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用冰山理论解读《老人与海》中主人公的胜利 英语专业毕业论文

用冰山理论解读《老人与海》中主人公的胜利  英语专业毕业论文

用冰山理论解读《老人与海》中主人公的胜利摘要被威谦、福克纳誉为“这代人最优秀的一个单篇”的《老人与海》是硬汉子海明威的力作,而对于《老人与海》的象征主义,评论界各执已见,海明威本人的解释也模棱两可。

而小说中主人公圣地亚哥和生存环境、大海、鲨鱼、小孩等角色实际上并非角色本身,表面上简单的角色及故事情节有着深刻的象征意义,所以笔者希望从文章的主人公、其生存环境等各个方面对其象征主义进行剖析、总结和归纳《老人与海》的象征手法以及海明威的人生观在各象征因素中的体现,以期能帮助读者更好地理解这部作品。

关键词海明威象征因素冰山原理生存环境人生观ABSTRACTThe Old Man and the Sea, praised by a famous writer as “the most excellent simple article in this generation”, is a masterpiece of the unyielding man—Hemingway. But with regard to the symbolism, it has been talked differently, and was equivocal in the explanation by Hemingway himself. The Protagonist, the living environment, the sea, the Shark, the Marlin are not themselves but have significant symbolical meaning. Here the author will analyze its symbolism thoroughly through some aspects such as the leading character,the living environment and Hemingway’s philosophy of life reflected by the symbols, with a view to help the reader get a better understanding of Ernest Hemingway's masterpiece.Key Words Hemingway the symbolic factors iceberg theory the living environment philosophy of life目录1 引言 (6)2 背景介绍 (7)3 作品的象征意义 (7)3.1 象征意义的含义 (7)3.2 老人与海中运用的主要象征 (9)4 海明威用象征手法在老人与海中反映出来的哲学生活 (10)4.1 老人与海中海明威的哲学生活 (10)4.2 通过象征手法反映海明威对生活的态度 (11)5 结论 (11)致谢辞.................................................... 参考文献.................................................. 附录CONTENTS1 Introduction (6)2 Introduction to the Background (7)3 The Symbolism in the Works (7)3.1 The Definition of Symbolism (7)3.2 Major Symbols in The Old Man and the Sea (9)4 Hemingway’s Philosophy of Life Reflected by the symbols in The Old Man and the Sea (10)4.1 Hemingway’s Philosophy of Life in The Old Man and the Sea (10)4.2 Hemingway’s Attitude towards the Society Reflected through the Symbol of the Sea (11)5 conclusion (11)Ackonwledgements ................................................................................. Reference……………………………………………………………......... Appendix…………………………………………………………….........1 IntroductionRegarded as a giant both in American literature and the world literature, Ernest Hemingway was born on July21, 1898, at Oak Park, Illinois. In the childhood, influenced by his father, Hemingway was interested in music, pictures, hunting, fishing and the like.His variety of interest, especially the love of fishing extremely affected all his life and he drew much writing inspiration from his fishing experience. Taking adventures also plays a vital role in his life and for the reason that he experienced the two world wars. As a noticeable representative of the “Lost Generation”, Hemingway published the books of this sort, The Sun Also Rises at the age of 26. Because the book chiefly deals with the living attitude of the post-war generation, especially the lives of those wounded soldiers and the loneliness and disillusionment of the modern people whose ideal was shattered at the time when “God is dead”, they thought life was nothing and meaningless. In this case, Hemingway became the spokesperson for the The Lost Generation.Actually the parable of a man’s struggle against the nature, The Old Man and The Sea was published in 1952. Acknowledged as his best works, the novel reinvigorated Hemingway’s literary reputation after the violent attacks,he received from Across the River and Into the Tress. The positive reaction that followed the novel included praise not only from the reviewers but also from a board spectrum of the mass, from ordinary readers to fellow men of letters. The publishing of this work showed that Hemingway had shown he could still achieve a major triumph, whether or not the reviewers and critics or the public could appreciate the true value of his achievement. The Old Man and the Sea was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and Hemingway’s famous iceberg technique, which is a simple but highly suggestive style, was vividly embodied in the work, thus he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”.2 Introduction to the BackgroundThe old Man and the Sea is a fable of an old man’s life which was told by Hemingway.Hemingway is a famous American writer of modern times. He is also an international literary celebrity in the world. His father is a prominent doctor, and also a dab at fishing and hunting. The influence of his father made him full of love with fishing and hunting. As a mouthpiece of “the lost generation”, Hemingway suffered cold shoulder and attack almost ten years in the commentary field. In order to save the desperate situation, Hemingway wrote a work that he firmly believes to be the best works in his life, which was called The Old Man and the Sea, which is the inheritance and dev elopment of Hemingway’s unyielding character.3The Symbolism in the Works3.1 The Definition of SymbolismSymbolism is an artistic movement in the late 19th century that tried to express abstract or mystical ideas through the symbolic use of images. In literature, it is a writing style of using something to stand for something else by reasoning of relationship, association, accident resemblance, or a visible sign of something invisible.As a master in literature, Hemingway uses very simple words and sentences to write some magnum opus, which is his iceberg technique that he uses in his work. He believed as a good writer, he didn’t need to reveal the action or characters clearly, obscurity can give us the aesthetic sense. So the words and sentences in his work are symbolic and suggestive. That is to say, one needs keep a close eye to read his works and read between the lines deliberately.3. 2 Major Symbols in The Old Man and the SeaThere are many symbols in this story, such as the old man, the boy, the sea, the shark, the marlin and etc. This paper only focuses on the important symbols and analyzes the deep meanings of them.3.2.1 The Old Man—the Best Expression to “the unyielding character”The Old Man and the Sea is a short simple novel that has been hailed as a classic.The story The Old Man and the Sea is about an old fisherman named Santiago who overcomes the great forces of nature. Not catching a single fish for eighty-four days, the old fisherman still keeps on trying without being despaired. He goes far out into the sea and catches a huge marlin after three day’s patient struggle. On his way home sharks come and attack, Santiago tries his best to fight but fails to prevent the marlin from being eaten. In the end he returns with nothing but the skeleton of the marlin. Many people believe that the novel is about the life of Hemingway himself. Because some parts of the story do relate to what Hemingway has experienced in his life.The old man--- Santiago is the last tragic hero that Hemingway portrays. Being poor and unlucky, his fate is sad, but he is not a man being easily defeated. Hemingway’s unyielding character is attached to the old man like a demon, which is the symbol of Hemingway’s unyielding character, which is regarded as an embodiment of Hemingway’s iceberg principle.Hemingway does not tell the story simply, but reveal his living experience, emotion and thought symbolically.We can see that the old man shows some traditional moral, we can’t deny that the old man is the best reflecting of the unyielding spirit of Hemingway’s.3.2.2The Boy— the Best Supplement for the Unyielding Man CharacterTaking the only boy whom he can depend on r for survival is Hemingway’s unique idea. Taking away is because the old man “has bad luck” and the boy’s parents force him to claim kinship with them.Before the child goes back, the struggle of the old man is isolate; the words of the child make clear that he becomes mature under the move and inspire, he faintly feels happy and the wish of brightness. So the image of the boy is the elaboration of the writer in making out the line of the story,and the information that the boy reflects is beyond the information that the writer hopes on the fish,the old man and sea. The boy helps him wh en the others deserts. “If the boy were here”. The story mentions it for nine times, which symbolizes that the child is the strength for the weak man when he fails and is disappointed.3.2.3 The Sea —the Symbol of Hemingway’s Survival Environment.In both the sea and the life, there are many possibilities that lie hidden from thecommon: some are gifts to be treasured and some are troubles to be defeated. Neither will be found unless man embarks on the journey.The sea is holding the balance in the whole story, it is the substance world that the old man depends on, it is all content of his living, the sea prepares the mystical big fish, it supplies a place to reveal the old man’s courage and will-power, the sea is a picture that means a lot. In the novel, Santiago embarks on a sea journey and encounters a giant marlin. He battles nobly to earn the treasure, and then fights against sharks to save the treasure. The struggle defines him as a real hero. Though he loses the marlin in the end, he has won the sea battle and honored himself.The sea is just like the society. Only a man faces and fights on it with courage, can he defeat the unchangeable fate and become the strong one of the life. Like the sea too, the society contains many hidden treasures or good chances and predators. 4.3.2.4The Shark —A Powerful Deputy of the Evil ForceThe shark stands for the evil side of the natural world. It symbolizes the destructive force of the society and the world.When Santiago is fighting with the marlin, the sea is calm, beautiful, which is harmonious with the nature. But the sharks smell the taste of blood, they come up one by one and destroy the harmony. Furthermore, they devour the old man’s trophy-great marlin, like the predators.When the old man wants to fish a big fish, he really catches a unprecedented big fish, his praise for the big fish, the big size of the body, the grace of the posture, the hugeness of the power, the beauty of the color can make us reminds of it. Those sharks can be seen as symbols of the evil force that obstruct people to achieve the perfect condition.3.2.5The Marlin—the Symbol of AchievementIn contrast to the shark, which stands for a bad part of nature, the giant marlin also has its symbolic meaning in the novel. It becomes a symbol of the ideal in life that challenges those who is eager for it.It is precisely through the effort to battle the huge marlin that Santiago proves his heroism and manliness. He finds the marlin worthy of a fight, and so he fights hardly.By realizing the life ideal, he proves himself a worthy fisherman. So a heroic and manly life is not self-sufficiency, it requires constant demonstration of one’s worthiness through noble action and struggle for the ideal in life.4 Hemingway’s Philos ophy of Life Reflected by the symbols in The Old Man and the SeaIn this novel, Hemingway has used many symbols. All these symbols have very important and special meanings. By understanding them, we can better understand the writer's philosophy of life.4.1 Hemingway’s Philosophy of Life in The Old Man and the SeaThe Old Man and the Sea is a song of praise about human spirit. Through the description of the sufferings Santiago endures and his courageous behavior in his fights with the marlin and the sharks, Hemingway intends to tell us his philosophy of life: although life is a lonely battle, it is a struggle that man should fight on with courage and endurance; and the “meaning” of life is not to be found in “success” or “failure”, but rather in the struggle itself.To Hemingway, life is a struggle to be borne, not like a burden, but as a challenge. He thinks that man has the power to struggle for life, no matter what result may be. According to him, human beings are not totally hopeless in the world. Even though he knows that the human struggle is useless in face of the natural forces, he encourages people to strive. In this sense, Hemingway’s philosophy of life is the further and heroic development of the naturalists. In addition, Hemingway’s philosophy of life is also helpful to the people today. When faced with the difficulties and setbacks in life, many people complain about the fate and chance; they feel depressed, losing hope towards life. This is not the right attitude towards life. Hemingway tells us that a man should face and overcome the difficulties in life with decency, dignity, and heroism. To be a man is to behave with honor and dignity, not to succumb to suffering, to accept one’s duty without complaint, and most importantly, to display a maximum of self-control. This is Hemingway’s ideal of manhood, and Santiago is the perfect representative of Hemingway Code Hero. So we should learn from Santiago. When we suffer from the setbacks in life, we should fight against themto the end despite the pain, and display great grace and courage during the battle. This is just the right attitude we should have towards life.4.2 Hemingway’s Attitude towards the Society Reflected through the Symbol of the SeaSea stands for the world all men live. In the sea there are many treasures and dangers for everyone. Men should fight for the treasures and against dangers Hemingway think.Hemingway never gives up search for his treasure in the world and find it in the end because he knows the world, it is just like the sea with full of dream and nightmare, he knows the world is fair just like the sea, if he insists of what he think is true, he will find what he wants and win prize of the world. So both Santiago and Hemingway show to us that world is cruel but worth fighting for. Man should fight in his battle for what he thinks is treasure no matter he is in good condition or not. The world is beautiful whenever it offers you treasures or dangers. Do not lose hope and complain to the world but win your honor with your fight.5 ConclusionTo sum up, symbolism is a noted writing characteristic in The Old Man and the Sea. The old man, the sea, the marlin, the lions and so on and so forth, to a large degree has deep symbolic meanings respectively. I venture to say that the book is like a complex building built with unaccountable symbols. One can get different kinds of interpretations in accordance with a variety of points of views. And one also attains different kinds of symbols from several respects. In addition, by using symbolism Hemingway succeeded in reaching his goal of conveying the main theme of the story-courage is a way leading to success. In other words, a man can be destroyed but not be defeated.。

浅议“冰山理论”下企业文化的作用与建设

浅议“冰山理论”下企业文化的作用与建设

浅议“冰山理论”下企业文化的作用与建设摘要:随着社会的发展,企业文化的重要性愈加显著。

利用“冰山理论”探究企业文化的作用,可以将企业文化的实质分为表层文化和潜在文化,以及每个层面所占比重的不同。

本文探讨了企业文化在这两个层面的意义和作用,并提出了企业文化的建设对于企业长远发展的重要性。

关键词:冰山理论;企业文化;表层文化;潜在文化;企业发展正文:近年来,企业文化的重要性变得越来越突出。

保障良好的企业文化对于建设和保持高效率和适应市场变化和竞争的企业来讲至关重要。

在现实生活中,利用冰山理论可以将企业文化的实质分为表层文化和潜在文化,因为一个优秀的企业文化不仅仅体现在企业文档或标志,更能通过员工工作行为、文化传统、信仰体系等方面的细节体现。

表层文化是企业文化中展现在制度、流程、技术和常规行为中的核心部分,这对企业的运营非常重要。

它直接指导员工在具体的操作中遵循哪些步骤、应该注意哪些细节以及如何相互协调。

潜在文化是企业文化的基础层,这里的元素通常难以被明确记录或测量,但它是一种深层的信仰和价值观,是企业文化的灵魂,也是员工行为和理念的原动力。

在“冰山理论”中,潜在文化比表层文化体积更大,因此也具有更大的影响力。

企业文化在表层文化和潜在文化两层面都发挥着重要的作用。

在表层文化方面,优秀的企业文化将指导企业管理系统、业务流程和常规行为,以保持企业的稳步运作。

如今,创业公司大多数都选取转型方案以适应市场竞争和市场周期,而且如此选择的同时也是基于企业文化的指导和思考。

在潜在文化方面,企业文化在影响员工的核心信念、人际交往和工作质量上发挥着更加深刻的作用。

这种深刻的影响体现在企业的无形的文化传承、员工的忠诚度和企业的长期竞争优势。

例如,优秀的企业文化将鼓励员工在家庭和工作之间获得平衡,进而导致更高的员工满意度和更高的工作质量。

因此,企业文化的建设对于企业长远发展具有必不可少的意义。

企业引入理念、信念和行为模式的培养是企业文化建设的重要内容,以及在尊重员工、社会和想法多元化的基础上创造良好的企业文化。

《白象似的群山》中“冰山理论”的探析

《白象似的群山》中“冰山理论”的探析

《白象似的群山》中“冰山理论”的探析《白象似的群山》是一部由著名作家陈维昌所著的小说。

小说以一个偏远的山村为背景,通过描写人物的生活、情感和命运,展现了山村的美丽和深邃。

在小说中,作者运用了“冰山理论”来揭示人物内心世界的复杂性,这为读者带来了深刻的震撼和反思。

在本文中,将对《白象似的群山》中“冰山理论”的探析进行一番讨论,以期更好地理解作品的内涵和价值。

我们需要了解“冰山理论”是什么。

冰山理论源自于美国心理学家弗洛伊德,用来形容人类心理活动中显性和潜性的关系。

冰山是由上方的一小部分展露在水面上,而下方的庞大部分则隐藏在水下。

在《白象似的群山》中,作者通过冰山理论来揭示人物内心深处的真实想法和情感,使读者更加深入地了解人物的性格和命运。

在小说中,作者通过对主要人物的塑造和情感描写,展现了他们内心世界的复杂性。

主人公小珍,外表上看似纯真无邪,但内心却充满了对命运的挣扎和不甘。

这种表里不一的矛盾正是“冰山理论”在小说中的体现。

小珍的内心世界就如同冰山一样,只有通过作者的细致描写和深度剖析,才能真正理解她的心理活动和情感变化。

这样的塑造使得小珍成为一个更加立体和真实的人物,给读者留下了深刻的印象。

通过“冰山理论”,作者在小说中展现了人物之间的复杂关系和情感纠葛。

在《白象似的群山》中,人物之间的关系错综复杂,充满了挣扎和矛盾。

小珍与村长的孙子东海之间的感情纠葛,以及小珍和自己家人之间的矛盾。

这些复杂的关系正是人性的写照,而“冰山理论”则帮助读者深入地了解了这些关系背后的真实情感和动机。

通过对人物内心世界的细致刻画,作者成功地展现了人物之间错综复杂的情感交织,使得整个故事更加引人入胜。

通过“冰山理论”,作者还在小说中展现了人物命运的不确定性和复杂性。

在《白象似的群山》中,人物的命运往往受到外部环境和内心挣扎的双重影响,充满了波澜和曲折。

小珍身陷困境,无法摆脱家族的束缚;而东海则面临着传统和现代的矛盾。

这些复杂的命运轨迹正是“冰山理论”在小说中的体现,作者通过对人物内心世界的描写,将人物的命运塑造得更加真实和感人。

论海明威创作风格中的冰山原则本科论文

论海明威创作风格中的冰山原则本科论文

论海明威创作风格中的冰山原则王世超【内容摘要】海明威是一位风格独特的作家,文章主要从简洁的语言艺术、含蓄的意境、丰富的人物形象与情感以及深刻的主题思想四个方面着手分析海明威的“冰山原则”,并通过对具体作品的分析进一步探讨了冰山原则中的“八分之一”与“八分之七”的关系和在作品中的运用。

【关键词】冰山原则;简洁;潜台词;八分之一与八分之七;象征寓意。

海明威(1899-1961)是20世纪30年代美国的著名作家,是“迷惘一代”的杰出代表。

海明威的一生也是富有戏剧与传奇色彩的。

特殊的人生经历、感情的细腻与敏感使其明显区别于同时代的其他许多作家,同时也成就了其独特风格。

他把自己的著作比作漂浮在海上的冰山,并用“冰山原则”形象的概括了自己的艺术风格和技巧。

海明威独特性的思维与构筑,给世界文学注入了新鲜元素使人眼睛为之一亮。

海明威的“冰山理论”最早是在一部斗牛的专著《午后之死》中提出的,并在以后的创作和著述中加以阐发和完善。

海明威曾说:“我总是试图根据冰山原理去写作,即只写其中的八分之一,剩下的八分之七要由读者自己去体会、去想象。

”根据海明威的解释,我们可以把冰山原则作如下定义:“冰山原则就是作者试图用最简洁、简单的语言文字,勾勒描绘创造出生动鲜明的形象,把自己对作品的深刻感知、感悟及自己对作品所赋予的深意,最大限度的隐藏于作品的形象之中,使情感深厚而不外露,思想隐含而富有深意。

将作品的可感性与寓意性有机的结合为一个整体,使读者透过对外在的形象、语言的感知,去发掘、去领悟隐藏在简洁下的纷繁与宏伟。

海明威及其所开创的“冰山文体”为我们提供了理解现代小说的另一视角,也对后来的小说家产生了深远影响。

“海明威是一位与我的写作技巧密切相关的作家”,马尔克斯这样说。

“冰山原则”无疑是海明威开创并付诸实践的一个具有刷新历史意义的理论主张。

一、简洁的语言对话艺术作家的存在与成就都是由他的作品来说话的。

作品是作家精神与思想的集成与具体化。

再说冰山理论,认识到自己的“冰山”,你的学习就会本质的改变

再说冰山理论,认识到自己的“冰山”,你的学习就会本质的改变

再说冰山理论f认识到自己的〃冰山"『你的学习就会本质的改变心理学中的冰山理论是一个帮助探寻自我和增进觉察的有效工具,让我们不只停留在行为层面去解决问题,而是去觉察行为与情绪背后深层的心理需求与成因。

人最想认识的是自己,但最难的也是认知自己。

为什么人很难认知自我?在我们的生活中,每天都有各种各样的事情发生,可我们处理事情的方式却大同小异,因为我们有着固有的模式来应对。

下面我们来谈一谈如何使用冰山理论,去认知行为下面的真实自我。

01什么是冰山理论?精神分析学家弗洛伊德把一个人的心理、意识比作一座漂浮在海面上的冰山。

大海中的冰山,露出水面、可以看见的那一部分是很小的,而淹没在水下的、看不到的部分,占绝大部分。

水面上的那部分冰山相当于一个人遵守社会公德的那些想法;而那些淹没在水下、没有露出来的,则是大量的、影响力更大的“不道徳的、反社会的“念头与想法,尤其是对性欲的渴望。

在弗洛伊德看来,一个人之所以能够表现出来被公众所接受的形象,正在因为他在自己的道德感的压抑下,把那些不好的想法压抑到“水面之下“。

此后,荣格提出了集体潜意识,对佛洛伊德的冰山理论做了进一步的延伸。

集体潜意识产生于全人类具有的共同经验,它的内容对于所有人类在本质上都是相同的。

到20世纪中,美国知名的心理治疗师和家庭治疗师萨提亚,在家庭治疗基础上提出了自成体系的冰山理论。

根据萨提亚的理论,一个人和他的原生家庭有着千丝万缕的联系,这种联系有可能影响他的一生。

萨提亚用了一个非常形象的比喻: 这就像一座漂浮在水面上的巨大冰山,能够被外界看到的行为表现或应对方式,只是露在水面上很小的一部分,而暗涌在水面之下更大的山体,则是长期压抑并被我们忽略的“内在“。

在人的行为和应对方式的表象下面,依次有“感受“、,感受的感受(为什么有这种感受?)“、“观点〃、“期待”、“渴望“、“自己(我是谁?)“等根源问题。

萨提亚冰山的独到之处是把根源问题细分,能让我们沿着七个步骤找到问题的答案。

海明威之冰山理论

海明威之冰山理论

浅谈海明威之冰山理论摘要:在很多领域人们都会提到冰山理论。

海明威提出的文学领域的冰山理论,是写作方面一种独到的见解,有着较为丰富的内涵和现实意义。

关键词:海明威冰山理论含义现实意义《午后之死》《老人与海》《永别了武器》正文简述冰山理论1895年,心理学家弗洛伊德与布罗伊尔合作发表《歇斯底里研究》,认为人的人格就像海面上的冰山一样,露出来的仅仅只是一部分,即有意识的层面;剩下的绝大部分是处于无意识的。

弗洛伊德著名的“冰山理论”也就传布于世。

这是心理学上的冰山理论。

在文学领域,1932年,海明威在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》中,提出著名的“冰山原则”。

他以“冰山”为喻,认为作者只应描写“冰山”露出水面的部分,水下的部分应该通过文本的提示让读者去想像补充。

他在书中说道:如果一位散文家对于他想写的东西心中有数,那么他可以省略他所知道的东西,读者呢?只要作者写得真实,会强烈的感觉到作者省略的地方,就好像作者已经写出来了。

他说:“冰山运动之雄伟壮观,是因为他只有八分之一在水面上。

八分之一是作者看到的,八分之七虽然没有写出来,但是读者也能感觉到。

”文学作品中,文字和形象是所谓的“八分之一”,而情感和思想是所谓的“八分之七”。

前两者是具体可见的,后两者是寓于前两者之中的。

“冰山理论”两个层面的含义:其一;简约的艺术。

即删掉小说中一切可有可无的东西,以少胜多,象中国水墨画技巧,计白当黑,不要铺陈,不要八分之八,而只要八分之一。

英国学者贝茨在《海明威的短篇小说》一文中认为,这种简约在语言上表现为删掉了小说中几乎所有的解释、探讨,甚至议论;砍掉了一切花花绿绿的比喻;剥下了亨利·詹姆斯时代句子长、形容词多得要命的华丽外衣:“他以谁也不曾有过的勇气把英语中附着于文学的乱毛剪了个干净。

”这些英语文学的乱毛中被海明威收拾得最利索的是形容词。

形容词过多是十九世纪末以亨利·詹姆斯为代表的小说家带给英语文学的一大灾难。

管理学中的冰山理论

管理学中的冰山理论

物流冰山理论物流成本冰山理论由日本早稻田大学的西泽修教授提出,是指当人们读财务报表时,只注意到企业公布的财务统计数据中的物流费用,而这只能反映物流成本的一部分,因此有相当数量的物流费用是不可见的。

物流成本正如浮在水面上的冰山,人们所能看见的向外支付的物流费用好比冰山的一角,而大量的是人们所看不到的沉在水下的企业内部消耗的物流费用,当水下的物流内耗越深反而露出水面的冰山就越小,将各种问题掩盖起来。

这种现象只有大力削减库存,才能将问题暴露并使之得到解决。

这就是物流成本的冰山理论。

管理学中的冰山理论把一个员工的全部才能看作一座冰山,呈现在人们视野中的部分往往只有1/8,而看不到的则占7/8。

管理学中的冰山理论管理学中的冰山理论对员工来说,外边的1/8是其资质、知识、行为和技能,下面的7/8则是由职业意识、职业道德和职业态度三个方面形成的基石。

要培育优秀的职业化素质,就要重视这三个隐性方面的内容,因为它占有员工素质的7/8,同时还深刻地影响着员工1/8的显性素质。

浮在水面上的1/8是他所拥有的资质、知识、行为和技能,这些就是员工的显性素质,这些可以通过各种学历证书、职业证书来证明,或者通过专业考试来验证。

而潜在水面之下的7/8的东西,包括职业道德、职业意识和职业态度,我们称之为隐性素质。

显性素质和隐性素质的总和就构成了一个员工所具备的全部职业化素质。

例如:应届毕业生在显性素质方面表现还可以,但在隐性素质方面由于没有得到过培训,所以比较欠缺,这就是很多企业不招聘应届毕业生的真正原因。

职业化素质既然有大部分潜伏在水底,就如同冰山有八分之七存在于水底一样,正是这八分之七的隐性素质部分支撑了一个员工的显性素质部分!员工素质的“水上部分”包括基本知识、基本技能,是显性的,即处在水面以上,随时可以调用,是人力资源管理中人们一般比较重视的方面,它们相对来说比较容易改变和发展,培训起来也比较容易见成效,但很难从根本上解决员工综合素质问题。

浅谈海明威作品中的“冰山理论”

浅谈海明威作品中的“冰山理论”

浅谈海明威作品中的“冰山理论”李瑞曦(成都东软学院四川·成都611844)摘要作为美国20世纪著名的代表性作家,海明威笔下创造出了一系列个性鲜明的人物形象。

他们勇敢坚毅,在与命运的抗争中不屈不挠,体现出了完美的“硬汉精神”。

除了鲜明的人物形象之外,海明威著名的“冰山理论”也成为了文学创造的典范,即简约的艺术与经验的省略。

关键词海明威冰山理论艺术形式中图分类号:I106.4文献标识码:A1海明威与“冰山理论”欧内斯特海明威是美国20世纪著名的小说家,作为美国“迷惘的一代”的代表,他的作品中表现出对人生,世界,社会的迷茫与彷徨。

他被冠以文坛硬汉之称,不仅由于他笔下创造出的鲜明的硬汉形象,而且也包括他本人的人生经历,使得他成为了美利坚民族的精神丰碑。

据统计,他的作品被翻译成136种语言,他小说的销量仅次于基督教的圣经,在全世界拥有成千上万的读者,成为了美国文学中最受读者欢迎的作家之一。

除了鲜明的“硬汉形象”之外,海明威作品中呈现出的独具特色的简约形式也备受瞩目,成为了人们相继研究与探讨的主题,也就是被称为“冰山理论”的写作风格。

著名心理学家弗洛伊德在歇斯底里研究一书提出了著名的“冰山理论”,他认为,人的人格有意识的层面只是冰山的尖角。

人的心理行为当中的绝大部分是冰山下面那个巨大的三角形底部。

那些看不见的部分决定着人类的行为。

海明威在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》中,第一次把文学创作比作漂浮在大洋上的冰山,他说:“冰山运动之雄伟壮观,是因为它只有八分之一在水面上文学作品中,文字和形象是所谓的八分之一。

如果一位散文家对于他想写的东西心里很有数,那么他可能省略他所知道的东西。

读者呢,只要作家写得真实,会强烈的感觉到他所省略的地方,好像作者写出来似的显而易见,作家在这里强调的是省略,主张水面下的八分之七应该留给读者去感受。

”根据海明威的解释,可以对“冰山理论”作一个粗略的概括:即就是用简洁的文字塑造出鲜明的形象,把自身的感受和思想情绪最大限度地埋藏在形象之中,使之情感充沛却含而不露,思想深沉而隐而不晦,从而将文学的可感性与可思性巧妙地结合起来,让读者由鲜明形象的感受去发掘作品的思想意义、简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感和深刻的思想是构成“冰山理论”或“冰山原则”的四个基本要素。

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冰山理论论文开题报告
冰山理论论文开题报告
摘要:
本文旨在探讨冰山理论在现实生活中的应用和意义。

冰山理论是一种思维模型,它通过比喻冰山的形态,将问题与现象的表面现象和深层原因进行区分。

通过
对冰山理论的研究,我们可以更加深入地理解事物的本质和背后的根本原因,
从而更好地解决问题和做出决策。

引言:
冰山理论最早由美国心理学家弗洛伊德提出,他将人的心理活动比喻为一座冰山,冰山的一部分浮在水面上,而更大的部分则潜藏在水下。

这一比喻揭示了
人类思维和行为背后的深层原因。

随着时间的推移,冰山理论的应用范围逐渐
扩大,不仅仅局限于心理学领域,而是渗透到了各个领域。

冰山理论在商业决策中的应用:
在商业决策中,冰山理论可以帮助我们更好地理解市场和消费者行为。

市场表
面上的现象只是冰山的一角,而更重要的是深层次的需求和心理因素。

通过深
入研究消费者的潜在需求和心理动机,企业可以更准确地把握市场趋势,推出
符合消费者期望的产品和服务。

冰山理论在人际关系中的应用:
在人际关系中,冰山理论可以帮助我们更好地理解他人的情感和行为。

人们的
表面行为往往只是冰山的一角,而更深层次的情感和动机则需要通过深入交流
和理解来揭示。

通过运用冰山理论,我们可以更好地理解他人的需求和期望,
从而建立更加良好和谐的人际关系。

冰山理论在教育中的应用:
在教育领域,冰山理论可以帮助教师更好地理解学生的学习需求和困难。

学生的学习表现只是冰山的一角,而背后可能隐藏着学习动机、学习风格等深层次的因素。

通过深入了解学生的需求和困难,教师可以更有针对性地设计教学方案,提供个性化的教育服务。

冰山理论在领导力中的应用:
在领导力中,冰山理论可以帮助领导者更好地理解员工的需求和潜力。

员工的工作表现只是冰山的一角,而更深层次的潜力和动机需要通过深入的沟通和观察来发现。

通过应用冰山理论,领导者可以更好地发掘员工的潜力,提供适当的激励和支持,从而提高团队的绩效和凝聚力。

结论:
冰山理论作为一种思维模型,可以帮助我们更好地理解问题和现象的深层次原因。

无论是商业决策、人际关系、教育还是领导力,冰山理论都有着广泛的应用价值。

通过深入研究冰山理论,我们可以更加准确地把握问题的本质,从而做出更好的决策和解决方案。

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