2018届上海市各高中学校高三英语试题分类汇编--完型填空(带答案精准校对提高版)

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2018届上海市各高中学校高三英语试题分类汇编--阅读理解B篇(带答案精确校对)

Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)With the coming of big data age, data science is supposed to be starved for, of which the adaption can point a profound change in corporate competitiveness. Companies, both born-in the digital era and traditional world are showing off their skills in data science. Therefore, it seems to have been creating a great demand for the experts of this type.Mr Carlos Guestrin, machine learning professor from University of Washington argues that all software applications will need inbuilt intelligence within five years, making data scientists—people trained to analyze large bodies of information — key workers in this emerging “cognitive” technology economy. There are already critical applications that depend on machine learning, a subfield of data science, led by recommendation programs, fraud detection system, forecasting tools and applications for predicting customer behavior.Many companies that are born digital—particularly internet companies that have a great number of real-time customer interactions to handle—are all-in when it comes to data science. Pinterest, for instance, maintains more than 100 machine learning models that could be applied to different classes of problems, and it constantly fields request from managers eager to use this resource to deal with their business problem.The most important factor weighing on many traditional companies will be the high cost of launching a serious machine-learning operation. Netflix is estimated to spend ＄150m a year on a single application and the total bills is probably four times that once all its uses of the technology are taken into account.Another problem for many non-technology companies is talent.Of the computer science experts who use Kaggle, only about 1000 have deep learning skills, compared to 100,000 who canapply other machine learning techniques, says Mr Goldbloom. He adds that even some big companies of this type are often reluctant to expend their pay scales to hire the top talent in this field.A third barrier to adapting to the coming era of “smart” applications, however, is likely to be cultural. Some companies, such as General Electric, have been building their own Silicon Valley presence to attract and develop the digital skills they will need.Despite the obstacles, some many master this difficult transition.But companies that were built, from the beginning, with data science at their center, are likely to represent serious competition.60. What cannot be inferred from the passage about the machine learning ?A. Machine learning operations are costly in Netflix.B. Machine learning plays an important role in existent applications.C. Machine learning experts are not highly paid in some non-technology companies.D. Machine learning models are not sufficient to solve business problems in Pinterest.61. The underlined word in the 3rd paragraph “field s” mostly probably means______________.A. avoidsB. createsC. solvesD. classifies62. Which one is the biggest obstacle for many traditional companies to begin a machine-learning operation ?A. High costB. Expert crisisC. Technological problemD. Customer interactionsKeys: 60-62 D C ASection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)Think the world loves your selfies as much as you do? Not exactly.It’s become something of a ritual for many of us. When you’ve binge-watched everything on Netflix and you are tired of online shopping, you head to the bathroom to put on your very best makeup. Y our goal is clear; to get the perfect selfie for Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat…or, more likely, all of the above. After perfecting your eyeliner and curling your lashes, you’re ready. Y ou hold up your phone, pout those lips real tight, and in an instant, snap.But wait, have you ever wondered what’s behind your burning desire to self-document? Most people would say that this is a form of expression or perhaps even a way of boosting their self-esteem. Whatever your reasons may be, the moment you upload that picture, it’s no longer yours to judge. Indeed, you pass over that immense power to the online world.While you may think that your ever-growing collection of selfies endears people to you, quite the opposite may be true. That is, at least, according to a recent study, conducted by Sarah Diefenbach, a professor at Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and published in Frontiers in Psychology. Diefenbach surveyed a total of 238 people in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland to find out how many people regularly take and upload selfies and what they thought when others did the same thing.Rather unsurprisingly, a massive 77 percent of the people surveyed admitted to being obsessed with regularly taking selfies. What was more interesting, though, was the fact that an astonishing 82 percent of people said that they would rather see other selfies on social media. Diefenbach calls this the “selfies paradox”: the idea that we like taking selfies but seriously dislike looking at other people’s selfies online.The research didn’t just inquire into whether we want to see selfies, but also looked at how we view our own selfies as opposed to those of others. According to the results, people tend to see the selfies they like as “ self-ironic” and “authentic”, whereas they think that other people’sselfies as “less authentic” and more “self-presentational”.In short, this research suggests that there is a massive gulf of difference between how we see our own selfies and how we judge other people’s pictures. It suggests that we are comfortable with the selfies we post since we believe they are obviously not serious or vain, but we think everyone else is a total egotist for doing the very same thing.“This may explain how everybody can take selfies without feeling narcissistic. If most people think like this, then it is no wonder that the world is full of selfies,” explains Diefenbach. So, as illogical as it sounds, this could be why we unashamedly post selfies and then judge other people for doing so. Somehow, we are able to separate our own selfies from the sea of them online and naively think that ours are the only authentic ones.So, the next time you idly reach for your phone and flick through the filters, consider this: The people around you may not need another carefully planned snap of your face. Instead, you might be better off, giving it a break and calling off the selfie photo shoot today. While you’re at it, make sure you never post these pictures on social media either.60. Which of the following may not be the reason for people uploading their selfies on the Internet?A. To show others what kind of persons they are.B. To be more confident about themselves.C. To encourage others to make comments on them.D. To make others like them more.61. What does the word “paradox”(line 4, paragraph 5) mean?A. complicated statementsB. contradictory statementsC. constructive statementsD. complimentary statements62. According to the passage, what are people’s attitudes towards selfies?A. They tend to like their own selfies more compared with others’ selfies.B. They believe that other people’s selfies are much better than their own.C. They think that other people’s selfies are as genuine as theirs.D. They sometimes feel ashamed of posting selfies on social media.Keys: 60-62 CBASection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)Outdoor RecreationGet outdoors with us this summer and experience the excitement and serenity within our unique programs. Research suggests that being physically active within green space helps reduce stress, anxiety, anger and improves moods and overall health and wellbeing. Our Department is integrating experiential activities for you enjoyment.All fitness levels are welcome; we accommodate most accessible needs. Please contact Laurie Wright at lwright utsc utoronto ca with any questions. Trips are offered to registered U of T students first and then if there is space to staff, non-registered students and guests of the participants. Register at recreg utoronto ca or in person at TPASC registration desk.Please check our website for all updated trip dates, prices, registration details and more! Refund are only available up to 5 business days prior to the trip.Upcoming adventuresTBD: Treetop Trekking and Mountain BikingParticipants will travel by bus up to Horseshoe Valley Resort. You may choose between a 3-hour Treetop Trekking adventure or 2 hours of x-country mountain biking through the foresttrails. Treetop Trekking involves zip-lining and climbing through obstacle courses in a serene forest setting. Both adventures will be instructor lead and equipment will be provided. No experience necessary. Beginner to advanced courses will be available.Tuesday, June 13th: Outdoor Rock Climbing OR Hiking TrailsA bus will transport students to Milton to either hike the area or rock climb. The rock climbing will take place at Rattlesnake Point and there is an opportunity for students to challenge themselves to climb up to 80ft on some of the best rock in Southern Ontario. All instructors are fully certified and all equipment will be provided. A custom course will be set up to meet needs of climbers. The hike will take place through some of the Bruce Peninsula trains and Halton Parks. Participants will have over 20kms of trails to choose from. You may hike with a group or follow the map trails with some friends.Friday, June 30th (tentative date): Warsaw CavesThe Warsaw Caves Conservation Area and Campground takes its name from a series of seven caves found in the park. Join us as we explain the multiple courses and have a picnic lunch. Com enjoy this natural underground jungle gym.......60. If you are U of T teaching staff member who would like to take part in these programs, what kind of trouble could you come across?A. You can’t get your fees for Tuesday trip back if you cancel it the previous Monday.B. These outdoor adventures exhaust you psychologically so that you are in low spirits.C. There is no space for you because registered students enjoy the priority.D. The program of exploring Warsaw Caves underground is sure to change its date.61. All the pictures below precisely illustrate the activities mentioned in the passage EXCEPT________.A. B.C. D.62. Which of the following is likely to be the next item mentioned in this passage?A. Friday, October 6th, Canoeing & Kayaking on the Humber River.B. Thursday, August 10th of Friday, August 11th: Biking at Studio 1.C. Wednesday, July 19th. Regular Checkup (Men’s only) on Millitary Trail.D. August 25-27th White Water Rafting on the Ottawa River.Keys: 60-61 CADSection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics 控制论）, put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purposewhich we really desire.”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.58. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may__________.A. run out of human controlB. satisfy human’s real desiresC. command armies of killer robotsD. work faster than a mathematician59. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to____________.A. prevent themselves from being destroyedB. achieve their original goals independentlyC. do anything successfully with given ordersD. beat humans in international chess matches60. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to ____________.A.help super intelligent machines work betterB. be secure against evil human beingsC. keep machines from being harmedD. avoid robots’ affecting the world61. What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?A. It will disappear with the development of AI.B. It will get worse with human interference.C. It will be solved but with difficulty.D. It will stay for a decade.Keys: 58-61 AADCSection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)4 Hotels That Will Make Your Life EasierBy John BrandonFor the business traveler who’s all about efficiency: check out these hotels that will get you in and out with a minimum trouble.When you’re pressed for time on a business trip, nothing can infuriate you more than a slow hotel check-in process. On your next trip, try these hotels that offer a speedier check-in process. 1. Yotel New YorkThe self-service kiosks at this high-tech New York -hotel are open 24x7 and work just like the ones you’d see at an airport. There are just five-steps to register and obtain your card key. There's even a robotic luggage bellboy. You tap in the number of bags you're carrying and sizes, then wait for a robot arm to swing down and store your luggage in a locker(say, for a day trip). This also speeds up the check-in process if the first thing you need to do, like me,is head to a series of meetings.2. Marriott Detroit AirportAnother option for business travelers in a hurry: Marriott is rolling out its mobile check-in app to 325 hotels this year, including the Marriott Detroit Airport hotel. (I’ve tested the app itself but not for a real visit quite yet.) here is the basic idea: you download the iPhone or Android app. The night before, you can “check-in” virtually. When you arrive, you get an alert that the room isready and your key, which is already tied to your reservation, is waiting for you at the desk.3. Hyatt Regency MinneapolisI happened to stay at this hotel recently and liked haw fast the kiosk check-in works. Like the Yotel, the kiosk asks you to insert your credit card, similar to an airport terminal. The whole process took about 3' minutes. When I left, I was equally impressed with the fast check-out：An agent meets you in the lobby with, an iPad and asks for an email to use for a receipt. The big advantage: you never have to wait in line.4. Radisson LaCrosseThe Radisson is trying to make the kiosk process even faster. At a few select hotels like the Radisson Lacrosse in Wisconsin，you use a mobile app to register the then receive a barcode by email or text. When you get to the kiosk, you can scan the barcode to get your key without any other steps required. It's super fast. You can find this new check-in system at the Radisson hotels in Salt Lake City, Seattle, and Phoenix as well.60. What does the word ‘infuriate’, in Paragraph 2 most probably mean?A. annoyB. remindC. amuseD. impress61. Which two hotels offer a mobile app for customers to check in ?A. Yotel New York and Marriott Detroit AirportB. Marriott Detroit Airport and Radisson LaCrosseC. Marriott Detroit Airport and Hyatt Regency MinneapolisD. Hyatt Regency Minneapolis and Radisson LaCrosse62. Which hotel will send you a receipt by email?A. Yotel New York'B. Marriott Detroit AirportC. Radisson LaCrosseD. Hyatt Regency MinneapolisKeys: 60-62 ABDSix【2018届上海市交大附中高三下学期开学考试题】Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)About Old Faithful – The Most Famous Geyser(间歇性喷泉) in the WorldDiscovered in 1870 by the Washburn Expedition, Old Faithful geyser was named for its frequent eruptions — which number more than a million since Yellowstone became the world’s first national park in 1872.When does Old Faithful erupt?Basic prediction of Old Faithful is dependent upon the duration of the previous eruption. During visitor center hours, geyser statistics and predictions are maintained by the naturalist staff. People speak of the average time between eruptions. This is misleading. The mathematical average between eruptions of Old Faithful is currently 74 minutes, but it doesn’t like to act average! Intervals can range from 60-110 minutes. Visitors can check for posted prediction times in most buildings in the Old Faithful area.How high does Old Faithful erupt and how long will it last?Old Faithful can vary in height from 100-180 feet with an average near 130-140 feet. This59. You and your friend just watched the eruption of Old Faithful at 12:26 p.m., at what time is itpossible for you to enjoy the next one?A. 13:10B. 14:06C. 15:06D. 13:1660. Which one of the following statement about Old Faithful is true?A. The geyser’s name gives people an indication that it always erupts regularly, about 20 timeseach day, once every 74 minutes.B. When it is erupting, people should keep a safe distance from that due to the huge amount ofwater it expels as well as its freezing coldness.C. If visitors want to check the eruption time, they may refer to the posted timetables, on whichthe predictions are calculated by the naturalists.D. Old Faithful is a well-known geyser which can expel at least 3700 gallons water each timeand it’s located in the world’s largest national park.61. Where does the article most probably appear?A. Local travel pamphlets introducing Yellowstone.B. The Yellowstone official website.C. A recently-issued guide book on Yellowstone.D. A travel magazine column about Yellowstone.Keys: 59-61 CDASection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.( B )Engineering students are supposed to be examples of practicality and rationality, but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool. In high school I wanted to be an electrical engineer and, of course, any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college with a large engineering department, famous reputation and lots of good labs and research equipment. But that’s not what I did.I chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university that doesn’t even offer a major in electrical engineering. Obviously, this was not a practical choice; I came here for more noble reasons. I wanted a broad education that would provide me with flexibility and a value system to guide me in my career. I wanted to open my eyes and expand my vision by interacting with people who weren’t studying science or engineering. My parents, teachers and other adults praised me forsuch a sensible choice. They told me I was wise and mature beyond my 18 years, and I believed them.I headed off to college sure I was going to have an advantage over those students who went to big engineering “factories” where they didn’t care if you have values or were flexible. I was going to be a complete engineer: technical genius and sensitive humanist all in one.Now I’m not so sure. Somewhere along the way my noble ideals crashed into reality, as all noble ideals eventually do. After three years of struggling to balance math, physics and engineering courses with liberal-arts courses, I have learned there are reasons why few engineering students try to reconcile（协调）engineering with liberal-arts courses in college.The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don’t’ mix as easily as I assumed in high school. Individually they shape a person in very different ways; together they threaten to confuse. The struggle to reconcile the two fields of study is difficult.60.The author chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university because he_________ .A)wanted to be an example of practicality and rationality.B)intended to be a combination of engineer and humanist.C)wanted to coordinate engineering with liberal-arts courses in college.D)intended to be a sensible student with noble ideals.61.In the eyes of the author, a successful engineering student is expected___________.A)to have an excellent academic record.B)to be wise and mature.C)to be imaginative with a value system to guide him.D)to be a technical genius with a wide vision.62.The author’s experience shows that he was___________.A)creative B) ambitious C) unrealistic D) irrationalKeys: 60-62 BDCEight 【2018届上海市复旦附中高三英语教学质量调研试题】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)Learning English Video Project1. Encounters in the UK (17 minutes)Watch | CommentsEncounters in the UK is the first film in this documentary mini-series. It tells thestory of four girls from different countries who travel to Cambridge in England tostudy with local families in what is called a “homestay” arrangement. For the fourgirls the homestay arrangement is a positive experience. As one of the homestayhosts explains: “It’s going to be a great experience, not only in terms of learningEnglish, but in learning about life.”Watch with: subtitles | transcript | no subtitles | Comments2. Stories from Morocco (16 minutes)Watch | CommentsSet in Casablanca, Morocco, this film features footage and interviews focusing onkey questions such as “Why are people learning English?” and “What tips andadvice car learners offer?” Staff and learners discuss the advantages and challengesof English language learning in Morocco. Interviewees touch on a variety of topicsincluding British vs American accents, multi-level classrooms, and the similarities ofEnglish to French and Spanish.Watch with Subtitles | Watch without Subtitles | Comments3. Thoughts from Brazil (17 minutes)Watch | CommentsLike Insights from China, Thoughts from Brazil also looks at modern trends inlearning English, especially for children and teens, it will be of particular interest toall those who long for a learning experience that is more interactive and communicative. Teens and young adults will find new ideas for combining personalinterests such as music, gaming and social media with self-study. As Daniel Emmerson talks to learners and teachers of English in Sao Paulo, Brazil, hediscovers that many of them have found for themselves the principle of learning bydoing and have readily adapted it to the Internet era.Watch with Subtitles | Watch without Subtitles | Comments59. From the passage we can conclude that “Learning English Video Project” is most probably .A. an online language learning courseB. audio documents on language learningC. a series of short video programsD. a set of films on English-speaking countries60. If someone is interested in the comparison between English and other languages, he might be interested to watch .A. Encounters in the UKB. Stories from MoroccoC. Thoughts from BrazilD. Insights from China61. What can we know about English learning in Sao Paulo, Brazil?A. Classroom teaching is more interactive and communicative.B. Homestay arrangement provides positive experience for learners.C. The Internet and games plays a major role in language learning.D. The principle of learning by doing is widely accepted by learners.Keys: 59-61 CBDNine 【2018届上海市光明中学高三英语上学期开学考试题】Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A ，B ，C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(B)Gray LineDiscover Brisbane and surrounds with Gray LineBrisbane.Their widerange of tours in air -conditioned coaches, combined with theguide'sexpert knowledge, ensures a day to remember.Brisbane City Morning Tour (tour B481)Departs: daily 9:00 am.Returns: 11:45 am.Discover this vibrant city with its charming architecture,colonial history and enjoy the sweeping views of the city and Brisbane River from Kangaroo Point Cliffs.-Cathedral Square -Parliament House -Windmill -Anzac Square-City Hall -Chinatown -Captain Cook and Story BridgeAdult Concession Child $69 $67 $45。

2018届上海市各高中学校高三英语试题分类汇编--六选四(带答案精准校对提高版)

Section CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences listed below. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.An Iowa high school counselor gets a call from a parent protesting the “C” her child received on an assignment. “The parent argued every point in the essay,” recalls the counselor, who soon realized why the mother was so disappointed about the grade. “______67______”In a survey, 90% of new teachers agreed that involving pare nts in their children’s education is a priority at their school, but only 25％described their experience working with parents as “very satisfying.” _____68______73％of new teachers said too many parents treat schools and teachers as enemies.At a time when competition is rising and resources are limited, when battles over testing force schools to adjust their priorities, when cell phones and e-mail speed up the information flow and all kinds of private ghosts and public quarrels slip into the parent-teacher c onference, it’s harder for both sides to step back and breathe deeply and look at the goals they share. _____69_____ But what most teachers feel, and certainly what all parents feel, is anxiety and panic.When a teacher asks parents to be partners, he or she doesn't necessarily mean Mom or Dad should be camping in the classroom. _____70______According to research based on the NationalEducation Longitudinal Study, a sample of nearly 25,000 eighth graders, among four main areas of parental involvement (home discussion, home supervision. school communication, and school participation), home discussion was the most strongly related to academic achievement.Keys: 67-70 D E A FSection CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences listed below. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.Guns have a special place in American culture, and though not everyone agrees on whether or not they are a good thing, there is no mistaking that they will be part of the cultural landscape for some time. To answer the question, no, not everyone has a gun._____67_____.Americans use guns for one of two uses: either for sport, where they can use them on firing ranges or for hunting in approved areas, or for self-protection. The latter is where most people begin lo take sides, either arguing for the removal of guns from society or allowing more people to have hem. There are organizations and community groups for both sides and both sides have strong feelings.Legally, there are restrictions on gun owners._____68_____.Only certain kinds of weapons can be purchased by the public, and that excludes automatic weapon and military grade weaponryGun owners must transport their weapon in a safe way, unloaded and in most cases, out of sight. Special—concealed carry permits from the police station must be obtained for people who want to wear weapon, and most people are rejected for this kind of permit. ______69______. Criminals steal guns or buy them illegally to commit crimes, and the news is foil of terrible stories of what happened next. Occasionally a child will get a hold of legal weapon and accidentally hurt themselves or others.It is important to remember, however, that the news stories that make the United States seem like a dangerous place are deceiving; guns are not everywhere or constant.______70_____. After all. America is a safe place to live.Keys: 67-70 DAFCSection CDirections: Fill in each blank in the article with a proper sentence given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note there are tow more sentences than you need.Globalization has significantly influenced food consumption in most parts of world, but one country whose food has a long history of being globalized is Italy. If you walk down any main street in any major world city, you will find at least one Italian restaurant. Furthermore, Italy hasseen changes in its own eating habits due to influence from other countries.Food has always been very important for Italian families. Italians take a lot of pride in the making and preparation of food. Until recently, pasts---a basic Italian food--- would have been made by people in their local area. Families would also have made the sauces to eat with the pasta at home._______67_______.Nowadays, however, Italian eating habits appear to have changed. People no longer spend so much time preparing their meals. Indeed, frozen or takeaway Italian meals have become very popular in Italy. Furthermore, dried pasta is now mass-produced and sold relatively cheaply in the last five years, according to one manufacturer. _______68_____. This trend is more common in urban areas such as Rome, Milan and Venice, although many smaller towns are also experiencing similar changes.These changes have both advantages and disadvantages. On the plus side, globalization has increased the range of food available in Italy. Italians now have much more choice in terms of what they eat. They also do not need to spend so long preparing and making food, unless of course they want to. In contrast, it can be argued that large restaurant chains are becoming increasingly powerful, resulting in the destruction of local and national specialties. _______69______._______70_______. Convenience foods have replaced many of the traditional home-cooked meals, and the availability of foreign fruits has greatly increased. While this extra choice is welcomed by some, others fear that the damage it may cause to Italian traditions.Keys: 67-70 C D B FSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.B.C.E.F.“My work is done.” Those words were some of the last penned by George Eastman. He included them in his suicide note. They mark an ignoble end to a noble life, the leave taking of a truly great man. The same words could now be said for the company he left behind. Actually, the Eastman Kodak Company is through. It has been mismanaged financially, technologically and competitively. ______67______. One of America’s bedrock brands is about to disappear, the Kodak moment has passed.But George Eastman is not how he died, and the Eastman Kodak Company is not how it is being killed. Though the ends be needless and premature, they must not be allowed to overshadow the greatness that came before. Few companies have done so much good for so many people, or defined and lifted so profoundly the spirit of a nation and perhaps the world. ______68______.Kodak served mankind through entertainment, science, national defense and the stockpiling of family memories. Kodak took us to the top of Mount Suribachi and to the Sea of Tranquility. It introduced us to the merry old Land of Oz and to stars from Charlie Chaplin to John Wayne, and Elizabeth Taylor to Tom Hanks. _____69_____. When that sailor kissed the nurse, and when the spy planes saw missiles in Cuba, Kodak was the eyes of a nation. From the deck of the Missouri to the grandeur of Monument Valley, Kodak took us there. Virtually every significant image of the 20th Century is a gift to generation from the Eastman Kodak Company. _____70_____. Yes, there were photographers, and for relatively large sums of money they would take unnatural pictures in studios and formal settings. But most people couldn’t afford photographs, and so all they had to remember distant loved ones, or earlier times of their lives, was memory. Children could not know what their parents had looked like as young people, grandparents far away might never learn what their grandchildren looked like. Eastman Kodak allowed memory to move from the uncertainty ofrecollection, to the permanence of a photograph. But it wasn’t just people whose features were savable; it was events, the precious times that families cherish. The Kodak moment, was humanity’s moment.Keys: 67-70 DFACSection CDirections: Read the following passages. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Choosing the right job is probably one of the most important decisions we have to make in life, and it is frequently one of the hardest decisions we have to make. One important question that you might ask yourself is “How do I get a good job?”_______67______.There are people who can answer an insignificant advertisement in the local paper and land the best job in the world; others write to all sorts of places all over the country, and never seem to get a reply at all．Still others believe that the in person, door-to-door approach is by far the best way to get a job; and then there are those who, through no active decision of their own, just seem to be in the right place at the right time．______68_______. He used to spend a lot of his free time down by the sea watching the tall ships, but never thinking that he might one day sail one of them．His father was a farmer, and being a sailor could never be anything for the boy but an idle dream．One day, on his usual wandering, he heard the captain of the ship complaining that he could not sail because one member of his crew was sick．Without stopping to think, the lad（少年）offered to take his place．_____69______._______70______. If the lad had gone home to ponder（考虑）his decision for a week, he may have missed his chance．It is one thing to be offered an opportunity; it is another thing to take it and use it well.Sometimes we hear stories about people who break all the rules and still seem to land plum jobs（美差）．When you go for a job interview or fill out an application, you are expected to say nice things about the company to which you are applying．But there was one person who landed an excellent job by telling the interviewer all the company’s faults. :And within a year this person had become general manger of the company.Keys: 67-70 BDAFSection CDirections:Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below.Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two sentences than you need.This is a dangerous world we live in.The number of murders goes up every year,people are dying of cancer, more people contract（感染）HIV,more teens are using drugs,etc.You know this because you've heard all the statistics on the news and in the paper. _____67______. The numbers are going up,but how do they compare to the growth in population? Are more cases of these diseases being reported because of better testing techniques,or are the diseases more common?The fact is that without knowing the background statistics mean very little.______68______. For example,several years ago a high school student reported the dangersof the chemical known as dihydrogen monoxide（一氧化二氢）.This chemical,found in most cancerous umors（肿瘤）,is often found in the blood of people drunk on alcohol,and causes complete physical and mental dependence for those who take the chemical even once.After reading his report,more than 75% of his Advanced Placement Chemistry class voted to forbid this dangerous chemical!Every one of the above statements is true,yet this chemical is necessary to all life on earth.The students made the mistake because they voted knowing only a few statements and statistics,rather than the chemical's full background._______69______. When one finds a new fact or number,one should try to consider other important information before forming an opinion with only half-truths.Always remember that the author is trying to convince you of his or her own view,and will leave out information that is different to his view.For example,look again at the statistics that suggest skiing is safe.Only people may die each year when skiing,while 897 die from lightning strikes,but which is really the most dangerous?If you think about it,you realize far fewer people go skiing each year than the number of people who are in danger of a lightening strike.When you think about it,skiing is more dangerous than you might at first think when looking at statistics. ______70_____. To be warned is to be prepared.Keys: BCFESection CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Today’s workplace is unique in history. Never before have we seen people working together who represent such different backgrounds and experiences. This difference of age, race, gender, and work style makes it very difficult to organize and run a company.________67_______. Increasingly, managers are discovering that age differences among workers are a major cause of concern.This has been an important realization. The management difficulties and challenges have led some experts to study intergenerational differences for an understanding of problems in the workplace. What they have discovered is interesting and may provide ways of improving working conditions in companies that employ individuals from different generations.The first thing to realize, they say, is that differences of opinion about the importance of work and how to get work done are not a coincidence. _______68_______. In fact, if employers do not pay attention to these differences, it is possible that anger will build up between people and lead to difficulties in the company.Resentment (仇恨) between members of different generations, if not attended to, can lead to extreme anger and unhappiness and even lasting enmity(敌意) if people are not careful. ________69_______. It is natural for individuals from the same generation to form alliances (联盟), to come together for protection. Different generations represent different experiences in life, and these lead naturally to different opinions about oneself and one’s approaches to work.If you were raised in a time of plenty, when products were readily available and relatively inexpensive, you would believe that prosperity is natural and expectable. If, on the other hand, you were raised in a time of scarcity, you would always be careful not to waste things for fear you would not have enough. You would make angry people who seem to believe that problems will always solve themselves. ________70________. It is difficult, in such circumstances, to achieve a happy, agreeable atmosphere in the workplace.Keys: 67-70 C A F DSection C.Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two extra sentences than you need.As recently as 15 years ago, if you wanted to catch up on the news, you could look at a handful of publications or a few nightly programs. And if you wanted to listen to music, you could turn on MTV or fiddle with your radio. People in major cities had more opinions, because a large population can support specialty shops. _______67______ .Today, as we all know, access to information has exploded. One consequence, according to Toure, a cultural critic writing in Salon, is that the ability of pop culture to unify us- he refers to the massive interest in Michael Jackso n’s Thriller, or Nirvana’s Never mind-has been eroded, probably forever. Steven Hyden, also writing in Salon, counters that whatever the advantages and disadvantages of a centralized pop-culture authority, the monoculture never actually existed._______68______. Even when it supposedly existed, its content largely depended on other characteristics of your little corner of the world. In the 1992-1993 school year, I was a student at a multiracial and relatively urban junior high school in California’s central valley. We listened to Salt-n-Pepa, Snoop Doggy Dogg, and Kris Kross, with the latter having inspired a trend in which kids wore their clothes backwards. The next year I was enrolled in a mostly white junior high school in leafy Chiago suburb. One of the houses was famous for having appeared in the 1990 film “Home Alone”; the popular bands were Nirvana, Hole and the Smashing Pumpkins; and the biggest pop- cultural event of the school year was Kurt Cobain’s suicide.But Toure’s point is about the virtues of common cultural experience. It seems he is recallingcentralized media only insofar as it’s a distribution system that fostered that outcome. _______69_______. It doesn’t matter whether a record is released by an important label or an indie (独立制片人); if it’s online, people can usually find, forward,share and promote it. But what’s interesting and perhaps surprising, given that both Toure and Mr Hyden seem to agree that the old distribution favored big media- is that we still have widely shared cultural experiences. Just think of Barack Obama doing the little hand gesture from Beyoncé’s “Single Ladies ” video._______70_______. It’s safe to say that the monoculture never really existed,and that some artists still reach a wide audience, whether we like it or not.Keys: 67-70 BDFASection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of their friends and regard it as a slur (诋毁) on their own cooking, or cleaning, or furniture, and often are foolish enough to let theteenagers see that they are annoyed. ______67______. Such a loss of dignity and a kind of childish behavior on the part of the adults deeply shocks the teenager, and makes them decide that in future they will not talk to their parents about the place or people they visit. Before very long the parents will be complaining that the child is so secretive and never tells them anything, but they seldom realize that they have brought this on themselves.Disillusionment(醒悟) with the parents, however good and adequate they may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevitable.______68______. Parents would be greatly surprised and deeply touched if they realized how much belief their children usually have in their character and correctness, and how much this faith means to a child. If parents were prepared for this teen-aged reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by offending and resisting it. The teenagers, with his passion for sincerity, always respects a parent who admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that he has been unfair or unjust. ______69______.Victorian parents believed that they kept their dignity by retreating（伪装）behind an unreasoning authoritarian attitude; in fact they did nothing of the kind, but children were then too frightened to let them know how they really felt. ______70______. It is always wiser and safer to face up to reality, however painful it may be at the moment.Keys: 67-80 FBEDSection CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentenceThe war on smoking, now five decades old and counting, is one of the nation's greatest public health success stories - but not for everyone.As a whole, the country has made amazing progress. In 1964, four in ten adults in the US smoked; today fewer than two in ten do._______67_______.Their failure is the greatest disappointment in an effort to save lives that was started on Jan.11,1964, by the first Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health. Its finding that smoking is a cause of lung cancer and other diseases was major news then. The hazards of smoking were just starting to emerge.The report led to cigarette warning labels, a ban on TV ads and eventually an anti-smoking movement that shifted the nation's attitude on smoking. Then, smokers were cool. Today,many are outcasts, rejected by restaurants, bars, public buildings and even their own workplaces. Millions of lives have been saved.The formula for success is no longer guesswork: Adopt tough warning labels, air public service ads, fund smoking cessation programs and impose smoke-free laws. _______68______. If you can stop them from smoking, you've won the war. Few people start smoking after turning 19._______69______. The 10 states with the lowest adult smoking rates slap an average tax of $2.42 on every pack -- three times the average tax in the states with the highest smoking rates.New York has the highest cigarette tax in the country, at $4.35 per pack, and just 12 percent of teens smoke, far below the national average of 18 percent. Compare that with Kentucky, where taxes are low (60 cents), smoking restrictions are weak and the teen smoking rate is double New York's. Other low-tax states have similarly dismal records.Enemies of high tobacco taxes cling to the tired argument that they fall disproportionately on the poor.______70_______. The effect of the taxes is amplified further when the revenue is used to fund initiatives that help smokers quit or persuade teens not to start.Anti-smoking forces have plenty to celebrate this week, having helped avoid 8 million premature deaths in the past 50 years. But as long as 3,000 adolescents and teens take their first puff each day, the war is not won.Keys: 67-70 DFACSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.It is a truth universally acknowledged that Pride and Prejudice by English novelist Jane Austen is one of the most popular. tales ever written. ______67______. In her own time, Austen's name never appeared on her books.In Pride and Prejudice, she was simply the author of Sense and Sensibility, which had carried the title By a Lady." The anonymity (匿名）worked so well that even friends of the Austen family had no idea that dear, sweet Jane was a novelist. A friend of Jane's brother Henry actually told him that Pride and Prejudice was "much too clever to be the work of a woman."______68______. Tom Paine, a Founding Father of the United States, kept his identity hidden for a short time after the publication of his famous Common Sense. For a woman, however, there was the added burden of societal expectations. Any sort of publishing or public display of talent was considered improper behavior for a woman. As Virginia Woolf, another English writer, declared in A Room of One's Own: "I would dare to guess that Anon, who wrote so many poems without signing them, was often a woman."It wasn't only fear about "bad manners" that discouraged women from writing under theirown names._______69_______. Charlotte Bronte author of Jane Eyre, once sent her poetry to Robert Southey, a famous poet. Southey simply responded: "Literature cannot be the business of a woman's life." Bronte used her pen name, Currer Bell, to publish Jane Eyre in 1847. Her sister Emily published Wuthering Heights as Ellies Bell in the same year.The 20th century saw great progress towards gender equality. In theory, it should be unnecessary for women writers to follow Austen's path any longer, unless driven by personal reasons._______70______. Joanne Rowling, author of the Harry Potter novels, was advised to become J.K. Rowling. That's because boys might dislike the feeling of picking up a book by a woman, Connie Ann Kirk explained in her biography (传记)of Rowling.Keys: 67-70 F C B DSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.The use of mobile wallet is growing. In fact, total mobile transaction is expected to increase almost 32% from 2016-2017 globally, to USD1.35 trillion in 2017, according to a study by Juniper Research.______67______. In a study released by Discover Global Network and 451 Research, 52percent of respondents aged 25-34 say they believe mobile payments are more secure than traditional credit cards. But just 24 percent of respondents aged 55 and older say they can rest assured.So, how can retailers and wallet providers build a foundation of trust and begin to shift consumer perceptions? One word: tokenization（标记化）.Tokenization is the process of substituting a cardholder’s 16-digit account number with a payment token. Payment tokens limit the impact of a data breach（破坏）because tokens are limited to use on specific devices, for specific merchants, for specific types of goods and services. If a data breach occurs, the payment token is immediately removed and replaced with a new one. _____68_____.Here are three benefits to tokenization you should begin educating your consumers on:1. Restricted control limit usage of each payment token to a specific merchant. _____69______.Thus, its value can be reduced to hackers seeking to commit online fraud(欺诈).2. Payment tokens can reduce the need for cardholders to manually update their payment information when their card number changes. If a merchant stores tokens instead of PANs on their e-commerce site and the customer’s payment card is lost, stolen or expired, the payment token automatically updates on the customer’s merchant profile.3. _______70______. By storing payment tokens instead of the customer’s card number, the customer only needs to enter his or her CVV or CV2 number to complete the transaction.Keys: 67-70 A D F ESection CDirections:After reading the passage below, choose the best answers from the six statements according to what you have just read.In the 19th century, millions of European went to the USA because they wanted to find a better life. Many of them couldn’t find work in cities like New York. ______67______. The people, called settlers, travelled west through the mountains on the Oregon Trail.Some of these people hoped to find gold in California. The journey sometimes took more than one year. There are a lot of films, called Westerns, about the settlers on the trail. In most of the film, we see the Native Americans (American Indians) attacking the settlers, and the “Indians” killing many white people. ______68_____. In fact, most of them were very helpful to the settlers.It is true that the settlers’ journey was extremely difficult. Many of them walked 3,200 kilometres, the whole length of the trail. The had wagons, but the wagons were often too full, so people could not travel in them. ______69______. The people were very poor and many did not even have shoes— they walked the whole trail barefoot, in extremely could temperature.More than 50,000 people, including many women and children, died on the trail. A lot of people died from illnesses like cholera, because the drinking water wasn’t clean.______70______. Many people died under the wheels of wagons, for example, and from accidental gunshots.Keys: 67-70 DFEBSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.“Opinion” is a word that is used carelessly today. It is used to refer to matters of tas te, belief, and judgment. This casual use would probably cause little confusion if people didn’t attach too much importance to opinion. Unfortunately, most believe it is of great importance. “I have as much right to my opinion as you to yours,” and “Everyone’s entitled to his opinion,” are common expressions. _______67______.Is that label accurate? Is it intolerant to challenge another’s opinion? It depends on what definition of opinion you have in mind. For example, you may ask a friend “What do you t hink of the new Ford cars?” And he may reply, “In my opinion, they’re ugly.” In this case, it would not only be intolerant to challenge his statement, but foolish. ______68______. And as the old saying goes, “It’s pointless to argue about matters of taste.”But consider this very different use of the term, a newspaper reports that the Supreme Court has delivered its opinion in a controversial(有争议的) case. ______69______ They stated their considered judgment, painstakingly arrived at after thorough inquiry and careful consideration.Most of what is referred to as opinion falls somewhere between these two extremes. It is not an expression of taste. Nor is it careful judgment. Yet it may contain elements of both. It is a view or belief more or less casually arrived at, with or without examining the evidence.______70______Of course, this is not only permitted, but guaranteed. We are free to act on our opinions only so long as, in doing so, we do not harm others.Keys: 67-70 BAECSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.。

2018届上海市各高中学校高三英语试题分类汇编--阅读理解A篇--学生版(精确校对)

Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)The Paris climate agreement finalized in December last year heralded a new era for climate action. For the first time, the world’s nations agreed to keep global warming well below2℃.This is vital for climate-vulnerable nations. Fewer than 4% of countries are responsible for more than half of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. In a study published in Nature Scientific Reports, we reveal just how deep this injustice runs.Developed nations such as Australia, the United States, Canada, and European countries are essentially climate “free-riders”: causing the majority of the problems through high greenhouse gas emissions, while incurring few of the costs such as climate change’s impact on food and water. In other words, a few countries are benefiting enormously from the consumption of fossil fuels, while at the same time contributing disproportionately to the global burden of climate change.On the flip side, there are many “forced riders”, who are suffering from the climate change impacts despite having scarcely contributed to the problem. Many of the world’s most climate-vulnerable countries, the majority of which are African of small island states, produce a very small quantity of emissions. This is much like a non-smoker getting cancer from second-hand smoke, while the heavy smoker is fortunate enough to smoke in good health.The Pairs agreement has been widely hailed as a positive step forward in addressing climate change for all, although the details on addressing “climate justice” can be best described as sketchy.The goal of keeping global temperature rise “well below”2℃is commendable but the emissions-reduction pledges submitted by countries leading up to the Pairs talks are very unlikely to deliver on this.More than $100 billion in funding has been put on the table for supporting developing nations to reduce emissions. However, the agreement specifies that there is no formal distinction between developed and developing nations in their responsibility to cut emissions, effectively ignoring historical emissions. There is also very little detail on who will provide the funds or,importantly, who is responsible for their provision. Securing these funds, and establishing who is responsible for raising them will also be vital for the future of climate-vulnerable countries.The most climate-vulnerable countries in the world have contributed very little to creating the global disease from which they now suffer the most. There must urgently be a meaningful mobilization of the polices outlined in the agreement if we are to achieve national emission reductions while helping the most vulnerable countries adapt to climate change.And it is clearly up to the current generation of leaders from high-emitting nations to decide whether they want to be remembered as climate change tyrants or pioneers.56. The author is critical of the Paris climate agreement because_____________.A) it is unfair to those climate-vulnerable nationsB) it aims to keep temperature rise below 2℃ onlyC) it is beneficial to only fewer than 4% of countriesD) it burdens developed countries with the sole responsibility.57.Why does the author compare the “forced riders” to second-hand smokers?A) They have little responsibility for public health problems.B) They are vulnerable to unhealthy environmental conditions.C) They have to bear consequences they are not responsible for.D) They are unaware of the potential risks they are confronting.58.What does the author say about the $100 billion funding?A) It will motivate all nations to reduce carbon emissions.B) There is no final agreement on where it will come from.C) There is no clarification of how the money will be spent.D) It will effectively reduce greenhouse emissions worldwide.59. What urgent action must be taken to realize the Paris climate agreement?A) Encouraging high-emitting nations to take the initiative.B) Calling on all the nations concerned to make joint efforts.C) Pushing the current world leaders to come to a consensus.D) Putting in effect the policies in the agreement at once.Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Away from home, and eating is more than just a way to keep your stomach full. It is a language all its own, and no words can say ‚“Glad to meet you…glad to be doing business with you…” quite like sharing a meal offered by your heart.Clearly, mealtime is not the time for you to say. “ Thanks, but no thanks.” Acceptance of the host, country, and company. So, no matter how difficult it may be to swallow, swallow. Or, as one experienced traveler says, “Travel with a cast-iron stomach and eat everything everywhere.”Often, the food offered represents proudly your host country’s proudest cooking achievement .What would America think of a French person who refused to take a bite of homemade apple pie or sizzling steak? Our discomfort comes not so much from the thing itself; it comes from our unfamiliarity with it. After all, an oyster has remarkably the same look as a sheep’s eye, and a first something you dip in butter and eat. By the way, in Saudi Arabia sheep’s eyes are a delicacy, in par ts of China it’s bear’s paw soup.Can you refuse such food without being rude? Most experienced business travelers say no, at least not before taking at least a few bites. It helps, though, to slice any item very thin. This way, you minimize the texture—gristly（软骨的）,slimy（粘滑的）and so on---and the reminder of where it came from. Or, “Swallow it quickly.” as one traveler recommends, “I still can’t tell you what sheep’s eyeballs taste like.” As for dealing with taste, the old line that “it tastes just like chicken” is often thankfully true. Even when “it” is really rat or snake.Another useful piece of advice is not knowing what you are eating. What’s for dinner? Don’t ask. Avoid glancing into the kitchen or looking at English-language menus. Your host will be pleased that you are eating the food he offers, and who knows? Maybe it really is the chicken in that soup.56. Who is the passage most probably written for?A. Those who are going to have trip abroad.B. Those who want to cook food from another countryC. Those who are going to teach people from different countriesD. Those who want to take part in an international cooking contest57. The phrase “a cast-iron stomach” probably refers to a stomach_____________.A. equipped with iron devicesB. never failing youC. sensitive to various tastesD. not allergic to iron58. Which of the following is NOT suggested by the passage when you are offered some food youdon’t like?A. Cutting it into small piecesB. Swallowing it without hesitationC. Avoid figuring out what it isD. Pleasing the host while eating59. Which of the following can be served as a conclusion for the passage?A. Chicken is a delicacy for everyone.B. “It tastes like chicken” may help.C. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.D. Eating various things can keep you fit.Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Conventional wisdom has it that concern for the environment is a luxury only the rich world can afford; that only people whose basic needs for food and shelter have been met can start worrying about the health of the planet. This survey will argue that developing countries, too, should be thinking about the environment. True, in the rich countries a strong environmental movement did not emerge until long after they had become industrialized, a stage that many developing countries have yet to reach. And true, many of the developed world's environmental concerns have little to do with immediate threats to its inhabitants' wall-being. People worry about whether carbon-dioxide emissions might lead to a warmer climate next century, or whether genetically engineered crops might have unforeseen consequences for the ecosystem. That is why, when rich world environmentalists' campaign against pollution in poor countries, they are often accused of naivety. Such countries, the critics say, have more pressing concerns, such as getting their people out of poverty.But the environmental problems that developing countries should worry about are different from those that western pundits have fashionable arguments over. They are not about potential problems in the next century, but about indisputable harm being caused to conventional wisdom, solving such problems need not hurt economic growth; indeed dealing with them now will generally be cheaper than leaving them to cause further harm.In most developing countries pollution seems to be getting worse, not better. Most big cities in Latin America, for example, are suffering rising levels of air pollution. Populations in these countries are growing so fast that improvements in water supply have failed to keep up with the number of extra people. Worldwide, about a billion people still have no access to clean water, and water contaminated by sewage is estimated to kill some 2 million children every year. Throughout Latin America, Asia, Africa, forests are disappearing, causing not just long-term concern about climate change but also immediate economic damage. Forest fires in Indonesia in 1997 produced a huge blanket of smog that enveloped much of South-East Asia and kept the tourists away. It could happen again, and probably will.Recent research suggests that pollution in developing countries is far more than a minor irritation: it imposes a heavy economic cost. A Word Bank study put the cost of air and water pollution in China at $54 billion a year, equivalent to an astonishing 8% of the country's GDP. Another study estimated the health costs of air pollution in Jakarta and Bangkok in the early 1990s at around 10% of these cities' income. These are no more than educated guesses, but whichever way the sums are done, the cost is not negligible.56. T he critics of rich world environmentalists’ campaign against pollution in poor countries hold that poor countries should be more concerned about_____________.A. The potential greenhouse effectB. The bad consequences of genetically engineered cropsC. How to get rid of povertyD. How to develop education57. which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A. Developing countries should worry about the harm caused by polluted water and air.B. Developing countries’ economy will develop more rapidly if they deal with environmentalproblems right now.C. The conventional wisdom holds that dealing with environmental problems now willgenerally cost less.D. The conventional wisdom has it that solving environment problems may hurt economicgrowth.58. The underlined word “pundits” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _____________.A. expertsB. politiciansC. institute’sD. educators59. What’s the writer’s purpose of writing the passage?A. To analyze the difference between the environmental problems in rich and poor countries.B. To explain why developing countries should handle the environmental problemsimmediately.C. To demonstrate what serious damage pollution can do to a country’s economicdevelopment.D. To explain why rich countries’ environmental concerns have little to do immediate threats.Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Pacific Science Center Guide◆Visit Pacific Science Center’s StoreDon’t forget to stop by Pacific Science Center’s Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or remember your visit. The store is located upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laster Dome.◆HungryOur exhibits will feed your mind but what about your body? Our café offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options, in addition to seasonals. The café is located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour before Pacific Science Center closes.◆Rental InformationLockers are available to store any belongs during your visit. The lockers are located in Building 1 near the Information Desk and in Building 3. Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny W ay entrance. ID required.◆Support Pacific Science CenterSince 1962 Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion for discovery and lifelong learning in science, math and technology. T oday Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and beings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over W ashington State.It’s an amazing accomplishment and one cannot achieve without generous support from individuals, corporations, and other social organizations. Visit pacificsciencecenter org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.56.Where are you buy a at Science CenterA. In Building 1.B. In Building 3.C. At the last Denny.D. At the Denny Way entrance.57.What’s the purpose of the last part of the text?A. To encourage donations.B. To advertise coming events.C. To introduce special exhibits.D. To tell about the Center’s history.Section BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Personality may play only a small part in leadership effectiveness but there is no doubt thatsome leaders have a certain magic that leaves peers envious and followers entranced. If you could bottle this leadership X-factor —charisma- the queue of interested executives would be a long-one. But what qualities can these often highly successful leaders be said to possess?As individuals, charismatic leaders have highly developed communication skills, including the ability to convey emotions easily and naturally to others, says Ronald Riggio, professor of leadership and organizational psychology. “They are able to inspire and arouse the emotions of followers through their emotional expressiveness and verbal skills.”“They, connect with followers because they seem to truly understand others' feelings and concerns.”“And they are great role models because they have the ability to engage others socially and display appropriate role-pla ying skills that allow them to walk the talk,” Professor Riggio says.“One quality we like in our leaders is if they are seen to really represent us. We think someone is more charismatic, the more they represent our collective identity,” Professor Van Knippenberg says. In this way, a charismatic leader is somehow a larger-than-life version of ourselves.Academics say that charismatic leaders also manage to stand out from the crowd. They might do this by being unconventional or by taking a different approach to problem-solving, for example.“They are up for new things, and they are not stuck in the status quo. They are open-to out-of-the-box thin ki ng, etc. An optimistic, energetic quality helps us to see leadership qualities in them and makes us open to their influence,” he says.“A lot of charismatic leadership, and leadership in general, is very contextual. It's really entrepreneurial firms. It's also good for turnarounds if the organization is in a bad state because it Kai Peters, the chief executive of Ashridge Business School.But not every organization needs a charismatic leader. Leaders loaded with the X®1 narcissistic(自恋的)，self-glorifying, exploitative and authoritarian (专制的).As Peters says: “ Where it is a problem is where you have' look at me, I'm a star'.”56.Which word is closest in meaning to charisma in the first paragraph?A.charmB. characterC. gratitudeD. optimism57.The charismatic leaders become great role models due to their___________.A. proper role-playing skillsB. subtle emotional expressivenessC. marvelous problem-solving abilityD. unconventionality in the crowds58. According to Professor Knippenberg, what kind of leaders would be welcomed by us?A. The one who has a heroical image.B. The one who can speak for us.C. The one who is a collective version of us.D. The one who resembles us in characteristic.59.Wha t’s Peters’ attitude towards the contextual feature of charismatic leadership?A. CriticalB. ApprovedC. NeutralD. SuspiciousSection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)I was at the funeral of my dearest friend--my mother. She finally had lost her long battle with cancer. The hurt was so intense; I found it hard to breathe at times. Always supportive, mother clapped loudest at my school plays, held a box of tissue while listening to my first heartbreak, comforted me at my father’s death, and prayed for me my entire life.When mother’s illness was diagnosed, my sister had a new baby and my brother had recently married his childhood sweetheart, so it fell on me, the 27-year-old middle to take care of her. I counted it an honor. My place had been with our mother, preparing her meals,taking her to the doctor, reading the Bible together. Now she was in heaven. My work was finished, and I was alone.Deep in sorrow, suddenly, I heard a door open and slam shut at the back of the church. Quick steps hurried along the carpeted floor. A young man looked around briefly and then sat next to me. He folded his hands and placed them on his lap. His eyes started to be filled with tears.“I’m late,” he explained, though no explanation was necessary.After several eulogies, he leaned over and commented, “Why do they keep calling Mary by the name of Margaret?”“Because that was her name, Margaret. Never Mary.” I whispered, wondering who was this stranger anyway?“ Isn’t this the Lutheran church?”“Oh...”“I believe you’re at the wrong funeral, sir.”The solemnness(庄重) of the occasion mixed with realization of the man’s mistake bubbled up inside me and came out as laughter. Sharp looks from other mourners(哀悼者) only made the situation seem stupid. I peeked at the confused, misguided man seated beside me. He was laughing too, as he glanced around, deciding it was too late for an uneventful exit. I imagined Mother laughing.At the final ‘Amen’, we rush ed out a door and into the parking lot. “I do believe we’ll be the talk of the town. By the way, my name is Rick.” he smile d.That afternoon began a lifelong journey for me with this man who attended the wrong funeral, but was in the right place. A year after our meeting, we were married at a country church. This time we both arrived at the same church, right on time.In my time of sorrow, he gave me laughter. In place of loneliness, God gave me love. This past June, we celebrated our twenty-second anniversary. Whenever anyone asks us how we met, Rick tells them “Her mother and my Aunt Mary introduced us, and it’s truly a match made in Heaven.”56. Only author could take care of her mom mainly because___________.A. she was the only child in the family.B. a lovely baby came into her brother’s family.C. she was the only child without a new family’s burden.D. her mom loved her much more than other children.57. What can we infer from the passage?A. The author and Rick met 22 years ago for the first time.B. The author was supposed to have been in Lutheran Church.C. Margaret should be the name of Rick’s aunt.D. The mourners considered the author’s joy improper.58. What could be the best title of the passage?A. Hope Remaining at the FuneralB. A Heavenly EncounterC. Two Funerals at One TimeD. Seeking God’s Everlasting LoveSection BDirections：Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)The case for college has been accepted without question for more than a generation. All high school graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money, become “better” people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don’t go.But college has never been able to work its magic for everyone. And now that close to half our high school graduates are att ending, those who don’t fit the pattern are becoming more numerous, and more obvious. College graduates are selling shoes and driving taxis; college students interfere with each other’s experiments and write false letters of recommendation in the intense competition for admission to graduate school. Other find no stimulation in their studies, and drop out—often encouraged by college administrators.Some observers say the fault is with the young people themselves—they are spoiled and they are expecting too m uch. But that is a condemnation of the students as a whole, and doesn’t explain all campus unhappiness. Others blame the state of the world, and they are partly right. We have been told that young people have to go to college because our economy can’t abso rb an army of untrained eighteen-year-olds. But disappointed graduates are learning that it can no longer absorb an army of trained twenty-two-year-olds, either.Some adventuresome educators and watchers have openly begun to suggest that college may not be the best, the proper, the only place for every young person after the completion of high school. We may have been looking at all those surveys and statistics upside down, it seems, and through the rosy glow of our own remembered college experiences.Perhaps collegedoesn’t make people intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, or quick to learn things—may it is just the other way around, and intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, quick-learning people are merely the ones who have been attracted to college in the first place. And perhaps all those successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is heresy(异端邪说) to those of us who have been brought up to believe that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better. But contrary evidence is beginning to mount up.56..According to the passage all of the following statements are true EXCEPT____________．A.about half of the high school graduates continue their studies at schoolB.college graduates are believed to be able to earn more moneyC.administrators often encourage college students to drop outD.more and more young people are found unfit for college57.According to the passage, the problems of college education partly originate in the fact that___________.A.society cannot provide enough jobs for properly trained graduates.B.High school graduates do not fit the pattern of college education.C.Too many students have to earn their own living.D.College administrators encourage students to drop out.58.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 mean?A．Our college experience proves that those surveys are incorrect．B．The surveys may remind us of our beautiful college experiences．C．The surveys should all be re－examined according to our college experiences．D．Our college experiences may make us misunderstand the results of the surveys．59.What is the main purpose of this passage?A．To argue against the idea that college is the best place for all young people．B．To put forward an idea that college should not be the first choice．C．To value young people’s further education in colleges．D．To persuade young people into working after the completing of high school．Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Sebastian Faulks has written many novels, including Devil May Care, the latest James Bond book. This cutting comes from a very different kind of novel called Charlotte Gray. The setting is a transit (中转) camp near Paris during the Second World War, where a group of people, including two small children, Andre and Jacob, await transport to take them to a concentration camp outside France. Although these people - the ‘deportees’ of the cutting - are not fully aware of this, they face certain death.The Last NightAndre was lying on the floor when a man came with postcards on which the deportees might write a final message. He advised them to leave them at the station or throw them from the train as camp orders forbade access to the post. Two or three pencils that had survived the camps search were passed round among the people in the room. Some wrote with weeping passion, some with great care, as though their safety, or at least the way in which they were remembered, depended upon their choice of words.A woman came with a sandwich for each child to take on the journey. She also had a bucket of water, round which they gathered, holding out food cans they passed from one to another. One of the older boys hugged her in his gratitude, but the bucket was soon empty. When she was gone, there were only the small hours of the night to go through. Andre was lying on the straw, and Jacob leaned close to him for warmth.Five buses had come in through the main entrance, and now stood trembling in the corner of the yard. At a long table …the commandant of the camp himself sat with a list of names that another policeman was calling out in alphabetical order. Andre heard his name and moved with Jacob towards the bus. From the other side of the courtyard, from windows open on the dawn, a shower of food was thrown towards them by women crying and calling out their names.Andre looked up, and in a chance angle of light he saw a woman’s face in which the eyes were fixed with terrible fierceness on a child beside him. Why did she stare as though she hated him? Then it came to Andre that she was not looking in hatred, but had kept her eyes so intenselyopen in order to fix the picture of her child in her mind. She was looking to remember, for ever….56. What can we learn from the first part of the passage?A. The background and the situation of World War Ⅱ.B. The transit camp and the transportation in Paris.C. The author, the setting and the main characters.D. The main idea and the names on the list.57. Which of the following is true about the things going on in the transit camp?A. The deportees were eager to leave their final messages.B. A humble breakfast was served to children late that morning.C. Andre happened to witness the deportees’ routine camp life.D. The camp commandant stood by a long table calling the roll.58. The woman stared at her child fiercely probably because _____ .A. she found her child was trembling and crying for foodB. she thought she would never see her child any moreC. she was filled with an attempt to escape from deathD. she was driven mad by the life in the transit campSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)How Would Y ou Like to Pay?How do you pay for your coffee?Is it with change?I use my tap-and-go card.I don't even need to enter my PIN number or a signature to approve payment.It's quicker and everybody in the queue is happy.Contactless payments are gaining popularity.Those concerned about security will be pleased to know that the amount of money you can spend in one-go is limited—in the UK it's currently ￡30.But if the card is used a few times in a row,a PIN number will be needed.If a thief gets hold。

2018届上海市各区高三英语二模试卷题型分类专题汇编--选词填空--学生版(已校对)

Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Foreign Giants Target Chinese Milk MarketEuropean dairy products giant Arla Foods has chosen a leading Chinese milk manufacturers as a business partner for its 31 in China—a clear sign that overseas companies are starting to cultivate huge China’s dairy market by tying up with local players.Arla signed the cooperation 32 , which comes into effect this month, with Mengniu Dairy at the end of August to set up a milk-powder joint venture in Hohhot, capital of North China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The deal between Arle Foods and Mengniu can be seen as a new 33 fo r Multinational’s re-entry into the sector.Many foreign giants have found it difficult to create 34 profits in domestic milk market, especially the liquid-milk sector, which is followed closely by price wars and dominated by local 35 —companies like Danone, Kraft and Friesland Coberco have quitted dairy production in China.A few have been successful—Nestle, Intel, Bristo-Myers Squibb and Wyeth have 36 the high-end milk-formula market in China.“We will watch the market closely and re-invest here in a(n) 37 time,” an official of the Dutch firm Friesland said when it 38 its investment in its Tianjin joint venture last year after eight years.The company has 39 its Chinese partner to continue using its Dutch Lady brand and also sells its imported Friso infant foods, Dutch Lady milk powder and Dutch Lady Calcimex in the Chinese market through its 40 company in Hong Kong.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Why India's Pink City' is a Photographer's HeavenThe city of Jaipur is one of India's wonders. It ___31_____ some of the country's most decorative royal palaces-elegant structures designed hundreds of years ago that still attract visitors today. Largely built in the 1700s, Jaipur is surrounded by a city wall and several ____32___ castles. Considered as a commercial center, it was ahead of its time due to the use of grid iron (网格状) city planning.A romantic dusty pink type-which has _____33____ the city since 1876, after it was painted pink towel come Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert-gives Jaipur its ___34_______ as the "Pink City". This ___35_____beauty is what first brought Hong Kong-based photographers Victor Cheng and Samantha Wong to Jaipur.Walking in glass skyscrapers for century-old royal palaces and historic castles, the pair-who have 130,000 Instagram followers between them-said that the images they ____36_____in Jaipur received a lot of response online. "A lot of our followers hadn't seen this side of India, so we're happy we were able to show this side of the country." Cheng said.For the photographers, one of the city's most fascinating features is the light pink coloring of its buildings. “The first gate you see when you enter are pink,” said Wong. “Once you’re through, everything around you varies in different ______37____ of the color-from bright pinks to reddish browns."The building is a(n) _____38_____ of the City Palace, and its windows allowed royal women to observe street life without appearing in public. One of Cheng's most striking photos shows a straight front of the building and its hundreds of windows. The building's lively coloring also pushed Cheng to take a different ______39____ to editing than with images of other cities. "Itoned down my usual editing process because the pink was so bright in reality," he said, "I wanted the photos to _____40__the actual color I was seeing myself and to maintain its tone."Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A multicultural person is someone who is deeply convinced that all cultures are equally good, enjoys learning the rich variety of cultures in the world, and most likely has been exposed to more than one culture in his or her lifetime.You cannot motivate anyone, especially someone of another culture, until that person has accepted you. A multilingual salesperson can explain the advantages of a product in other languages, but a multicultural salesperson can motivate foreigners to buy it. That’s a(an) (31)________ difference.No one likes foreigners who are arrogant(自大的) about their own culture. The trouble is, most people are arrogantly monocultural without being aware of it and even those who are can’t hide it. Foreigners sense monocultural arrogance at once and set up their own cultural barriers, which may effectively (32)_______ any attempt by the monocultural person to motivate them.Multiculturalism is a(an) (33)_______ that has been neglected too often in hiring managers for international positions. Even if your company is not a multinational one, chances are you’re in touch with foreign customers or manufacturers. Do you have the right employee to build up the (34)_______?For 20-odd years, I’ve run an executive-search firm from Brussels. When clients ask us to find the right person for a new pan-European sales or management position, I start by asking them to (35)_______ the qualifications their ideal candidate would have. Most often they list the same qualities they would want for a domestic position, but with the (36)_______ requirement that the new manager be fluent enough in English, German and French to cope with faxes and email. It sometimes takes me hours to persuade clients that the linguistic(语言的) abilities they see ascrucial are not enough.Of course, it’s far more difficult to (37)_______ candidates’ multiculturalism than it is to check their language skills --- but it’s also a far mo re important (38)_______ to success. I remember a company that asked me to check out a salesman they were planning to send to Mexico. He’d studied Spanish, and had grown up in New York City --- the most (39)_______ diverse place in America. But when I interviewed him, he turned out to have no concept of the great pride Mexicans took in their culture, and moreover he was (40)_______ about Mexican restaurants and markets being dirty and unsafe. I rejected him --- just as Mexican buyers would have if he’d been selected for the job.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.He Is KindlyThe other evening at a dancing club a young man introduced me to Mr. and Mrs. F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Scott seemed not to have changed from the first time I met him at Princeton, when he was an eager undergraduate trying his best to _ 31 himself into a great author. He is still trying hard to be a great author. He is at work now on a novel which his wife 32 far better than This Side of Paradise, but like most of our younger novelists, he finds it 33 to produce a certain number of short stories to make the wheels go around. That The Vegetable, his play, did not receive a Manhattan presentation seems to have disappointed rather than discouraged him. He is still 34 light-hearted.I have always considered him the most brilliant of our younger novelists. No one else can touch his style, nor the superb quality of his satire(讽刺). He has yet to put them in a novel with carefulness of conception and 35 of character. He can become almost any kind of writer thathis peculiarly restless character will 36 .Born in St. Paul, he attended Princeton, served in the Army, wrote his first novel in a training camp, achieved fame and fortune, married a Southern girl, has a child and lives in New York. At heart, he is one of the kindliest of the younger writers Artistry means a great deal to F. Scott Fizgerald, and into his own best work he 37 great efforts. He demands this in the work of others, and when he does not find it, he criticizes with passionate earnestness. I have known him, after reading a young fellow-novelist's book, to take what must have been hours of time to write him a lengthy, careful_ 38 .Just what he will write in the future remains_ 39 . With a firmer reputation than that of the other young people, he yet seems to me to have achieved rather less than Robert Nathan and rather more than Stephen Vincent Benet, Cyril Hume. His coming novel should mean a definite prediction for future work. It is to be hoped that from it will be 40 the seemingly unavoidable modern girls.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Before science became professionalized in the 19th century, __(31)__ naturalists were collecting information and helping us understand the natural world. A 2009 study found that nearly 50% of UK __(32)__ feed wild birds. The National Trust has more than 5 million members, and 60,000 active volunteers helping to protect the countryside as well as historic __(33)__. Now, with our environment arguably under greater threat than ever and species declining at a(n) __(34)__ rate, volunteers are once again at the forefront of efforts to limit the damage.Volunteers and enthusiasts can be powerful drivers for big changes. On the Isle of Man, more than 8,000 people (nearly 10% of the population) are involved in regular weekend beach cleans. At one recent event, 123 volunteers turned up and removed 183 bags of litter in just a couple ofhours. Thanks to __(35)__ such as this, the island shares Unesco biosphere reserve status with the Galápagos, Yellowstone in the US, Uluru in Australia, and hundreds of other sites.Recreational divers are making a real difference underwater too. They monitor the spread of __(36)__ species, and record how native species respond. Divers also __(37)__ levels of marine litter and other human impacts. Volunteer divers have played an important role in collecting information about marine conservation zones. Volunteers have also made a vital contribution to the conservation of basking sharks. The work of a citizen science Basking Shark Project in the 1980s and 90s was __(38)__ in getting these sharks on the protected species list in the UK, while satellite tagging __(39)__ the first recorded transatlantic crossing by a basking shark.Volunteers and enthusiasts can be powerful drivers for big changes. No one can know better, or care more about, our most special places than the people who live in them and give up their free time to look after them. As a group of divers and __(40)__ residents who lived on the shores of the bay, they took their campaign on to national and international stages and continue to inspire people who might otherwise feel powerless when faced with threats to the places that matter to them.Section BDirection: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Whether you're trying to be good at Photoshop, or step up your tennis game, or master a banjo (班卓琴) song, you' re probably 31 following the age-old advice that practice makes perfect. However, contrary to popular belief, doing the same thing over and over again might not be the most efficient way to learn foreign concepts.Traditionally, we're taught using the "blocking" strategy. This instructs us to go over a single idea again and again until we've mastered it, before 32 to the next concept. But several newneurological(神经学的) 33 show that an up and coming learning method called "interleaving" improves our ability to keep and perform new skills over any traditional means by leaps and bounds.What interleaving does is to space out learning over a longer period of time, and it 34 the information we encounter when learning a new skill. So, for example, instead of learning one banjo chord at a time until you 35 it, you train in several at once and in shorter bursts.One of the practical ways you can use interleaving to train your brain to pick up new skills quickly and effectively is to practice multiple 36 skills at once.Whether you’re trying to improve your motor skills or cognitive(认知的) learning abilities, the key to 37 how your brain processes new your brain processes new information is to break out of the habit of learning one part of a skill at a time. The advantage of this method is that your brain doesn't get comfortable or store information in your short-term memory. Instead, interleaving causes your brain to 38 focus and problem-solve every step of the way, resulting in information getting stored in your long-term memory instead.Interleaving doesn't cut any comers, so your brain is always on 39 . Think of the difference between blocking and interleaving like a boxer who practices one 40 over and over again versus a boxer who practices by sparring in the ring. In the ring, you have to be ready for anything. It makes you faster and sharper.Section BDirection: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Robots Writing NewspapersWhether it's robots working as hotel receptionists or artificial intelligence creating poetry, it'sbecoming more and more common to read about technology doing the jobs of humans. And now, it seems that software is even 31 of writing news stories—such as the very one you're reading.BBC News 32 reported that the Press Association(PA), a UK news service, has created a computer program that's competent to create articles that are almost impossible to tell apart from those written by human journalists. Called "robo-journalism" by BBC News, such software "teaches" itself by 33 thousands of news stories written by humans. The PA's software is already so advanced that many UK newspapers and websites publish articles created by it.According to the Reuters Institute of Journalism, many publishers are using robo-journalism to 34 interesting information quickly, from election results to official 35 on social issues. For example, US news organization The Washington Post has its own robo-journalism software, Heliograf.According to tech website Digiday, Heliograf "wrote" over 850 articles in 2017, as well as hundreds of social media 36 .So what does this mean for regular journalists? "We're naturally cautious about any technology that could replace human beings." Fredrick Kunkle, a Washington Post reporter, told Wired. "But this technology seems to have taken over only some of the work that nobody else wants to do."Indeed, it appears that robo-journalism software is 37 to help humans, rather than take away their jobs."In the future, Heliograf could do things like searching the web to see what people are talking about, checking The Washington Post to see if that story is being 38 , and, if not, alerting editors or just writing the piece itself, Wired reporter Joe Keoha wrote.However, Joshua Benton at Harvard university's Nieman Journalism Lab believes that while robo-journalism is 39 going to become more present in newsrooms, nothing can replace traditional human creativity."Good journalism is not just a matter of inputs and outputs, it is a craft that has developed over decades," he told BBC news."The really difficult part of what professional journalists do—carefully 40 information and presenting balanced, contextualized(全景式的) stones—will be very hard for machines tomaster."Section BDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.As the increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat stress, longer droughts(干旱), and more intense rainfall events linked t o global warming continue to upset our daily weather, we often forget they also ____31____ the quantity, quality, and growing locations of our food. Many foods have already ____32_____ top spots on the world's "endangered foods" list. Indicating their possibility to become scarce within the next 30 years.To start with what is ____33____ in many people’s lives, we are disappointed to find that coffee plantations in South America, Africa, Asia, and Hawaii are all being threatened by rising air temperatures and erratic(不稳定的) rainfall patterns, which invite disease and invasive species to _____34____ the coffee plant and ripening beans. The result? Significant cuts in coffee output.And Coffee's culinary cousin, cacao (aka chocolate), is also suffering stress from global warming's rising temperatures. But for chocolate, it isn't the warmer climate alone that's the problem. Cacao trees actually prefer warmer climates as long as that warmth is paired with high humidity and _____35____ rain . However, the problem is that the higher temperatures projected for the world's leading chocolate-producing countries are not expected to be ____36____ by an increase in rainfall. Therefore as higher temperatures sap more moisture from from soil and plants, it's unlikely that rainfall will increase enough to make up for loss.A notably nutritious plant, the peanut plants grow best when it gets five months of continuous warm weather and 20 to 40 inches of rain. Anything less and plants won't survive. That isn't good news when most climate models agree the climate of the future will be the ____37____, including droughts and heatwaves.The world has already caught a glimpse of the peanut's future fate when last year a serious drought across the peanut-growing Southeastern U.S. led many plants to die. According to a financial report, the dry ____38____caused peanut prices to rise by as much as 40 percent!Finally, in the world of sea, as air temperatures rise, oceans and waterways absorb some of the heat and undergo warming of their own. The result is the _____39_____ in fish population. Warmer waters also encourage toxic marine bacteria, like Vibrio, to grow and cause illness in humans.And that satisfying "crack" you get when eating crab(蟹) be ____40____ as shellfish struggle to build their calcium carbonate(硫酸钙) shells, a result of ocean acidification.Section BDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Bob Dylan Wins a Nobel Prize in LiteratureBob Dylan has won the 2016 Nobel Prize in literature. The productive musician is the first Nobel winner to have followed a career primarily as a singer-songwriter. What’s more, he’s also the first American to have won the prize in more than two decades. Not since novelist Toni Morrison won in 1993 has an American 31 the prize.Dylan earned the prize “for having 32 new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition,” according to the statement by the Swedish Academy, the committee that annually decides the winter of the Nobel Prize. The academy’s permanent secretary, Sara Danius, announced the news Thursday.The win comes as something of a(n) 33 . As usual, the Swedish Academy did not announce a shortlist of nominees(被提名者), leaving the betting markets to their best 34 .And while Dylan has enjoyed favor as an outside shot for the award, the 35 that the musician would be the one to break the American s’ long dry period was regarded as unlikely---especially because he made his career mainly on the stage, not the 36 page.Yet few would argue Dylan has been anything but 37 , both in the U. S. and beyond its borders. The productive singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist has produced dozens of albums. Dylan, who was born Robert Allen Zimmerman in 1941, “has the status of an idol(偶像),”the Swedish Academy wrote. “His influence on contemporary music is significant, and he is the object of a steady stream of 38 literature.”In an interview following the announcement, Danius 39 the Swedish Academy’s decision: “He is a great poet in the English-speaking tradition, and he is a wonderful sampler—a very original sampler,” Danius explained. “For 54 years now he has been at it and reinventing himself, constantly creating a new identity.”And for his work, he has been 40 by critical community. Dylan has won Grammys, an Academy Award, a Golden Globe and a Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the U. S. Now, to the honors Dylan has added a Nobel.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Mentally and Intellectually HarmfulLast month, the Indian Medical Association declared a public health emergency in New Delhi because of high levels of air pollution. Schools were shut and emergency traffic restrictions put in place.New Delhi is far from alone. Our research into the___31___ of air pollution in China shows that, in addition to the more obvious physical price, air pollution can also have serious negative effects on mental health and cognition (认知),___ 32___ reducing a person’s happiness and their scores in verbal and mathematical tests.Such harmful mental effects have serious negative consequences for livelihoods and human capital development, suggesting that development___33____ should go beyond the traditional focus of boosting GDP in the developing world.India's recent pollution emergency is the most___34___ incidence(发生率)of dangerous air pollution, but smoggy skies have been a cause of growing___35____ in most developing countries.Major cities across the developing world---from Thailand to Brazil, to Nigeria---___36____ experience pollution at several times the WHO safe limits. In fact, 98% of cities with more than 100.000___37___ in low and middle-inc ome countries fail to meet the WHO’s air quality guidelines.India’s extreme levels of air pollution are well recognized, and examining the effects provides clear warnings for other countries seeking fast growth through rapid industrialization.We used nationally ___38___ longitudinal (纵向)surveys on mental health and cognition, matched with daily air quality data for the time and place of interviews, to see what pollution does in a given time to individual happiness and cognitive performance. Because each person in our survey was __39___multiple times, we can control for the effect of individual characteristics on the outcome variables.We found that worsening air quality led to a decrease in happiness that day__40___to about 10 percent of the reduced happiness one would experience form a negative major life event such as divorce.Section BDirections: Complete the passage with the words given in the table. Each word can be used onlyonce. There is an extra one that you will find no use for.Can Indoor Plants Really Purify the Air?Plants are very important to human life. Through photosynthesis (光合作用), they transform carbon dioxide into fresh oxygen. They are said to ___31___ toxins from the air we breathe — but is this true?One famous NASA experiment, published in 1989, found that indoor plants can clean the air by removing cancer-causing pollutants like formaldehyde and benzene. Later research has found that soil micro-organisms in potted plants also play a part in cleaning indoor air.Based on this research, some scientists say house plants are ___32___ air purifiers, and the bigger and leafier the plant, the better. “The amount of leaf surface area can ___33___ the rate of air purification,” says Bill Wolverton, a former NASA research scientist who conducted that 1989 plant study.Other experts, however, say the ___34___ that plants can effectively accomplish this feat is far from conclusive.“There are no definitive studies to show that having indoor plants can ___35___ increase the air quality in your home,” says Luz Claudio, a professor of environmental medici ne and public health at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. There’s no question that plants are capable of removing volatile chemical toxins from the air “under laboratory conditions,” according to Claudio. But in the real world — in your home or in your office space — the notion that putting a few plants together can ___36___ your air doesn’t have much hard science to back it up.Most research efforts to date, including the NASA study, placed indoor plants in small, sealed environments in order to ___37___ how much air-purifying power they have. But those studies aren’t really ___38___ to what happens in a house, says Stanley Kays, a professor of horticulture at the University of Georgia.In many cases, the air in your home ___39___ turns over — that is, exchanges places with outdoor air —once every hour. “In most instances, air exchange with the outside has a far greatereffect on indoor air quality than plants,” Kays says.Many people may be disappointed by what Kays said, but the professor also made it clear that he believes house plants are ___40___ — they are not only pleasant living companions, but also provide a number of health benefits. Studies have shown plants can knock out stress by calming the sympathetic nervous system, and can also make people feel happier. More research shows spending time around nature has a positive effect on a person’s mood and energy levels.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.He is kindlyThe other evening at a dancing club a young man introduced me to Mr. and Mrs. F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Scott seemed to have changed a lot from the first time I met him at Princeton, when he was an eager undergraduate trying his best to __31__ himself into a great author. He is still trying hard to be a great author. He is at work now on a novel which his wife __32__ me is far better than This Side of Paradise, but like most of our younger novelists he finds it __33__ to produce a certain number of short stories to make the wheels go around. That The Vegetable, his play, did not receive a Manhattan presentation seems to have disappointed rather than discouraged him. He is still __34__ light-hearted.I have always considered him the most brilliant of our younger novelists. Not one of them can tough his style, nor the superb quality of his satire(讽刺). He has yet to put them in a novel with carefulness of conception and __35__ of character. He can become almost any kind of writer that his peculiarly restless character will __36__.Born in St. Paul, he attended Princeton, served in the Army, wrote his first novel in a trainingcamp, achieved fame and fortune, married a Southern girl, has a child and lives in New York. At heart, he is one of the kindliest of the younger writers. Artistry means a great deal to F. Scott Fizgerald, and into his own best work he __37__ great efforts. He demands this in the work of others, and when he does not find it he criticizes with passionate earnestness. I have known him, after reading a young fellow-novelist’s book, to take what must have been hours of time to write him a lengthy, careful __38__.Just what he will write in the future remains __39__. With a firmer reputation than that of the other young people, he yet seems to me to have achieved rather less than Robert Nathan and rather more than Stephen Vincent Benet, Cyril Hume. His coming novel should mean a definite prediction for future work. It is to be hoped that from it will be __40__ the seemingly unavoidable modern girls.Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Parents have been concerned about their kids’use of technology since the dawn of technology—or at least since the invention of the transistor radio in the 1950s. today, technology is everywhere, and kids are growing up___31___to their smartphones, tablets and laptops in ways that 50s moms and dads could never have dreamed of. Parental concern has grown along with this tech__32___. But now, even those in the industry are wondering if technology has taken a truly__33___hold on all of us ---and especially children.No less than Melinda Gates, wife of Microsoft founder Bill Gats, wrote an editorial in the Washington Post last summer expressing regret for the Pandora’s Box she and her husband helped open. “I spent my career in technology. I wasn’t prepared for its effect on my kids.” She wrote. “Phones and apps aren’t good or bad by themselves, but for adolescents who don’t’ yet have the。

2018上海高三英语一模汇编：完形填空

2018届高三英语一模汇编——完形填空1、2018黄浦一模Directions:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Could Buying Paintings Make You Rich?Is investing in paintings a good way to get rich fast?And how should you invest in art?“With extreme__41__”is the advice of Patrick Connolly,a financial adviser.“We don’t__42__our customers to invest in art because the downsides are greater than the upsides.It doesn't produce income or earnings.What you__43__ is exclusively based on supply and demand,and there are big movements upwards or downwards if there are changes in the economic environment,”he said.To invest in art as a true investment,you need a starting fund of at least$5,000.But it’s not just about having enough__44__to buy the painting in the first place.Expensive works of art are often stored in protective boxes complete with detectors to monitor humidity and temperature levels,and to protect them from sun damage or other__45__such as a spilled cup of coffee.And if you do put it on your wall,then your insurance costs are likely to be high.If word gets out that you have expensive art hanging on your wall,then you're likely to be a__46__for thieves.Art is also not a regulated investment so when things go wrong–for example,an artwork turns out to be a fraud(赝品)–then investors cannot fall back on__47__for any repayment.Of course given the current environment of low interest rates,that's still a(n)__48__return than many savings accounts will give you.As art has no association to the stock market,it means paintings can__49__in value even when the market crashes,making it a good option for investment__50__.It is reported that after a decrease in the global art market throughout2016,auction(拍卖)sales__51__in the first six months of2017.Yet you don't necessarily have to be super-wealthy to invest in art.There are a growing number of art fairs and online marketplaces aimed at buyers with a more__52__budget.Most art industry experts suggest that you buy a piece of art because you like it,not because you want to get rich.The most__53__approach is probably to buy something you like and can__54__and,be prepared to keep it just for your own pleasure.If it goes up in value that should be just a(n)__55__benefit.41.A.accuracy B.carefulness C.enthusiasm D.generosity42.A.beg B.control C.forbid D.recommend43.A.get back B.look into C.take out D.turn to44.A.desire B.energy C.money D.time45.A.accidents B.appliances C.measures D.drinks46.A.partner B.spectator C.target D.therapy47.A.initiative B.regulation C.strategy D.tradition48.A.better B.earlier C.healthier D.lower49.A.fall apart B.fall down C.go ahead D.go up50.A.funds B.levels C.selections D.rates51.A.ceased B.proceeded C.recovered D.shrank52.A.fixed B.limited C.massive D.modest53.A.creative B.direct C.flexible D.sensible54.A.afford B.preserve C.transfer D.undertake55.A.added B.maximum C.obvious D.social答案：41--45BDACA46--50CBADC51--55CDDAACameron Buckner,assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Houston,argues in an article published in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research that a wide range of animal species exhibit so-called“executive control”when it comes to making decisions,__41__considering their goals and ways to satisfy those goals before acting.He acknowledges that language is__42__for some experienced forms of higher-order thinking,or thinking about thinking.But supported by a review of previously published research,Buckner__43__that a wide variety of animals—elephants,chimpanzees(黑猩猩),ravens(大乌鸦)and lions,among others—__44__reasonable decision-making.“These data suggest that not only do some animals have a subjective take on the suitability of the__45__they are evaluating for their goal,they possess a subjective,internal signal regarding their confidence in this take can be used to select among different options,”he wrote.The question has been__46__since the days of the ancient philosophers,as people considered what means to be human is.One way to address that,Buckner said,is to__47__exactly what sets humans apart from other animals.Language remains a key difference between animals and humans,and Buckner notes that serious__48__in the 1970s and80s to teach animal’s human language—teaching chimpanzees to use sign language,__49__—found that although they were able to express simple ideas,they did not engage in__50__thought and language structures.Ancient philosophers relied upon unreliable__51__to study the issue,but today’s researcher conduct complicated controlled experiments.Buckner,working with Thomas Bugnyar and Stephan A.Reber,mental biologist at the University of Vienna,last year__52__the results of a result that determined ravens share at least some of the human ability to think abstractly about other minds,__53__their behavior by attaching their own observations to others.In his latest paper,Buckner offers several examples to support his__54__.His goal,Buckner said,was to organize experimental research,“to see that we’re gathered enough evidence to say that animals really are__55__in a unique way.”41.A.secretly B.unintentionally C.scarcely D.consciously42.A.required B.qualified C.acquired D.prepared43.A.concerns plains C.conclude D.convinces44.A.turn down B.engage in C.refer to D.argue about45.A.option B.scheme C.regulation D.random46.A.dismissed B.ignored C.debated D.answered47.A.evaluate B.determine C.overlook D.initiate48.A.results B.successes C.achievements D.attempts49.A.for example B.this is to say C.on the contrary D.as a result50.A.obvious B.feasible C.private plex51.A.mystery B.tradition C.evidence D.fiction52.A.substituted B.published C.reflected D.maintained53.A.adapting B.symbolizing C.investigating D.revenging54.A.agreement B.implement C.requirement D.argument55.A.passionate B.reasonable C.confused D.ridiculous答案：41--45DACBA46--50CBDAD51--55CBADB8Artists have long claimed alcohol and other drugs as inspiration for their creativity.But is there really a(n)__41__ between intoxication(醉酒)and inspiration?A recent study published in Consciousness and Cognition explored the effects of moderate drunkenness on people’s creativity.The authors suggest that alcohol’s well-known effect in__42__ executive function may be helpful for these types of creation problems:”Sometimes a reduced ability to__43__one’s attention can have positive implications for select cognitive tasks,”they write.The findings raise the question of whether drugs that__44__attention and focus,in particular,stimulants(兴奋剂), would have the opposite effect on creative thinking__45__,very little research has been done on the issue,and what results exist so far have been mixed.The outcomes may well vary according to individual__46__to the drugs.__47__, some research has found that while stimulants can__48__test performance for those who are less intelligent,for the smartest folks,the drugs can have the opposite effect.If less executive function is linked to more creativity,this may also explain why artists,writers and musicians appear to be more__49__to have an addiction.Perhaps creative people are more likely than others to be__50__to drugs in the first place,as a possible source of inspiration.And then,if reduced executive function is__51__in part for their initial talent,this,too,could make them more easily influenced by__52__once they start using.Having less executive control before you even take drugs means you’ll have less ability to stop once you start.Whatever the real relationship between drunkenness,addiction and art,the authors__53__that their study findings don’t give people__54__to get drunk to“inspire the muse(冥想).”Co-author Jennifer Wiley,associate professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago,told the British Psychological Society’s Research Digest:”We tested what happens when people are slightly drunk-not when people drank to__55__.There could be no argument from these findings that drinking excessively would have the same effects.”A glass of wine or two,however,may occasionally help.41.A.attraction B.reservation C.connection D.decoration42.A.strengthening B.damaging C.maintaining D.Assessing43.A.block B.reduce C.disturb D.control44.A.remain B.drop C.shift D.increase45.A.However B.Moreover C.Instead D.Therefore46.A.Additions B.responses C.oppositions D.contrasts47.A.For example B.On the contrary C.As a result D.On the otherhand48.A.conceal B.executive C.improve D.delete 49.A.vital B.likely C.ideal D.difficult 50.A.AttractedB.contributedC.respondedD.withdrawn 51.A.responsible B.illegal C.natural D.impossible 52.A.confusion B.Ambition C.Addiction D.exhaustion53.A.lower B.monitor C.function D.caution54.A.sacrifice B.privacy C.Appreciation D.license55.A.priorities B.extremes C.bottom D.Affection答案：41--45CBADA46--50BACBA51--55ACDDB12、2018静安一模The sights,sounds,and smells of the modern marketplace are rarely accidental.More likely,they are tools of an evolving strategy of psychological marketing called“sensory marketing”to create an emotional association to a(n) __41__product or brand.By relating to people in a far more__42__way through everyone’s own senses,sensory marketing is able to affect people in a way that traditional mass marketing cannot.Traditional marketing believes that consumers will systematically consider__43__product factors like price, features,and utility.Sensory marketing,by contrast,seeks to resort to the consumer’s life experiences and feelings. Sensory marketing believes that people,as consumers,will act according to their emotional urge more than to their __44__reasoning.In this way,an effective sensory marketing effort can result in consumers choosing to buy a lovely but expensive product,rather than a plain but cheap__45__.In the past,communications with customers were mainly monologues—companies just‘talked at’consumers. Then they evolved into dialogues,with customers providing__46__.Now they’re becoming multidimensional conversations,with products finding their won voices and consumers responding__47__to them.Based on the implied messages received through five senses,consumers,without noticing it,tend to apply human-like personalities to brands,leading to intimate relationship and,hopefully for the brands,persistent__48__. And that’s the very thing brands are dying to foster in customers rather than instant trend or profits.Most brands are considered to have either“sincere”or“exciting”personalities.“Sincere”brands like IBM and Boeing tend to be regarded as conservative and reliable while“exciting”brands like Apple,and Ferrari are as imaginative and__49__.In general,the consumers tend to form__50__relationships with sincere brands than with exciting ones,this explains the relatively enduring history of the“Sincere Brands”.Certainly,with the eyes containing two-thirds of all the__51__cells in a person’s body,sight is considered the most important of all human senses.Sensory marketing uses sight to create a memorable“sight experience”of the product for consumers which extends to packaging,store interiors,and printed advertising to form a(n)__52__image for the brand.In other words,no aspects of a product design is left to__53__anymore,especially color.Brand acceptance is linked closely with the appropriateness of the colors on the brand—does the color__54__the product at all?If not, customers,though not realizing it themselves,will__55__the brands in all possible ways-sales,reputations,etc. Therefore,brands,isn’t it time now to study the new field of marketing?41.A.specific B.qualified C.average D.adequate 42.A.economic B.personal C.artificial D.mechanic43.A.obvious B.potential C.accessible D.concrete 44.A.imaginable B.objective C.psychological D.gradual 45.A.alternative B.reward C.sample D.exhibit pliment B.fund C.prospect D.feedback47.A.temporarily B.subconsciously C.occasionally D.attentively48.A.loyalty B.philosophy C.endurance D.regulationd B.daring C.steady D.classic50.A.far-fetched B.hard-won C.long-lasting D.easy-going51.A.individual B.sensory C.present D.general52.A.overall B.ambitious C.dramatic D.additional53.A.chance B.maintenance C.progress D.leadership54.A.accept B.overlook C.fit D.treat 55.A.shape B.punish C.signify D.exploit答案：41-45ABDBA46--50DBABC51--55BAACB13、2018青浦一模Travel,a home coming tourIn the UK travel is an enriching life experience that will make your resume stand out amongstother applicants. Travel is not simply a pursuit of__41__but also“character-b uilding”，“defining”and potentially“career-boosting”.Most of the people I know here at university__42__the desire to travel and escape the stresssurrounding us.But Idon’t think,as UK students,we can blame our addiction to international travel simply on a stressful life.Yes,Ihave a lotto handle and it’s a fine__43__act managing my part-time job,my degree and my social life to a perfect level.In a trulyopen world,we can get anywhere,see anything and experience every culture under the sun,at the click of a button,thepurchase of a__44__.Many people I met while working in China were surprised at the number of countries I’d travelled pared to friends and family I consider myself vastly__45__.I’ve never set foot across the pond in the U.S.A and Canada,let alone South America and even within Europe my checklist of destinations is far from__46__.I was also met by__47__at how little travelling I had done within my own borders.This was something I had not really considered before.How much of my own country had I really seen and experienced?To those from a place as vast and varied as China,Britain was really so__48__in comparison and so to have spent20years there and not seen every part of it was quite surprising.I had a conversation with a Chinese colleague over the reasoning behind our use of golden Cotswold stone,which sounds dull for most people.As a student of history,I found anything__49__fascinating.However it was not the stone within British cities I found interesting.What was curious was that it was something I had never even considered,and yet here was someone__50__on something I had simply taken for granted.We continued our discussion,yet I was left__51__that I could not answer her question.In China,as well as a wealth of new culture that fascinated me,I discovered that there were parts of the UK’s culture,history,the very structure of my identity that were so different,so unique from China that I also__52__a newly found interest in my own heritage.In this respect,travelling enables you with two things.Firstly you develop a(n)__53__with new cultures, understanding customs,experiencing cuisines and absorbing the sights and smells of every new city.For many employers this__54__to new locations is seen as tremendous in your personal resume.But alongside increased employability,through international,cross-cultural conversations,you develop an interest in your own history,culture, and customs.You return to your home__55__an understanding of other people’s fascination with it and your own sense of love for its peculiarities.41.A.leisure B.wealth pany D.personality42.A.question B.refuse C.detect D.experience43.A.balancing B.forcing C.judging D.disturbing44.A.course B.stamp C.diploma D.ticket45.A.under-stuffed B.under-travelled C.under-used D.under-expanded46.A.official B.vacant plete D.accurate47.A.excitement B.hatred C.astonishment D.disgust 48.A.youngB.beautifulC.remoteD.small 49.A.historical B.dramatic C.religious D.perfect 50.A.piledB.hookedC.reliedD.carried51.A.exhausted B.embarrassed C.puzzled D.convinced52.A.exchanged B.lost C.gained D.traded53.A.observation B.resolution C.fascination D.illustration54.A.relation B.preference C.agreement D.adaptability55.A.objecting to B.filled with C.bothered by D.searching for答案：41--45ADADB46--50CCDAB51--55BCCDB15、2018金山一模AlphaGo has struck again,defeating Ke Jie,the world’s number one Go player,3-0.After his defeat,the youngChinese prodigy said AlphaGo sees the__41__of Go while he could only see a small area around him.This win, coupled with last year’s victory over Lee Se-dol,shines a light on the awe-inspiring__42__of technology and places AlphaGo among the greatest Artificial Intelligence(AI)systems created to date.The AI industry is certainly making great advancements,constantly surprising the public with new and interesting tools and making life__43__.Twenty years ago,just connecting to the Internet was a__44__.Now,we can do just about anything on our phones,from online banking to__45__shows.The shifting sands of technology have placed so many paths in front of humanity that it is hard to__46__even the immediate future.We may talk about how AI can make our lives better,but we also consider the risks.Many stories and films__47__ around the theme of AI vs.human.One that comes to my mind now is The Terminator.The film is about an AI system called Skynet,which was__48__to protect humans.What the programmers did not expect was that Skynet began to think.It came to the conclusion that humans were a danger to its existence,so it started a global nuclear war and tried to “__49__”humanity.AlphaGo’s recent achievements highlight the__50__that technology and AI can bring about.They also serve to remind us of the__51__and risks we may not have had time to think about.Some of us used to__52__the possibility of creating an actual“thinking”AI system,or believe that humans will always be able to__53__an AI system,but certain facts have now been placed in front of us.All that’s left to be done is to__54__the actual“thinking”part of advanced AI systems like AlphaGo to more fields.Once that happens,human beings will be pretty much__55__.If we do not fully understand the risks of AI systems,we might be flying too close to the“sun”,and like Icarus in Greek mythology,we will fall.41.A.fun B.secret C.universe D.potential42.A.intelligence B.advancements C.risks D.threats43.A.easier B.slower C.harder D.faster44.A.mess B.headache C.loss D.leisure45.A.live B.instant C.immediate D.direct46.A.tell B.frame C.predict D.encounter47.A.reveal B.reverse C.resolve D.revolve48.A.processed B.modified C.introduced D.developed49.A.help B.isolate C.terminate D.investigate50.A.benefits B.possibilities C.signals D.incident51.A.questions B.tragedies C.treasures D.disasters52.A.analyze B.develop C.doubt D.preview53.A.outsmart B.overhead C.outnumber D.overtake54.A.adopt B.shrink C.adapt D.control55.A.intelligent B.powerful C.patriotic D.outdated答案：41-45CBABA46--50CDDCB51--55ACACD15。

2018届上海市各高中名校高三英语题型分类专题汇编--摘要写作(Summary Writing)-(带答案精准校对加强版)

IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.If you suffer from shyness, you are not alone, for shyness is a universal phenomenon. It is not surprising that social scientists are learning more about its causes.The first environmental cause of shyness many be a child’s home and family life. Today’s children are growing up in smaller and smaller families, with fewer and fewer relatives living nearby. Growing up in single-parent homes or in homes in which both parents work full time, children may not have the socializing experience of frequent visits by neighbours and friends. Because of their lack of social skills, they may begin to feel socially inhibited, or shy, when they start school.A second environmental cause of shyness in an individual may be one’s culture. In a study conducted in Japan, 57 percent of participants rated themselves as shy. Researchers Henderson and Zimbardo say, “One explanation is that in Japan, an individual’s performance success is credited externally to parents, grandparents, teachers, coaches, and others, while failure is entirely blamed on the person.” Therefo re, Japanese learn not to take risks in public and rely instead on group-shared decisions.Technology may play a role as well. In the United States, the number of young people who report being shy has risen from 40 percent to 50 percent in recent years. Due to huge advances in technology, watching television, playing video games, and surfing the Web have displaced recreational activities that involve social interaction for many young people. Adults, too, are becoming more isolated as a result of technology. Face-to-face interactions with bank tellers, gas station attendants, and store clerks are no longer necessary because people can use machines to do their banking, fill their gas tanks, and order merchandise. In short, they become shy.It appears that most people have experienced shyness at some time in their lives. Therefore, if you are shy, you have lots of company.Keys:Shyness is common and it has environmental causes, including home and family life, culture and technology. Firstly, with smaller families and working parents,children lack social interactions. Besides, blaming individuals for failure can cause people in some culture to be shy in public.Finally, with the development of technology, people have fewer opportunities to socialize in person.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was, thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist, encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.Keys:People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. For a long time in history, people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. However, peoplebegan to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.What I think of boxing as a sportBoxing is a popular sport that many people seem to be fascinated by. Newspapers, magazines and sports programmes on TV frequently cover boxing matches. Professional boxers earn a lot of money, and successful boxers are treated as big heroes.It seems to me that some people, especially men, find it appealing because it is an aggressive sport. When they watch a boxing match, they can identify with the winning boxer, and this gives them the feeling of being a winner themselves. Sometimes fans are rooting for a particular boxer, moreover because the boxer comes form their own country, and if "their" boxer loses, they often feel as if they have lost a fight themselves. It is a fact that many people have feelings of aggression from time to time, but they cannot show their aggression in their everyday lives. Watching a boxing match gives them an outlet for this aggression.However, there is a negative side to boxing. It can be a very dangerous sport. Although boxers wear gloves during the fights, and amateur boxers even have to wear helmets, there have frequently been accidents in both professional and amateur boxing, sometimes with dramatic consequences. Boxers have suffered from head injuries, and occasionally, fighters have even been killed as a result of being knocked out in the ring. For example, studies have shown that there are often long-term effects of boxing, in the form of serious brain damage, even if a boxer has never been knocked out.To conclude, I am personally not at all in favour of aggressive sports like boxing. I think it would be better if less time was given to aggressive sports on TV, and we celebrated more men and women from non-aggressive sports as our heroes and heroines in our society. I believe that the world is aggressive enough already! Of course, people like competitive sports, and so do I, but I think that hitting other people in an aggressive way is not something that should be regarded as asport.Keys:The author is opposed to boxing as a sport. Boxing is nowadays very popular because people, especially men, release their feelings of aggression while watching the boxing match. However, boxing can have a devastating impact on boxer’ health and even lives. Therefore, the author appeals to the public to enjoy more non-aggressive sports.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Tired of all the pushing in supermarkets? Fed up with waiting in endless lines to pay for what you have bought? Angry at wasting time in traffic jams only to find no parking spaces when you eventually arrive at the store? If this is you, then online shopping is the answer to your dreams of trouble-free shopping.Online shopping brings its own challenges. Here are a few things to bear in mind when browsing various websites. The claim made by online sites is that shopping online is a safe and secure way to make purchases. The evidence challenges this. In any case, you only have to be the victim of fraud (欺骗) once to experience all the problems that come with this form of stealing. Use only sites that have a trusted history and an excellent reputation.Another problem is that the appearance of items in reality is often quite different from what you see on your computer screen. This might not be a problem if you are buying washing up powder but could be a major disappointment when that beautiful blue dress you ordered turns up in green. Also, product descriptions are sometimes simply untrue! Perhaps the wisest plan is to purchase items whose design and color are not essential to customer satisfaction.Some even argue that online shopping indirectly contributes to global warming. Yes, your car can stay parked but how are online goods delivered? Often by some large van pouring out carbon monoxide and adding to our already desperate traffic problems. You are also by now becoming increasingly irritated(使烦恼) by the fact that the delivery is late !Keys:Online shopping can free you of the trouble you meet when buying things in store. However, it has challenges. Firstly, you should bear in mind that you must use sites which deserve trusting. Secondly, you shouldn’t believe all the descriptions because they may be untrue. Lastly,you should know although the delivery may be late, it may cause global warming.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Learn from mistakesThe best way to learn something is to make mistakes first.Thomas Edison,who invented the light bulb,told his colleagues:"Of the 200 light bulbs that didn't work,every failure told me something I was able to incorporate into the next attempt."Benjamin Franklin,the US statesman and scientist once said:“I haven't failed.I have had 10,000 ideas that didn't work.”Both these people understood that failures and false starts are the condition of success.In fact,a surprising number of everyday objects had their beginnings in a mistake or a misunderstanding.Post-it-notes,packets of crisps and even bread are all unexpected inventions.In 2600 BC,a tired Egyptian slave invented bread when the dough rose during his sleep.And crisps were first cooked by a chief in the USA when a customer complained that his fried potatoes were not thin enough.In 1958 Spencer Silver was trying to develop a strong adhesive when he accidentally invented a very weak glue instead.His colleague,Art Fry,decided to use it six years later,in 1974,to hold his bookmarks in his books and the post-it note was invented.Successful business people have often made big,expensive mistakes in their past.When an employee of IBM made a mistake that cost the company $600,000,Thomos Watson,the chairman,was asked if he would fire the man. "Of course not,"he replied.“I have just spent $600,000 training him.I am not going to let another company benefit from experience.”The important thing to remember is that you need to learn from your mistakes.If youdon't,then there is no sense in making them.Keys:The best way to learn something is to make mistakes first .And failures and false starts are the condition of success. In fact, lots of everyday objects had their beginnings in a mistake .Besides,Successful business people have often made big ,expensive mistakes in their past. All in all,The important thing is that you need to learn from your mistakes.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, American immunologist (免疫学家），encourages children to play in thedirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.Keys:People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually an epidemic（流行病）of sleepiness in the nation”. I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to,” says Dr.David. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.The beginning of our sleep-deficit（睡眠不足）crisis can be traced back to the invention of the light bulb a century ago. From diary entries and our personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. ” The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do in the evening down on the farm, and it was dark.” By the 1950s and 1960s, the sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and 8 hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. “People cheat in their sleep, and they don’t even realize they’re doing it,”says Dr.David, ”They think they’re okay because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need 7.5, 8 or even more to feel ideally vigorous. ”Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researches say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community increase, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on their programme.” In our society, you’re considered dynamic if you say you need only 5.5 hours’ sleep. If you’ve got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition. “To determine the consequences of sleep-deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier.” We’ve found that if you’re in sleep deficit, performance suffers,” says Dr.David, ”Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate.”Keys:Sleep-deficit, a common phenomenon in America, is caused by several factors. Firstly, the invention of the light bulb has changed people’s lifestyle and shorten people’s sleep time by about 2 hours. Secondly, various pressures and misleading social concepts also contribute to sleep-deficit. Researchers have found out that sleep-deficit would influence us intellectually.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.“Daily Star, sir!” called Jason, carrying some newspaper under his arm. The little boy had been running up and down the street, but there were still twenty papers left. It was raining all day, though not heavily. There were few people on the streets and the shop would soon close. He had hoped to sell more papers tonight to make more money to buy a cake for his mother. That was why he had bought the papers with all his money. But it seemed he would have to go home, carrying the papers instead of money.“You don’t know the secret of selling papers. You must shout, ‘Hot news! Bomb bursting!’” another newsboy Chad told Jason.“But it’s not in the paper at all,” replied Jason.“Just run away quickly before they have time to see the paper. Get the paper sold out a nd the money. That’s it!” Chad said.It was a new idea to Jason. He thought of the cake he wanted to buy for his mother, but was determined that though he was just a poor newsboy, he would not tell a lie, which had been taught by his mother.The next afternoon Jason went to the office for his papers as usual. Several boys were crowding around Chad, who declared with a proud smile that he sold six dozen the day before. A gentleman at the office came up and patted Jason’s shoulder fondly.“You’re just the boy I am looking for.”A week later Jason started his new job. He lost the sale of twenty papers because he would not tell a lie, but got a well-paid job because he insisted on telling the truth.Keys:To buy a cake for his mother, Jason, a little boy, tried to sell the newspaper he bought for the money but failed. Although advised to cheat the passers-by for sales from another newsboy, he decided to stay a clear conscience. On the next day, a gentleman praised Jason and offered him a better job for his honesty.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.HopeNothing in my life had prepared me for what I had to do. Choosing my words carefully, and fighting to stay calm, I told my 4-year-old daughter that her grandmother had suffered a stroke (中风), that she was unconscious, and that the doctors said she would probably never wake up. As she moved closer to me, Amelia looked at me, eyes bright, and said, “Maybe Grandma will be okay.” “Maybe she will,” I said, keeping back the tears. But I knew better. I was flying up to Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, from our Florida home in the morning to say good-bye to my mom.The rest of that awful week, I joined my brother and father sitting by my mother’s side in the hospital room. I held her hand and talked to her. I told her that we still needed her. I told her that it wasn’t time to leave yet. I told her how much I loved h er. And I told her that her little granddaughter, Amelia, believed that she’d get better. The doctors, with all their years of training and experience, offered no hope for recovery. The damage was simply too extensive.A couple of weeks later, an odd thing happened. Mom woke up! And then she perseveredthrough a long and tough process of restoration to health, during which she had to learn to walk, read, and write all over again, and eventually returned home to Dad. The only one who wasn’t shocked was Amel ia. The doctors couldn’t explain it. Amelia didn’t need to. Hope came as naturally to her as breathing.So why are we so afraid to hope sometimes? Maybe it’s because over the years, life’s disappointments can turn us to disillusionment (理想破灭). How many times have you heard someone say: “Hope for the best, expect the worst”? That’s not really hope at all.Hope is being able to look at our world with all of the joy and wonder of a child.Keys:Doctors were pessimistic about my mother’s stroke while my little daughter, Amelia, full of hope. I passed on Amelia’s hope when our family gathered to bid farewell to her in hospital. Incredibly, she recovered and came back home after a period of restoration. Everyone was astonished except Amelia. Hope does bring people in trouble amazement.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.When you hear the final whistleOne of the hardest things for any sportsperson to do is to know when to retire.But even harder is finding the answer to the question ‘What am I going to do with the rest of my life?’Some sport people go on playing too long. Perhap s they just can’t stand life without the ‘high’ of playing professional sport. Michael Jordan, the greatest basketball player of all time, retired three times. He retired once from the Chicago Bulls, made a successful comeback with the Bulls, then retired again. His second comeback with an inferior team ended in failure and he retired for ever at the age of 38. Jordan said, ‘There will never be anything I do that will fulfil me as much as competing did.’Others can’t resist the change of one last “pay day”. Muhammad Ali needed the money, but his comeback fight, at the age of 39, against Trevor Berbick, was one of the saddest spectacles in modern sport. After losing to Berbick, Ali retired permanently. Three years later he developedParkinson’s disease.For some people the pain of saying goodbye never leaves them. As Jimmy Greaves, an ex-England international footballer said, ‘I think that a lot of players would prefer to be shot once their career is over.’ Many of them spend their retirement in a continual battle against depression, alcohol, or drugs.But for the lucky few, retirement can mean a successful new career. Franz Beckenbauer is a classic example of a footballer who won everything with his club, Bayern Munich. After retiring he became a successful coach with Bayern and finally President of the club. John McEnroe, the infamous ‘bad boy’ of tennis, is now a highly respected and highly paid TV commentator. But sadly, for most sportspeople, these cases are the exceptions.Keys:The passage describes sportsperson how to spend their lives after retirement.Some people continue playing for not standing without playing sports, others for the need for money. Moreover, many are struggling with their original bad habits while few can start a successful new career after retirement.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious(难为情) when they’re in poorly lit places –and so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesn’t have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.Mind the colours. Research suggests warm colours fuel our appetites. In one study, peoplewho ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colours like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colours make us less hungry. So when it’s time to repaint, go blue.Don’t forget the clock – or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at 30 minutes. And while you’re at it, actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turning on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plants can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.Keys:House design may affect your figure, but there’re four ways to control your diet. Dark light makes you eat more, so you should keep your room bright. Besides, decorating with cold colors can reduce your food-intake. Moreover, you can eat slowly with relaxing music. Finally, smaller tableware also reduces appetite.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Trees should be pruned( 修剪)only when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and fortunately , the number of such reason is small.First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches, which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut out diseased or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the center and so preventing the free movement of air.One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease , but it is a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce that risk of death as far as possible. It is important to make the area, which has been pruned, smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of the materials available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually done in winter , for then you can see the shape of the tree clearly without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed. If this does happen, it is, of course, impossible to paint them properly.Keys:Trees are pruned either for pruning images or good health. However, the wound caused by provide access for disease. Therefore, the gardeners should keep the cuts smooth and clear, meanwhile, the surface should be dried ,then the cuts should be applied substance. And pruning is recommended to be done in winter.IV. Summary WritingDirections:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.For anyone who doubts that the texting revolution is upon us, consider this: The average 13- to 17-year-old sends and receives 3,339 texts a month—more than 100 per day, according to the Nielsen Co., the media research firm. Adults are catching up. People from ages 45 to 54 sent and received 323 texts a month in the second quarter of 2010, up 75% from a year ago, Nielsen says.Behind the texting explosion is a fundamental shift in how we view our mobile devices. That they are phones is increasingly beside the point.Part of what's driving the texting surge among adults is the popularity of social media. Sites like Twitter, with postings of no more than 140 characters, are creating and reinforcing the habit of communicating in micro-bursts.。

2018年高考英语真题完形填空分类汇编全国各地精选全文完整版

精选全文完整版2018年高考英语真题完形填空分类汇编一、完形填空（共7题；共140分）1.（2018•卷Ⅰ）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A，B，C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a "free" course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits. I 1 the idea of taking the class because, after all, who doesn't want to 2 a few dollars? More than that, I'd always wanted to learn chess. And, even if I weren't 3 enough about free credits, news about our4 was appealing enough to me. He was an international grandmaster, which5 I would be learning from one of the game's6 ,I could hardly wait to7 him.Maurice Ashley was kind and smart, a former graduate returning to teach, and this 8 was no game for him; he meant business. In his introduction, he make it 9 that our credits would be hard-earned. In order to 10 the class, among other criteria, we had to write a paper on how we plan to 11 what we would learn in class to our future professions and12 , to our lives. I managed to get an A in that 13 and learned life lessons that have served me well beyond the 14 .Ten years after my chess class with Ashley, I'm still putting to use what he 15 me: "The absolute most important 16 that you learn when you play chess is how to make good17 .On every single move you have to 18 a situation, process what your opponent(对手) is doing and 19 the best move from among all your options."These words still ring true today in my 20 as a journalist.1. A. put forward B. jumped at C. tried out D. turned down2. A. waste B. earn C. save D. pay3. A. excited B. worried C. moved D. tired4. A. title B. competitor C. textbook D. instructor5. A. urged B. demanded C. held D. meant6. A. fastest B. easiest C. best D. rarest7. A. interciew B. meet C. challcnge D. beat8. A. chance B. qualification C. honor D. job9. A. real B. perfect C. clear D. possible10. A. attend B. pass C. skip D. observe11. A. add B. expose C. apply D. compare12. A. eventually B. naturally C. directly D. normally13. A. game B. presentation C. course D. experiment14. A. criterion B. classroom C. department D. situation15. A. taught B. wrote C. questioned D. promised16. A. fact B. step C. manner D. skill17. A. grades B. decisions C. impressions D. comments18. A. analyze B. describe C. rebuild D. control19. A. announce B. signal C. block D. evaluate20. A. role B. desire C. concern D. behavior【答案】（1）B；（2）C；（3）A；（4）D；（5）D；（6）C；（7）B；（8）D；（9）C；（10）B；（11）C；（12）A；（13）C；（14）B；（15）D；（16）D；（17）B；（18）A；（19）D；（20）A；【考点】夹叙夹议，单项选择型，人物故事类【解析】【分析】本文介绍了一位大二的学生从学校的围棋课程以及围棋老师身上学到的人生哲理和对他十年后的生活和工作的影响。

2018届上海市各高中名校高三英语题型分类专题汇编--选词填空-(带答案精准校对加强版)

II. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.You may still remember the “Eight Minutes of Tokyo” in the closing ceremony of the Rio Olympics last August. Even if the Tokyo Games wasn’t going to be here for another four years, the performance of the new host successfully (31) the show with its famous animated characters – Doraemon, Hello Kitty and Super Mario.It was a wise choice since there is probably nothing that shouts “Japan” more loudly than the country’s animation, known as “Japanimation”. And this year (32) the 100th anniversary of the very first Japanese cartoon, made in 1917.In the past century, the wild imagination of Japanese animators continued to feed our (33)______. Monsters, fairies, robots and magic feature often in their work. It has also been inspiring film industries in other parts of the world. The (34) story of Disney’s The Lion King (1994), for example, actually comes from Japan’s Kimba the White Lion. And the 1999 Hollywood (35)________ film, The Matrix, was also (36)________ influenced by the 1989 Japanese manga Ghost in the Shell .“I love his films. I study his films. I watch his films when I’m looking for(37) ,” John Lasseter, director of Pixar’s Toy Story, once said about famous Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki. And our (38) for this imaginary world is only growing.At the end of last year, for example, the story of Japanese cartoon Pokemon (was brought to life with the help of augmented reality technology. People in many countries are often seen searching for Pokemon in real life locations through the screens of their phones. They play it on their way to school, to work, and during holiday outings. Although Pokemon began as a video game a year before the cartoon came out, people should give the an imation a “Thanks” for bringing it to a wider audience.Besides being a source of entertainment, Japanese animation is also a (39) force of our daily lives. For example, wearing glasses used to be considered as uncool and geeky (书呆子气的), but after the 1981 TV animation Arale (《阿拉蕾》), in which there is a heavily-nearsighted girl with wings and magic powers, glasses soon became fashionable. And the language we use –the word meng (萌), to name one – is also (40) from Japanese animation.But interestingly, with all the imagination that is so admired by modern fans, it would still be hard for Japanese animators in 1917 to believe that the two-dimensional worlds that they were creating at the time would have such a big influence in today’s three-dimensional world.Keys: 31-40 B F K H G D E A C JII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Movies, TV shows, and video games have helped humanity paint a mental picture of what aliens might look like if we ever run into them, but most of the time those (31)_______ depictions have little or no scientific backing whatsoever. Researchers searching for extraterrestrial life don’t (32)______ know exactly what they’re looking for, but based on what we’ve learned about humanity’s rise there’s a handful of things nature tells us that are required for advancement of a civilization. In the book “The Future of Humanity,” author Michio Kaku attempts to answer the incredibly difficult question of what aliens might look like, and this time it’s not just a guess.Kaku consulted with exobiology experts and theorists who specialize in hypothetical alien life forms which have developed on far-off worlds much different from Earth. Using that accumulated knowledge, Kaku came up with a very basic list of (33)______ that any intelligence alien race would need to have in order to reach a level similar to humanity.As the New York Post reports, the requirements that Kaku has dreamt up are (34)______ thesame capabilities that scientists believe have allowed humans to progress in the way that we have: Thumbs –Scientists have long believed that (35) _______which led to opposable thumbs was a huge factor in the rise of primates(灵长类). A method of (36)_______objects allows for the making of tools which, it is thought, is one of the very earliest signs of intelligence as we know it. It makes sense that aliens would have followed a similar path.Language –This one is a bit tricky because it’s incredibly non-specific. The key here isn’t just the ability to communicate with each other in the moment — many animals have species-wide methods of vocal communication that could be considered language —but also to relay information and pass it down between generations. This allows the (37)________ of knowledge over long periods of time and gives new members of a species the chance to (38)______ and “stand on the shoulders” of those who came before them.These (39)________ obviously sound a lot like what we’re all born with, which makes perfect sense. However, within this very basic outline there’s plenty of room for v ariation. If aliens only need two eyes, a gripping appendage(附属肢体), and some kind of language in order to have caught up with humans, there’s really no telling what form their bodies have actually taken, especially on planets with chemical (40)______ far different from Earth.Keys: 31-40 G F J E K C B H I AII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Oumuamua, an object tumbling(翻转)through space hat was discovered on October 19th, has already made (31)______. The speed at which it is moving relative to the sun means that it cannotbe (32)_______ to the solar system. Its official designation(称号) is thus II /2017 U1, with the “I”(33) for" interstellar (星际的)”－the first time this designation has ever been used.That is exciting. Some scientists, though, (34)______ an even more exciting possibility: what if Oumuamua is not an asteroid(小行星) as most think, but an alien(外星的) spacecraft? Asteroids come in all sorts of shapes and sizes, but Oumuamua seems particularly odd. As best as astronomers can tell, it is cigarlike, being (35)______180 metres long but only about 30 metres wide. That makes it longer and thinner than anything known of in the solar system. Such a shape would be a (36)_____ choice for a spaceship, since it would minimize the scouring(冲刷) effect of interstellar dust.With that in mind the Breakthrough Listen Project, an organization devoted to (37) ______ for alien life, plans to turn the world’s biggest steerable radio telescope, the Green Bank instrument in Virginia, towards oumuamua to see if it can hear anything interesting. Oumuamua is (38)_______ about twice as far from Earth as Earth is from the sun. At that range, the telescope should be (39)____enough to pick up a transmitter about as powerful as a mobile phone after just a few seconds-worth of observations.Will it find anything? Almost certainly not, Oumuamua has the same reddish colour as many asteroids, so presumably has a similar (40)_____. And, if it really is a spaceship, it is odd that signs of its artificial origin have not been seen already and also odd that it is tumbling. It could, in theory, be deserted. But in that case the telescope is unlikely to hear anything. By far the most likely option is that it is exactly what it seems to be: a wandering hunk of space rock, although one that has come to the solar system from the vast voids between the stars.Keys: 31-40 D J G B K C A I F EII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Innovation, the elixir of progress, has always cost people their jobs. In the industrial revolution hand weavers were (31) aside by the mechanical loom. Over the past 30 years the digital revolution has (32) many of the mid-skill jobs that supported 20th-century middle-class life.Typists, ticket agents, bank tellers and many production-line jobs have been dispensed with, just as the weavers were.For those who believe that technological progress has made the world a better place, such disruption is a natural part of rising (33) . Although innovation kills some jobs, it creates new and better ones, as a more (34) society becomes richer and its wealthier inhabitants demand more goods and services. A hundred years ago one in three American workers was (35)________on a farm. Today less than 2% of them produce far more food. The millions freed from the land were not rendered (36) , but found better-paid work as the economy grew more sophisticated. Today the pool of secretaries has (37) , but there are ever more computer programmers and web designers.Optimism remains the right starting-point,but for workers the dislocating effects of technology may make themselves evident faster than its (38) . Even if new jobs and wonderful products emerge,in the short term income gaps will widen,causing huge social dislocation and perhaps even changing politics.Technology's (39) will feel like a tornado （旋风）, hitting the rich world first, but (40) sweeping through poorer countries too.No government is prepared for it.Keys: 31-40 J B K G C F I A E DII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food (31) at the supermarket. Since you really (32)_______yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help (33) some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket－including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up－is a choice architect.Governments don't have to (34) healthier lifestyles through laws for example, smoking bans.Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect－one that encourages us to choose what is best－we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with (35) hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to (36) foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains (37) by looking at the lights on the package.A green light (38) that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be (39) ; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in (40) . The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.Keys: 31-40 G C I F E B K J A HII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.THE TRANSPORTATION AUTHORITIES in Nanjing, East China’s Jiangsu province, are reportedly considering a (31) to cap the number of order for takeout deliverymen, many of whom have been (32) of violating traffic rules on a daily basis. Beijing News commented on Saturday:At least 242 traffic accidents in the city in the first half of this year involved takeout deliverymen, resulting in (33) to about 170, prompting the local transportation authorities to tighten their (34) of such takeout deliveries.So the Nanjing authorities have good reason to intervene, but placing a cap on the number of takeout orders (35) to deliverymen is a questionable move. Deliverymen hired by most platforms are allowed to go for any order up for grabs even when they do not have enough time to finish the delivery.Many reckless riders tend to disregard the traffic rules because failing to deliver an order within a given time - (36) around 20 minutes - can cost them one-third of the money they make. Such a rigid assessment mechanism (37) does not take into account any unavoidable delays.There is no doubt that timely deliveries must not come at the (38) of traffic order or the well-being of deliverymen. Food delivery service platforms need to provide proper training for their delivery staff to ensure they ride safely, as well as give them reasonable incentives and penalties. The local traffic enforcers can help food delivery companies to better manage their staff without (39) with their daily operations.In other words, limiting the number of takeout orders may overstep administrative boundaries. There are viable alternatives that are worth emulating, such as a code of conduct for deliverymen, along with a new management system that makes deliverymen (40) for their vehicles, most of which are currently registered under the name of their employers. A credit deduction policy that links the driving records of deliverymen with their pay might be another.Keys: 31-40：C I A F E B K G D JII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.I’m a 50-something male, the father of two mostly grown girls. I’m happy to say that both my parents are still kicking. I’m on good (31) with my brothers and sisters most of the time. I am blessed with good friends and other relations, and tend to get on well with my co-workers. I am fortunate in so many ways, but feel like I consistently disappoint everyone I know.I cannot, for the life of me, give a genuine (32) . It simply doesn’t come naturally. W hen I try, and I do, in order to maintain all the relationships, it feels forced, more a matter of (33)_____ than a gift that might put wind in the sails of someone I truly care for. I feel strongly that giving should spring from joy, or at least from a (34) desire to see the recipient enlivened by it. When I have nothing to offer in response to a job well done, everyone loses. I feel like I’ve twisted the emotional and social development of my children, alienated (疏远) any number of perfectly wonderfu l lovers, and generally kept the world at arm’s length.After years of psychotherapy and the obsessive (强迫症) self-examination common to my generation, I believe I know where this meanness of spirit comes from. Six kids in total, at a very tender age, there were five younger, cuter kids standing between me and the object of our (35) . Mama was driven to (36) , to put it mildly, by the demands placed on her, but it was the 1950s and she set a selfless and hardy example. I had complete (37) for her difficult situation, even at the time. The fact remains, however, that, as a young child, I needed more than I got. I (38) for my mother’s attention. I needed to know that she (39) me as more than her helper, her strong little man. I clearly recall, at the ripe old age of 7, coming to the conclusion that I would never get it. "That’s OK," I reckoned, "I can get by without it". "it" being her love.You can imagine the sibling rivalry in a big family. Eventually I took haven in the written word to get away from it. But even before I learned to read, I had realized that giving any sign ofapproval or encouragement to my brothers and sisters could only (40) to increase the gulf between me and my mom. Does that make sense? I can rationalize otherwise, of course, and now we’re all "one big happy family", but the damage is done. l want to be gracious and giving, but when I even think to reach into that purse, however, it’s pretty much empty.Keys: 31-40 D F I B K G A H C EII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.There are few symbols of pure American culture more powerful than the Disney theme parks. To walk down Main Streets, U.S.A., is to walk through a particular (31) of American’s collective memory. It’s small-town values. It’s optimism.It’s energy.It’s innovation.It’s a certain kind of innocence. It is by design,the story of the “American Way”－and one that has played a(n) (32) role in shaping the collective memory of American history.Though Disney Parks today are well-established cultural icons, the Walt Disney Company’s start as a(n) (33) of American history and ideals began long before it opened the gates of Disneyland. It is a sophisticated process. From its creation in 1923 as “The Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio,”the Disney operation was producing films that (34) Americans’ideal version of themselves.Often set in a glorified 19th century rural American heartland, these animations (35) a hero (usually the indomitable (不屈不挠的) Mickey Mouse) whose strong work ethic and bravery in the face of risk always found the “little guy” and “common man” triumphant over his foe(敌人). Such optimistic sentiment held great (36) in the country’s Depression years,and most certainly led Mickey and company to become household names.This narrative of upholding American values continued at the brand’s theme parks, where Walt Disney translated it into a physical experienc e using American folk history. “Disneyland,” he said at the park’s grand opening,“is (37) to the ideals, the dreams, and the hard facts that have created American.”Visitors are made to feel as if they are stepping into moments of history, ones chosen to fit a tidy narrative that (38) the nation’s past and future commitment to lift, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.To be sure, Disney’s unique ability to (39) American history in its own nostalgia-tinged (带有怀旧气息的) image－what has come to be called ”Disneyfication”－has drawn significant (40) . But when it comes to collective memory, it must be noted that the past can be remembered one way and exist factually in another, and that many different versions can have their place in the American mind. Even as characters change and Tomorrowland becomes an artifact of yesterday, Disneyland continues to be a touchstone of American collective memory.Keys: 31-40 G K H B I C D E J FII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.The world's first test-tube hamburger has already been synthesized (合成) and cooked at a cost of more than $300,000. Now two young bioengineers in Silicon Valley (硅谷) are trying to produce the first glass of (31) milk without a cow and with the help of GMO yeast (转基因酵母).Making milk, while complicated in its own way, is nonetheless much simpler than growing meat. "Less than 20 (32) are needed to give the flavor, structure and color you expect when you drink milk," says Ryan Pandya, who co-founded the synthetic dairy (合成乳制品) start-upMuufri with Perumal Gandhi.Pandya and Gandhi insert DNA sequences (序列) from cows into yeast cells, grow the cultures (培养出的细胞) at a (33) temperature and the right concentrations (浓度), and harvest milk proteins after a few days. "The process is extremely safe," says Gandhi. "It's the same one used to (34) insulin (胰岛素) and other medicines."The fats in Muufri milk come from vegetables and are changed at molecular (分子的) level to mirror the flavor and structure of milk fats. Minerals and sugars are purchased separately and (35) to the mix. Once the proportion is fine-tuned, the ingredients will turn into milk in a natural (36) .The scientists behind yeast-culture dairy are concerned about animal welfare (福祉) and agricultural sustainability—but also about creating a food that will find a mass market. As their artificial milk keeps the taste and nutritional benefits of cow milk, it will be different from soy-based (37) .While anti-GMO people worry about super crops taking over the natural world, Pandya replies, "Even if the yeast does go out in the world, it’ll produce only milk proteins and die within hours."Worldwide dairy (38) continues to grow every year. "We need to (39) to allow everyone to enjoy a glass of milk 50 years from today," Gandhi says. "The world will switch to the plant-based milk if our product is almost the same as the (40) one and priced right."Keys: 31-40 C I E A G B K D F JII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.In the wake of the historic announcement of the discovery of gravitational waves on February 11, 2016 by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), British physicist and black hole theorist Stephen Hawking was quick to (31) the US-led collaboration, sharing his excitement for the historic news.According to Hawking, these results confirm several very important (32) of Einstein’s theory of general relativity and it also confirms the existence of gravitational waves directly. As is becoming clear, the direct detection of these ripples in space time not only confirms Einstein’s famous theory of general theory but it also opens our eyes to a(n) (33) “dark” universe. Astronomers employ the electromagnetic spectrum (电磁光谱) to study the universe, but objects that do not radiate in the electromagnetic spectrum will go (34) . But now we know how to detect gravitational waves, which can help us detect and study some of the most energetic cosmic phenomena.“Gravitational waves provide a completely new way of looking at the universe and the ability to detect them has the (35) to revolutionize astronomy” said Hawking. “The discovery is the first observation of black holes merging. The observed (36) of this system are consistent with predictions about black holes that I made in 1970 in Cambridge.”However, this discovery also presents a puzzle for astrophysicists. The mass of each of the black holes are larger than expected for those formed by the gravitational (37) of a star---so how did both of these black holes become so massive.This question touches on one of the biggest mysterious (38) black hole evolution. Currently, astronomers are having a hard time understanding how black holes grow to be so massive. On the one end of the scale, there are “stellar mass(恒星质量)” black holes that form immediately after a massive star explodes, (39) an extremely bright light. And we also have an abundance of evidence for the existence of the super-massive that live in the centers of most galaxies. There should be evidence of black holes of all sizes, but “intermediate mass” black holes and black holes of a few dozen solar masses are (40) rare, throwing some black holes evolution theories into doubt.One thing is clear, however. This is the first time that we’ve acquired direct evidence of a black hole merger. So it’s good to know we’re on the right track.Keys: 31-40 G H F D I K C B J AII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Several recent studies have found that being randomly assigned to a roommate of another race can lead to increased (31) but also to a greater likelihood of conflict.Recent reports found that lodging with a student of a different race may decrease (32)_____and force students to engage in more ethnically diverse friendships. An Ohio State University study also found that black students living with a white roommate saw higher (33)_____success throughout their college careers. Researchers believe this may be caused by social pressure.In a New York Times article, Sam Boakye – the only black student on his freshman year floor -said that “if you’re surrounded by whites, you have something to prove.” Researchers also observed problems resulting from (34) interracial students in residences.According to two recent studies, randomly assigned roommates of different races are more likely to experience conflicts so (35) that one roommate will move out. An Indiana University study found that interracial roommates were three times as likely as two white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester. Grace Kao, a professor at Penn said she was not surprised by the fin dings. “This may be the first time that some of these students have (36)_____, and lived, with someone of a different race,” she said.At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when (37) for housing. “One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some (38) , the process throws you together randomly,” said Undergraduate Assembly chairman Alec Webley. “This is the definition of integration.” “I’ve experienced roommate conflicts between interracial students that have both broken down stereotypes and (39) stereotypes,” said one Penn resident advisor (RA). The RA of two years added that while some conflicts “provided more multicultural acceptance andmelding (融合),” there were also “jarring cultural resistance.” The RA said that these conflicts have also occurred among roommates of the same race.Kao said she (40) against forming any generalizations based on any one of the studies, noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained.Keys: 31-40 A H E F G D J K B III. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Would you like to make your green tea even greener? Or your espresso more eco-friendly? Starting Thursday, Starbucks is hoping to (31) a bit of environmentalism into each one of its brewed drinks by offering it in a reusable mug, costing just $1. The new cups change very little, except for the material: they are nearly (32) to the Seattle-based coffee company’s iconic white paper cup.Of course, the paper cups are still available for no charge, but the company is hoping that it will increase customers’ habits in bringing reusable cups, a(n) (33) they’ve promoted since 1985 which they currently nets customers a 10-cent discount on their order. The new cups will also (34) this same policy, which means it’ll pay for itself in 10 uses. Nothing (35) a coffee addiction like a bit of environmental do-goodism.The program was first (36) in Starbucks’ hometown of Seattle and throughout the already environmentally-friendly Pacific Northwest. It’s the same spirit that has encouraged shoppers to bring their own bags with them in San Francisco and Portland, both of which have (37)______ bans on plastic bags, requiring customers to bring their own or purchase reusable cloth bags. Seeing success, the reusable cups are now being rolled out to all of the U.S. andCanada.It’s all part of a long-term (38) by the chain to reduce environmental waste by cutting down on the number of paper cups finding their way to landfills. (Those Trenta cups）take up quite a bit of space, you know.) Starbucks long announced ago that it wanted to serve at least 25% of drinks in reusable cups by the year of 2015. The company has substantially lowered their (39)______ with this newest initiative, revising the hoped-for proportion to 5% in the next two years. But it seems like a(n) (40) goal — in 2011, Starbucks reports that 2% of drinks were served in reusable mugs. Now we just have to remember to grab ours off the counter before we run to Starbucks — a notoriously difficult feat before our first cup of coffee.Keys: 31-40 E I A E H C J B K GII. Grammar and VocabularySection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Here is a question that every person（even you）should think about what you will leave behind when you die. “I'm too young to think about that,” you may say. Wrong! Perhaps your mind goes to the (31) assets that you hope to acquire in the future----perhaps a house, a car, or a bank account. Sure, those things may be further down the road, but if you have an email address, own a collection of digital music and movies, use a social networking site, have an online photo album, or write a blog, then you are the proud owner of what is now being called (32) “assets”. We all (33) assume that our possession will go to our loved ones when we die. At some point, you'll probably even write a will which states who should inherit what. People are now starting to realize that (34) listing our material possessions may not be enough. Researchers at the University of London recently discovered that more and more Britons are now deciding who should get their digital photos, music, videos and so on---the “digital inheritance.”。

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One【2018届上海市西南位育高三英语上学期10月试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Many people think that listening is a passive business. It is just the ___41___one. Listeningwell is an active exercise of our attention and hard work. It is because they do not realize this, orbecause they are not __42____to do the work, that most people do not listen well.Listening well also requires total ____43____upon someone else. An essential part oflistening well is the rule known as ‘bracketing’. Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or ___44___your own prejudices and desires, to experience as far as possible someone else’s world from the inside, stepping into his or her shoes. ____45____, since listening well involvesbracketing, it also involves a temporary ____46____ of the other person. Sensing this acceptance,the speaker will seem quite willing to____47____up the inner part of his or her mind to thelistener. True communication is under way and the energy required for listening well is so greatthat it can be _____48____ only by the will to extend oneself for mutual growth.Most of the time we____49____ this energy. Even though we may feel in our businessdealings or social relationships that we are listening well, what we are usually doing is listening_____50____. Often we have a prepared list in mind and wonder, as we listen, how we canachieve certain_____51_____ results to get the conversation over as quickly as possible orredirected in ways more satisfactory to us. Many of us are far more interested in talking than into hear.listening, or we simply____52____ to listen to what we don’t wantIt wasn’t until toward the end of my doctor career that I have found the knowledge that one isbeing truly listened to is frequently therapeutic. In about a quarter of the patients I saw,____53_____ improvement was shown during the first few months of psychotherapy, before anyof the____54_____of problems had been uncovered or explained. There are several reasons for__55____ that he or shethis phenomenon, but chief among them, I believe, was the patient’s __was being truly listened to, often for the first time in years, and for some, perhaps for the first time ever.41. A.positive B. opposite C. same D. wrong42. A.reluctant B. generous C. willing D. considerate43. A. dependence B. influence C. decision D. concentration44. A. setting aside B. getting over C. noting down D. sticking to45. A. Therefore B. Moreover C. However D. Otherwise46. A. abandonment B. acceptance C. forgetfulness D. absorption47. A. turn B. take C. make D. open48. A. performed B. accomplished C. accompanied D. experienced49. A require B. produce C. lack D. motivate50. A. hopefully B. selectively C. thoroughly D. objectively51. A. required B. unexpected C. desired D. approved52. A. hesitate B. decide C. refuse D. agree53. A. imposing B. surprising C. fortunate D. instinct54. A. features B. reasons C. varieties D. roots55. A. purpose B. responsibility C. conclusion D. senseKeys: 41-45 BCDAB 46-50 BDBCB 51-55CCBDDTwo【2018届上海市延安中学高三英语上学期10月试题】III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.The earthquake of 26th December 2004 resulted in one of the worst natural disasters in living memory．It was a (31) _______ underwater quake and occurred in the Indian Ocean．It (32) _______ coastlines，communities and brought death to many peopleWhy do earthquakes happen?The surface of the earth has not always looked as it does today; it is moving (33) ______ (although very slowly) and has done so for billions of years. This is one (34) ______ of earthquakes, when one section of the earth (tectonic plate) (35) ____ another. Scientists can predict where but not (36) ______ this might happen and the area between plates is called a fault line. On one fault line in Kobe, Japan in 1923 over 200,000 people were killed. (37) _______, earthquakes do not always happen on fault lines, (38) ______ is why they are so dangerous and (39) _______.Where do volcanoes happen?Volcanoes happen where the earth’s(40) ______ is thin: lava, dust and gases (41) _____ from beneath the earth. They can rise into a huge cone shape like a mountain and erupt, (42) ______ they can be so violent (43) _______ they just explode directly from the earth with no warning. There are 1511 (44) “_______” volcanoes in the world. This means that they may (45) _______ be dangerous. In 1985 the Colombian volcano Nevado del Ruiz erupted. The lava melted a glacier and sent tons of mud (46) ______ the town below. Twenty thousand people died. Natural disasters like volcanic eruptions are often unpredictable. We regularly do not know when they (47)______ happen, or (48) ______ where they will happen. In the future, scientists may be able to watch and predict (49) ______ before they happen. This could (50) ______ many lives.。