文献综述和外文翻译

传统管理观念的另一个压力自于政府与私营部门之间关系的变化。在极端情况下有人认为,"没有政府的治理”正在成为先进工业民主管理的主要形态为((Rhodes 1997)。其它特征包括“空心化”国家和政府（Peters 1993; Rhodes 1994）和“谈判”型国家和经济（Nielsen and Pedersen 1990）。在所有关于政府转型的描述中，有人认为社会的影响力已经超越了政策和管理的影响力，而这是在较早的时代所无法想象的。正如在过去一样政府职能被视为削弱并且不可逆转。传统的将政府视为控制和规范社会组织的观念已然过时(Bekke, Kickert, and Kooiman 1995)。
摘要：在公共行政的讨论中，治理的概念被更为常见的使用，但这一词的含义并不总是很清楚。有越来越多的可以被归纳为"没有政府的治理“的欧洲文献强调：网络、伙伴关系和市场（尤其是国际市场）具有的重要性。这一机构的文献与相关的新的公共管理相关；然而，它有许多独特的元素。这篇文章讨论了它的优缺点和其在美国的公共行政的适用性。
我国著名学者俞可平教授认为：治理一词的基本含义是指官方的或民间的公共管理组织在一个既定的范围内运用公共权威维持秩序，满足公众的需要。治理的目的是在各种不同的制度关系中运用权力去引导、控制和规范公民的各种活动，以最大限度地增进公共利益。所以，治理是一种公共管理活动和公共管理过程，它包括必要的公共权威、管理规则、治理机制和治理方式。目前，我国学者对公共治理理论的研究主要集中于对现有理论的总结和公共治理理论对转型期我国的重要意义。
二、发展趋势
近年来，政府转型和政府角色定位成为我国学术界探讨的重点，而与此同时社会问题的频发也为政府执政提出更为严峻的考验。由西方发端的公共治理理论在政府与社会关系的讨论方面为政府职能改革提供了新的参考，现在及今后一段时期内将对政府角色定位产生深刻影响。
三、存在问题
公共治理理论在我国发展时间不久，虽然很多学者对其进行了研究与论述，但是普遍的社会认知尚未达到。我国目前正处于社会转型的关键时期，贫富差距拉大趋势明显，人民内部矛盾凸显，虽然我国政府一直在寻求很好的解决这些问题，但是收效甚微。公共治理理论可以为转型期我国政府角色定位提供理论参考，但是具体结合仍是问题根结所在，本文力图找到两者的结合点并提出建议。
The discussion of governance without government has been largely European and has concentrated primarily in theUnited Kingdomand theNetherlands. The European roots of this debate appear to be in part a function of the preeminent role of government in the welfare state inEuropeand of the strength and established position of interest groups in these societies (Kooiman1993; Schmitter and Lembruch 1979). In essence government has much more power to lose, more areas of policy involvement, and network structure already in place that can replace or supplement the power of government. In theUnited Kingdomthe emergence of this pattern of governing is a direct challenge to theWhitehallmodel of strong, centraliz
参阅外文篇目及文献翻译：
Governance Without Government? Rethinking Public Administration
《没有政府的治理——公共管理的再思考》
B. Guy Peters
ABSTRACT：The concept of governance has come to be used more commonly in the discussion of public administration, but the meaning of the term is not always clear. There is a growing body of European literature that can be characterized as "governance without government," stressing as it does the importance of networks, partnerships, and markets (especially international markets). This body of literature can be related to the new public management; yet it has a number of distinctive elements. This article discusses the strengths and weaknesses of this literature and its applicability to public administration in theUnited States.
Another strain on the traditional conception of governing arises from changes in the relationship between government and the private sector. At the extreme it is argued that "governance without government" is becoming the dominant pattern of management for advanced industrial democracies (Rhodes 1997).Other characterizations include "hollow" states and governments(Peters 1993; Rhodes 1994) and "negotiated" states and economies (Nielsen and Pedersen 1990). In all these depictions of changing patterns of government, it is argued that societal actor have become influential over policy and administration and have done so in waysthat were unimaginable in earlier times. Government is seen as weakened and as incapable of "steering" as it had in the past. The traditional concept of government as a controlling and regulating organization for society is argued to be outmoded (Bekke, Kickert, and Kooiman 1995).
The traditional conceptualization of the public sector has come under increasing strain during the past several decades. The idea that national governments are the major actors in public policy and that they are able to influence the economy and society through their actions now appears to be in doubt. Some of the strain on national governments has been the result of the increased importance of the international environment and of an arguably diminished capacity of those governments to insulate their economies and societies from the global pressures. Those pressures on national governments come about through international capital markets (Strange 1996; but see Hirst and Thompson 1996; Peters 1998) as well as through supranational organizations such as the European Union (Scharpf 1997).
3.王亚莹.从善治的角度出发寻求政府角色定位.才智2011年第2期
随着公民社会的逐渐发展与成熟，政府改革迫在眉睫。政府改革的动能来自于民主政治和公民社会建设的不断发展，改革所推动形成的新型社会关系将改变传统的观念和社会的格局，作为这场自上而下改革的主导者——政府而言，如何准确合理地设定自身的角色，把握改革的节奏和制度设计，在创新中平稳实现社会改革的目标尤为重要。本文通过对善治思维的挖掘和升华，从主体的视角来寻找政府的角色定位，试图运用善治理论作为一种方法论来引导政府改革的制度形式和目标设定。