外文译文译文
英文文献翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿Sodium Polyacrylate:Also known as super-absorbent or “SAP”(super absorbent polymer), Kimberly Clark used to call it SAM (super absorbent material). It is typically used in fine granular form (like table salt). It helps improve capacity for better retention in a disposable diaper, allowing the product to be thinner with improved performance and less usage of pine fluff pulp. The molecular structure of the polyacrylate has sodium carboxylate groups hanging off the main chain. When it comes in contact with water, the sodium detaches itself, leaving only carboxylions. Being negatively charged, these ions repel one another so that the polymer also has cross-links, which effectively leads to a three-dimensional structure. It has hige molecular weight of more than a million; thus, instead of getting dissolved, it solidifies into a gel. The Hydrogen in the water (H-O-H) is trapped by the acrylate due to the atomic bonds associated with the polarity forces between the atoms. Electrolytes in the liquid, such as salt minerals (urine contains 0.9% of minerals), reduce polarity, thereby affecting superabsorbent properties, especially with regard to the superabsorbent capacity for liquid retention. This is the main reason why diapers containing SAP should never be tested with plain water. Linear molecular configurations have less total capacity than non-linear molecules but, on the other hand, retention of liquid in a linear molecule is higher than in a non-linear molecule, due to improved polarity. For a list of SAP suppliers, please use this link: SAP, the superabsorbent can be designed to absorb higher amounts of liquids (with less retention) or very high retentions (but lower capacity). In addition, a surface cross linker can be added to the superabsorbent particle to help it move liquids while it is saturated. This helps avoid formation of "gel blocks", the phenomenon that describes the impossibility of moving liquids once a SAP particle gets saturated.History of Super Absorbent Polymer ChemistryUn til the 1980’s, water absorbing materials were cellulosic or fiber-based products. Choices were tissue paper, cotton, sponge, and fluff pulp. The water retention capacity of these types of materials is only 20 times their weight – at most.In the early 1960s, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) was conducting work on materials to improve water conservation in soils. They developed a resin based on the grafting of acrylonitrile polymer onto the backbone of starch molecules (i.e. starch-grafting). The hydrolyzed product of the hydrolysis of this starch-acrylonitrile co-polymer gave water absorption greater than 400 times its weight. Also, the gel did not release liquid water the way that fiber-based absorbents do.The polymer came to be known as “Super Slurper”.The USDA gave the technical know how several USA companies for further development of the basic technology. A wide range of grating combinations were attempted including work with acrylic acid, acrylamide and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).Since Japanese companies were excluded by the USDA, they started independent research using starch, carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), acrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and isobutylene maleic anhydride (IMA).Early global participants in the development of super absorbent chemistry included Dow Chemical, Hercules, General Mills Chemical, DuPont, National Starch & Chemical, Enka (Akzo), Sanyo Chemical, Sumitomo Chemical, Kao, Nihon Starch and Japan Exlan.In the early 1970s, super absorbent polymer was used commercially for the first time –not for soil amendment applications as originally intended –but for disposable hygienic products. The first product markets were feminine sanitary napkins and adult incontinence products.In 1978, Park Davis (d.b.a. Professional Medical Products) used super absorbent polymers in sanitary napkins.Super absorbent polymer was first used in Europe in a baby diaper in 1982 when Schickendanz and Beghin-Say added the material to the absorbent core. Shortly thereafter, UniCharm introduced super absorbent baby diapers in Japan while Proctor & Gamble and Kimberly-Clark in the USA began to use the material.The development of super absorbent technology and performance has been largely led by demands in the disposable hygiene segment. Strides in absorption performance have allowed the development of the ultra-thin baby diaper which uses a fraction of the materials – particularly fluff pulp – which earlier disposable diapers consumed.Over the years, technology has progressed so that there is little if any starch-grafted super absorbent polymer used in disposable hygienic products. These super absorbents typically are cross-linked acrylic homo-polymers (usually Sodium neutralized).Super absorbents used in soil amendments applications tend to be cross-linked acrylic-acrylamide co-polymers (usually Potassium neutralized).Besides granular super absorbent polymers, ARCO Chemical developed a super absorbent fiber technology in the early 1990s. This technology was eventually sold to Camelot Absorbents. There are super absorbent fibers commercially available today. While significantly more expensive than the granular polymers, the super absorbent fibers offer technical advantages in certain niche markets including cable wrap, medical devices and food packaging.Sodium polyacrylate, also known as waterlock, is a polymer with the chemical formula [-CH2-CH(COONa)-]n widely used in consumer products. It has the ability to absorb as much as 200 to 300 times its mass in water. Acrylate polymers generally are considered to possess an anionic charge. While sodium neutralized polyacrylates are the most common form used in industry, there are also other salts available including potassium, lithium and ammonium.ApplicationsAcrylates and acrylic chemistry have a wide variety of industrial uses that include: ∙Sequestering agents in detergents. (By binding hard water elements such as calcium and magnesium, the surfactants in detergents work more efficiently.) ∙Thickening agents∙Coatings∙Fake snowSuper absorbent polymers. These cross-linked acrylic polymers are referred to as "Super Absorbents" and "Water Crystals", and are used in baby diapers. Copolymerversions are used in agriculture and other specialty absorbent applications. The origins of super absorbent polymer chemistry trace back to the early 1960s when the U.S. Department of Agriculture developed the first super absorbent polymer materials. This chemical is featured in the Maximum Absorbency Garment used by NASA.译文聚丙烯酸钠聚丙烯酸钠，又可以称为超级吸收剂或者又叫高吸水性树脂，凯博利克拉克教授曾经称它为SAM即：超级吸收性物质。
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory managementInventory ControlOn the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion.The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility.Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored:First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments .Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field ofthese big boys, but also their simple modules inside the warehouse management functionality is defined as "inventory management" or "inventory control." This makes the already not quite understand what our inventory control, but not sure what is inventory control.In fact, from the perspective of broadly understood, inventory control, shouldinclude the following:First, the fundamental purpose of inventory control. We know that the so-called world-class manufacturing, two key assessment indicators (KPI) is, customer satisfaction and inventory turns, inventory turns and this is actually the fundamental objective of inventory control.Second, inventory control means. Increase inventory turns, relying solely on the so-called physical inventory control is not enough, it should be the demand and supply chain management process flow of this large output, and this big warehouse management processes in addition to including this link, the more important The section also includes: forecasting and order processing, production planning and control, materials planning and purchasing control, inventory planning and forecasting in itself, as well as finished products, raw materials, distribution and delivery of the strategy, and even customs management processes.And with the demand and supply chain management processes throughout the process, it is the information flow and capital flow management. In other words, inventory itself is across the entire demand and supply management processes in all aspects of inventory control in order to achieve the fundamental purpose, it must control all aspects of inventory, rather than just manage the physical inventory at hand.Third, inventory control, organizational structure and assessment.Since inventory control is the demand and supply chain management processes, output, inventory control to achieve the fundamental purpose of this process must be compatible with a rational organizational structure. Until now, we can see that many companies have only one purchasing department, purchasing department following pipe warehouse. This is far short of inventory control requirements. From the demand and supply chain management process analysis, we know that purchasing and warehouse management is the executive arm of the typical, and inventory control should focus on prevention, the executive branch is very difficult to "prevent inventory" for the simple reason that they assessment indicatorsin large part to ensure supply (production, customer). How the actual situation, a reasonable demand and supply chain management processes, and thus set the corresponding rational organizational structure and is a question many of our enterprisesto exploreThe role of inventory controlInventory management is an important part of business management. In the production and operation activities, inventory management must ensure that both the production plant for raw materials, spare parts demand, but also directly affect the purchasing, sales of share, sales activities. To make an inventory of corporate liquidity, accelerate cash flow, the security of supply under the premise of minimizing Yaku funds, directly affects the operational efficiency. Ensure the production and operation needs of the premise, so keep inventories at a reasonable level; dynamic inventory control, timely, appropriate proposed order to avoid over storage or out of stock; reduce inventory footprint, lower total cost of inventory; control stock funds used to accelerate cash flow.Problems arising from excessive inventory: increased warehouse space andinventory storage costs, thereby increasing product costs; take a lot of liquidity, resultingin sluggish capital, not only increased the burden of payment of interest, etc., would affect the time value of money and opportunity income; finished products and raw materials caused by physical loss and intangible losses; a large number of enterprise resource idle, affecting their rational allocation and optimization; cover the production, operation of the whole process of the various contradictions and problems, is not conducive to improve the management level.Inventory is too small the resulting problems: service levels caused a decline in the profit impact of marketing and corporate reputation; production system caused by inadequate supply of raw materials or other materials, affecting the normal production process; to shorten lead times, increase the number of orders, so order (production) costs; affect the balance of production and assembly of complete sets.NotesInventory management should particularly consider the following two questions:First, according to sales plans, according to the planned production of the goods circulated in the market, we should consider where, how much storage.Second, starting from the level of service and economic benefits to determine howto ensure inventories and supplementary questions.The two problems with the inventory in the logistics process functions.In general, the inventory function:(1)to prevent interrupted. Received orders to shorten the delivery of goods fromthe time in order to ensure quality service, at the same time to prevent out of stock.(2)to ensure proper inventory levels, saving inventory costs.(3)to reduce logistics costs. Supplement with the appropriate time interval compatible with the reasonable demand of the cargo in order to reduce logistics costs, eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(4)ensure the production planning, smooth to eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(5)display function.(6)reserve. Mass storage when the price falls, reduce losses, to respond to disasters and other contingencies.About the warehouse (inventory) on what the question, we must consider the number and location. If the distribution center, it should be possible according to customer needs, set at an appropriate place; if it is stored in central places to minimize the complementary principle to the distribution centers, there is no place certain requirements. When the stock base is established, will have to take into account are stored in various locations in what commodities.库存管理库存控制在谈到所谓“库存控制”的时候，很多人将其理解为“仓储管理”，这实际上是个很大的曲解。
外文翻译译文
2.3.2 公制,标准尺寸图梯形齿廓标准同步皮带由聚氨酯与钢或芳纶抗拉元件制成。
符号T代表梯形齿廓标准带。
WHM公司与国内GmbH公司和德国的Hanover公司合作，在1995年前后联合开发了这种同步带。
MULCO团体在德国以Synchroflex为品牌名发行这种同步带，之后又在欧洲发行。
在1997年这种带被标准化了，其标准为DIN772。
这些带遍布世界各地，并可作为成型的环形带，无尽的连接带和开口带使用。
具有梯形齿廓和公制标准尺寸，AT同步带是T型同步带的一个发展。
它们由由聚氨酯与钢或芳纶抗拉元件制成。
与T型同步带先比，AT型同步带有更宽的齿形截面和更强的抗拉构件。
AT型同步带一个特殊的特点是带齿齿隙紧靠带轮槽底座。
德国的MULCO和Hanover公司开发了这种类型的同步带，并在1980年左右以Synchroflex为品牌发行了这种带。
这些带遍布世界各地，并可作为成型的环形带，无尽的连接带和开口带使用。
这些带ISO 13050 标准用符号H表示，也被称为HTD同步带。
HTD代表大扭矩驱动。
这种同步带是由氯丁橡胶与玻璃纤维抗拉元件和聚酰胺纤维织物制成，并由在1973年引领美国市场的Gates公司开发。
曲齿的几何形状是圆形，较大的齿高显然增加了齿承载能力和抗牙跳能力。
这种带在世界各地都可以看到，许多制造商都参与它的生产。
它们也用聚氨酯，任选与钢丝帘线或芳纶抗拉元件制造。
用户可以从无尽的成型带，开口带和连续挤压环形带中选择使用。
这些带ISO 13050 标准用符号R表示，也被称为RPP同步带。
RPP代表橡胶抛物线。
1985年意大利的公司开发了这种双抛物线齿廓的同步带，他们是由氯丁橡胶与玻璃纤维抗拉元件和聚酰胺纤维织物制成。
这种类型的同步带主要发行在欧洲南部，许多制造商都参与它们的生产。
它们也用聚氨酯，任选钢丝帘线或芳纶抗拉元件制造。
用户可以从无尽的成型带，开口带和连续挤压环形带中选择使用。
这些带ISO 13050 标准用符号S表示，也被称为STD同步带。
外文参考文献译文及原文
目录1介绍 (1)在这一章对NS2的引入提供。
尤其是，关于NS2的安装信息是在第2章。
第3章介绍了NS2的目录和公约。
第4章介绍了在NS2仿真的主要步骤。
一个简单的仿真例子在第5章。
最后，在第.8章作总结。
2安装 (1)该组件的想法是明智的做法，以获取上述件和安装他们的个人。
此选项保存downloadingtime和大量内存空间。
但是，它可能是麻烦的初学者，因此只对有经验的用户推荐。
(2)安装一套ns2的all-in-one在unix-based系统 (2)安装一套ns2的all-in-one在Windows系统 (3)3目录和公约 (4)目录 (4)4运行ns2模拟 (6)ns2程序调用 (6)ns2模拟的主要步骤 (6)5一个仿真例子 (8)6总结 (12)1 Introduction (13)2 Installation (15)Installing an All-In-One NS2 Suite on Unix-Based Systems (15)Installing an All-In-One NS2 Suite on Windows-Based Systems (16)3 Directories and Convention (17)Directories and Convention (17)Convention (17)4 Running NS2 Simulation (20)NS2 Program Invocation (20)Main NS2 Simulation Steps (20)5 A Simulation Example (22)6 Summary (27)1介绍网络模拟器(一般叫作NS2)的版本，是证明了有用在学习通讯网络的动态本质的一个事件驱动的模仿工具。
模仿架线并且无线网络作用和协议(即寻址算法，TCP，UDP)使用NS2，可以完成。
一般来说，NS2提供用户以指定这样网络协议和模仿他们对应的行为方式。
外文翻译及中文译文
车床用于车外圆、端面和镗孔等加工的机床称作车床。
车削很少在其他种类的机床上进行，因为其他机床都不能像车床那样方便地进行车削加工。
由于车床除了用于车外圆还能用于镗孔、车端面、钻孔和铰孔，车床的多功能性可以使工件在一次定位安装中完成多种加工。
这就是在生产中普遍使用各种车床比其他种类的机床都要多的原因。
两千多年前就已经有了车床。
现代车床可以追溯到大约1797年，那时亨利•莫德斯利发明了一种具有把主轴和丝杆的车床。
这种车床可以控制工具的机械进给。
这位聪明的英国人还发明了一种把主轴和丝杆相连接的变速装置，这样就可以切削螺纹。
车床的主要部件：床身、主轴箱组件、尾架组件、拖板组、变速齿轮箱、丝杆和光杆。
床身是车床的基础件。
它通常是由经过充分正火或时效处理的灰铸铁或者球墨铸铁制成，它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他主要部件都安装在床身上。
通常在球墨铸铁制成，它是一个坚固的刚性框架，所有其他主要部件都安装在床身上。
通常在床身上面有内外两组平行的导轨。
一些制造厂生产的四个导轨都采用倒“V”，而另一些制造厂则将倒“V”形导轨和平面导轨结合。
由于其他的部件要安装在导轨上并（或）在导轨上移动，导轨要经过精密加工，以保证其装配精度。
同样地，在操作中应该小心，以避免损伤导轨。
导轨上的任何误差，常常会使整个机床的精度遭到破坏。
大多数现代车床的导轨要进行表面淬火处理。
以减少磨损和擦伤，具有更大的耐磨性。
主轴箱安装在床身一端内导轨的固定位置上。
它提供动力。
使工件在各种速度下旋转。
它基本上由一个安装在精密轴承中的空心轴和一系列变速齿轮---类似于卡车变速箱所组成，通过变速齿轮，主轴可以在许多中转速的旋转。
大多数车床有8～18中转速，一般按等比级数排列。
在现代车床上只需扳动2～4个手柄，就能得到全部挡位的转速。
目前发展的趋势是通过电气的或机械的装置进行无级变速。
由于车床的精度在很大程度上取决于主轴，因此主轴的结构尺寸较大，通常安装在紧密配合的重型圆锤滚子轴承或球轴承中。
毕业设计(论文)外文原文及译文
毕业设计（论文）外文原文及译文一、外文原文MCUA microcontroller (or MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of microcontroller emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC).With the development of technology and control systems in a wide range of applications, as well as equipment to small and intelligent development, as one of the single-chip high-tech for its small size, powerful, low cost, and other advantages of the use of flexible, show a strong vitality. It is generally better compared to the integrated circuit of anti-interference ability, the environmental temperature and humidity have better adaptability, can be stable under the conditions in the industrial. And single-chip widely used in a variety of instruments and meters, so that intelligent instrumentation and improves their measurement speed and measurement accuracy, to strengthen control functions. In short，with the advent of the information age, traditional single- chip inherent structural weaknesses, so that it show a lot of drawbacks. The speed, scale, performance indicators, such as users increasingly difficult to meet the needs of the development of single-chip chipset, upgrades are faced with new challenges.The Description of AT89S52The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel's high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with In-System Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes ofFlash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.Features• Compatible with MCS-51® Products• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory– Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz• Three-level Program Memory Lock• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM• 32 Programmable I/O Lines• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters• Eight Interrupt Sources• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode• Watchdog Timer• Dual Data Pointer• Power-off FlagPin DescriptionVCCSupply voltage.GNDGround.Port 0Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs.Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program verification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table.Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSENis activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Special Function RegistersNote that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect.User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0.Timer 2 Registers:Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON and T2MOD for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) are the Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode.Interrupt Registers:The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register.Dual Data Pointer Registers: To facilitate accessing both internal and external data memory, two banks of 16-bit Data Pointer Registers areprovided: DP0 at SFR address locations 82H-83H and DP1 at 84H-85H. Bit DPS = 0 in SFR AUXR1 selects DP0 and DPS = 1 selects DP1. The user should always initialize the DPS bit to the appropriate value before accessing the respective Data Pointer Register.Power Off Flag:The Power Off Flag (POF) is located at bit 4 (PCON.4) in the PCON SFR. POF is set to “1” during power up. It can be set and rest under software control and is not affected by reset.Memory OrganizationMCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed.Program MemoryIf the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.Data MemoryThe AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space.When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access of the SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2).MOV 0A0H, #dataInstructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H).MOV @R0, #dataNote that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.Timer 0 and 1Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89C51 and AT89C52.Timer 2Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON (shown in Table 2). Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON.Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the oscillator frequency.In the Counter function, the register is incremented in response to a1-to-0 transition at its corresponding external input pin, T2. In this function, the external input is sampled during S5P2 of every machine cycle. When the samples show a high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. The new count value appears in the register during S3P1 of the cycle following the one in which the transition was detected. Since two machine cycles (24 oscillator periods) are required to recognize a 1-to-0 transition, the maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency. To ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes, the level should be held for at least one full machine cycle.InterruptsThe AT89S52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. These interrupts are all shown in Figure 10.Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabledby setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once.Note that Table 5 shows that bit position IE.6 is unimplemented. In the AT89S52, bit position IE.5 is also unimplemented. User software should not write 1s to these bit positions, since they may be used in future AT89 products. Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register T2CON. Neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine may have to determine whether it was TF2 or EXF2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in software.The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. However, the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is set at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which the timer overflows.二、译文单片机单片机即微型计算机，是把中央处理器、存储器、定时/计数器、输入输出接口都集成在一块集成电路芯片上的微型计算机。
外文文献及译文
外文文献及译文译文一作者：Wikipedia来源：/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_caste_system,2007年12 年15月访问。
历史上印度的种姓制度起源关于种姓制度的发源地，至今仍然模糊。
2001年，由犹他州大学的Michael率领的人员进行遗传研究，发现印度人和欧洲人具有相称的种姓职级，上层种姓与欧洲人最为相似，而低种姓是越来越像亚洲人。
研究人员认为，印欧发言者从西北大陆进入印度，参与或是取代了原dravidian发言者的发言。
后来他们可能已经建立了种姓制度，并把自己放在较高种姓。
研究报告的结论认为，印度的种姓“是最有可能成为原亚洲在遗传亲缘关系种姓的起源，其在西欧亚大陆外加剂的影响下形成亚洲人和欧洲人在职级方面的相关性差异。
””因为本研究采取了单一的地理区域即印度的样本，所以调查结果是否可以一概而论仍有待调查1995年乔安娜等人进行了早期的研究，斯坦福大学已得出的结论是“三个独特基因种姓群体没有明确的分离线”，尽管如此“还是能推断出一些根据种姓类聚的从属关系”。
2002-03年度汤匙，吉维席尔德等人得出结论认为“自从新世纪以来印度部落和种姓的人口基因获得主要来自南部和西部的亚洲人，并已获得从外部地区流入的有限基因”。
2006年印度国家生物制品研究所进行遗传研究，从32部落和45种姓群体的男子测试样本中得出结论认为：印度人已获得极少数印欧发言者的基因。
根据2006年伊斯梅尔等人的一项研究表明，印度孕产妇基因库中的绝大数（> 98 ％）与印第安欧洲和dravidian的基因有或多或少的统一。
，而inavsions后，晚世纪解决可能已大部分是男性介导。
研究得出结论认为，“低种姓群体有可能起源于同层次进行记名表决时出现内部的部落群体与蔓延的新石器时代的农民，比雅利安人的到来大大提前”，“印支欧洲人建立了自己的上种姓的同时，这已经发展成种姓一样内部结构的部落”。
人工智能与专家系统外文文献译文和原文
人工智能与专家系统外文文献译文和原文AI研究仍在继续，但与MIS和DDS等计算机应用相比，研究热情的减弱使人工智能的研究相对落后。
然而，在研究方面的不断努力一定会推动计算机向人工智能化方向发展。
2．AI领域AI现在已经以知识系统的形式应用于商业领域，既利用人类知识来解决问题。
专家系统是最流行的基于知识的系统，他是应用计算机程序以启发方式替代专家知识。
Heuritic术语来自希腊eureka，意思是“探索”。
因此，启发方式是一种良好猜想的规则。
启发式方法并不能保证其结果如同DSS系统中传统的算法那样绝对化。
但是启发式方法提供的结果非常具体，以至于能适应于大部分情况启发式方法允许专家系统能像专家那样工作，建议用户如何解决问题。
因为专家系统被当作顾问，所以，应用专家系统就可以被称为咨询。
除了专家系统外，AI还包括以下领域：神经网络系统、感知系统、学习系统、机器人、AI硬件、自然语言处理。
注意这些领域有交叉，交叉部分也就意味着这个领域可以从另一个领域中收益。
3．专家系统的吸引力专家系统的概念是建立在专家知识能够存储在计算机中并能被其他人应用这一假设的基础上的。
专家系统作为一种决策支持系统提供了独无二的能力。
首先，专家系统为管理者提供了超出其能力的决策机会。
比如，一家新的银行投资公司可以应用先进的专家系统帮助他们进行选择、决策。
其次，专家系统在得到一个解决方案的同时给出一步步的推理。
在很多情况下，推理本身比决策的结果重要的多。
4．专家系统模型专家系统模型主要由4个部分组成：用户界面使得用户能与专家系统对话；推理引擎提供了解释知识库的能力；专家和工程师利用开发引擎建立专家系统。
1．用户界面用户界面能够方便管理者向专家系统中输入命令、信息，并接受专家系统的输出。
命令中有具体化的参数设置，引导专家系统的推理过程。
信息以参数形式赋予某些变量。
（1）专家系统输入现在流行的界面格式是图形化用户界面格式，这种界面与Window有些相同的特征。
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编译器创建一个 新的文档，编码 成Java字节码。 任何能够运行 Java的设备都能 够将该文件解释/ 翻译成某种东西 它可以运行。编 译的字节码是平 台独立的。
你的朋友没有物 理的Java机器， 但他们都有一个 虚拟的Java机器 （用软件实现） 在他们的电子小 工具中运行。 虚拟机读取并运行字 节码。
Java 2的
Java5.0
可爱的名字和标p 志。 有趣的使 用。 很多 bugs.Aplets都是 大事
更有能力，更友 善。 成为非常 受欢迎。 更好 的GUI代码。
更多的权力，更容易 与发展。 除了增加一千多个类 之外，Java 5.0（称 为“Tiger”）还增加 了主要的改动 语言本身，使程序员 更容易（至少在理论 上），并赋予其它语 言流行的新功能。
重庆科技学院学生毕业设计（论文）
外文译文
学
院
电气与信息工程学院 计科1401 代 戍 2014441679
专业班级 学生姓名 学 号
学生毕业设计（论文）原创性声明
本人以信誉声明：所呈交的毕业设计（论文）是在导师的指导下进行的设计（研究）工 作及取得的成果，设计（论文）中引用他（她）人的文献、数据、图件、资料均已明确标注出， 论文中的结论和结果为本人独立完成，不包含他人成果及为获得重庆科技学院或其它教育机构的 学位或证书而使用其材料。与我一同工作的同志对本设计（研究）所做的任何贡献均已在论文中 作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。
大小-5;
while（x> 3）{myDog.play（）;
{myDog.play
while（x> 3）
不 要担心你是否了解这一点呢！ 这里的 一切都在本书中详细解释，大部分在前40 页 ） 。 如 果 Java 与 过 去 使 用 的 语 言 相 似，其中一些将很简单。 如果不是，不 要担心。 我们会到达那里......
该译文源自《Head First Java_Good_Version 》 1.深入了解Java
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来吧，水好大！ 我们将立 即着手编写一些代码，然 后编译并运行它。 我们正 在讲语法，循环和分支， 并看看什么让Java如此酷。 你会编码很快。
Java带你到新的地方。 从简单的版本到1.02版本的懦弱版本，Java以其友好的语法，面 向对象的特性，内存管理以及最好的 - 可移植性的承诺引诱程序员。 一次写入/运行的 诱惑力太强了。 随着程序员与错误，局限性，以及噢，是一个事实，一个忠实的跟随者 爆发了。 但那是很久以前的事了。 如果你刚刚入门
1.2Java原理
您将输入一个源代码文件，使用javac编译器进行译，然后在Java虚拟机上运行 编译的字节码。 import java.awt。 ' ; import java.awt.event。'; 班级{ public void buildInvite（） {Frame f = new Frame （）; 标签I =新标签（“蒂 姆的派对”）; 按钮b =新的按钮（“你打 赌”）; 按钮c =新按钮（“拍 摄我”）; Panel p = new Panel（）; p.add（I） ）II更多代码在这 里... } 文件编辑窗口帮助 请求 方法方t（）0 aload_0 1 invokespecial＃1 <Method ng.Objec（） > 2回报 方法void buildlnvite（） 3＃2 <Class java.awt.Frame> dup invokespecial＃3 输出代 <Method 码） java.awt.Frame（）> Java虚拟机将加 载.Class文件并解析后 执行
Cotttpiler
编译Party.java 运行javac文件你会
得到第二个文件 party.class . 编译器生成的 Party.class文件 组成变成了字节码 的东西。编译代 码：Party.class
P a r t y . c l a s s
1.3 Java简史
Java1.0 Java
int size = 27; name =“Fido”;
String 将一个变量纳入...'siu'并赋予其值27 定义size=27，字符串name=fide dog的大小减5
狗myDog =新狗（名字，大小）; x =大小-5; if（x <15）myDog.bark（8）;
while（x> 3）{myDog.play（）;} int [] numList = {2,4,6,8}; 是 System.out.print（ “你好”）; System.out.print（“Dog：”+ 称）; String num =“8”; int z = Integer.parseint（num）; 名
公开课 Class{}类
公开课狗{
void bark（） {}method
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1.6一个Java类得运行
当JVM开始运行时，它会在命令行查找您给出的类。 然后 它开始寻找一个看起来完全一样的专门编写的方法： public static void main（String [] args）{//你的代码在这里 接下来，JVM运行主方法的大括号l}之间的所有内容。 每个Java应用程序必须至少有一个e 类，并且至少有一个主要方法（每个类没有一个主;每个应用程序只有一个主）。 这是一 o enin lv.rly brate 个 Vv.soft.clas 的玻璃 分类 s.getfritrin （dv.h ） gString！ MyFirstApp ( 类 我会考虑它 上市 retv.rn tyye。 无效 意味着没有 retv.rn “alv.e.“ 抽象的 主要 ("规则 ！ “）
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1.7 写一个带有主类的类
在Java中，一切都在一个班级中进行。 您将输入您的源代码文件（使用.java扩展名），然 后将其编译为新的类文件（使用.r：lass扩展名）。 当你运行你的程序时，你真的在 运 行一个类。运行程序意味着告诉Java虚拟机（JVM）“加载Hello类，然后开始执行它的 main（）方法。继续运行'直到main中的所有代码都完成了。”在第2章中，我们深入了解 整个课程，但现在，您需要考虑的是，我该如何编写Java代码才能运行？ 这一切都以main （）开头。main（）方法是程序开始运行的地方。不管你的程序有多大（换句话说，不管 有多少班.你的程序使用），必须有一个main（）方法来实现滚动。
方法方（）0 aload_0
...,
1 invokespecial＃1 <Method ng.Objec t（）>
..
虚拟 Machit1
资源
Cotttpiler
输出 （代 码）
创建一个源文 档。 使用已建 立的协议（在 本例中为Java 语言）。
通过源代码编 译器运行您的 文档。 编译器 检查错误，并 且不会让您编 译，直到它确 信所有内容都 能正常运行。
Java，你很幸运。 我们中的一些人不得不在雪地上行走五英里，双脚上山（赤脚），甚至
可以让最小的小程序工作。 但是，为什么呢，你会骑上当今更时尚，更快，更强大的 Java。
1
1.1 Java的工作方式
目标是编写一个应用程序（在本例中为互动派对邀 请函），并使其适用于您朋友拥有的任何设备
互动派对邀请的 源代码。
}
（）;
int [] numList = {2,4,6,8}; 是 System.out.print （ “ 你 好 ” ） ; System.out.print（“Dog：”+ 名 称）; String num =“8”; int z = Integer.parseint（num）; 尝试{ readTheFile（ “MYFILE.TXT”）; } catch （ FileNotFoundException ex ） {System.out • print （ “ File not found”）; }
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一个编写好的Java小案例 编写例子 看看编写Java是多 么容易。
int = 27;= String intsize size 27; name =“Fido”; “Fido”;
Strห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ng name = x =
狗myDog =新狗（名字，大小）; x =大 狗myDog =新狗（名字，大小）;
1.02
Java2.0 Java 1.
Java3. 快多了。 可以（有时）以本地 数据运行。 严肃， 强大。 有三种版 本：Micro Edition （J2ME），Standard Edition（J2SE）和 Enterprise Edition （J2EE）。 成为新企业（尤其是 基于网络）和移动应 用程序的首选语言。
t 圣
（我们将会 这样做
上市
静态的
Systern.OUt.print
说打印到标准ov.tyv.t
I
（de-tav.lts to tommand-linextTime()“”- tlosin brate的主要方法tlosin brate的 MyFirstAyy不要担心其他的错误error或是异常exception，现在可以开始运行run或启动线程 start。
引言
Head FirstJava是Java和面向对象编程中的一门综合性学习经验，这本书可以帮助你学习 Java，Jane uage,它有一个独特的方法帮你学习，让你快速陈伟一个伟大的程序员，你将学习通 用的基础知识，线程化编程，和分布式编程，当你学习完本书后你甚至可以自己编写一个游戏， 甚至聊天的社交软件也是没有任何问题。
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