小升初英语语法知识点总结

小学英语语法知识点总结一、名词一可数名词：表示可以具体个别存在的人或物..可数名词有单复数形式;其单数形式与不定冠词an连用..可数名词复数规则：1．一般情况下;直接加-s;如：book-books; bag-bags; cat-cats; bed-beds2．以s. ss. x. sh. ch结尾;加-es;如：bus-buses; box-boxes; brush-brushes; watch-watches; glass-glasses3．以“辅音字母+y”结尾;变y为i; 再加-es;如：family-families; strawberry-strawberries; city-cities;body-bodies4．以“f或fe”结尾;变f或fe为v; 再加-es;如：knife-knives;leaf——leaves; wife-wives; half-halves5．不规则名词复数：① child → children; mouse → mice② man → men; woman → women; policeman → policemen③ tomato → tomatoes; potato → potatoes注：初中英语以o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es;其余的加-s如：photo → photos④ foot → feet; tooth → teeth 注： oo变成ee..⑤ fish ; sheep; Chinese; Japanese单、复数同形注：变复数时词形不变..⑥ people单数形式表示复数意义;要求谓语动词用复数；people的复数形式peoples通常指“多个民族”..习题：写出下列各词的复数I _________him _________this ___________her ______watch _______child _______photo ________diary ______ day________ foot________ book_______ dress ________tooth_______ sheep ______box_______ strawberry _____ peach______ sandwich ______dish_______bus_______man______ woman_______二不可数名词：表示不能个别存在的事物;如液体类;气体类的物质；少数固体类的物质 grass草;ice冰;抽象的名词help帮助;music音乐..不可数名词没有复数如some water;不能与不定冠词连用..三名词所有格：1、名词所有格表示所属关系;相当于物主代词;在句中作定语、宾语或主语..1表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s..如：Children’s Day儿童节;my sister’s book我姐姐的书2以s或es结尾的复数名词..只在词尾加’..如：Teachers’ Day 教师节3有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词;也可在词尾加’s. 如：today’s newspaper今天的报纸; ten minutes’ break十分钟的课间休息;China’s population中国的人口.4无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词;一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系..如：a fine daughter of the Party党的好女儿.2、注：①’s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺;如：my aunt’s我阿姨家;the doctor’s诊所②两人共有某物时;可以采用 A and B’s 的形式; 如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom③“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”; 称为双重所有格;如：a friend of my father’s我父亲的一位朋友; a friend of mine我的一位朋友二、人称代词和物主代词1、人称代词主格和宾格的区别：主格通常位于句中第一个动词之前有时候位于than 之后;宾格一般位于动词或介词之后..2、物主代词形容词性与名词性的区别：形容词性用时后面一般要带上名词;名词性则单独使用;后面不带名词..注：人称代词有主格和宾格之分;一般动词前用主格;动词后用宾格..物主代词一般看后面有没有名词;如有;就用形容词性物主代词短的;如无;就用名词性物主代词长的..习题：用所给词的适当形式填空1. That is not _________ kite. That kite is very small; but _________ is very big. I2. The dress is _________. Give it to _________. she3. Is this _________ watch you No; it’s not _________ . I4. _________ is my brother. _________ name is Jack.Look Those stamps are _________. he三、一般现在时一一般现在时的功能1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态..如：The sky is blue. 天空是蓝色的..2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作..如：I get up at six every day. 我天天六点起床..3.表示客观现实..如：The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转..二一般现在时的构成1. be动词：主语+ beam;is;are+ 其它..如： I am a boy. 我是一个男孩..2.行为动词：主语+ 行为动词+ 其它..如：We study English. 我们学习英语..注当主语为第三人称单数he; she;it时;要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"..如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语..三一般现在时的变化1. be动词的变化..①否定句：主语+be+not+其它.. 如：He is not a worker.他不是工人..②一般疑问句：Be+主语+其它..如：-Are you a student -Yes.I am. / No; I'm not.③特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句..如：Where is my bike2.行为动词的变化..①否定句：主语+ don't doesn't +动词原形+ 其它..如： I don't like bread.②当主语为第三人称单数时;要用doesn't构成否定句..如：He doesn't often play.③一般疑问句：Do Does +主语+动词原形+其它..如：- Do you often play football - Yes; I do. / No; I don't.当主语为第三人称单数时;要用does构成一般疑问句..如： - Does she go to work by bike- Yes; she does. / No; she doesn't.④特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句..如：How does your father go to work动词+s的变化规则1．一般情况下;直接加-s;如：cook-cooks; milk-milks2．以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾;加-es;如：guess-guesses; wash-washes; watch-watches; go-goes3．以“辅音字母+y”结尾;变y为i; 再加-es;如：study-studies习题：一般现在时用法专练一、写出下列动词的第三人称单数drink ________ go _______ stay ________ make ________ look _________ have_______ pass_______ carry ____come________ watch______ plant_______ fly ________study_______ brush________ do_________ teach_______wash_______二、用括号内动词的适当形式填空..1. He often ________have dinner at home.2. Daniel and Tommy _______be in Class One.3. We _______not watch TV on Monday.4. Nick _______not go to the zoo on Sunday.5. ______ they ________like the World Cup6. What _______they often _______do on Saturdays7. _______ your parents _______read newspapers every day8. The girl _______teach us English on Sundays.9. She and I ________take a walk together every evening.10. There ________be some water in the bottle.11. Mike _______like cooking.12. They _______have the same hobby.13. My aunt _______look after her baby carefully.14. You always _______do your homework well.15. I _______be ill. I’m staying in bed.16. She _______go to school from Monday to Friday.17. Liu Tao _______do not like PE.18. The child often _______watch TV in the evening.19. Su Hai and Su Yang _______have eight lessons this term.20. －What day _______be it today －It’s Saturday四、现在进行时1．现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作;也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作..2．现在进行时的肯定句基本结构为be+动词ing.3．现在进行时的否定句在be后加not..4．现在进行时的一般疑问句把be动词调到句首..5．现在进行时的特殊疑问句的基本结构为：疑问词 + be + 主语 + 动词ing但疑问词当主语时其结构为：疑问词 + be + 动词ing 动词加ing的变化规则1一般情况下;直接加ing;如：cook-cooking2以不发音的e结尾;去e加ing;如：make-making; taste-tasting 3如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母;双写末尾的辅音字母;再加ing; 如： run-running; stop-stopping习题：现在进行时专项练习：一、写出下列动词的现在分词：play________ run__________ swim _________make__________ go_________ like________ write________ _ski___________ read________ have_________ sing ________ dance_________ put_________ see________ buy _________ love____________ live_______ take_________ come ________ get_________stop_________ sit ________ begin________ shop___________二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空：1. The boy __________________ drawa picture now.2. Listen .Some girls _______________ singin the classroom .3. My mother _________________ cook some nice food now.4. What _____ you ______ do now5. Look. They _______________ have an English lesson .6. They ____________not ;water the flowers now.7. Look The girls ________________dance in the classroom .8. What is our granddaughter doing She _________listen to music.9. It’s 5 o’clock now. We _____________havesupper now10.______Helen____________wash clothes Yes ;she is .五、一般将来时1、概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或预备做某事..句中一般有以下时间状语：tomorrow; next dayweek; month; year…; soon;the day after tomorrow后天等..2、基本结构：①be going to do；②will do.3、否定句：在be动词am; is; are后加not或情态动词will后加not成won’t..例如：I’m going to have a picnic this afternoon.→I’m not going to have a picnic this afternoon.4、一般疑问句： be或will提到句首;some改为any; and改为or;第一二人称互换..如：We are going to go on an outing this weekend.→ Are you going to go on an outing this weekend5、特殊疑问句：疑问词+be+主语+going to+动词原形如：What is Jim going to do 疑问词当主语时：疑问词+be+going to+动词原形如：Who is going to play football6、同义句：be going to = will do be not going to = won’t doI am going to go swimming tomorrow. = I will go swimming tomorrow.7对划线部分提问..一般情况;一般将来时的对划线部分有三种情况..⑴问人..Who 例如：I'm going to New York soon. →Who's going to New York soon⑵问干什么..What … do.如：My father is going to watch a race with me this afternoon. →What is your father going to do with you this afternoon⑶问什么时候..When. 如：She's going to go to bed at nine.→When is she going to bed习题：填空1. 我打算明天和朋友去野炊..I_____ _______ _________ have a picnic with my friends.I ________ have a picnic with my friends.2.我们将要学习英语We _____ _______ _________ learn English.We ________ learn English.六、一般过去时1．一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态;常和表示过去的时间状语连用;如：last year; yesterday;just now; two weeks ago等..一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作;常和often; always等频率副词连用..例如：①I saw him in the street yesterday...②Li Mei always went to school on foot last year.2．Be动词在一般过去时中的变化：⑴am 和is在一般过去时中变为was..was not=wasn’t⑵are在一般过去时中变为were..were not=weren’t⑶带有was或were的句子;其否定、疑问的变化和is; am; are 一样;即否定句在was或were后加not;一般疑问句把was或were调到句首..3．行为动词的一般过去时①肯定句：主语+动词的过去式+其它..如：He went to the toy store yesterday.②否定句：didn’t+动词原形;如：Jim didn’t go home yesterday.③一般疑问句：Did+主语＋动词原形＋其它如：Did Jim go home yesterday④特殊疑问句：⑴疑问词+did+主语+动词原形如： What did Jim do yesterday ⑵疑问词当主语时：疑问词+动词过去式如：Who went to home yesterday注一般过去时口诀一般过去时并不难;表示过去动作、状态记心间..动词要用过去式;时间状语句末站..否定句很简单;didn't 站在动词原形前;其它部分不要变..一般疑问句也好变;did放在句子前;主语、动词原形、其它部分依次站..动词过去式变化规则：1．一般在动词末尾直接加-ed;如：work-worked ; cook-cooked 2．结尾是e加d;如：live-lived3．末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节;应双写末尾的辅音字母;再加-ed;如：stop-stopped4．以“辅音字母+y”结尾的;变y为i; 再加-ed;如：study-studied5．不规则动词过去式： am;is-was; are-were; do-did; see-saw; say-said; give-gave; get-got; go-went; come-came;have-had; eat-ate; take-took; run-ran; sing-sang; put-put;make-made; read-read; write-wrote; draw-drew; drink-drank;swim-swam; sit-sat;fly-flew; ride-rode; speak-spoke; sweep-swept; swim-swam; sit-sat习题：过去时练习一、写出下列动词的过去式is\am_________ plant________ are ________drink_________ play_______ go________ make ________does_________ dance________ worry________ ask _____taste_________ eat__________ put ______kick_________ pass_______ do ________二、用be动词的适当形式填空1. I _______ at school just now.2. He ________ at the camp last week.3. We ________ students two years ago.4. They ________ on the farm a moment ago.5. Yang Ling ________ eleven years old last year.6. There ________ an apple on the plate yesterday.7. There ________ some milk in the fridge on Sunday.8. The mobile phone _______ on the sofa yesterday evening.9. I ______ an English teacher now.10. She _______ happy yesterday.11. They _______ glad to see each other last month.三、用动词的适当形式填空1. I ______ watch a cartoon on Saturday.2. Her father _______ read a newspaper last night.3. We _________ to zoo yesterday; we _____ to the park. go4. ______ you _______ visit your relatives last Spring Festival5. ______ he _______ fly a kite on Sunday Yes; he ______.6. I ____________ sweep the floor yesterday; but my mother ______.7. What ______ she _______ find in the garden last morningShe __________ find a beautiful butterfly.四、用am; is; are 填空1. I ______ a boy. ______ you a boy No; I _____ not.2. The girl______ Jack's sister.3. The dog _______ tall and fat.4. The man with big eyes _______ a teacher.5. ______ your brother in the classroom6. Where _____ your mother She ______ at home.7. How _______ your father8. Mike and Liu Tao ______ at school.9. Whose dress ______ this10. Whose socks ______ they七、Have、Has和There be结构1、There be结构包括there is; there are; there was; there were.2、意思都是“有”..3、和have、has、had的区别：1There be 句型表示：在某地有某物或人2在there be 句型中;主语是单数;be 动词用is ; 主语是复数;be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品;be 动词根据最近be 动词的那个名词决定..3there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not ; 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首..4there be句型与havehas 的区别：there be 表示在某地有某物或人;havehas 表示某人拥有某物..5some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用：some 用于肯定句; any 用于否定句或疑问句..6and 和or 在there be句型中的运用：and 用于肯定句; or 用于否定句或疑问句..7针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是： How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语 How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语8针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是：What’s + 介词短语9There be结构一般用在句子的开头;而have等词只能用于某一个主语后面..八、冠词1、冠词分类：英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种;常放在名词的前面;用来限定名词的意义;起泛指或特指的作用..2、不定冠词a / an的用法：用在单数名词的前面;a用在辅音开头的词前面; an用在元音开头的词的前面..1表示某一个人或东西;但不具体说明何人或何物..如：There is a dog lying on the ground.2表示某类人或事物;以区别于其他种类..如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.3表示某类人或事物中的任何一个..如：He is a teacher of English.4 表示“一”这个数量..如：There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.5几个用不定冠词的习语：a bit一点; a little一点; a few几个; a lot 许多; a kind of一种;a pair of一副、一双; a number of大量的; a piece of 一张、一片; half an hour半小时; have a good time玩得开心; have a cold感冒; make a noise发出嘈杂声; have/take a rest等休息一会儿;等等..3、定冠词the的用法：定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面..1表示特指的人或事物..如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack.2指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物..如：Look at the blackboard; Lily. 3复述前面提到过的人或事物..如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.4表示世界上独一无二的事物..如：The earth turns around the sun. 5用在表示方位的名词前面..如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.6在序数词和形容词最高级的前面..如：Who is the first one to go / Of all the stars; the sun is the nearest to the earth. 在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近7常用在乐器名称的前面..如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.8用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面..如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.9用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面..如：He is from the United States of America.10用在姓氏之前表示一家人..如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.11same之前一般用the..如：Lucy and Lily look the same.12几个用定冠词的习语：at the same time 与此同时;make the bed铺床;in the end最后;all the time一直;by the way顺便说一下;on the way 在路上等等..4、一些不用冠词的情况：⑺ at / from home; ⑻ at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ⑼at night/noon/midnight;⑽ on foot; ⑾ go to school/bed; ⑿ on top of; ⒀ in front of; ⒁on show/display/duty/watch; ⒂ in / out of hospital; ⒃ at all; ⒄ on/in time; ⒅ at first/last/once; ⒆in Chinese/English; ⒇take care of九、介词1、介词的主要用法：介词是一种虚词;不能独立使用..介词之后一般有名词或代词宾格或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语;即构成介词短语..有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词;如：out of从…中出来; away from 距离…; next to在…隔壁; in front of在…前方等..2、介词的分类表：地点位置、范围介词： after在…后面; at在…处; before在...前; behind在...后; beside在...旁边; between在...之间; from来自...; in在...里面; near靠近...; on在...上面; outside在....外面; under在...下方; in front of在...前; in the middle of在...的中间; at the back of在...的后部;等等..方向目标趋向介词： along沿着...; around绕着...; at朝着...; down向…下; for向...; from从/离...; in进入...; into进入...; near 接近...; off脱离/除...; out of向...外; outside向....外; to向/朝...; up向...上; away from远离...时间介词：about大约...; after在…以后; at在…时刻; before 在…以前; for有…之久; from从…时起; in在上/下午; on在某日; past 过了…时; to到下一时刻;方式介词：as作为/当作...; by用/由/乘坐/被...; in用…语言; like与…一样; on骑车/徒步; with用材料;用手/脚/耳/眼;涉及介词: about关于...; in在…方面; of…的;有关...; to对…而言; with就…而言其它介词:目的介词 for为了...; to为了…比较介词 as与…一样;like象…一样;than比...;to与…相比少;伴随/状态介词 at在上班/休息/上学/家;etc.;in穿着…衣服/颜色;on在值日; with与…一起;有/带着/长着...3、介词短语的句法作用：介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词;可用作状语、定语和表语..如：The man came <down the stairs>.状那个人走下楼来/The woman <with a flower on her head> is from the countryside.定头上戴花的妇女来自乡下/The teacher is now with the students.表老师现在和学生在一起4、介词短语在句子中的位置：介词短语做状语时;如果表示时间/地点;可以放在句首或句尾;如果表示方向/方式/伴随/涉及/原因/目的/比较;一般放在句尾；介词短语作表语时放在连系动词之后；介词短语作定语时;只能放在被修饰的名词之后..如：He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year.状语他想来年在上海找份好工作/ They searched the room for the thief.他们在房间里搜索小偷 / The letters are for you.表语信是给你的/ Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs 定语你看见一只黑头白腿的猫了吗5、重要注释：⑴ this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each 等词构成的时间短语;前面不用任何介词..如：Every year travellers from abroad come to visit Pingyao.每年都有国外的游客来游览平窑镇/ He had a bad cold that week.那个星期他患重感冒⑵记住一些固定词组： on foot步行; at night在晚上; play with 玩耍……;look out of朝…外面看; with one’s help在…的帮助下;look after照料…;look for寻找…;on a bike=by bike骑车; help sb. with 帮某人做…等等..6、某些介词的用法辨析：⑴时间或地点介词in、on、at的用法区别：表示时间时; in表示在一段时间里在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后; on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等; at表示在某个时刻或者瞬间；表示地点时; in表示在某个范围之内; on表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触;at则表示在某个具体的场所或地点..如：He was born on the morning of May 10th.他出生于五月十日的早晨/ I usually get up at 7：00 in the morning.我通常在早上的七点钟起床 / His glasses are right on his nose.他的眼镜就架在他的鼻子上/ He is at the cinema at the moment.此刻他正在电影院“after+具体时刻/从句”表示“在…⑵ after与in表示时间的用法区别：时刻之后”常用于一般时态；“in+一段时间”表示“在多久之后”;常用于将来时态..如：He said that he would be here after 6：00.他说他六点钟之后会来这儿/ My father is coming back from England in abouta month.我父亲大约一个月以后从英国回来⑶ by、in与with表示方式的用法区别：都可以表示“工具、手段”;但是by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以……方式”; in表示“使用”某种语言/文字;with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段..如：We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.我们用眼睛看东西;用双脚走路/ Please write that article文章 in English.请你用英语写那篇文章/ Let’s go to the zoo by taxi.我们打的去动物园吧../ It was written by Lao She.那是老舍写的⑸ in front of 与in the front of： in front of“在…的前面”; 与in the front of“在…的前部”..如：A car was parking in front of the hall.大厅跟前停着一辆汽车/ In the front of the hall stood a big desk.7、for用法小结①表示“当作、作为”..如：I like some bread and milk for breakfast.What will we have for supper 我们晚餐吃什么②表示理由或原因;意为“因为、由于”..如：Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语..Thank you for your last letter. 谢谢你上次的来信..③表示动作的对象或接受者;意为“给……”、“对……而言”..如：Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来..Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康..④表示时间、距离;意为“计、达”..如：I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时..We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天..⑤表示去向、目的;意为“向、往、取、买”等..如：Let's go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧..I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包..I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典..⑥表示所属关系或用途;意为“为、适于……的”..如：It's time for school. 到上学的时间了..Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信..⑦表示“支持、赞成”..如：Are you for this plan or against it 你是支持还是反对这个计划⑧用于一些固定搭配中..如：Who are you waiting for 你在等谁For example; Mr Green is a kind teacher. 比如;格林先生是一位心地善良的老师..8、with用法小结①带着;牵着……表动作特征..如：Run with the kite like this.②附加、附带着……表事物特征..如：two hamburgers with potato chips③和……某人一起..a. 跟某人一起居住、吃、喝、玩、交谈…… ..如： Now I am in China with my parents.Sometimes we go out to eat with our friends.b. 跟go; come 连用;有“加入”到某方的意思..如：Do you want to come with me④和play一起构成短语动词play with 意为“玩耍……;玩弄……”如：Two boys are playing with their yo-yos.⑤与help 一起构成 help…with…句式;意为“帮助某人做某事”..如：On Monday and Wednesday; he helps his friends with their English.⑥表示面部神情;有“含着……;带着……”如："I'm late for school;" said Sun Yang; with tears in his eyes.⑦表示“用……”如：What do the farmers do with your machines⑧表示“对……; 关于……”..如：What's wrong with itThere's something wrong with my computer.十、形容词和副词的比较级A、形容词的比较级1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用：两个事物或人的比较用比较级;比较级后面一般带有单词than..比较级前面可以用more; a little 来修饰表示程度..than后的人称代词用主格口语中可用宾格..2．形容词加er的规则：⑴一般在词尾加er ； small-smaller long-longer⑵以字母e 结尾;加r ；⑶以辅音字母加一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾除ow结尾;应双写末尾的辅音字母;再加er ； big-bigger thin-thinner⑷以“辅音字母+y”结尾;先把y变i;再加er; 如： heavy-heavier5两个音节或两个以上的音节的;在原级前加more; 如：beautiful-more beautiful3．不规则形容词比较级： good-better; bad-worseB、副词的比较级1．形容词与副词的区别有be用形;有形用be；有动用副;有副用动⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后2．副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同不规则变化：well-better; far-farther如： Lily ran as slow as an old woman.莉莉跑得像老太太一样慢They picked as many apples as the farmers.他们摘的苹果和农民一样多如： Lily did not run as slow as an old woman. 莉莉跑得不像老太太那样慢They didn’t pick as many apples as the farmers. 他们摘的苹果不如农民多。