPORA TED, International Headquarters: Danbury Comocticut 06816, 1988[4] 同 [3][5] 同 [3][6] 朱锦锐 . The Puritan Flavor— Comment on THE SCARLET LETTER.[J]昌院学报 . 2002,9第 3期[7] Nathaniel Hawthorne. THE SCARLET LETTER[M]. 青岛出版社 , 2004,4[8] 同 [7][9] 同 [7][10] 同 [7][11] 同 [7][12] 甘文平 . 惊奇的回归— <<红字 >>中的海斯特·白兰形象解读 [J]. 外国文研究 , 2006,6 第 3期[13] 同 [7][14] 吕枫 . SYMBOLS IN THE SCARLET LETTER.开封教育学院学报 [J],1993,第 3期[15] 张雅琳 . The Scarlet Letter— An Accusation against Puritanism Law[J]晋中师范高等专科学校学报 , 2000,12 第 4期[16] LiuFeng. A Pietistic, or A Skeptic —on Hawthorne ’ s The Scarlet Letter and Puritanism Thought[J]. 长春理工大学学报 (社会科学版 ,2005,3 第 1期[17] 吕枫. SYMBOLS IN THE SCARLET LETTER[J].开封教育学院学报,1993 第 3 期 [18] Suzanne Brown. YORK NOTES THE SCARLET LETTER[M]. LONGMAN YORK PRESS, World Publishing Corporation, 1987 [19] 阎美玲. The Role of Pearl in The Scarlet Letter[J].渭南师专学报(综合版,1991 第 1-2 期 [20] 同[7] [21] 同[7] [22] 同[7] [23] 同[15] [24] Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Scarlet Letter[M]. New York: Bantam Books,1981。

《红字》的清教主义伦理解读


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简析霍桑的《红字》中的清教主义

简析霍桑的《红字》中的清教主义作者:杨胜南来源:《青年文学家》2017年第18期摘要:纳撒尼尔·霍桑,作为美国19世纪早期最杰出的小说家之一,深受清教主义影响。

他创作了许多著名的作品,例如《带七个尖顶的阁楼》,《福谷传奇》,《玉石雕像》等等。

他的代表作——《红字》,尤其受到了清教主义思想的影响,通过清教思想生动地描述了美国19世纪早期生活的蓝图。

许多研究者对清教主义做了许多研究,包括霍桑和他的作品。

从霍桑的作品中我们清楚地了解清教徒的观点以及它对其他事物的影响。

关键词:《红字》;霍桑;清教主义作者简介:杨胜南(1993-),吉林辽源人,吉林大学公共外语教育学院硕士研究生,主要从事外国语言学及应用语言学研究。

[中图分类号]:I106 [文献标识码]:A[文章编号]:1002-2139(2017)-18-0-03一、引言《红字》是美国小说家霍桑的代表作,也是美国浪漫主义小说中最著名的作品。

故事发生在十七世纪中期受加尔文控制波士顿。

根据当时的社会情况,作者描述了一个感人的爱情悲剧,揭露了当权者摧毁了人们的心理、心灵和道德。

海丝特被认为是道德的化身。

她不仅感动了牧师,甚至是都充满了原罪的整个社会。

而她的丈夫,作者把他描绘成一个复仇者。

小说采用了象征的手法,而且人物、情节和语言都是主观想象的。

在描述中,它的重点是人的精神活动和直觉。

总之,它不仅是美国浪漫主义小说的代表作,也是美国心理分析小说的创始人。

在《红字》的结尾中,珍珠一直过着快乐的生活,海丝特回到波士顿纪念自己的罪恶,痛苦和忏悔。

二、关于霍桑和清教主义的介绍纳撒尼尔·霍桑,美国十九世纪浪漫主义小说家,不仅继承而且批判者新英格兰清教传统。

虽然他不是一个清教的信仰者,但他深受其学说影响。

他的作品大多描写了人们的思想、精神上的矛盾和生活中的悲剧,尤其是他的代表作《红字》。

2.1关于霍桑和《红字》的介绍纳撒尼尔·霍桑,十九世纪早期美国最重要的小说家之一。

从小说《红字》看霍桑的清教思想

下生活和思考是他们首要的任务。“筒约朴素的风
比较缓慢。最早发表的关于北美的作品是游记、日 记之类的文字,作者都是英国人。英国殖民地建立
之后,统治者利用宗教,主要是清教主义作为控制
殖民地思想意识的主要手段,因此许多出版物是关
于神学的研究。殖民地时期许多作品尽管文学性 不强,但它们都为19世纪的美国文学奠定了基础。
参考文献:
[1]RlIland,mchard
HiBtory 0f 22.
字在珠儿身t,便是“天使”(An耐)的象征,从而具
备了更积极的合义。恰恰是在这个含义上,寄托了 作者美好的理想。 故事中真正的反派角色是齐灵渥斯,这个所谓 的学者和纯智慧的化身。他是清教社会男权意识 形态的最坚决的维护者,红字的制造者。他就像是 魔鬼和幽灵一样,去刺探和折磨人心。他犯了不可
力。可以说,如果对清教思想没有一定的理解,那
后,麦尔维尔、豪威尔斯和很多其他作家纷纷尝试
这种手法,象征主义作为一种技巧成为了美国文学
中的普遍实践。因此,美国文学是清教传统影响下
的产物,而美国的作家2005一12—11 作者简介:王风华(1980一),士,郑州大学外语学院助教,主要从事大学英语教学工作。研究方向:美国文学和英语语 言学。
美国生活中的一个统治性因素。清教主义是清教 徒的思想和他们所信仰的教义。清教的历史观建 立在基督教理论和原则之上。清教徒信奉严格的
清教主义不仅仅是一种教义,更是一种文化氛围, 对美国性格和美国文学有根深蒂固的影响。无论
是殖民地初期文学中的宗教狂热,还是传奇浪漫主
义文学中有关清教主义原罪等观念的叙述,抑或是
宗教和道德原则,他们接受“命定论”,“原罪说”,
“完全的堕落”和“通过上帝的仁慈所带来的有限的 救赎”这些教义。清教徒显著的特点是对于宗教和

《红字》:清教徒伦理与社会道德的冲突

红字:清教徒伦理与社会道德的冲突《红字》是美国作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑创作的一部经典小说,于1850年出版。

该小说以17世纪的某个美国清教徒定居点为背景,揭示了清教徒伦理与社会道德之间的冲突。

清教徒伦理清教徒指的是17世纪英国早期殖民地的清洁、宗教虔诚和道德严谨的拥护者。

他们深受加尔文主义思想影响,坚信上帝的选民会被拯救,而那些犯有罪孽或背离信仰的人则将受到惩罚。

清教徒伦理注重个人责任、自我批判和自我约束。

他们推崇节制、节欲和禁欲,并强调社区与集体监督来确保道德纯洁。

在这种环境下,性欲和违背婚姻誓言被视为严重的罪行。

小说情节《红字》讲述了女主角海莉·普林(Hester Prynne)因与牧师阿瑟·丹恩(Arthur Dimmesdale)发生婚外情而被判定犯有通奸罪。

她被迫佩戴一枚鲜红的字母"A"来标示自己的罪行,从而成为社会道德谴责和憎恶的对象。

小说中,清教徒伦理与社会道德之间的冲突得到了充分展示。

海莉·普林以坚强和勇敢的形象面对道德谴责,并承担起个人责任。

相反,牧师阿瑟·丹恩却隐藏了自己的罪行,内心深处却备受自责和良知的折磨。

社会道德压力《红字》揭示了社会压力对个人选择和行为的影响。

清教徒社会对于性欲的强烈抑制导致了冲突和受苦。

海莉·普林在持续遭受道德审判和排斥的同时,也试图寻求真实与善意,并通过善行来弥补自己所犯下的罪过。

清教伦理观点的思考通过这一小说,我们可以思考清教徒伦理观点在不同时代背景下的合理性和适用性。

它是否过于严厉和单一,无法接受人类的弱点和罪孽?换个角度来看,海莉·普林表现出的勇气和转变也暗示了对个体权利、自由以及反对道德束缚的重要性。

纳撒尼尔·霍桑以《红字》为平台,探讨了清教徒伦理与社会道德之间的冲突,并引发读者对于自我约束、社会道德和人性复杂性的深入思考。

这部作品凭借其深远意义和精湛描写引起了广泛关注,并成为经典文学作品之一。

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霍桑的《红字》中的清教思想分析
作者:冯楠
来源:《商情》2010年第06期
[摘要]本文通过对《红字》中人物心态的综合论述,来说明清教信条对主人公积极的感化作用:人人都是有罪的,通过救赎来达到一种精神的超脱。

我们能看到清教在净化人们灵魂的方面有着很大的作用,清教教会是上帝在人间的代言。

但同时其旧时期的严酷性使霍桑产生了彷徨,复杂的心态,也抨击谴责了清教的残酷的条例和律令。

[关键词]清教救赎严酷性彷徨复杂的心态
纳萨尼尔•霍桑是美国十九世纪杰出的浪漫主义小说家,他的作品有着浓郁的宗教色彩。

他生活在宗教气氛浓厚的新英格兰地区,深受加尔文教宗教神秘主义观点的影响。

清教徒主义教导说,所有的人都是完全堕落,需要不断的自我检查。

但是Because man had broken the Covenant of Works when Adam had eaten from the Tree of Knowledge, God offered a new covenant to Abraham's people which held that election to Heaven was merely a possibility. In the Puritan religion, believers dutifully recognized the negative aspects of their humanity rather than the gifts they possessed. This shadow of distrust would have a direct influence on early American New England and on many of its historians and writers, one of which was Nathaniel Hawthorne.由于清教自身的复杂状况,霍桑对清教的态度也是复杂的。

《红字》是霍桑的代表作,其中也深刻地体现了他对清教的认同与彷徨:一方面对人性恶与救赎之路进行深入挖掘;一方面又对清教的严酷极端予以批评和揭露。

这部小说自始至终充满了晦暗、神秘的意象。

本文对这种神秘、晦暗的意象进行了双重解读:一方面,这体现了霍桑深受清教思想和超验主义哲学影响的矛盾思想;另一方面,这也反映了霍桑的创作倾向与写作特色。

本文通过对《红字》中的人物的心态的描写,来说明清教信条对主人公积极的作用,同时其严酷性使霍桑产生的彷徨的宗教观。

小说惯用象征手法,人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩,在描写中又常把人的心理活动和直觉放在首位。

因此,它不仅是美利坚合众国浪漫主义小说的代表作,同时也被称作是美利坚合众国心理分析小说的开创篇。

霍桑1804年出生于马萨诸塞州塞勒姆镇一个没落的世家.他的祖辈中有人曾参与清教徒迫害异端的事件。

霍桑的父亲是一名船长,在他4岁时去世。

1821年霍桑在亲戚资助下进入博多因学院。

1825年大学毕业.回到塞勒姆镇从事写作。

霍桑的短篇小说大多取材于新英格兰的历史或现实生活,着重探讨人性和人的命运等问题。

《红字》创作于1851年。

描写一个受不合理的婚姻束缚的少妇犯了为加尔文教派所严禁的通奸罪而被示众,暴露了当时政教合一体制统治下殖民地社会中的某些黑暗。

小说揭露了19世纪资本主义发展时代美利坚合众国社会典法的残酷、宗教的欺骗和道德的虚伪。

出生于清教世家的霍桑,自幼丧父随寡母寄居在外公家,超验主义对他的影响很深,再加上他很早就潜心研究新英格兰的清教史,这些都成为其小说创作的主要源泉。

但霍桑对于清教自身
与当时社会现实状况的复杂性,他有着困惑和彷徨。

作为霍桑的代表作,《红字》也体现了霍桑对待当时清教的严酷性有着不同的看法。

本文通过对《红字》中清教对主要人物的积极和消极影响的方面的讨论,来揭示霍桑矛盾和彷徨的宗教观。

小说引入了“通奸”这一社会敏感话题,以女主人公海丝特通奸被发现、受罚为线索,并对以海丝特为代表的女性人物的内心世界及命运展开探索。

对于这一点,霍桑持谴责的态度。

《圣经》:“婚姻的关系——夫妻的关系,是最亲密的人际关系——灵魂体的合一「那人说,这是我骨
中的骨,肉中的肉,可以称为女人,因为他是从男人身上取出来的。

因此人要离开父母,与妻子连合,二人成为一体。

」在清教的感化下,海丝特重新找到了自我和信心。

但是其宗教的严酷性及非人性又是霍桑予以谴责的。

一个坚定而具有神奇般个性的女性——海斯特•白兰,由于和牧师丁梅斯代尔通奸,受到清教教会的谴责。

她胸前被佩以红字“A”做为惩罚并当众受到辱骂和羞辱。

红字“A”是罪与罚的证明,是一个女人恶的体现。

为了获得新生,海斯特•白兰不得不公开承认了自己的罪行,携带女儿在郊外的一间孤僻的茅屋里开始了“殉道”般漫长的救赎之路。

最终使得使得主人公海丝特通过自我救赎,又被赋予了崇高道德的化身。


不但感化了表里不一的丁梅斯代尔,同时也在感化着充满罪恶的社会。

至于她的丈夫奇林渥斯,小说则把他写成了一个一心只想窥秘复仇的影子式的人物。

实际上,霍桑在《红字》中要表达的,是社会现状和人类命运,并借以进一步探讨他所关心的“善”与“恶”的哲理。

那座构成《红字》故事中心场景的示众刑台,时面被描述成“象是教堂的附属建筑”,似是要把社会的丑恶及不人道归咎于宗教,但继而又被写作“如同法国大革命时期恐怖党人的断头台”,表明了他对社会变革的不解与疑惧。

从这一例证中我们不难看出,作家以敏锐的目光洞悉了社会的种种弊端,但并不知道应该何去何从。

他从人道主义出发,把社会的不合理现状和人类的悲惨命运,归结为“善”与“恶”之争,但他的善恶观又深受宗教教条的浸染,成了缠夹不清的空泛议论,说什么“爱总要比恨来得容易,这正是人类本性之所在。

……恨甚至会通过悄悄渐进的过程变成爱。

”还提出“恨和爱,归根结底是不是同一的东西……”;而书中那种浓重的阴郁色彩,也给人压抑多于振奋。

然而,我们在阅读和欣赏文学名著时,既不应苛求作家,也不该围于他的局限。

的确,霍桑本人有保守思想和神秘主义倾向.他的《红字》也并非革命的教科书。

但如果我们读了这部作品后,能够看到旧制度的黑暗,并唤起变革社会的理想,愿意为更美好的人类命运去奋争,不也是积极的吗?诚如作者在与全书开篇遥相呼应的结尾宁所写:“这传说实在阴惨,只有一点比阴影还要幽暗的永恒的光斑稍稍给人一点宽慰:‘一片墨黑的土地.一个血红的A字。

”霍桑作品的一大长处是引人深思、发人联想;让我们就从这一“永恒的光斑”和“血红的A字”出发,去浮想联翩吧,“A”字又何尝不可以代表“前进”(Advance)呢!
霍桑在《红字》中肯定清教信条,他认为上帝是博爱的。

人人都有被救赎的可能。

但同时也抨击了清教的残酷的条例和律令。

从《红字》中我们可以深切的感受到霍桑的清教思想及其对它的某些否定方面,这也使得《红字》具有了强烈的艺术感染力。

参考文献:
[1]付少华.恶与善的选择——宗教对海斯特•白兰与潘金莲的人生结局的影响[J] .福州大学学报(哲社版),2003.
[2] (英)加德纳(Gardner.H.)著,沈弘,江先春译.宗教与文学[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1989.。

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