chapter 1
CHAPTER 1英文
CHAPTER 1INTO THE PRIMITIVEOld longings nomadic leap,Chafing at custom's chain;Again from its brumal sleepWakens the ferine strain.Buck did not read the newspapers, or he would have known that trouble was brewing, not alone for himself, but for every tidewater dog, strong of muscle and with warm, long hair, from Puget Sound to San Diego. Because men, groping in the Arctic darkness, had found a yellow metal, and because steamship and transportation companies were booming the find, thousands of men were rushing into the Northland. These men wanted dogs, and the dogs they wanted were heavy dogs, with strong muscles by which to toil, and furry coats to protect them from the frost.Buck lived at a big house in the sun-kissed Santa Clara Valley. Judge Miller's place, it was called. It stood back from the road, half-hidden among the trees, through which glimpses could be caught of the wide cool veranda that ran around its four sides. The house was approached by graveled driveways which wound about through wide-spreading lawns and under the interlacing boughs of tall poplars. At the rear things were on even a more spacious scale than at the front. There were great stables, where a dozen grooms and boys held forth, rows of vine-clad servants' cottages, an endless and orderly array of outhouses, long grape arbors, green pastures, orchards, and berry patches. Then there was the pumping plant for the artesian well, and the big cement tank where Judge Miler's boys took their morning plunge and kept cool in the hot afternoon. And over this great demesne Buck ruled. Here he was born, and here he had lived the four years of his life. It was true, there were other dogs. There could not but be other dogs on so vast a place, but they did not count. They came and went, resided in the populous kennels, or lived obscurely in the recesses of the house after the fashion of Toots, the Japanese pug, or Ysabel, the Mexican hairless, strange creatures that rarely put nose out of doors or set foot to ground. On the other hand, there were the fox terriers, a score of them at least, who yelped fearful promises at Toots and Ysabel looking out of the windows at them and protected by a legion of housemaids armed with brooms and mops.But Buck was neither house dog nor kennel dog. The whole realm was his. He plunged into the swimming tank or went hunting with the Judge's sons; he escorted Mollie and Alice, the Judge's daughters, on long twilight or early morning rambles; on wintry nights he lay at the Judge's feet before the roaring library fire; he carried the Judge's grandsons on his back, or rolled them in the grass, and guarded their footsteps through wild adventures down to the fountain in the stable yard, and even beyond, where the paddocks were, and the berry patches. Among the terriers he stalked imperiously, and Toots and Ysabel he utterly ignored, for he was king--king over all creeping, crawling, flying things of Judge Miller's place, humans included.His father, Elmo, a huge St. Bernard, had been the Judge's inseparable companion, and Buck bid fair to follow in the way of his father. He was not so large--he weighed only one hundred and forty pounds--for his mother, She, had been a Scotch shepherd dog. Nevertheless, one hundred and forty pounds, to which was added the dignity that comes of good living and universal respect, enabled him to carry himself in right royal fashion. During the four years since his puppyhood hehad lived the life of a sated aristocrat; he had a fine pride in himself, was even a trifle egotistical, as country gentlemen sometimes become because of their insular situation. But he had saved himself by not becoming a mere pampered house dog. Hunting and kindred outdoor delights had kept down the fat and hardened his muscles; and to him, as to the cold-tubbing races, the love of water had been a tonic and a health preserver.And this was the manner of dog Buck was in the fall of 1897, when the Klondike strike dragged men from all the world into the frozen North. But Buck did not read the newspapers, and he did not know that Manuel, one of the gardener's helpers, was an undesirable acquaintance. Manuel had one besetting sin. He loved to play Chinese lottery. Also, in his gambling, he had one besetting weakness--faith in a system; and this made his damnation certain. For to play a system requires money, while the wages of a gardener's helper do not lap over the needs of a wife and numerous progeny.The Judge was at a meeting of the Raisin Growers' Association, and the boys were busy organizing an athletic club, on the memorable night of Manuel's treachery. No one saw him and Buck go off through the orchard on what Buck imagined was merely a stroll. And with the exception of a solitary man, no one saw them arrive at the little flag station known as College Park. This man talked with Manuel, and money chinked between them."You might wrap up the goods before you deliver them," the stranger said gruffly, and Manuel doubled a piece of stout rope around Buck's neck under the collar."Twist it, and you'll choke him plenty," said Manuel, and the stranger grunted a ready affirmative. Buck had accepted the rope with quiet dignity. To be sure, it was an unwonted performance but he had learned to trust in men he knew, and to give them credit for a wisdom that outreached his own. But when the ends of the rope were placed in the stranger's hands, he growled menacingly. He had merely intimated his displeasure, in his pride believing that to intimate was to command. But to his surprise the rope tightened around his neck, shutting off his breath. In a quick rage he sprang at the man, who met him halfway, grappled him close by the throat, and with a deft twist threw him over on his back. Then the rope tightened mercilessly, while Buck struggled in a fury, his tongue lolling out of his mouth and his great chest panting futilely. Never in all his life had he been so vilely treated, and never in all his life had he been so angry. But his strength ebbed, his eyes glazed, and he knew nothing when the train was flagged and the two men threw him into the baggage car.The next he knew, he was dimly aware that his tongue was hurting and that \he was being jolted along in some kind of a conveyance. The hoarse shriek of a locomotive whistling a crossing told him where he was. He had traveled too often with the Judge not to know the sensation of riding in a baggage car. He opened his eyes, and into them came the unbridled anger of a kidnaped king. The man sprang for his throat, but Buck was too quick for him. His jaws closed on the hand, nor did they relax till his senses were choked out of him once more."Yep, has fits," the man said, hiding his mangled hand from the baggage man, who had been attracted by the sounds of struggle. "I'm taking him up for the boss to 'Frisco. A crack dog doctor there thinks that he can cure him."Concerning that night's ride, the man spoke most eloquently for himself, in a little shed back of a saloon on the San Francisco water front."All I get is fifty for it," he grumbled, "and I wouldn't do it over for a thousand, cold cash."His hand was wrapped in a bloody handkerchief, and the right trouser leg was ripped from kneeto ankle."How much did the other mug get?" the saloon-keeper demanded."A hundred," was the reply. "Wouldn't take a sou less, so help me.""That makes a hundred and fifty," the saloon-keeper calculated, "and he's worth it, or I'm a squarehead."The kidnaper undid the bloody wrappings and looked at his lacerated hand. "If I don't get hydrophobia--""It'll be because you was born to hang," laughed the saloon-keeper. "Here, lend me a hand before you pull your freight," he added.Dazed, suffering intolerable pain from throat and tongue, with the life half throttled out of him, Buck attempted to face his tormentors. But he was thrown down and choked repeatedly, till they succeeded in filing the heavy brass collar from off his neck. Then the rope was removed, and he was flung into a cage-like crate.There he lay for the remainder of the weary night, nursing his wrath and wounded pride. He could not understand what it all meant. What did they want with him, these strange men? Why were they keeping him pent up in this narrow crate? He did not know why, but he felt oppressed by the vague sense of impending calamity. Several times during the night he sprang to his feet when the shed door rattled open, expecting to see the Judge, or the boys at least. But each time it was the bulging face of the saloon-keeper that peered in at him by the sickly light of a tallow candle. And each time the joyful bark that trembled in Buck's throat was twisted into a savage growl.But the saloon-keeper let him alone, and in the morning four men entered and picked up the crate. More tormentors, Buck decided, for they were evil-looking creatures, ragged and unkempt; and he stormed and raged at them through the bars. They only laughed and poked sticks at him, which he promptly assailed with his teeth till he realized that was what they wanted. Whereupon he lay down sullenly and allowed the crate to be lifted into a wagon. Then he, and the crate in which he was imprisoned, began a passage through many hands. Clerks in the express office took charge of him; he was carted about in another wagon; a truck carried him, with an assortment of boxes and parcels, upon a ferry steamer; he was trucked off the steamer into a great railway depot, and finally he was deposited in an express car.For two days and nights this express car was dragged along at the tail of shrieking locomotives; and for two days and nights Buck neither ate nor drank. In his anger he had met the first advances of the express messengers with growls, and they had retaliated by teasing him. When he flung himself against the bars, quivering and frothing, they laughed at him and taunted him. They growled and barked like detestable dogs, mewed, and flapped their arms and crowed. It was all very silly, he knew; but therefore the more outrage to his dignity, and his anger waxed and waxed. He did not mind the hunger so much, but the lack of water caused him severe suffering and fanned his wrath to fever-pitch. For that matter, high-strung and finely sensitive, the ill treatment had flung him into a fever, which was fed by the inflammation of his parched and swollen throat and tongue.He was glad for one thing: the rope was off his neck. That had given them an unfair advantage; but now that it was off, he would show them. They would never get another rope around his neck. Upon that he was resolved. For two days and nights he neither ate nor drank, and during those two days and nights of torment, he accumulated a fund of wrath that boded ill for whoeverfirst fell foul of him. His eyes turned bloodshot, and he was metamorphosed into a raging fiend. So changed was he that the Judge himself would not have recognized him; and the express messengers breathed with relief when they bundled him off the train at Seattle.Four men gingerly carried the crate from the wagon into a small, high-walled back yard. A stout man, with a red sweater that sagged generously at the neck, came out and signed the book for the driver. That was the man, Buck divined, the next tormentor, and he hurled himself savagely against the bars. The man smiled grimly, and brought a hatchet and a club."You ain't going to take him out now?" the driver asked."Sure," the man replied, driving the hatchet into the crate for a pry.There was an instantaneous scattering of the four men who had carried it in, and from safe perches on top the wall they prepared to watch the performance.Buck rushed at the splintering wood, sinking his teeth into it, surging and wrestling with it. Wherever the hatchet fell on the outside, he was there on the inside, snarling and growling, as furiously anxious to get out as the man in the red sweater was calmly intent on getting him out. "Now, you red-eyed devil," he said, when he had made an opening sufficient for the passage of Buck's body. At the same time he dropped the hatchet and shifted the club to his right hand. And Buck was truly a red-eyed devil, as he drew himself together for the spring, hair bristling, mouth foaming, a mad glitter in his bloodshot eyes. Straight at the man he launched his one hundred and forty pounds of fury, surcharged with the pent passion of two days and nights. In mid-air, just as his jaws were about to close on the man, he received a shock that checked his body and brought his teeth together with an agonizing clip. He whirled over, fetching the ground on his back and side. He had never been struck by a club in his life, and did not understand. With a snarl that was part bark and more scream he was again on his feet and launched into the air. And again the shock came and he was brought crushingly to the ground. This time he was aware that it was the club, but His madness knew no caution. A dozen times he charged, and as often the club broke the charge and smashed him down.After a particularly fierce blow he crawled to his feet, too dazed to rush. He staggered limply about, the blood flowing from nose and mouth and ears, his beautiful coat sprayed and flecked with bloody slaver. Then the man advanced and deliberately dealt him a frightful blow on the nose. All the pain he had endured was nothing compared with the exquisite agony of this. With a roar that was almost lion-like in its ferocity, he again hurled himself at the man. But the man, shifting the club from right to left, cooly caught him by the under jaw, at the same time wrenching downward and backward. Buck described a complete circle in the air, and half of another, then crashed to the ground on his head and chest.For the last time he rushed. The man struck the shrewd blow he had purposely withheld for so long, and Buck crumpled up and went down, knocked utterly senseless."He's no slouch at dog-breaking, that's what I say," one of the men on the wall cried with enthusiasm."Druther break cayuses any day, and twice on Sundays," was the reply of the driver, as he climbed on the wagon and started the horses.Buck's senses came back to him, but not his strength. He lay where he had fallen, and from there he watched the man in the red sweater." `Answers to the name of Buck,' " the man soliloquized, quoting from the saloon-keeper's letter which had announced the consignment of the crate and contents. "Well, Buck, my boy," he wenton in a genial voice, "we've had our little ruction, and the best thing we can do is to let it go at that. You've learned your place, and I know mine. Be a good dog and all will go well and the goose hang high. Be a bad dog, and I'll whale the stuffing outa you. Understand?"As he spoke he fearlessly patted the head he had so mercilessly pounded, and though Buck's hair involuntarily bristled at touch of the hand, he endured it without protest. When the man brought him water, he drank eagerly, and later bolted a generous meal of raw meat, chuck by chunk, from the man's hand.He was beaten (he knew that); but he was not broken. He saw, once for all, that he stood no chance against a man with a club. He had learned the lesson, and in all his afterlife he never forgot it. That club was a revelation. It was his introduction to the reign of primitive law, and he met the introduction halfway. The facts of life took on a fiercer aspect; and while he faced that aspect uncowed, he faced it with all the latent cunning of his nature aroused. As the days went by, other dogs came, in crates and at the ends of ropes, some docilely, and some raging and roaring as he had come; and, one and all, he watched them pass under the dominion of the man in the red sweater. Again and again, as he looked at each brutal performance, the lesson was driven home to Buck: a man with a club was a lawgiver, a master to be obeyed, though not necessarily conciliated. Of this last Buck was never guilty, though he did see beaten dogs that fawned upon the man, and wagged their tails, and licked his hand. Also he saw one dog, that would neither conciliate nor obey, finally killed in the struggle for mastery.Now and again men came, strangers, who talked excitedly, wheedlingly, and in all kinds of fashions to the man in the red sweater. And at such times that money passed between them the strangers took one or more of the dogs away with them. Buck wondered where they went, for they never came back; but the fear of the future was strong upon him, and he was glad each time when he was not selected.Yet his time came, in the end, in the form of a little weazened man who spat broken English and many strange and uncouth exclamations which Buck could not understand."Sacredam!" he cried, when his eyes lit upon Buck. "Dat one dam bully dog! Eh? How much?" "Three hundred, and a present at that," was the prompt reply of the man in the red sweater. "And seeing it's government money, you ain't got no kick coming, eh, Perrault?"Perrault grinned. Considering that the price of dogs had been boomed skyward by the unwonted demand, it was not an unfair sum for so fine an animal. The Canadian Government would be no loser, nor would its dispatches travel the slower. Perrault knew dogs, when he looked at Buck he knew that he was one in a thousand--"One in ten thousand," he commented mentally.Buck saw money pass between them, and was not surprised when Curly, a good-natured Newfoundland, and he were led away by the little weazened man. That was the last he saw of the man in the red sweater, and as Curly and he looked at receding Seattle from the deck of the Narwhal, it was the last he saw of the warm Southland. Curly and he were taken below by Perrault and turned over to a black-faced giant called Francois. Perrault was a French Canadian, and swarthy; but Francois was a French Canadian half-breed, and twice as swarthy. They were a new kind of men to Buck (of which he was destined to see many more), and while he developed no affection for them, he none the less grew honestly to respect them. He speedily learned that Perrault and Francois were fair men, calm and impartial in administering justice, and too wise in the way of dogs to be fooled by dogs.In the 'tween-decks of the Narwhal, Buck and Curly joined two other dogs. One of them was a big,snow-white fellow from Spitzbergen who had been brought away by a whaling captain, and who had later accompanied a Geological Survey into the Barrens.He was friendly, in a treacherous sort of way, smiling into one's face the while he meditated some underhand trick, as, for instance, when he stole from Buck's food at the first meal. As Buck sprang to punish him, the lash of Francois's whip sang through the air, reaching the culprit first; and nothing remained to Buck but to recover the bone. That was fair of Francois, he decided, and the half-breed began his rise in Buck's estimation.The other dog made no advances, nor received any; also, he did not attempt to steal from the newcomers. He was a gloomy, morose fellow, ant he showed Curly plainly that all he desired was to be left alone, and further, that there would be trouble if he were not left alone. "Dave" he was called, and he ate and slept, or yawned between times, and took interest in nothing, not even when the Narwhal crossed Queen Charlotte Sound and rolled and pitched and bucked like a thing possessed. When Buck and Curly grew excited, half-wild with fear, he raised his head as though annoyed, favored them with an incurious glance, yawned, and went to sleep again.Day and night the ship throbbed to the tireless pulse of the propeller, and though one day was very like another, it was apparent to Buck that the weather was steadily growing colder. At last, one morning, the propeller was quiet, and the Narwhal was pervaded with an atmosphere of excitement. He felt it, as did the other dogs, and knew that a change was at hand. Francois leashed them and brought them on deck. At the first step upon the cold surface, Buck's feet sank into a white mushy something very like mud. He sprang back with a snort. More of this white stuff was falling through the air. He shook himself, but more of it fell upon him. He sniffed it curiously, then licked some up on his tongue. It bit like fire, and the next instant was gone. This puzzled him. He tried it again, with the same results. The onlookers laughed uproariously, and he felt ashamed, he knew not why, for it was his first snow.IndexNextThis Free Ebook is ProducedBy "Eshu Space".Need More Free Ebooks, Pls Go To/。
Chapter1(英文版)
Why Do Organizations Exist?(cont.)
• To Increase Specialization and the Division of Labor – Division of labor allows specialization – Specialization allows individuals to become experts at their job
organizational design and change, and differentiate between organizational structure and culture. • Understand how managers can utilize the principles of organizational theory to design and change their organizations to increase organizational effectiveness. • Identify the three principal ways in which managers assess and measure organizational effectiveness. • Appreciate the way in which several contingency factors influence the design of organizations.
Organizational Theory, Design, and Change : Some Definitions(cont.)
• Organizational culture: the set of key values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by organizational members and helps shape the behavior within the organization
chapter 1的知识点
Chapter 1deal with 安排，处理。
做生意glance at憋了一眼Stare at 。
盯着smile at。
朝。
微笑Be disappointed at ，。
对。
感到失望at work 在工作Communicate with 。
与。
交流make eye contact with 。
与。
接触rest one's head on one's hand 手托着下巴make a good impression on 。
给。
留下很深的印象Prefer A to B = Like A better than B 喜欢A胜过于BGet a chance to do sth 有机会去做某事Decide to do sth = make a decision to do sth =make up one's mind to do sth 决定去做某事Hold one's head up 昂着头look up 抬头看查阅、查询At work 在工作at once = immediately 立刻，马上Remind sb to do sth 提醒某人做某事remind sb of sth 使某人想起某事Remind sb that。
使某人three minutes later == after three minutesbe based on 。
以。
为基础/根据On one's own 独自first of all 首先A kind/ sort of 一种 a set of false teeth 一幅假牙As a matter of fact 事实上lead to 导致。
通向。
reply to …回答/复、、、Congratulations on。
对。
表示祝贺Take care of。
= look after 。
照顾。
=care forInstead of 。
英文演讲 chapter 1
College For example, in the beginning of your persuasive commencem speech, you must have some new knowledge ent speech： 大学毕业典 to inform your audience which will serve as the foundation of your persuasion. Besides, some speeches 礼演讲
There are many other reasons why public speaking is important but the following two are the most significant ones:
1) To win over the crowd
2) To motivate people
I. The power of public speaking
Throughout history people have used public speaking as a vital means of communication. What the Greek leader Pericles said more than 2,500 years ago is still true today: “One who forms a judgment on any point but cannot explain” it clearly “might as well never have thought at all on the subject.” Public speaking, as its name implies, is a way of making your ideas public—of sharing them with other people and of influencing other people.
Chapter1
1.1 The Invention of the Computer
It is hard to say exactly when the modern computer was invented. Starting in the 1930s and through the 1940s, a number of machines were developed that were like computers. But most of these machines did not have all the characteristics that we associate with computers today. These characteristics are that the machine is electronic, that it has a stored program, and that it is general purpose.
形容词性从句（定语从句）：起形容词作 用的从句
• Example
A stack is a data type whose major attributes are determined by the rules governing the insertion and deletion of its elements. 栈是这样一种数据类型，其主要性质由支配其元素 的插入和删除的规则来决定。
Bring learning to students instead of bringing students to learn.
The difficulties of computer English for student
www world wide web万维网 Bus 总线 Map v.映射 Set n.集合 http hypertext transfer protocol超文本传输协议 Flag 标志，状态 IT Information technology
英语词汇Chapter 1
marvel n. 奇迹； v. 大为惊异，觉得惊奇 marvelous adj. 引起惊异的, 不可思议的, 非 凡的 It was a real marvel that the baby was unhurt when he fell from the fifth floor. mirage n.海市蜃楼, 雾气, 幻想, 妄想 The heat reflected from the white sand formed a mirage.
The moon’s lucent rays silvered the river.
lucid adj. 明晰的
The witness gave a lucid account of what happened.
translucent adj.半透明的 translucence n. 半透明
The lavatory windows are made of translucent glass.
F. “雅致的”Grace（格雷斯） 雅致的” 雅致的 （格雷斯）
Grace，女性名字，源于词根grat，其意为 ，女性名字，源于词根 ， 恩惠，感激” 常构成以下单词。 “恩惠，感激”，常构成以下单词。 graceful adj. 优美的，雅致的
Her figure was slender and graceful.
The amity between these two neighboring countries has lasted for hundreds of years.
另外, enemy也源于此, 拉丁语为inamicus (敌人), 即在 amor之前加否定前缀 “in”, 由此派生enmity (n.仇恨 憎恨 仇恨, 仇恨 憎恨)。
英语写作CHAPTER 1段落写作
CHAPTER 1PARAGRAPH WRITINGIf you look at any printed prose book, you will see that each chapter is divided up into sections, the first line of each being usually indented slightly to the right. These sections are called Paragraphs. Chapters, essays and other prose compositions are broken up into paragraphs, to make the reading of them easier, for the beginning of a new paragraph marks a change of topic, or a step in the development of an argument or of a story. In writing essays or other compositions, it is important to know how to divide them properly into paragraphs; for an essay not so broken up, looks uninteresting and is not easy to read.Definition:- A paragraph is a number of sentences grouped together and relating to one topic; or, a group of related sentences that develop a single point.These definitions show that the paragraphs of a composition are not mere arbitrary divisions. The division of a chapter into paragraphs must be made according to the changes of ideas introduced. There is, therefore, no rule as to the length of paragraphs. They may be short or long according to the necessity of the case. A paragraph may consist of a single sentence, or of many sentences.(Note.-In this respect, the paragraphs of a piece of prose differ from the stanzas or verses of a poem. The stanzas of a poem are usually of the same length and pattern; but paragraphs are long or short according to the amount of matter to be expressed under each head).PRINCIPLES OF PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE1. UNITY:- The first and most important principle to be observed in constructing a paragraph is that of Unity. Just as each sentence deals with one thought, each paragraph must deal with one topic or idea- and with no more than one. In writing an essay, for example, every head, and every sub-head, should have its own paragraph to itself. And every sentence in the paragraph must be closely connected with the main topic of the paragraph. The paragraph and every part of it must be the expression of one theme or topic.(Note:- A good practice is to read a chapter in a book, and give a short heading or title to each paragraph, which will express in a word or brief phrase the subject of the paragraph).The topic, theme or subject of a paragraph is very often expressed in one sentence of the paragraph - generally the first. This sentence is called the topical sentence (because it states the topic), or the key-sentence (because it unlocks or opens the subject to be dealt with in the paragraph).2.ORDER:- The second principle of paragraph construction is Order - that is, logical sequence of thought or development of the subject. Events must be related in the order of their occurrence, and all ideas should be connected with the leading idea and arranged according to their importance or order.(Note:- The two most important sentences in the paragraph are the first and the last. The first, which should as a rule be the topical sentence, should arouse the interest ofthe reader; and the last should satisfy it. The first, or topical, sentence states the topic - a fact, a statement, or a proposition; the last should bring the whole paragraph on this topic to a conclusion, or summing up).3.VARIETY:- A third principle of paragraph construction is Variety; by which is meant that, to avoid monotony, the paragraph of composition should be of different lengths, and not always of the same sentence construction.To sum up:- the essentials of good paragraph construction are - (1) Unity. (2) A good topical sentence. (3) Logical sequence of thought. (4) Variety. (5) A full and rounded final sentence in conclusion.EXAMPLESNow let us examine a few paragraphs by standard authors, in illustration of these principles of paragraph construction.1. “Hence ... it is almost a definition of a gentleman to say he is one who never inflicts pain(强加痛苦给别人). This description is both refined and, as far as it goes, accurate. He is mainly occupied in merely removing the obstacles which hinder the free and unembarrassed action of those about him; and he concurs(同时发生，共同作用) with their movements rather than takes the initiative himself. His benefits may be considered as a parallel to what are called comforts or conveniences in arrangements of a personal nature, like an easy chair or good fire, which do their part in dispelling cold and fatigue, though nature provides both means of rest and animal heat（体温）without them.” - J.E. Newman.This is a paragraph from Cardinal Newman's famous description of a “Gentleman” in his The Idea of a University. Notice that the paragraph is confined to one point in the character of a gentleman, which is clearly stated in the first, or topical sentence, viz.(=namely), that "he is one who never inflicts pain." The rest of the paragraph is simply a development and illustration of the topical sentence. And the concluding sentence drives home the statement of the subject with its similes of the easy chair and the good fire.2. "The Road is one of the great fundamental institutions of mankind. Not only is the Road one of the great human institutions because it is fundamental to social existence, but also because its varied effects appear in every department of the State. It is the Road which determines the sites of many cities and the growth and nourishment of all. It is the Road which controls the development of strategies and fixes the sites of battles. It is the Road that gives framework to all economic development. It is the Road which is the channel of all trades, and, what is more important, of all ideas, In its most humble function it is a necessary guide without which progress from place to place would be a ceaseless experiment; it is a sustenance(食物；营养) without which organized society would be impossible, thus the Road moves and controls all history." - Hilaire Belloc.In this paragraph, the first sentence states the subject. It is the topical sentence. The body of the paragraph consists of examples which prove the statement in the first sentence. The final sentence sums up the whole.3. "Poetry is the language of the imagination and the passions. It relates to whatever gives immediate pleasure or pain to the human mind. It comes home to the bosoms and businesses of men; for nothing but what comes home to them in the most general and intelligible shape can be a subject for poetry. Poetry is the universal language which the heart holds with nature and itself. He who has a contempt for poetry cannot have much respect for himself, or for anything else. Wherever there is a sense of beauty, or power, or harmony, as in the motion of a wave of the sea, in the growth of a flower, there is poetry in its birth." - William Hazlitt.Here again, the first sentence is the topical sentence. The sentences that follow enforce or restate the statement that "poetry is the language of the imagination and the passions"; and the concluding sentence reinforces it by showing that poetry exists wherever men feel a sense of beauty, power or harmony.In all these paragraphs, the principles of Unity and Order are observed, and also the general rules about the place of the topical sentences and the rounding off the whole with a good conclusion.To round off sth with sth’: to end sth by doing sth that provides a clear or satisfactory conclusion to it.THE WRITING OF SINGLE PARAGRAPHSSo far we have been treating of paragraphs which are sections of a more or less lengthy composition, like an essay or the chapter of a book. But students are often asked in examinations to write short separate paragraphs, instead of essays, on subjects of ordinary interest. Such single paragraphs are really miniature essays; but the same principles as we have discussed above (except the principle of variety), must be followed in their construction. Each paragraph must be a unity, treating of one definite subject, and must follow a logical order of thought. In most cases, too, the rules about the topical sentences and the conclusion should be borne in mind.A few examples should make this clear. Suppose, for example, you are asked to write a paragraph on “The Cat.” It is obvious that you cannot treat this subject fully, as you might in a long essay. And yet you must, according to the principle of unity, confine your paragraph to one definite topic. You must, therefore, choose one thing to say about a cat, and stick to it throughout. You might, for example, write of one characteristic of the cat, say, its love of comfort and attachment to its home. In that case, you might write a paragraph something like this:- The CatThere is some truth in the common saying that while dogs become attached to persons, cats are generally attached to places. A dog will follow his master anywhere, but a cat keeps to the house it is used to; and even when the house changes hand, the cat will remain there, so long as it is kindly treated by the new owners. A cat does not seem to be capable of the personal devotion often shown by a dog. It thinks most of its own comfort and its love is only cupboard love.Notice the construction of this paragraph. It begins with the topical sentence, which clearly states the subject. The following sentence explains the statement by expanding it; and the last sentence, by giving a reason for the attachment of a cat to a particular house forms a fitting conclusion. The paragraph is therefore a Unity, treating of one characteristic of cat character: and it follows an orderly plan. The paragraph on the cat is descriptive. Now take an example of a narrative paragraph, in which you are required to tell a story. Suppose the subject is to be a motor-car accident; you might treat it in this way:-A Motor-Car AccidentIt is the mad craze for speed that is responsible for many motor accidents. Only last year I witnessed what might have been a fatal accident on the Kashmir Road. I was motoring down from Srinagar; and as I was nearing Kohala, I came upon the wreckage of two cars on the road. The smash had been caused by a car coming down, which swept round a sharp corner at forty mites an hour and crashed into a car coming up. Happily no one was killed; but several were badly injured, and the two cars were wrecked. To drive at such a speed down a twisting mountain road is simply to court(招致) disaster.In this paragraph, the topical sentence is again first; the narrative that follows is simply an illustration of the statement in the topical sentence that many accidents are caused by a mad craze for speed; and the concluding sentence sums the paragraph up by a restatement of the topical sentence in other words.The following is an example of a reflective paragraph; that is, one that expresses some reflection or thought on an abstract subject:-MercyTo forgive an injury is often considered to be a sign of weakness; it is really a sign of strength. It is easy to allow oneself to be carried away（带走，使着迷）by resentment and hate into an act of vengeance（报仇）; but it takes a strong character to restrain those natural passions. The man who forgives an injury proves himself to be the superior of the man who wronged him, and puts the wrong-doer to shame. Forgiveness may even turn a foe into a friend. So mercy is the noblest form of revenge.The topical sentence of a paragraph is usually the first, or at latest the second; and this is the best place for it. But for the sake of variety it may be placed in a different position. In this paragraph, it comes last - "So mercy is the noblest form of revenge". But the opening sentence is also a good introduction to the subject, and is calculated to arouse interest by stating an apparent paradox.To sum up:- In writing single paragraphs, the principles of Unity and Order must be kept in mind, and also the rules of the topical and concluding sentences. The language should be simple, the style direct, and the sentences short; and, as a paragraph is limited, all diffuseness（冗长累赘）must be avoided.Exercise 1.Write short paragraphs on the following subjects:-1. A Rainy Day.2. A Walk.3. The Cow.17. The Elephant.21. Revenge.。
chapter1 概述
JAVA线程执行中被映射到实际的操作系统线程。
1.2Java的特点-动态
JAVA程序的基本组成单元--类是运行时 动态装载的。使 JAVA 可以动态地维护应用 系统及其支持类之间的一致性。
1.2Java的特点- 高性能
Java编译生成的字节码与机器代码 十分接近。 提供即时编译（Just In Time） 等 措施。
1995年 以James Gosling为首的编程小组在wicked. 网站 上发布了Java技术,Java语言的名字从"Oak"变为Java,Java 技术通过Sun world正式发布 1996年 第一次举办JavaOne 开发者大会 , JDK 1.0 软件发布 计算机深蓝色首次击败国际象棋大师Garry Kasparov
满足面向对象的封装要求；
支持继承；
通过抽象类与接口支持多态
1.2Java的特点-分布式
数据分布支持：
通过Java的URL类可以访问网上的各类信 息资源，访问方式完全类似于本地文件系统；
操作分布支持。
通过在3W页面中的小应用程序（Applet) 将计算从服务器分布至客户机，避免网络拥挤， 提高系统效率。
一门专业核心基础课
在计算机程序开发语言中，windows平台下Java和.net平分 秋色，但在非windows平台下，Java占据绝对的领导地位。 Java是计算机及其相关专业的核心基础课程，是软件工程师 应该真正掌握住的一门技术，尤其是在Web开发和移动开发 领域，Java已经成了事实上的企业应用标准。
1.2Java的特点-半编译，半解释
JAVA源程序
编译器 编译
字节码
解释器 解释执行
Chapter1
1 pc 3.26 ly
1.2 A quick tour of the cosmos
To understand the universe, we must understand the relative scales of planets, stars, galaxies and the universe as a whole. We will journey from a campus scene to the limits of the cosmos in 12 steps. In each step we will widen our view by a factor of 100. That is, each successive picture will show a region of the universe that is 100 times wider than the preceding picture.
THE UNITED NATIONS DECLARES 2009 THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF ASTRONOMY 联合国宣布 2009年为国际天文年！ 纪念伽利略400年前 首次使用望远镜观测太空。
Astronomy
The Solar System and Beyond
Michael A. Seeds Joseph R. Grundy Observatory Franklin and Marshall College
Fig. 1-4 Field of view enlarged 100 times from the previous image (NASA). This step in our journey shows our entire planet. The earth is 12,756 km in diameter and rotates on its axis once a day.
英语读译教程 chapter 1
Learning is more efficient when it if fun, less efficient when it is drudgery. 什么吃的、什么玩的，只管告诉我；丫头老婆 们不好了，也只管告诉我。 Just tell me if you have a fancy for anything special to eat or pass the time. When a housemaid or an old nurse becomes nasty, also let me know.
你死了，我去当和尚。 If you should die, I would go and be a monk 我来他已去 He had left when I arrived 他人老心不老。 Although he has aged physically, he remains young at heart。 这个人高个儿近视眼； This man is tall and near-sighted. 他一会儿一个主意； He had an idea once in a while.
6） I decided to make up past mistakes to fight corruption and injustices and to form a national government to carry out free election.
我决心弥补过去的错误，同贪污腐化和不公平现象作 斗争，并成立一个全民政府以实行自由选举。 人到齐就开会。 The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云。 Don’t say what others have said. 帐单撕碎了。 The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了。 The problem was solved. 你再说一个字，我马上走。 If you should say one more word, I would go at once.
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Chapter 1 Culture
From Intellectual Perspective
According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is "the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively". It refers to intellectual perspective, such as music, art, exhibition, dance, etc. When you talk about Picasso, Beethoven, etc., you are talking about culture.
Chapter 1 Culture
1.3 Cultural Identity（文化身份）
Chapter 1 Culture
Cultural identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. People consciously identify themselves with a group that has a shared system of symbols and meanings as well as norms for conduct.
Chapter 1 Culture
Generally speaking, the subgroup members usually have the characteristics of temporality and deviant（偏离的） label and having wanna-be behaviors(目标行为) .
Chapter 1 Culture
From Intercultural Communication Perspective
Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.
• Why can the picture on the money prove the man is the Sultan of Brunei? • Why does the image on money usually symbolize? Brut
Pound
Chapter 1 Culture
Chapter 1 Culture
Culture Involves Large Groups of People
The term culture involves a much larger, societal levels of organization. And the term is also often used to refer to other types of large groups of people.
From Anthropologic Perspective
（人类学的）
Chapter 1 Culture
Culture is "the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or people." This is an anthropologist's definition.
Chapter 1 Culture
Hippies (嬉皮士) of the 1960s US
Chapter 1 Culture
•Andy Liu’s fans Yang Lijuan went to Hong Kong
for Andy. Her father committed suicide there.
Culture Involves Beliefs, Values, and Norms
a. Beliefs Beliefs refer to the basic understanding of a group of people about what the world is like or what is true or false. b. Values Values involve what a culture regarded as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.
Chapter 1 Culture
1.5 Rules, Roles, and Networks
Case Analysis: Student / Teacher Role Position
Chapter 1 Culture
Home work and After-class activities
l Write a paper describing the cultural features of
Chapter 1 Culture
Jacky Chen
Jacky Chen, Chinese famous Kong Fu movie star, expresses his loyalty(忠诚, 忠心) to Chinese culture by wearing Chinese traditional clothes and advocating(提倡)Chinese culture.
Characteristics of Cultural Identity
Cultural identity is central to a person’s sense of self. Cultural identity is dynamic（动态的）. Cultural identity is also multifaceted（多方面 的）components of one’s self-concept.
From Psychological Perspective
（心理学的）
Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another. Western Wedding Ceremony Chinese Wedding Ceremony
Chapter 1 Culture
1.2 Characteristics of Culture
Culture Is Learned Culture Is a Set of Shared Interpretations Culture Involves Beliefs, Values, and Norms Culture Affects Behaviors Culture Involves Large Groups of People
your hometown. l Surf on the Internet to collect the information about the cultural difference
Chapter 1 Culture
Culture Is Learned
parents
friends
We learn culture from ______, ____ ______________,_______,_______ ___________________________.
and even strangers who are part of the culture
Chapter 1 Culture
c. Norms Norms refer to rules for appropriate behavioe have of one another and of others.
Chapter 1 Culture
Chapter 1 Culture
Formation of Cultural Identity
3
Unexamined cultural identity
3
Cultural identity search
3
Cultural identity achievement
Chapter 1 Culture
other family members
Chapter 1 Culture
Culture Is a Set of Shared Interpretations
All communications take place by means of symbols
Chapter 1 Culture
Case Analysis: The Sultan of Brunei （文莱）
Chapter 1 Culture
1.4 Subculture, Co-culture, and Subgroup
Subculture (亚文化) and co-culture (共存文化) A subculture is a segment（部分）of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society. In a sense, a subculture can be thought of as a culture existing within a larger, dominant culture. “Sub” implies inferior（下级的，次要的） so “co” is used to indicate the idea of equality.