Chapter03 C#语言基础(1)(上网)
Chapter03软件过程模型
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3.3 增量过程模型
能在较短的时间内向用户提交可以完成主 要功能的产品。 逐步增加产品的功能，使用户有充裕的时 间学习和适应新产品，减少一个全新的产 品给客户组织带来的冲击。
9
The Incremental and Iterative Model
format
edit
format
create
create
Component-Based Development—the process to apply when reuse is a development objective Formal methods—the process to apply when a mathematical specification is to be developed Aspect-Oriented Software Development—use aspects to characterize cross-cutting functional and non-functional properties components. Cleanroom software engineering—emphasizes error detection before testing
RAD
11
The Incremental Model
12
3.4 演化过程模型
原型开发
需求不够详细，不太清楚
人机交互形式不确定 开发人员对算法，OS兼容性不确定
螺旋模型
瀑布模型＋原型迭代
协同开发模型
由一系列框架活动，软件工程动作和任务，相关状态表示。 协同过程模型定义了一系列事件，这些事件触发软件工程活 动、动作、任务的状态之间的转换。
哈维罗森财政学课后答案Chapter_03
Chapter 3 – Tools of Normative Analysis1. a. In this particular insurance market, one would not expect asymmetric informationto be much of a problem –the probability of a flood is common knowledge.Moral hazard could be an issue – people are more likely to build near a beach ifthey have flood insurance. Still, one would expect the market for flood insuranceto operate fairly efficiently.b.There is substantial asymmetric information in the markets for medical insurancefor consumers and also malpractice insurance for physicians. For efficientconsumption, the price must be equal to the marginal cost, and the effect ofinsurance may be to reduce the perceived price of medical care consumption.That would lead to consumption above the efficient level. Because of the roles ofregulation, insurance, taxes, and the shifting of costs from the uninsured to theinsured, there is little reason to expect the market to be efficient.c.In the stock market, there is good information and thousands of buyers and sellers.We expect, in general, efficient outcomes.d.From a national standpoint, there is a good deal of competition and informationwith regards to personal computers. The outcome will likely be efficient forcomputer hardware. However, some firms might exercise some market power,especially in the software market; in these markets “network externalities” may bepresent where the value of a programming language or piece of software isdependent on the number of others who also use that software.e.The private market allocation is likely inefficient without government intervention.Student loan markets may suffer from asymmetric information –the studentknows better than the lender whether he will repay the loan or default on it, a formof adverse selection. Government intervention does not “solve” the adverseselection problem in this case (because participation in the student loan program isnot compulsory), but it may create a market that would not exist withoutintervention.f.There are several reasons why automobile insurance provision is likely to beinefficient without government intervention. As with other insurance markets, theautomobile insurance market suffers from asymmetric information. Drivers whoknow they are particularly accident prone will be particularly likely to want carinsurance (or policies with greater coverage), while drivers who are less accidentprone (or able to self-insure) might choose to go without insurance. By mandatingthat people purchase auto insurance if they choose to drive, the adverse selectionproblem is mitigated to some extent (but, again, more accident prone drivers couldstill by more generous plans). Another market imperfection, related to“underinsurance” has to do with the financial externalities from an aut omobileaccident. An uninsured motorist who is at fault may not have sufficient income tocover the costs of the other driver’s bills, and instead default on the obligation byChapter 3 - Tools of NormativeAnalysisg.declaring bankruptcy. The bankruptcy “floor” on costs creates various moralhazard problems.2. Point a represents an equal allocation of water, but it is not efficient because there is notangency. Point b is one of many Pareto efficient allocations, representing a case where Catherine benefits enormously by trade, and Henry’s utility is unchanged from the initial endowment.AD: 1) The dashed line is positioned at the halfway point on the horizontal axis.2) Point b is a tangency3. If insurers in California could no longer use location to determine automobile insurancerates, some of the higher costs incurred by urban residents would be shifted to rural and suburban residents. This change would reduce efficiency, but the purpose of the policy is to improve equity, based on an argument that it is unfair that urban residents should have to pay more for insurance because they are more likely to be involved in accidents.Social welfare increases if the additional utility enjoyed by urban residents offsets the loss in utility to rural and suburban residents.7Part 1 - Getting Started4. a. Social indifference curves are straight lines with slope of –1. As far as society isconcerned, the “util” to Augustus is equivalent to the “util” to Livia.8Chapter 3 - Tools of NormativeAnalysis b. Social indifference curves are straight lines with slope of –2. This reflects the factthat society values a “util” to Augustus twice as much as a “util” to Livia.9Part 1 - Getting Started5. Musgrave (1959) developed the concept of merit goods to describe commodities thatought to be provided even if the members of society do not demand them. “Sin taxes”work the opposite way and apply to commodities that members of society might demand, but ought not to have.6. a. There is no obvious reason why there is a market failure with burglar alarm calls;the Los Angeles police could set a response fee equal to the marginal cost.b. Welfare economics provides little basis for such a subsidy of wool and mohairproduction.c. There is no economic reason why cherry pies should be regulated, especiallysince there are no such regulations for apple, blueberry, or peach frozen pies.d. It is hard to imagine a basis in welfare economics for this regulation forhairdressers.e. This is not an efficient policy. If the problem is that too much water is beingconsumed, then the answer is to increase the price of water. On that basis, peoplecan decide whether or not they want to buy toilets that require less water. Water,like most other resources, is a private good.f. There is no economic reason why the federal government should subsidize theproduction of electricity, whether the electricity comes from coal, nuclear power,or chicken manure. One can assume the question that the R&D process ofcreating electricity from chicken manure is already developed, so there is not apositive externality argument. Since the production of electricity is a private good,with no obvious violations of the fundamental welfare theorem, there is nojustification.7. In this case, the “Edgeworth box” is actually a line because there is only one good on theisland. The set of possible allocations is a straight line, 100 units long. Every allocation is Pareto efficient, because the only way to make one person better off is to make another person worse off. There is no theory in the text to help us decide whether an allocation is fair. Although splitting the peanuts even between the people may be fair, it may not be fair if the calorie “needs” of the people are different. With a social welfare function, we can make assessments on whether redistribution for society as a whole is a good thing. 8. Social welfare is maximized when Mark’s marginal utility of income is equal to Judy’smarginal utility of income. Taking the derivative of Mark’s utility function to find his marginal utility function yields MU M= 50/(I M1/2) and taking the der ivative of Judy’s utility function yields MU J = 100/(I J1/2). If we set MU M equal to MU J, the condition for maximization becomes I J= 4I M and, since the fixed amount of income is $300, this means that Mark should have $60 and Judy should have $240 if the goal is to maximize social welfare = U M + U J.10Chapter 3 - Tools of NormativeAnalysis 9. Although Victoria’s marginal rate of substitution is equal to Albert’s, these are not equalto the marginal rate of transformation and the allocation is, therefore, Pareto inefficient.Both people would give up 2 cups of tea for 1 crumpet but, according to the production function, could actually get 6 crumpets by giving up 2 cups of tea. By giving up tea and getting crumpets through the production function, both utilities are raised.10. a. False. As shown in the text, equality of the marginal rates of substitution is anecessary, but not sufficient, condition. The MRS for each individual must alsoequal the MRT.b. Uncertain. As long as the allocation is an interior solution in the Edgeworth box,the marginal rates of substitution must be equal across individuals. This need notbe true, however, at the corners where one consumer has all the goods in theeconomy.c. False. A policy that leads to a Pareto improvement results in greater efficiency,but social welfare depends on equity as well as efficiency. A policy that improvesefficiency but creates a loss in equity might reduce social welfare.d. Uncertain. The tax reduces efficiency, but if education creates positiveexternalities, then increased funding for education improves efficiency. This is aPareto-improving policy if the increased efficiency in the education market morethan offsets the reduced efficiency in the market for cigarettes.11。
(国际经济学课件)chapter03The Ricardian Model
partial equilibrium analysis
opportunity cost
nontraded goods production possibility frontier
pauper labor argument
unit labor requirement
relative supply/demand curve
(ⅳ)Trade in a one-factor world
PC/PW
a *LC/a*LW
RS
a LC/aLW
RD
2021/1/13
(L/aLC)/(L*/a*LW) (QC+Q*C)/(QW+Q*W)
1.PC/PW< aLC/aLW < a*LC /a*LW
The supply of cheese equals to zero.
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据经济之声《天下财经》报道，美国经济和政策研究 中心主任德安·贝克尔介绍，在中国，工人的工资大约为 每小时2到3美元，几年前则为不到1美元。而在美国，大 约每小时为18到20美元。中美制造业工资水平相差9倍， 但是未来差距将缩小。
2021/1/13
Main Contents:
• Introduction • The Concept of Comparative Advantage • A One-Factor Economy • Trade in a One-Factor World • Comparative Advantage with Many Goods • Adding Transport Costs and Nontraded
Chapter03_PPT
13
3.2 Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text
Up arrow
Down arrow Parameter List window
Parameter Info window
Fig. 3.6
Parameter Info and Parameter List windows.
Chapter 3 – Introduction to Visual Basic Programming
Outline 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7
1
Introduction Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text Another Simple Program: Adding Integers Memory Concepts Arithmetic Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators Using a Dialog to Display a Message
2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
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3.2 Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text
Left pane Right pane
Project name
File locationnsole Application with the New Project dialog.
2002 Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
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3.2 Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text
文体学 Chapter 03
• Norminal clause • Adverbial clause • Relative clause • Comparative clause
Momentary Transition Duration
What are the syntactic units and elements?
sentence clause phrase
word morpheme
I. Clause Types (Clause Structure)
1. In terms of the clause constituents: SPOCA
It often came to my mind what wise men there used to be in England.
-- King Alfred
There was no possibility of taking a walk that day. We had been wandering, indeed, in the leafless shrubbery an hour in the morning; but since dinner (Mrs. Reed, when there was no company, dined early) the cold winter wind had brought with it clouds so sombre, and a rain so penetrating, that further outdoor exercise was now out of the question.
II. Clauses as Situation Types
经济博弈论Chapter03_331007283
描求扩证序境。
of play.参无论何时采取行动，参与者都需要考虑他们当前的行动会如何影响未来的行动，包括对手和博它动，指出了博弈的所有可能结果。
决所有的连续决策点。
decision maker in a 博策树。
博节分每一分支都从博弈树上的一个决策点指向另一个决策点或终结点。
terminal node.在一个分支；不过，仅允许有一个分支指向任何一个决将引收益。
终结点并不是所有博弈必需的；一些博弈理论上可以永远进行下去on forever我参Anode is called a 参安均会发生什么？一个名叫卡门的少女正在决定是否要吸烟。
A teenager named Carmen is deciding whether to smoke.首如不一带给她不同的感受和收益。
taste, as well as different payoffs.单门分析一开始，考虑与终结点直接相连的那些行动点。
Start analysis by considering those action nodes that lead directly to terminal nodes.在利在通沿着贯穿整个博弈树的标出的唯一路径，就知道了当所有参与者在正确预测了所有的未来后果下做出最优选择时，这当由The outcome that arises from playing these在在会，甚至根本就没出现！但是，它的可能的出现和潜在的策略在决定今日卡门的招术时发挥了作用。
三每捐但为的所有结果进行赋值（排序）。
可3不多少种？如我均参不However, the equilibrium path of play is complete specification of the rollback equilibrium.它反略得到的。
艾尼塔根在街道花园博弈的反转均衡中，艾米丽得到了最好的结果（the opportunity to make the first move.先不后当这些操纵的招术就是Tactics for such manipulation are第第第第第第第三步：反转求解Step 3: Rollback第一它Slide 47一但一国然对实考有人拿出下。
Chapter 03 Specific Factors & Income Distribution
价格变动对工资及劳动力 配置的影响（二）
2、价格同比变动对工资及劳动力 WM 配置的影响
∵ PF和PM的价格同比上升。 ∴VMPLF和VMPLM也同比上升至 VMPL’F和VMPL’M 。 则，F部门和M部门的劳动工资均 上升至E’点，为E’L。此时F部门和 M部门的劳动投入量也不变，为OL 和O’L。 O
RSA
RSW
RSJ RDW
制成品的 相对产量
上升，在美国下降。
结论：贸易使一国丰裕要素生产的产品相对价格上升， 使一国稀缺要素生产的产品相对价格下降。
国际贸易对一国收入分配 的影响（一）
一、国际贸易对劳动实际报酬的影响
∵W=MPLM· M/PF) =MPLF· F/PM) (P (P ∴W/(PM/PF)=MPLM W/(PF/PM)=MPLF 又∵贸易后，日本制成品相对价格(PM/PF)上升； ∴ 在日本M部门的劳动力流入，F部门的劳动力流出； ∴ MPLM下降， MPLF上升。 即W/(PM/PF)下降， W/(PF/PM)上升。 同样地，贸易后，美国粮食相对价格(PF/PM)’上升； ∴ F部门的劳动力流入，M部门的劳动力流出； ∴ MPLM上升， MPLF下降。 即W/(PM/PF)’上升， W/(PF/PM)’下降。 结论：贸易使劳动者的实际收入是否提高是不确定的， 取决于其消费结构。
国际贸易对一国收入分配 的影响（三）
同样地，在美国，粮食的相对价格(PF/PM)’上升， 制成品的 相对价格(PM/PF)’ 下降 ∴M部门劳动流出，其资本的边际生产力下降， 即MPKM下降，∴ rM/(PM/PF)’ 下降，则rM 下降。 又∵ (PF/PM)’上升，∴ rM/(PF/PM)下降， 即资本的实际收入下降了。 而F部门劳动流入，其土地的边际生产力上升，即MPTF上升。 ∴ gF/ (PF/PM)’ 上升，则gF上升。 又∵ (PM/PF)’ 下降， ∴ gF/(PM/PF) 上升 即土地的实际收入是上升了。 结论：贸易使美国的资本所有者受损，使土地所有者受益。
北师大版七年级数学上册chapter-03§3.3《代数式求值》
鼎吉教育（Dinj Education ）中小学生课外个性化辅导中心资料 北师大七年级数学（上）同步练习地址：佛山市南海区桂城南海大道丽雅苑中区会所2楼（南海体育馆对面） 1 鼎吉教育吉红勇老师编辑七年级数学上册§3.3《代数式求值》同步讲练【知识要点】1．代数式的值的意义：用数值代替代数式里的字母，按照代数式里的运算符号计算出的结果就是代数式的值。
2．求代数式的值的一般步骤：（1）代入。
将指定的字母数值代替代数式里的字母，代入数值时，必须将相应的字母换成数值，其他的运算符号，原来的数字都不能改变，对原来省略的乘号应还原。
（2）计算。
按照代数式指明的运算计算出结果，运算时应分清运算种类及运算的顺序，按照先乘除，后加减，有括号的先算括号的顺序进行。
3．求代数式值的一般方法:(1)直接带入求值,(2)整体带入求值 4．对于比较复杂的代数式，往往需要先化简再求值.【典例精析】例1 当12,2x y ==时，求代数式22112x xy y +++的值。
例2 已知x 是最大的负整数，y 是绝对值最小的有理数，求代数式322325315x x y xy y +--的值。
例3已知3613211⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯⨯÷-=x ，求代数式 1199719981999+++++x xxx 的值。
例4 已知25a b a b -=+，求代数式()()2232a b a b a b a b -+++-的值。
例5 当7x =时，代数式53-+bx ax 的值为7；当7x =-时，代数式35ax bx ++的值为多少？例6 已知当5=x 时，代数式52-+bx ax 的值是10，求5=x 时，代数式52++bx ax 的值。
【基础巩固】1．已知2237x y ++的值是8，则2469x y ++的值为（ ） A ．1 B ．2 C ．11 D ．不能确定 2．当17a =，13b =时，求22a ab b ++的值。
chapter-03
Chapter 3. Specialized TerminologiesThe specialized vocabulary used in various scientific disciplines has precise meaning to those engaged in that discipline, but occasionally a different meaning to scientists practic-ing a different discipline.Professional societies try to present information in their journals as clearly as possible to their readers. This manual should be used as a primary source for conventions and style in all ASA, CSSA, SSSA publications. Other style manuals supplement this manual, including Scientific Style and Format (CSE, 2006), the ACS Style Guide (Coghill and Garson, 2006), the Chicago Manual of Style (UCP, 2010), and the US Government Printing Office Style Manual, 2008 (USGPO, 2008). Authors are also encouraged to study recent issues of ASA, CSSA, SSSA journals and books for the general style and format used.Except as new terminology itself forms the content of a paper (as in reports on gene names for a given crop, or proposals for new evaluation scales), authors should avoid making up new terms. If new developments seem to call for new terms, authors should still consult others who normally work in the field in question before trying to devise a new terminology. It is also wise to do a literature search for related materials published by the Societies and elsewhere to see if a consensus on terminology exists or is emerging. In some cases, simply consulting a good dictionary, or the chapters on specialized terms in the major scientific style manuals, is enough to resolve a terminology question.A number of committees of ASA, CSSA, and SSSA have studied terminology in specialized fields and in many cases have indicated a preference.CROP SCIENCE GLOSSARYGlossary of Crop Science Terms is available on the CSSA Website (www.crops. Theorg/publications/crops-glossary).Earlier lists of terms compiled by various committees on crop terminology were pub-lished in Crop Science (Leonard et al., 1968; Shibles, 1976). These reports cite relevant articles and lists published in related fields and include previously published reports issued by earlier committees. In addition, letters in the journal may comment on various aspects of terminology (e.g., Dybing, 1977).SOIL SCIENCE GLOSSARYGlossary of Soil Science Terms is available both in hard copy (SSSA, 2008) and Theon the SSSA Website (/publications/soils-glossary). It contains definitions of more than 1800 terms, a procedural guide for tillage terminology, an outline of the US soil classification system, and the designations for soil horizons and layers. Obsolete terms are noted as such.SPECIALIZED TERMINOLOGYCrop Growth Staging ScalesThe CSSA Ad Hoc Committee on Growth Staging for CSSA Publications (C392.1) in 1996 developed a list of growth staging scales for society publications. The committee recommends that staging scales be used in all ASA, CSSA, SSSA publications when refer-ring to the morphological development stage of plants. References for crop-specific scales recommended by the committee for some major crops are listed in Table 3–1. This list is not intended to include all scales in the literature, but rather the most recent versions for some major crops. If no staging scale exists for a crop, it is recommended that the BBCH (BASF–Bayer–Ciba-Geigy–Hoechst) scale be used (Lancashire et al., 1991).Copyright © ASA–CSSA–SSSA, 5585 Guilford., Madison, WI 53711, USA.Soil IdentificationAll soils discussed in publications of ASA, CSSA, and SSSA should be identified according to the US soil taxonomic system or World Reference Base for Soil Resources the first time each soil is mentioned. Taxonomic identification given in the abstract need not be repeated in the text. If possible, give the series name in addition to the family name. If the series name is not known, give the family name. If the family name is not known, give the subgroup or a higher category name. At a minimum, specify the great group (the one-word name that is the third-highest taxon, beneath suborder and order; e.g., Dystroxerepts, Fragiudalfs, Medisaprists, Natrargids).The descriptive name may be in the singular or plural, according to meaning. Use the singular form if the reference is to a single pedon or polypedon or to a single class.E xamplEs:• The soil material used in this study was collected from the A horizon of a Brookston pedon (a fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Argiaquoll).• A Cisne soil, fine, smectitic, mesic Vertic Albaqualf, was described and sampled at this site.• Criteria for the Typic Hapludult subgroup were examined.• Ontario soils, in the fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Glossoboric Hapludalf family, were studied in greater detail.Use the plural form in reference to several or all of the soils (polypedons) of a class.E xamplEs:• Soils of the Ramona series (fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Haploxeralfs) were treated.• All soils used in the experiments are Typic Dystrochrepts.Table 3–1. Some recommended staging scales and sources for ASA, CSSA, SSSA publications. Recommendations are as developed by the Ad Hoc Committee on Growth Staging for CSSA publications (C392.1) in 1996.Crop CitationAlfalfa Kalu and Fick (1981)Fick and Mueller (1989)†Corn Ritchie et al. (1996)Cool-season forage grasses Haun (1973)Moore et al. (1991)Cotton Elsner et al. (1979)Red clover Ohlsson and Wedin (1989)Small-grain cereals Haun (1973)Zadoks et al. (1974)Tottman (1987)‡Sorghum Vanderlip and Reeves (1972)Soybean Fehr and Caviness (1977)Ritchie et al. (1994)§Stoloniferous grasses West (1990)Sunflower Schneiter and Miller (1981)Warm-season forage grasses Moore et al. (1991)Sanderson (1992)All crops and weeds Lancashire et al. (1991)¶† Enhancement of Kalu and Fick (1981).‡ Enhancement of Zadoks et al. (1974).§ Enhancement of Fehr and Caviness (1977).¶ The BBCH (BASF–Bayer–Ciba-Geigy–Hoechst) scale as presented by Lancashire et al. (1991) can be used for all other crops and weeds.Copyright © ASA–CSSA–SSSA, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711, USA.For field experiments, the soil present in the plots or fields should be identified, preferably as phases of soil series so that surface texture and slope are known in addition to profile properties. Any dissimilar inclusions that are present also should be named and their extent suggested. It also may be appropriate to name and briefly describe the common soils of the area surrounding the study site. Use the present tense if the soil still exists or reasonably is thought to still exist. E xamplE:The 5-ha study area is mapped as Yolo silt loam, 0 to 2% slopes. The Yolo soils are fine-silty, mixed, nonacid, thermic Typic Xerorthents. Small areas of Cortina very gravelly sandy loam soils (loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, nonacid, thermic Typic Xerofluvents) occupy about 10% of the study area.The US taxonomic system should be identified as the US soil taxonomy at first use, after which it may be referred to as Soil Taxonomy. Amendments to Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff, 1999) have been issued in the National Soil Survey Handbook (http://www. /wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/?cid=nrcs142p2_054242) and in Keys to Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff, 2014). Additional issues of the handbook and new ver-sions of the keys manual can be expected. Updated versions of these and other resources are available online at the Soil Survey home page ().If possible, consult with members of the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS) and check the current USDA-NRCS official soil series descriptions (https:///osdname.aspx) for proper identification of soil designations and nomenclature for soil horizons.For soils outside the United States, authors are encouraged to give soil identifica-tion according to Soil Taxonomy in addition to the identification in their national system.E xamplE:Soil at the site is a Hythe clay loam, classified as a fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Mollic Cryoboralf in the USDA classification (Soil Survey Staff, 1994) and a Gray Luvisol in the Canadian classification (Canada Soil Survey Committee, 1978).Munsell Color NotationMunsell color notations may be used alone in text, tables, or figures. First mention in the abstract or text may be accompanied by the appropriate word descriptions in paren-theses, thus: 10YR 5/4 (yellowish brown).Light Measurements and PhotosynthesisPublications of the ASA, CSSA, and SSSA use the radiometric system with SI units denoting the energy or the quantum content of the radiation used by plants. (See also Chapter 7.)Terms recommended by the Committee on Crop Terminology for the expression of photosynthetic energy and photosynthetic capacity are as defined by Shibles (1976). These terms, with their suggested abbreviations and units, are as follows.1• Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR): radiation in the 400- to 700-nm wave-band.1 Since 1976, the Societies have abandoned the einstein (a name for 1 mole of photons) in favor of the mole. Note that in the original Shibles (1976) article, the typographic errors “nE” and “nmol” are to be read as µE and µmol.Copyright © ASA–CSSA–SSSA, 5585 Guilford., Madison, WI 53711, USA.• Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD): the number of photons in the 400- to 700-nm waveband incident per unit time on a unit surface. Suggested units: µmol m−2 s−1.• Photosynthetic irradiance (PI): the radiant energy in the 400- to 700-nm waveband incident per unit time on a unit surface. Suggested units: W-m−2.• Apparent photosynthesis (AP): photosynthesis estimated indirectly and uncor-rected for respiratory activity. The term apparent photosynthesis is preferred to ‘net photosynthesis’ or ‘net assimilation’, because the latter terms imply measurement of a photosynthetic product.• CO2 exchange rate (CER): The net rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from (−) or to (+) an entity, such as a plant tissue, organ or canopy, a soil surface, etc. Suggested units: µmol cm−2 s−1. (Use this term instead of "net CO2 exchange" except in the rare instance when the measurement does not involve a rate.)Reporting PAR in photon units (PPFD) is preferred to energy units (PI), but both are acceptable. Because irradiance is specifically defined in energy units (W), the term cannot be applied to photon flux density.Abandoned as a term is light intensity to denote the amount of light incident on a surface (Dybing, 1977). The Crop Science editorial board has discontinued the use of the photometric system and units scaled to the response of the human eye.SPECIALIZED TERMINOLOGY IN RELATED FIELDSBiologyIdentify all organisms at first mention. For plants, pathogens, and insects and related pests, give both a common name and the scientific name. For plants, include the authority.E xamplE:Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] was. . . .The scientific name, also known as the Latin name, is the two-part genus–species bino-mial—or, for subspecies and varieties, the trinomial. For abbreviations of authorities, the primary source is Authors of Plant Names by Brummitt and Powell (1992). If the first mention is in the abstract, the scientific name need not be repeated in the text. Common names, if they exist and are not in dispute, are used in titles of articles, chapters, and books.For the names of crops, use the singular. Although the ordinary English preference is for terms such as oats, beans, and peas, the formal name of a crop defined by a single genus or species is given in the singular: oat, bean, pea, soybean, and so forth. This rule applies even when discussing multiple types of a crop.For common names that are taxonomically inaccurate, join the parts into a single word. For example, writing "pigeonpea" and "chickpea" as one word indicates that these are not Pisum species; similarly, the absence of a space in the common name indicates that Douglasfir is not an Abies species. The USDA-ARS style (set solid) is preferred to the USDA Forest Service style (hyphenated, the traditional usage for forestry).Correct scientific names are in accordance with published rules. For plants, the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (McNeill et al., 2006; http://ibot.sav. sk/icbn/main.htm) governs; updates appear in Regnum Vegetabile as mandated by the International Botanical Congress, which meets every six years. For cultivated plants, the rules of nomenclature are published as the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (Brickell et al., 2009; /chronica/pdf/sh_10.pdf).Copyright © ASA–CSSA–SSSA, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711, USA.A practical guide to these codes and to the standards for animals, bacteria, and viruses is published in Scientific Style and Format (CSE, 2006, Chapters 21–24).The scientific names for larger animals (e.g., sheep) do not need to be given unless germane to the article and/or there may be confusion as to what animal is being discussed. Virus species do not have Latin names, but the name of the virus (as approved by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses) should be written in italics, with the first word capitalized (e.g., Tomato spotted wilt virus).To find up-to-date scientific names, consult one of the major online databases: • https:///gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx for plants, especially economic plants (USDA National Plant Germplasm System, Germplasm Resources Information Network [GRIN] database)• for plants, especially noncrop plants (USDA-NRCS) • /fungaldatabases/index.cfm for fungi (USDA Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory; Farr and Rossman, 2012)• /publications/commonnames/Pages/default.aspx for plant disease names (American Phytopathological Society)• h ttp:/// for insect scientific names (Texas A&M University) • /index.asp (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses) The International Plant Names Index, a product of a collaboration between the Royal Gardens, Kew, the Harvard University Herbaria, and Australian National Herbarium, is available online (/index.html). (This replaces the Kew Index.) Standard printed reference works for nomenclature include Hortus III (Bailey, 1976) and World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference (Wiersema and León, 1999) for plants; Farr et al. (1989) for fungi; Bergey’s manual (Garrity et al., 2001–2011) for bacteria; and, for viruses, Büchen-Osmond (2003).The terms cultivar and variety are synonymous as applied to names of cultivated plants, but cultivar is strongly preferred, to avoid confusing cultivated variety (a term of convenience) with botanical variety (a subtaxon to species).Crop cultivars must be identified as such at first mention in abstract or text. This identification may be given in one of the following two ways:1. By single quotation marks inside punctuation. E xamplE: ‘Vernal’ al f alfa orMedicago sativa L. ‘Vernal’.2. By use of the word cultivar. E xamplE: the cultivar Vernal.Journal of Plant Registrations publishes articles on registered cultivars, germplasms, parental lines, genetic stocks, and mapping populations. Information on these registrations is also available from the GRIN database (https:///gringlobal/search. aspx), usually with some additional narrative. The database entries include pending regis-trations and are linked to plant variety protection status.Citing Genetic MaterialAuthors of CSSA publications must cite plant introductions, as well as registered cul-tivars, germplasm, parental lines, and genetic stocks when they are mentioned in the text of the Introduction, Discussion, or Characteristics section of research papers. Such genetic materials must also be cited when they are used to develop unreleased genetic populationsCopyright © ASA–CSSA–SSSA, 5585 Guilford., Madison, WI 53711, USA.that are the focus of the research paper, unless the development of the population can be cited more directly. Authors are encouraged to cite the Journal of Plant Registrations if possible. Other sources for citation information include GRIN, maintained by the USDA. Registrations published in Crop Science and the Journal of Plant Registrations are indexed on the GRIN Website at https:///gringlobal/query/query.aspx. A gen-eral search in GRIN is available at https:///gringlobal/search.aspx. Reference ExamplesLewis, J.M., L. Siler, E. Souza, P.K.W. Ng, Y. Dong, G. Brown-Guedira, G.-L. Jiang, and R.W. Ward. 2010. Registration of ‘Ambassador’ wheat. J. Plant Reg. 4:195–204. USDA-ARS National Genetic Resources Program. 1993. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) database. Festuca arundinacea Schreb. POACEAE ‘Maximize’. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, MD. http:// /cgi-bin/npgs/acc/display.pl?1444051 (accessed 1 Feb. 2012).Genetics and Molecular and Cell BiologyGenes are named according to established conventions, which vary in part among crops. As an example, a standard for cotton is Kohel (1973). Many of these are summa-rized in Scientific Style and Format (CSE, 2006, p. 298–312); see also the entries for gene and genotype in the New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors (Martin, 2009). Check with an expert in your field to find the appropriate published standards, including updates. Accepted names of genes are set in italics and may be modified with letters or numbers (with or without superscripts, with or without italics). Proposed names follow the conventions for the crop in question but are set in roman type.Use italics for the variables in ploidy formulas (e.g., 2n = 2x = 42).Spell out amino acids in text, without capitalization. In formulas and sequences, use the abbreviations shown in Table 3–2.For enzymes, follow nomenclature for name and number (Webb, 1992; http://www. /iubmb/enzyme/).As for genetics, the CSE manual (CSE, 2006) is an excellent guide to style for spe-cialized terms and usages in molecular and cell biology, as is the New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors (Martin, 2009). The Oxford book gives, for example, complete rules for names of restriction enzymes: three letters in italics to identify the source bacterium (e.g., Hin for Haemophilus influenzae, or Bam for Bacillus amylolique-faciens), then letters in roman type to indicate the strain (e.g., d or H), then capital roman numerals to indicate the type of enzyme (e.g., I, II, or III), all leading to characteristic names such as Hin dIII (for enzyme III from strain d of H. influenzae) or Bam HI (for enzyme I from strain H of B. amyloliquefaciens).ChemistryUse chemical symbols instead of words for elements, ions, or compounds, except at the beginning of a sentence. These symbols do not have to be defined the first time they are used. Where the representation is general and the chemical species is not specified, do not indicate the ionic charge (e.g., Ca, Fe, K, NH4, NO3, SO4, and PO4). Whenever a specific ion of known valence state is described in a manuscript, indicate the charge in superscripts as the charge number followed by a plus (+) or minus (−) sign; where the charge number is 1, use only the sign (e.g., Ca2+, NH4+, NO3−). Where the oxidation state is not obvious inCopyright © ASA–CSSA–SSSA, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711, USA.a formula or where the oxidation state is known and is important, it should be designated by a roman numeral in parentheses; for example, Fe(II).The amounts and proportions of fertilizer nutrient elements must be expressed in terms of the elements or in other ways as needed for theoretical purposes. The amounts or proportions of the oxide forms (P2O5, K2O, etc.) may also be included, in parentheses.Give the full chemical names for compounds at first mention in the abstract or text. (If many names need mention, they may be listed in a table instead of parenthetically throughout the text.) E xamplEs:atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine]cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methyl p ro-panenitrile}If given in the abstract, the full chemical names do not need to be repeated in the text. Use the most up to date chemical names available. Thereafter, the common or generic name can be used (e.g., atrazine, 2,4-D, etc.). Trade names should be avoided whenever possible. If it is necessary to use a trade name, it should be capitalized and spelled out as specified by the trademark owner. Omit the various trademark symbols, such as ® and ™.In the United States and Canada, the authority for names of chemical compounds is Chemical Abstracts and its indexes. The American Chemical Society’s ACS Style Guide (Coghill and Garson, 2006) and the Council of Science Editors’ Scientific Style and Format (CSE, 2006) contain many additional details on nomenclature in chemistry and biochemistry. Publications of the American Chemical Society’s committee on nomencla-ture and the nomenclature commissions of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) are available through Chemical Abstracts Service, Columbus, OH.Chapter 7 of this book has further information regarding SI units and concentration.Information on pesticides and adjuvants is found in the Herbicide Handbook of the Weed Science Society of America (Ahrens, 1994), the Crop Protection Handbook (Meister,Table 3–2. Amino acids and their abbreviations.Amino acid Long abbreviation Short abbreviation Alanine Ala AArginine Arg R Asparagine Asn NAspartic acid Asp DCysteine Cys CGlutamic acid Glu E Glutamine Gln QGlycine Gly GHistidine His H Isoleucine Ile ILeucine Leu LLysine Lys K Methionine Met M Phenylalanine Phe FProline Pro PSerine Ser S Threonine Thr T Tryptophan Trp W Tyrosine Tyr YValine Val VCopyright © ASA–CSSA–SSSA, 5585 Guilford., Madison, WI 53711, USA.current edition), and the British Crop Protection Society’s Pesticide Manual: A Worldwide Compendium (Tomlin, 2011). See also the Merck Index (O'Neil, 2006, or current edition).The chemical names of the organic substances used for pesticides may include locants and descriptors consisting of numerals, letters (italic, roman, small-capital, or Greek letters), symbols, and words in various combinations. Below is a selection of com-mon usages:• Use italics for the prefixes anti, asym, c, cis, cyclo, d, endo, exo, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, sec, t, tert, and trans. Do not capitalize these prefixes, even at the beginning of a sentence or in a title.• Use italics for the capitalized prefixes R, R*, S, S*, E, and Z and enclose them in parentheses.• Use italics for symbols of chemical elements indicating ligation or attachment to an atom (e.g., O, P, N, S) or when indicating added hydrogen (H).• Use Greek letters to denote position or stereochemistry (e.g., a-amino acids). • Enclose the stereochemistry prefixes for plus and minus in parentheses: (+), (−), and (±).• Use roman (plain) type for multiplying prefixes (e.g., hemi, mono, di, tri, deca;semi, uni, sesqui, bi, ter, deci; bis, tris, decakis).For a full treatment with examples, including details of punctuation and capitalization in various contexts, see the ACS Style Guide (Coghill and Garson, 2006, Chapter 12).Copyright © ASA–CSSA–SSSA, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711, USA.。
Chapter_03
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Willy Sansen
10-05 0311
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Willy Sansen
10-05 0326
Voltage differential amplifier with gmrDS gain
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Willy Sansen
10-05 0321
vin1
CMOS Voltage differential amplifier : DC range
Differential Voltage & Current amplifiers
Willy Sansen
KULeuven, ESAT-MICAS Leuven, Belgium
willy.sansen@esat.kuleuven.be
Willy Sansen
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3.3 C#语法基础（变量和常量） 语法基础（变量和常量） 语法基础
2、常量
[XXXXXX] const double PI = 3.1415; XXXXXX: public | private | protected | internal | new public:全局变量 private:局部变量 protected: 受保护变量 internal: 可在同一个链接库中访问 new: 创建新变量，不继承父类同名变量
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3.4 C#语句结构（条件语句） 语句结构（条件语句） 语句结构
1、if语句
格式1： if (expression) { statement1 } 格式2： if (expression) { statement1 } else { statement2 }
3.4 C#语句结构（条件语句） 语句结构（条件语句） 语句结构
1、if语句
格式3： if (expression1) { statement1 } elseif (expression2) { statement2 } else { statement3 } 示例： 示例： 变量nScore存放一学生成绩， 判断并输出该生成绩的等级 （等级分：优、良、中、及格、 不及格、差）
3.3 C#语法基础（数据类型） 语法基础（数据类型） 语法基础
1、值类型
C#内置的值类型是最基本的数据类型 （1）整型 int、long、byte、short、…… （2）浮点型 float、double、decimal （3）布尔型 bool （4）字符型 char、转义字符 （5）结构型 struct （6）枚举型 enum
3.4 C#语句结构（条件语句） 语句结构（条件语句） 语句结构
switch语句须遵守的规则
只能针对基本数据类型使用switch，包括：int、string case标签必须是常量表达式，如42，或“42” case标签必须是惟一性的表达式 可以多种情况下运行相同的语句，此时标一系列签间不能插 额外的语句。 示例
3.3 C#语法基础（变量和常量） 语法基础（变量和常量） 语法基础
1、变量
使用规则：先定义，后使用 （即先声明，后使用） C#的变量命名规范： （1）必须以字母或下划线开头 （2）只能由字母、数字、下划线组成 不能包含空格、标点符号＋关键字
3.4 C#语句结构（循环语句） 语句结构（循环语句） 语句结构
2、for语句
格式： for (expression1; expression2; expression3) { statement }
编程练习： 编程练习： 猜数游戏 小学生四则运算练习器 四、六级背单词助手
3.4 C#语句结构（控制循环） 语句结构（控制循环） 语句结构
3.3 C#语法基础（数据类型） 语法基础（数据类型） 语法基础
2、引用类型
C#不允许在安全代码中使用指针，因此要处理堆中的数 据就需要使用引用类型，使用new关键字实例化引用数据类 型的对象，并指向堆中的对象数据。 C#内置的一些数据的引用 （1）内置引用类型 object（CTS:System.Object） String（CTS:System.String） （2）数组 定义 int[] nVar; 实例化 int[] nVar = new int[100]; 或int[] = new int[]{0,1,2,3} （3）类、接口
3.4 C#语句结构（条件语句） 语句结构（条件语句） 语句结构
2、switch语句
格式： switch (Expression) { case 常量表达式: statements break; case 常量表达式: ... [default: statements break;] } 示例： 示例： 变量nScore存放一学生成绩， 判断并输出该生成绩的等级 （等级分：优、良、中、及格、 不及格、差）
第3章 C#语言基础(1) C#语言基础 语言基础(1)
3.3 C#语法基础 语法基础
数据类型（CTS，Common Type System） 基本类型：int、float、char、bool 复杂类型：string、decimal
根据在内存中存储位置的不同，数据类型分类： 值类型：该类型的数据长度固定，存放于栈内 引用类型：该类型的数据长度可变，存放于堆内
3.4 C#语句结构（循环语句） 语句结构（循环语句） 语句结构
1、while语句
格式1： while (expression) { statement } 格式2： do { statement }while (expression); 示例： 示例： 猜数游戏 小学生四则运算练习器 四、六级背单词助手
3.3 C#语法基础（类型转换） 语法基础（类型转换） 语法基础
1、隐式转换 2、显式转换
3.3 C#语法基础（运算符） 语法基础（运算符） 语法基础
1、算术运算符（arithmetic operator） 基本同C/C++ 2、字符串运算符（string operator） 3、赋值运算符（assignment operator） 4、逻辑运算符（logical operator） 5、位运算符（bitwise operator） 6、其他运算符 7、运算符的优先级
1、break语句
格式： break;
2、continue语句
格式： continue;
3.4 C#语句结构（异常处理try...catch） 语句结构（异常处理 ） 语句结构
C#提供了异常处理机制，允许开发者捕捉程序运 行时可能的异常
try { statement } catch (Exception e) { …… } finally { …… } 当在try{...}代码块中出现异常时，C#将自动转向catch{...}代 码块，并执行其中的内容 无论是否出现异常，程序都会执行finally{...}代码块