chapter1_参考答案
泛读教程1 Chapter 1答案
Unit 1 Today's TrravelersChapter1 A Family Sees America Together(page2-17)Prereading Preparation(p.2)1.c2.b3.Answers will vary.4.Answers will vary.A. Fact-finding Exercise(p.4)1.True2.False-The Graham family met many friendly,helpful people.3.False-Marlene wrote reports about their trip every day.4.Ture5.TureB. Skimming and Scanning Exercise(p.5)part 1Main idea:bpart 2Is this person an adult or a child?Craig:adlutMarlene:adultCourtney:childCollier:childWhat did he or she do before the trip?Craig:had a rea estate businessMarlene:owned a small newspaperCourtney:attended schoolCollier:We don't knowWhat did he or she do during the trip?Craig:We don't konw.He probably drove the van.Marlene:Wrote reports about the family's trip and put her writing on the Internet.Courtney:Kept a journal of her life on the road,and put her writing on the Internet.Collier:We don't know.What did he or she say after the trip?Craig:Craig said that they all had a wonderful trip.Courtney:Courtney said that she missed her friends at school,but also enjoyed the trip very much.C.Reading Analysis(pp.6-7)1. a.1 b.2 c.12. a.1 b.1 c.23. b4. c5. a.1 b.2D.Think About it(p.8)1.Answers will vary.2.Answers will vary.3.Answers will vary.E.Dictionary Skills(pp.9-10)1. a.2 b.32. a.1 b.13. a.1 b.1F.Word Forms(10-11)1. a.interviewed(v.) b.interviews(n.)2. a.plans(n.)b.planned(v.)3. a.report(n.) b.reported(v.)4. a.visits(n.)b.visited(v.)5. a.work(n.) b.worked(v.)G.Blank Filling(p.11)1.describing2.journal3.sign4.websites5.missH.Translation(p.12)1.By using computers and the Internet2.If we are friendly and helpful to others3.learn about our country and (our) peple4.enjoyed his trip in Europe5.on the day that/when they leftI.Another Look(pp.12-14)1. a.1 b.12.They visited the capitol building.Photographers from the ABC statiom in Austin met the Grahams at thecapitol and took some photographs of them looking around.3.a,c,e,f4.aJ.Follow-up Activities(pp.14-16)1.Answers will vary.2.a.Route follows states in order mentioned above. b. 1,3,5K.Topics for Discussion and Writing.(p.16)Answers will vary.L.Grammar Cloze Quiz(p.17)1.her2.she3.they4.her/their5.their6.they7.her8.she9.They 10.their。
chapter1 量子力学基础知识习题解答
= 9.403×10-11m
(3) λ = h = h p 2meV
=
6.626 ×10−34 J ⋅ s
2× 9.109 ×10−31kg ×1.602×10−19 C × 300V
= 7.08×10−11m
4
乐山师范学院 化学与生命科学学院
【1.5】用透射电子显微镜摄取某化合物的选区电子衍射图，加速电压为 200kV，计算电子 加速后运动时的波长。
图 1.2 金属的 Ek ~ ν 图
3
乐山师范学院 化学与生命科学学院
h = Ek = ∆Ek ν −ν 0 ∆ν
即 Planck 常数等于 Ek − v 图的斜率。选取两合适点，将 Ek 和 v 值带入上式，即可求出 h 。
例如：
h
=
(2.7 −1.05) ×10−19 J (8.50 − 6.00) ×1014 s−1
乐山师范学院 化学与生命科学学院
01.量子力学基础知识
本章主要知识点
一、微观粒子的运动特征
1.
波粒二象性： E
= hν , p =
h λ
2. 测不准原理： ∆x∆px ≥ h, ∆y∆py ≥ h, ∆z∆pz ≥ h, ∆t, ∆E ≥ h
3. 能量量子化
二、量子力学基本假设
1. 假设 1：对于一个量子力学体系，可以用坐标和时间变量的函数ψ (x, y, z,t) 来
相反的两个电子。或者说：对于多电子体系，波函数对于交换任意两个电子是反
对称的。
三、箱中粒子的 Schrödinger 方程及其解
1. 一维无限势阱的 Schrödinger 方程：
− 2 d2ψ 2m dx2
= Eψ
其解为：ψ n (x) =
英语《阅读教程》第一册答案
P35-4 1.weather 2.slowly 3.typical 4.extreme 5.temperatures 6.storms 7.floods 8.rain 9.damage 10.worse
P53
1
1.diet 2.diet 3.fast food 4.universal 5.tacos and burrios 6.diabetes 7.low-carb diet plex carbohydrates 9.soy products 10.dairy
5) Some examples of directions from residents of the American Midwest are “Take this road here. Go straight north for two miles,” or, “Keep to the left around the curve. Then merge with Local Route 12 .”
w 7.public 8.restaurants 9.habits 10.health
Chapter 5
Part 1
5) A. family in the past
1. biometeorologists 2.atmosphere 3.rain,snow,humidity, air pressure 4.weather 5.strokes 6. sudden stopping of the heart 7.flu 8.lungs 9. emotional conditions and feelings 10. Seasonal Affective Disorder, long periods of darkness
Chapter 1 答案
Chapter 1 Management and Organizations.1)Managers play an important role in dealing with various challenges being facedby organizations todayAnswer: TRUE2) A manager must coordinate and oversee the work of other people so thatorganizational goals can be accomplished.Answer: TRUE3)Effectiveness refers to getting the most output from the least amount of input.Answer: FALSE4)The four contemporary functions of management are planning, organizing,leading, and controlling.Answer: TRUE5) A portion of a manager's job, especially at lower organizational levels mayentail duties that are often more clerical than managerial.Answer: TRUE6) Which of the following statements regarding managers in today's world is accurate?A) Their age range is limited to between 30 and 65 years.B) They are found only in large corporations.C) They can be found exclusively in for-profit organizations.D) The single most important variable in employee productivity and loyalty is the quality of the relationship between employees and their direct supervisors. Answer: D7)An automobile manufacturer increased the total number of cars produced keeping the production cost the same. The manufacturer ________.A) increased its equityB) increased its efficiencyC) increased its effectivenessD) increased its effabilityAnswer: B8) Today, the basic management functions have been condensed to ________.A) planning, organizing, commanding, and coordinatingB) planning, organizing, coordinating, and controllingC) planning, organizing, commanding, and controllingD) planning, organizing, leading, and controllingAnswer: D9) The ________ roles involve collecting, receiving, and disseminating information, according to Mintzberg's managerial roles.A) interpersonalB) informationalC) technicalD) decisionalAnswer: B10) Which of the following changes has resulted in the shifting of organizational boundaries?A) digitizationB) increased emphasis on organizational ethicsC) increased competitivenessD) changing security threatsAnswer: A11) From a business perspective, a company's ability to achieve its business goals and increase long-term shareholder value by integrating economic, environmental, and social opportunities into its business strategies is known as ________.A) accountabilityB) universalityC) equitabilityD) sustainabilityAnswer: D12) Management is needed in all types and sizes of organizations, at all organizational levels and in all organizational work areas, and in all organizations, no matter where they are located. This principle is known as the ________.A) impartiality of managementB) neutrality of managementC) universality of managementD) reality of managementAnswer: CThe General Manager (Scenario)Michael is the manager of a production facility. On a routine day, Michael meets with the employees who produce the organization's product. At another time, Michael meets with the production manager, Betty, and the human resource manager, Joyce, to discuss complaints filed by one of the employees in the production department. Michael also spends time on the Internet looking for new technologies that can be used in the production processes of his plant.13) When Michael meets with Betty and Joyce to discuss a complaint filed by one of the employees in the production department, he requires which of the following managerial skills?A) technical skillsB) human skillsC) conceptual skillsD) empirical skillsAnswer: B14) When Michael manages the employees who produce the product, he is utilizing his ________.A) conceptual skillsB) empirical skillsC) technical skillsD) human skillsAnswer: C15) Michael's search for new technologies that can be used in the production processes of his plant is an example of which type of management skill?A) conceptualB) communicationC) effectivenessD) interpersonalAnswer: A16)Describe the three main types of managerial skills identified by Robert Katz. Which skills are most important to each level of management, and why?Answer: Robert L. Katz proposed that managers need three critical skills in managing: technical, human, and conceptual.a. Technical skills are the job specific knowledge and techniques needed to proficiently perform work tasks. These skills tend to be more important for first-line managers because they typically manage employees who use tools and techniques to produce the organization's products orservice the organization's customers. Often, employees with excellent technical skills get promoted to first-line manager.b. Human skills involve the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group. Because all managers deal with people, these skills are equally important to all levels of management. Managers with good human skills get the best out of their people. They know how to communicate, motivate, lead, and inspire enthusiasm and trust.c. Conceptual skills are the skills managers use to think and to conceptualize about abstract and complex situations. Using these skills, managers see the organization as a whole, understand the relationships among various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment. These skills are most important to top managers.。
19版会计学原理怀尔德答案Chapter 1
Chaper 1 Accounting in BusinessMultiple Choice Quiz1-c; 2-b; 3-d; 4-a; 5-aQuick StudyQS 1-1a-E; b-E; c-I; d-E; e-E; f-I; g-E; h-E; i-E; j-E; k-I; l-EQS 1-2GAAP: Generally Accepted Accounting PrinciplesImportance: GAAP are the rules that specify acceptable accounting practices.SEC: Securities and Exchange CommissionImportance: The SEC is charged by Congress to set accounting and reporting rules for organizations that sell ownership shares to the public. The SEC delegates part of this responsibility to the FASB.FASB: Financial Accounting Standards BoardImportance: FASB is an independent group of full-time members who are responsible for setting accounting and reporting rules.IASB: International Accounting Standards BoardImportance: Its purpose is to issue standards that identify preferred practices in the desire of harmonizing accounting practices across different countries. The vast majority of countries and financial exchanges support its activities and objectives.QS 1-3Accounting professionals practice in at least four main areas. These four areas, along with a listing of some work opportunities in each, are:1. Financial accountingPreparation; Analysis; Auditing (external); Consulting; Investigation2. Managerial accountingCost accounting; Budgeting; Auditing (internal); Consulting3. Tax accountingPreparation; Planning; Regulatory; Consulting; Investigation4. Accounting-relatedLending; Consulting; Analyst; Investigator; AppraiserQS 1-4Internal controls serve several purposes:They involve monitoring an organization’s activities to promote efficiency and to prevent wrongful use of its resources.They help ensure the validity and credibility of accounting reports.They are crucial for effective operations and reliable reporting.More generally, the absence of internal controls can adversely affect the effectiveness of domestic and global financial markets.QS 1-5a. Revenue recognition principleb. Cost principle (also called historical cost)c. Business entity principleQS 1-6The choice of an accounting method when more than one alternative method is acceptable often has ethical implications. This is because accounting information can have major impacts on individuals’ (and firms’) well-being.To illustrate, many companies base compensation of managers on the amount of reported income. When the choice of an accounting method affects the amount of reported income, the amount of compensation is also affected. Similarly, if workers in a division receive bonuses based on the d ivision’s income, its computation has direct financial implications for these individuals.QS 1-7a=125,000b=250,000c=125,000QS 1-8QS 1-9(a) Examples of business transactions that are measurable include:Selling products and services.Collecting funds from dues, taxes, contributions, or investments.Borrowing money.Purchasing products and services.(b) E xamples of business events that are measurable include:Decreases in the value of securities (assets).Bankruptcy of a customer owing money.Technological advances rendering patents (or other assets) worthless.An “act of God” (casualty) that destroys assets.QS 1-10a-B; b-I; c-B; d-CF; e-I; f-B; g-B; h-CF; i-OEExcisesExcise 1-1External users and some questions they seek to answer with accounting information include:1. Shareholders (investors), who seek answers to questions such as:a. Are resources owned by a business adequate to carry out plans?b. Are the debts owed excessive in amount?c. What is the current level of income (and its components)?2. Creditors, who seek answers for questions such as:a. Does the business have the ability to repay its debts?b. Can the business take on additional debt?c. Are resources sufficient to cover current amounts owed?3. Employees, who seek answers to questions such as:a. Is the business financially stable?b. Can the business afford to pay higher salaries?c. What are growth prospects for the organization?Excise 1-21. C 5. B2. C 6. A3. A 7. B4. A 8. BExcise 1-3a. Auditing professionals with competing audit clients are likely to learn valuable information about each client that the other clients would benefit from knowing. In this situation the auditor must take care to maintain the confidential nature of information about each client.b. Accounting professionals who prepare tax returns can face situations where clients wish to claim deductions they cannot substantiate. Also, clients sometimes exert pressure to use methods not allowed or questionable under the law. Issues of confidentiality also arise when these professionals have access to clients’ personal records.c. Managers face several situations demanding ethical decision making in their dealings with employees. Examples include fairness in performance evaluations, salary adjustments, and promotion recommendations. They can also include avoiding any perceived or real harassment of employees by the manager or any other employees. It can also include issues of confidentiality regarding personal information known to managers.d. Situations involving ethical decision making in coursework include performing independentwork on examinations and individually completing assignments/projects. It can also extend to promptly returning reference materials so others can enjoy them, and to properly preparing for class to efficiently use the time and question period to not detract from others’ instructional benefits.Excise 1-41-E; 2-G; 3-A; 4-C; 5-D; 6-B; 7-F; 8-HExcise 1-5a-S; b-C; c-S; d-C; e-C; f-P; g-SExcise 1-6a=180,000b=51,000c=139,000Excise 1-71-D; 2-G; 3-B; 4-F; 5-AExcise 1-8a-27,000b-221,607c. beginning balance is 73,000; ending balance is 149,000Excise 1-9a. Business purchases equipment (or some other asset) on credit.b. Business signs a note payable to extend the due date on an account payable.c. Business pays an account payable (or some other liability) with cash (or some other asset).d. Business purchases office supplies (or some other asset) for cash (or some other asset).e. Business incurs an expense that is not yet paid (for example, when employees earn wages that are not yet paid).f. Owner invests cash (or some other asset) in the business; OR, the business earns revenue and accepts cash (or another asset).g. Cash withdrawals (or some other asset) paid to the owner of the business; OR, the business incurs an expense paid in cash.Exercise 1-10Real AnswersIncome StatementFor Month Ended October 31Exercise 1-11Real AnswersStatement of Owner ’s Equity Exercise 1-12Real Answers Balance Sheet October 31AssetsCash $ 11 500 Account receivable 12 000 Office supplies 24 437 Land 46 000 Office equipment 18 000 Total assets $ 111 937LiabilitiesAccount payables $ 25 037 Total liabilities 25 037Owner ’s EquityKeisha King, Capital 86 900 Total liabilities and equity $ 111 937Exercise 1-13Real Answers Cash Flow Statement For Month Ended October 31Excise 1-141-O; 2-O; 3-F; 4-O; 5-O; 6-O; 7-F; 8-IProblem 1-1AProblem 1-2Aa. Cash 67,000Equipment 11,000I. Lopez, Capital 78,000Owner’s investmentb. Building 144,000Cash 15,000Notes Payable 129,000 Purchased building on cash and note payable c. Equipment 12,000Cash 12,000Purchased equipment on cashd. Supplies 1,000Equipment 1,700Account Payable 2,700Purchased supplies and equipment on credite. Advertising Expense 460Cash 460Paid announcement of opening on newspaper f. Account Receivable 2,400Revenue 2,400To record revenue for service provided on account g. Cash 4,000Revenue 4,000Received revenue on cashh. I. Lopez, Withdrawals 3,025Cash 3,025Cash withdrawal by owneri. Cash 1,800Account Receivables 1,800Partially received account receivablej. Account Payables 500Cash 500Partially paid account payablesk. Wages Expense 1,800Cash 1,800Paid wages of secretary’s。
商务英语Chapter1参考译文及答案
Chapter1Learning Aims学完本章，学生应能：1．对当今社会的商务信函的几种形式有所了解；2．了解商务信函基本的布局、格式、组成，以及写作原则；3．学会写信封；4．了解其他常见通信方式，如Skype和MSN。
Background Information在当今世界，商务通信的基本原则是尽可能以最简洁的方式交换信息，以便做好生意。
书面、口头、可视化和多媒体通信的所有目标，是传递明确和深思熟虑的信息。
了解如何在这种目标下撰写商业信函，是最重要的事情之一。
技术的发展，使得商业沟通因为传真、电子邮件和其他通信方法（如Skype和MSN），变得更容易，也迫使业务人员以更快、更清晰的方式进行沟通。
虽然今天电子邮件使用最为频繁，它们使商业书信变得更随意，但仍有需要我们撰写正式商业信函的场合。
这两者其实有许多共同的写作原则。
一旦学会了如何写正式的文书，你可以很容易地了解随意的文书。
譬如，其中一些共同原则是：（1）适当的称呼依旧是两种文书礼仪的不可或缺的一部分。
（2）了解如何撰写包括介绍、支持和结束段落的主体，可有助于有效地说明商业观点。
（3）使用沟通策略——从有说服力的短语到适当的措辞——帮助说服或安抚对方。
Letter 1Letter 3Letter 4ExercisesI. Make an envelope using the following information.II. Change the following information into English address format.1. Lin FangPresident of Beijing Metal234 East Lane, Beijing 100021China2. Room 301, Buliding 5, No.120, Huazhong Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong Prov., China3. No.8 Shihua RD, Suzhou Economic & Technical Development Zone, Jiangsu Province, China4. Room 204, Building No.102, East Taishan Residential Quarter, Baoyin County, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu ProvinceIII. Arrange the following information in proper form as they should be set out in the letter.IV. Write an e-mail with header.HeaderMessageV. Correct the mistakes in the following letter。
第1章参考答案
1. D2. B3. B4. C5. A6. D7. C8. C9. B 10. B11. D 12. D 13. C 14. C 15.AD16. C 17. D 18. A 19.CA第2章参考答案1. B2. C3. A4. C5. D6. C7. B8. A9. B 10. B11. C 12. D第3章参考答案1. D2.CD3.BA4.BA5.CB6. C7. A8. D9.DC第4章参考答案1.AD2. C3. D4. D5.AB6. C7. B8. C9. D 10. A11. B 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. C16. B 17. C 18. D 19.CA20. 答案：【问题1】：E1：客户E2：采购部门E3：库房E4：经理【问题2】：D1：缺货记录文件D2：库存记录文件D3：订单记录文件【问题3】：21. 答案：【问题1】：E1：名称:用户【问题2】：D1：客户信息文件D2：音像制品信息文件D3：租借记录文件D4：预约记录文件【问题3】：【问题4】：面向数据结构的设计方法的基本思想是以数据结构作为设计的基础，它根据输入输出数据结构导出程序的结构，适用于规模不大的数据处理系统。
1. A2. C3. C4. BA5. C6. B7. D8. D9. C 10. A 11. A 12. CA13. D14. B15. BB第6章参考答案1. DD2. D3. B4. A5. D6. C7. C8. BA9. B第7章参考答案1. CD2. BC3. AC4. DDCB5. DC6. BD7. 答 案：【问题1】（1）n 或m 或* (2) n 或m 或* (3) n 或m 或* 【问题2】员工到权限的联系，联系类型：m:1【问题3】（4）员工号 ,部门号（5）客房号 （6）身份证号 （7）岗位 （8） 客房号，身份证号【问题4】如果合为一个表，只查一次表就能得出岗位和操作权限信息，增加查找速度。
英语词汇学教程参考答案
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案Chapter 1 1. 1. The The three three definitions definitions agree agree that that lexicology lexicology studies studies words. words. Y et, Y et, they they have have different different focuses. focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o ‘clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) w hen it follows ‗when it follows ‗-t‘ and ‗-d‘, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree treeǁǁ. (2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly flyǁǁ and have a common meaning. (3)They belong to a lexical field of ‗telephone communication ‘. (4)They (4)They are are synonyms, synonyms, related related to to human human visual visual perception. perception. Specifically, Specifically, they they denote denote various various kinds of ―looking lookingǁǁ. 5. (a) ‗blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ‗blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ‗greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‗White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0 (b) black ‗board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ‗bird: bird: any any bird bird which which is is black black in in colour colour (both (both words words receive receive primary primary stress); stress); grey grey ‗‗hound: hound: any any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‗white ‗house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ‗bull bull‘‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ‗Take the bull by the horn ‘ is an idiom, meaning ‗(having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) (c) ‗‗Like Like a a bull bull in in a a china china shop shop‘‘ is is an an idiom, idiom, meaning meaning doing doing something something with with too too much much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone. (d) A ‗bull market ‘ is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares in anticipation of profits. 8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for. Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowl Beer: beer glass, tankard Wine: wineglass, goblet Spirits: sherry glass Chapter 2 1. Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang, sung. Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example, m oralizers moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral +lize +er +s . Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair , -ing, -s , etc. , etc. Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English. 2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en, world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude 3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry, reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert 4. (a) [ ə] (b)[ -ai] 5. (1) –‗–‗s, -s (2) -est, -s (3) –ing (4) –ed 6. The connotations are as follows: (1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker speaker is is speaking speaking to to a a child, child, (3) (3) beastie beastie is is used used to to a a small small animal animal in in Scotland, Scotland, carrying carrying the the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness. 7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz} 8. court: polysemy dart: polysemy fleet: homonymy jam: homonymy pad: homonymy steep: homonymy stem: homonymy stuff: polysemy watch: polysemy 9. (1)(1)——(f), (2)(2)——(g), (3)(3)——(c), (4)(4)——(e), (5)(5)——(a), (6)(6)——(d), (7)(7)——(b) 10.(1) unpractical (2) break (3) impractical (4) rout (5) pedals (6) Route(7) raze Chapter 3 1. The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and Modern English periods. In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‗kennings kennings‘‘, which refers to to vivid vivid figurative figurative descriptions descriptions often often involving involving compounds. compounds. The The absence absence of of a a wide-ranging wide-ranging vocabulary vocabulary of of loanwords loanwords force force people people to to rely rely more more on on word-formation word-formation processes processes based based on on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number number of of ‗‗loan loan translations translations‘‘. . Grammatical Grammatical relationships relationships in in Old Old English English were were expressed expressed by by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items. In In Middle Middle English English period, period, English English grammar grammar and and vocabulary vocabulary changed changed greatly. greatly. In In grammar, grammar, English English changed changed from from a a highly highly inflected inflected language language to to an an analytic analytic language. language. In In vocabulary vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin. In In Early Early Modern Modern English English period, period, English English vocabulary vocabulary grew grew very very fast fast through through extensive extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there were a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings. Modern Modern English English is is characterized characterized with with three three main main features features of of unprecedented unprecedented growth growth of of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‗New Englishes ‘. 2. appeareth appeareth in in (a) (a) becomes becomes appeared appeared in in (b), (b), and and dreame dreame becomes becomes dream. dream. The The passive passive were were departed departed becomes becomes the the active active had had gone. gone. With With the the change change of of word word forms, forms, (b) (b) looks looks simple simple morphologically. 3. barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: French cadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latin ginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanese whisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latin algebra: Arabic giraffe: African 4. train: train: meaning meaning changed changed from from the the trailing trailing part part of of a a gown gown to to a a wide wide range range of of extended extended meanings. deer: meaning narrowed from ‗beast ‘ or ‗animal ‘ to ‗a particular kind of animal ‘knight: meaning ameliorated from ‗boy, manservant ’ to ‗a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood ‘meat: meaning narrowed down from ‗food ‘ to ‗the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit ‘. hose: meaning extended from ‗leg covering ‘ to ‗a long tube for carrying water ‘. 5. sell: specialized hound: specialized starve: specialized wife: specialized loaf: specialized 6. American English British English Fall Autumn candy sweet corn Maize semester term apartment flat Dresser Dressing table Street car Tram car Chapter 4 1. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-ed un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed 2. book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, booked forget: forgets, forgot, forgotten short: shortter, shortest snap: snaps, snapping, snapped take: takes, taking, took, taken goose: geese heavy: heavier, heaviest 3. –ish: meaning ‗having the nature of , like ‘de-: meaning ‗the opposite of ‘-ify: meaning ‗make, become ‘-dom: means ‗the state of ‘il-(im-/in-): meaning ‗the opposite of, not ‘-able: meaning ‗that can or must be ‘ mis-: meaning ‗wrongly or badly ‘-sion(-tion):meaning ‗the state/process of ‘pre-: meaning ‗prior to ‘-ment: meaning ‗the action of ‘re-: meaning ‗again again‘‘under-: meaning ‗not enough ‘-al: meaning ‗the process or state of ‘4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N ǁ structure, in which adjectives are are used used to to modify modify nouns nouns ‗‗line, line, line, line, neck, neck, room room‘‘. . Hotline Hotline means means ‗‗a telephone telephone number number that that people people can can call call for for information information‘‘. . Mainline Mainline means means ‗‗an an important important railway railway line line between between two two cities cities‘‘. Redneck means ‗a person from the southern US ‘. Darkroom means ‗a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs ‘. b. b. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――N N + + N ‘ structure. structure. Bookshelf Bookshelf means means ‗‗a shelf for keeping books ‘. Breadbasket means ‗a container for serving bread ‘. Mailbox means ‗a a box box for for putting putting letters letters in in when when they they delivered delivered to to a a house house‘‘. . Wineglass Wineglass means means ‗‗a a glass glass for for drinking wine ‘. c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N ‘ structure. Letterhead means ‗the head of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)‘. Roadside means ‗the area at the side of a road ‘. Keyhole means ‗the hole in a lock for putting the key in ‘. Hilltop means ‗the top of a hill ‘. d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‗a person who leaves school before they have finished their studies. Go-between means ‗a person who takes messages between people ‘. Turnout means ‗the number of people who come to an event event‘‘. Standby means ‗a person or thing that can always be used if needed ‘. e. e. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――Adj Adj + + N-ed N-edǁǁ structure, structure, in in which which adjectives are used to modify the N-ed. f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + Adj ǁ structure, meaning As Adj As N. 5. in-: not, the opposite of en-: to put into the condition of dis-: not, the opposite of un-: not, the opposite of inter-: between, among mis-: wrongly or badly over-: too much re-: again post-: after 6. a. a young dog; piglet b. a female editor; hostess c. a place for booking tickets; refinery d. one who is kicked; trainee e. the state of being put up; output 7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix) inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix) multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix) teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix) 8. a. Initialism b. Blending c. Compounding d. conversion 9. a. compounding, affixation b. compounding, affixation c. compounding, shortening d. compounding, affixation 10. a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissible b. absorbent, assistant, different, participant c. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developer d. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockery Chapter 5 1. (a) connotation (b) formality (c) dialect (d) connotation 2. water rainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ………….. .. 3. (a) keeping (b) feeling of admiration or respect 4. (a) hyponymy (b) meronymy 5. (a) light beer, strong beer (b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee 6. amateur —dabbler, funny funny——ridiculous, occupation occupation——profession, small small——little, famous famous——renowned, fiction fiction——fable, smell smell——scent 7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‗an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine ‘. Diagram Diagram refers refers to to a a simple simple drawing drawing using using lines lines to to explain explain where where something something is, is, how how something something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details. 8.(a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable (d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable 9.(a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym (d) synonymy (e) meronymy Chapter 6 1. 1) literal expression 2) idiom 3) literal expression 4) idiom 5) idiom 6) literal expression 2. 1) die 2) something that makes a place less attractive 3) suddenly realize or understand something 4) make one‘s friends disappoint 5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important 6) react quickly so as to get an advantage 3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc. 2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc 3) give something to the person it belongs to 4) annoy 5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect 6) try to find out the facts about something 7) live under the rule of someone 8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc. 9) give someone a warning or secret information about something Chapter 7 1.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings, pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword. 2.They are different in that different media are used. Print dictionaries do not use electric power and can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. . 3.Open to discussion. 4.Open to discussion. 5.(a) symbolise is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or (b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in situation; symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music (a)/sim/sim‘‘bɔlik/ and /sim‘ba:lik/ (b)represent (c)2 (d)Yes. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples. Chapter 8 1.vertically challenged—short sanitation engineer—garbage collector women‘‘s toilet ladies‘‘ cloak room—womenethnic cleansing--genocide ladies2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman implies approval. (2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect. implies approval. (3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise i mplies approval. scholar is neutral. (4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, s cholar3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense — bullshit (3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke 4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.(b) Would you please turn off the lights? 5. Answers vary from person to person. 6. (1) on a formal occasion. (2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off (3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave (4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend. 7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login 8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons. Chapter 9 1. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting things clothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm; building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors 2. She attacked every weak point in my argument. He withdrew his offensive remarks. I hit back at his criticism. She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument. I braced myself for the onslaught. 3. The suffix–ee is typically attached to a verb meaning ‗one who is the object of the verb ‘. This meaning meaning is is considered considered as as the the core core meaning meaning of of the the form. form. So, So, trainee means means ‗‗one one who who is is being being trained ‘. But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix. Suffix –ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the ‗object ‘ meaning. So ‗standee ‘ means ‗one who stands ‘. 4. 4. In In ‗‗good good baby baby ‘, , ‗‗good ‘ means means ‗‗well-behaved, well-behaved, not not causing causing trouble trouble ‘; ; in in ‗‗good good parent parent ‘, , ‗‗good ‘ means ‗kind, generous, considerate, etc .‘5. (1) is used to show sad feelings while (2) is used as an apology. 。
经济学原理 曼昆课后答案 chapter 1
Problems and Applicat ions1. a. A family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a tradeoff between the costof the car and other things they might want to buy. For example, buying thecar might mean they must give up going on vacation for the next two years.So the real cost of the car is the family's opportunity cost in terms of what theymust give up.b. For a member of Congress deciding whether to increase spending on nationalparks, the tradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts. Ifmore money goes into the park system, that may mean less spending onnational defense or on the police force. Or, instead of spending more moneyon the park system, taxes could be reduced.c. When a company president decides whether to open a new factory, thedecision is based on whether the new factory will increase the firm's profitscompared to other alternatives. For example, the company could upgradeexisting equipment or expand existing factories. The bottom line is: Whichmethod of expanding production will increase profit the most?d. In deciding how much to prepare for class, a professor faces a tradeoffbetween the value of improving the quality of the lecture compared to otherthings she could do with her time, such as working on additional research.2. When the benefits of something are psychological, such as going on a vacation, it isn'teasy to compare benefits to costs to determine if it's worth doing. But there are two ways to think about the benefits. One is to compare the vaca tion with what youwould do in its place. If you didn't go on vacation, would you buy something like anew set of golf clubs? Then you can decide if you'd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. A second way is to think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation; then you can decide if the psychological benefits of the vacation were worth the psychological cost of working.3. If you are thinking of going skiing instead of working at your part-time job, the cost ofskiing includes its monetary and time costs, plus the opportunity cost of the wagesyou're giving up by not working. If the choice is between skiing and going to thelibrary to study, then the cost of skiing is its monetary and time costs plus the cost to you of getting a lower grade in your course.4. If you spend $100 now instead of investing it for a year and earning 5 percent interest,you are giving up the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. The idea thatmoney has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financial instruments like stocks and bonds.5. The fact that you've already sunk $5 million isn't relevant to your decision anymore,since that money is gone. What matters now is the chance to earn profits at themargin. If you spend another $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, you'llearn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. You are right to think that the project has lost a total of $3 million ($6 million in costs and only $3 million in revenue) and you shouldn't have started it. That's true, but if you don't spend the additional $1 million, you won't have any sales and your losses will be $5 million. So what matters is not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. In fact, you'd pay up to $3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you won't beincreasing profit at the margin.6. Harry suggests looking at whether productivity would rise or fall. Productivity iscertainly important, since the more productive workers are, the lower the cost pergallon of potion. Harry wants to look at average cost. But both Harry and Ron aremissing the other side of the equation−revenue. A firm wants to maximize its profits, so it needs to examine both costs and revenues. Thus, Hermione is right−it’s best to examine whether the extra revenue would exceed the extra costs. In addition,Hermione is the only one who’s thinking at the margin.7. a. Since a person gets fewer after-tax Social Security benefits the greater is his orher income, there's an incentive not to save for retirement. If you save a lot,your income will be higher, and you won't get as much after-tax Social Securityincome as someone who didn't save as much. The unintended consequenceof the taxation of Social Security benefits is to reduce saving; yet the SocialSecurity system arose because of worries that people wouldn’t save enoughfor retirement.b. For the same reason, you'll tend not to work (or not work as much) after age65. The more you work, the lower your after-tax Social Security benefits willbe. Thus the taxation of Social Security benefits discourages work effort afterage 65.8. a. When welfare recipients who are able to work have their benefits cut off aftertwo years, they have greater incentive to find jobs than if their benefits were tolast forever.b. The loss of benefits means that someone who can't find a job will get noincome at all, so the distribution of income will become less equal. But theeconomy will be more efficient, since welfare recipients have a greaterincentive to find jobs. Thus the change in the law is one that increasesefficiency but reduces equity.9. By specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores more quickly.If you divided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would takeyour roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. By specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.Similarly, countries can specialize and trade, making both better off. For example,suppose it takes Spanish workers less time to make clothes than French workers, and French workers can make wine more efficiently than Spanish workers. Then Spainand France can both benefit if Spanish workers produce all the clothes and Frenchworkers produce all the wine, and they exchange some wine for some clothes.10. a. Being a central planner is tough! To produce the right number of CDs by theright artists and deliver them to the right people requires an enormous amountof information. You need to know about production techniques and costs inthe CD industry. You need to know each person's musical tastes and whichartists they want to hear. If you make the wrong decisions, you'll beproducing too many CDs by artists that people don't want to hear, and notenough by others.b. Your decisions about how many CDs to produce carry over to other decisions.You have to make the right number of CD players for people to use. If youmake too many CDs and not enough cassette tapes, people with cassetteplayers will be stuck with CDs they can't play. The probability of makingmistakes is very high. You will also be faced with tough choices about themusic industry compared to other parts of the economy. If you produce moresports equipment, you'll have fewer resources for making CDs. So alldecisions about the economy influence your decisions about CD production.11. a. Efficiency: The market failure comes from the monopoly by the cable TVfirm.b. Equityc. Efficiency: An externality arises because secondhand smoke harmsnonsmokers.d. Efficiency: The market failure occurs because of Standard Oil's monopolypower.e. Equityf. Efficiency: There's an externality because of accidents caused by drunkdrivers.12. a. If everyone were guaranteed the best health care possible, much more of ournation's output would be devoted to medical care than is now the case.Would that be efficient? If you think that currently doctors form a monopolyand restrict health care to keep their incomes high, you might think efficiencywould increase by providing more health care. But more likely, if thegovernment mandated increased spending on health care, the economy wouldbe less efficient because it would give people more health care than theywould choose to pay for. From the point of view of equity, if poor people areless likely to have adequate health care, providing more health care wouldrepresent an improvement. Each person would have a more even slice of theeconomic pie, though the pie would consist of more health care and less ofother goods.b. When workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemploymentbenefits system to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs.After all, no one plans to be laid off, so unemployment benefits are a form ofinsurance. But there’s an efficiency problem why work if you can getincome for doing nothing? The economy isn’t operating e fficiently if peopleremain unemployed for a long time, and unemployment benefits encourageunemployment. Thus, there’s a tradeoff between equity and efficiency. Themore generous are unemployment benefits, the less income is lost by anunemployed person, but the more that person is encouraged to remainunemployed. So greater equity reduces efficiency.13. Since average income in the United States has roughly doubled every 35 years, we arelikely to have a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents. This is mainly the result of increased productivity, so that an hour of work produces more goods and services than it used to. Thusincomes have continuously risen over time, as has the standard of living.14. If Americans save more and it leads to more spending on factories, there will be anincrease in production and productivity, since the same number of workers will havemore equipment to work with. The benefits from higher productivity will g o to boththe workers, who will get paid more since they're producing more, and the factoryowners, who will get a return on their investments. There's no such thing as a freelunch, though, because when people save more, they're giving up spending. They get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.15. a. If people have more money, they're probably going to spend more on goodsand services.b. If prices are sticky, and people spend more on goods and services, then outputmay increase, as producers increase output to meet the higher demand ratherthan raising prices.c. If prices can adjust, then people's higher spending will be matched withincreased prices, and output won't rise.16. To make an intelligent decision about whether to reduce inflation, a policymaker wouldneed to know what causes inflation and unemployment, as well as what determines the tradeoff between them. Because prices are sticky, an attempt to reduce inflation willlead to higher unemployment. A policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment.。
Sakurai. Modern Quantumn Mechanics 习题答案(chapter 1 )
3
∞
< x 2 >=
−∞
2 ∫ dx' < α | x' > x' < x'| α >
y = x '−< x > ∞
=
−∞
∫ dy < α | y + < x >> ( y + < x >)
2
< y + < x >| α >
= d 2 + < x >2 < (∆x) 2 >= d 2 Also : h2 < (∆p) >= 4d 2
^
^
h ⎛ cos γ ⎜ 2⎜ ⎝ sin γ
sin γ ⎞ ⎟ − cos γ ⎟ ⎠
⎛ c1 ⎞
h ⎛ cos γ ⎜ 2⎜ ⎝ sirγ
（1） 、求： S x = 解答： S x =
γ⎞ ⎛ ⎜ cos ⎟ sirγ ⎞⎛ c1 ⎞ h ⎛ c1 ⎞ 2⎟ ⎟⎜ ⎜c ⎟ ⎟ ⇒ψ = ⎜ ⎜c ⎟ ⎟ = 2⎜ γ − cpsγ ⎟ ⎜ ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎜ sin ⎟ ⎟ 2⎠ ⎝
⎛ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ 当 A‘=-a 时，对应 B’=b，要求α=0，γ=iβ，取归一化得 − a, b = ⎜ ⎜ ⎜i ⎜ ⎝ ⎞ ⎟ 0 ⎟ 1 ⎟ ⎟ 2 ⎟ 1 ⎟ ⎟ 2⎠
5
⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎜ 1 ⎟ 当 A‘=-a 时，对应 B‘=-b，要求α=0，γ=—iβ，取归一化得 − a,−b = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜− i 1 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 2⎠ ⎝
4
⎛α ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ （3） 、解答：因为 A，B 对易，所以有共同本征态，设其共同本征态为 ⎜ β ⎟ ，本征值为 A`， ⎜γ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
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1.计算机存储数据的基本单位是（）
A.bit
B.Byte
C.字
D.字符
2.多年来，人们习惯于以计算机主机所使用的主要元器件的发展进行分代，所谓第四代计算机使用的主要元器件是（）
A.电子管
B.晶体管
C.中小规模集成电路
D.大规模和超大规模集成电路
3.在计算机的不同发展阶段，操作系统最先出现在（）
A.第一代计算机
B.第二代计算机
C.第三代计算机
D.第四代计算机
4.运算器的主要功能是进行（）
A．只做加法
B．逻辑运算
C．算术运算和逻辑运算
D．算术运算
5.计算机硬件的五大基本构件包括运算器、存储器、输入设备、输出设备和（）
A.显示器
B.控制器
C.磁盘驱动器
D.鼠标器
6.关于冯.诺依曼计算机，下列说法正确的是（）
A.冯.诺依曼计算机的程序和数据是靠输入设备送入计算机的寄存器保存的
B.冯.诺依曼计算机工作时是由数据流驱动控制流工作的
C.冯.诺依曼计算机的基本特点可以用“存储程序”和“程序控制”高度概
括
D.随着计算机技术的发展，冯.诺依曼计算机目前已经被淘汰
7.冯.诺依曼计算机的核心思想是（），冯.诺依曼计算机的工作特点是（）（1） A.采用二进制 B.存储程序 C.并行计算 D.指令系统
（2）A.堆栈操作 B.存储器按内容访问
C.按地址访问并顺序执行指令
D.多指令流单数据流
8.一个完整的计算机系统包括（）
A.主机、键盘、显示器
B.主机及外围设备
C.系统软件与应用软件
D.硬件系统与软件系统
9.下列软件中，不属于系统软件的是（）
A．编译软件
B．操作系统
C．数据库管理系统
D．C语言程序
解析：
计算机的软件分为系统软件和应用软件。
系统软件是为了计算机能正常、高效工件所配备的各种管理、监控和维护系统的程序及其有关资料。
系统软件主要包括如下几个方面：
（1）操作系统软件，这是软件的核心
（2）各种语言的解释程序和编译程序（如BASIC语言解释程序等）
（3）各种服务性程序（如机器的调试、故障检查和诊断程序等）
（4）各种数据库管理系统（FoxPro等）
10.某单位的人事档案管理程序属于（）
A.工具软件
B.应用软件
C.系统软件
D.字表处理软件
11.下列选项中，描述浮点数操作速度的指标是（）
A.MIPS
B.CPI
C.IPC
D.MFLOP
12.半个世纪以来，对计算机发展的阶段有过多种描述。
下列说法中，比较全面的
描述是（）
A.计算机经过四个发展阶段，电子管阶段、晶体管阶段、集成电路阶段、超
大规模集成电路阶段
B.计算机经过四段发展，即大型机、中型机、小型机、微型机
C.计算机经过三段发展，即大型机、微型机、网络机
D.计算机经过五段发展，即大型机、小型机、微型机、局域网、广域网
13.下列叙述错误的是（）
A.把数据从内存传输到硬盘叫写盘
B.把源程序转换为目标程序的过程叫编译
C.应用软件对操作系统没有任何要求
D.计算机内部对数据的传输、存储和处理都是用二进制
14.计算机的存储单元中存储的内容是（）
A.数据和指令
B.只能是指令
C.只能是数据
D.数据或指令
15.某台微型计算机的内存容量为128M，一般指的是（）
A.128Mbit
B.128MB
C.128M字
D.128 000K
解析：内存容量是以字节为计算单位的，8个二进制位称为1个字节，1Byte＝8bit，1KB=1024B，1MB=1024KB，1GB=1024MB，1TB=1024GB。
16.在计算机领域中通常用MIPS来描述（）
A.计算机的可运行性
B.计算机的运算速度
C.计算机的可靠性
D.计算机的可扩充性
17.使用高级语言编写的程序称为（）
A.源程序
B.编辑程序
C.编译程序
D.连接程序
18.在微型计算机中，bit的中文含义是（）
A.二进制位
B.字
C.字节
D.双字
19.微型计算机的运算器、控制器及内存的总称是（）
A.CPU
B.ALU
C.主机
D.MPU
20.个人计算机属于（）
A.巨型机
B.中型机
C.小型机
D.微机
21.机器唯一能够直接识别和处理的语言是（）
A.汇编语言
B.高级语言
C.自然语言
D.机器语言
22.在内存中，每个基本单位都被赋予一个唯一的序号，这个序号称为（）
A.字节
B.编号
C.地址
D.容量
23.计算机软件系统应包括（）
A.编辑软件和连接程序
B.数据软件和管理软件
C.程序和数据
D.系统软件和应用软件
24.至今为止，计算机中所有信息仍以二进制方式表示，其原因是（）
A.节约元件
B.运算速度快
C.物理器件性能决定
D.信息处理方便
25.计算机及内部的所有数据以（）码的形式存储的。
A.二进制
B.条形
C.汉字
D.区位
26.计算机系统中的存储系统是指（）
A.RAM存储器
B.ROM存储器
C.主存储器
D.主存储器和外存储器
27.运算器的核心部件是（）
A.数据总线
B.数据选择器
C.累加寄存器
D.算术逻辑运算部件
28.计算机的字长取决于（）
A.控制器的种类
B.运算器一次运算二进制的位数
C.存储器的大小
D.主机与外部设备一次交换信息的长度
29.某计算机的主频为，其指令分为4类，它们在基准程序中所占比例及CPI如下表所示。
该机的MIPS数是（）
指令类型所占比例CPI
A50%2
B20%3
C10%4
D20%5
A.100
B.200
C.400
D.600
1兆赫相当于1000千赫（KHz），也就是10^6赫兹。
Hz：每秒的周期次数(周期/秒)
30.微机A和B是采用不同主频的CPU芯片，片内逻辑电路完全相同。
（1）若A机的CPU主频为8MHz，B机为12MHz，则A机的CPU时钟周期为多少
（2）如A机的平均指令执行速度为，那么A机的平均指令周期为多少
（3）B机的平均指令执行速度为多少
解析：
A机CPU的主频周期 =1/主频= 1/8MHz=
A机的平均指令周期 = 1/=
A机的一个指令周期包含=20个主频周期
B机的主频周期 =1/主频= 1/ 12MHz = 1/12(us)
因为微机A和B的片内逻辑电路完全相同，故B机的一个指令周期也包含20个主频周期，所以 B机的平均指令周期 = 20/12=5/3(us) B 机的平均指令执行速度 = 3/5=
(3) 第2种方法： ( Fb/Fa ) * = ( 12/8 ) * =
31.计算Pentium II 450处理器的运算速度（假设其IPC=2）
解：由于PentiumII 450处理机的IPC＝2（或CPI＝），Fz＝450MHz MIPS=FZ*IPC=2*450=900MIPS
32.假设计算机M的指令集中包含A、B、C三类指令，其中CPI分别为1、2、4。
某个程序P在M上被编译成两个不同的目标代码序列P1和P2，P1所含A、B、C三类指令的条数分别为8、2、2 ，P2所含A、B、C三类指令的条数分别为2、5、3。
请问：哪个代码序列指令条数少哪个执行速度快它们的CPI分别是多少
33.假定某程序P编译后生成的目标代码由A、B、C、D四类指令组成，它们在程序中所占的比例分别为40%、20%、15%、25%，已知它们的CPI分别为1、2、2、2。
现重新对程序P进行编译优化，生成的新目标代码中A类指令条数减少了50%，其他类指令的条数没有变化。
请回答下列问题。
（1）编译优化前后程序的CPI各是多少
（2）假定程序在一台主频为500MHz的计算机上运行，则优化前后的MIPS 各是多少
（3）通过上面的计算结果你能得出什么结论
34.假定某计算机1和计算机2以不同的方式实现了相同的指令集,该指令集中共
有A、B、C、D四类指令,它们在程序中所占比例分别为40%、20%、20%、20%,机器1和机器2的时钟周期为600MHZ和800MHZ,A、B、C、D四类指令在机器1上的CPI分别为2、
3、4、5；在机器2上的CPI分别为2、2、3、4,求两机器的MIPS各为多少
解答：
机器1上得平均CPI=2*40%+3*20*+4*20%+5*20%=
机器2上得平均CPI=2*40%+2*20*+3*20%+4*20%=
所以,机器一的MIPS=1/CPI=1/*f=600/=
机器二的MIPS=1/CPI=1/*f=800/=
35.。