高考英语提分秘招“括号法”

高考英语阅读“括号法”点拨

众所周知，“大量阅读”是快速提升英语成绩的重要手段。在进行高考英语阅读训练时，“长难句”可谓让人头疼的大麻烦。那么，有没有一种简便方法能让我们迅速破解长难句呢?当然有!只要你真心渴望提升高考英语成绩，愿意用心研读本文，就一定能够在不远的将来创造提分奇迹。结合过去八年教学实践经验，通过分析英语句子中的重要特点——“三长两短一并列”——创造了一套简单而有效的方法，即“组件分析三步法”(江湖术士称“括号法”)，帮助你快速看清英语句子结构，轻松读懂长难句。

什么是“三长两短一并列”

我们先来看两句话：①我是波波。(I am Bobo.) ②我爱你。(I love you. ) 这两句话中只有“主干成分”而没有“修饰成分”。像这样的句子，中文和英文的“语序”(单词排列顺序)基本是一致的，都是“主—系—表”或者“主—谓—宾”，理解起来非常容易。然而，在加上修饰成分后，中文与英文句子之间的语序就会发生变化。来看两个例子：①我是水寨中学的波波。(I am Bobo from Shuizhai High School.) ②我全心全意地爱你。(I love you with all my heart.) 从例子中可以看出，修饰成分在中英文中出现的位置是不一样的。而当一个句子中有很多个修饰成分时，该句子就会变得很长，不易理解。

例如：After chatting with Bobo on this matter for two hours from 2:00 to 4:00 in the afternoon, I returned to my class. 这个句子中含有大量的“介词短语”这种修饰成分。我们给这个句子中的全部介词短语加上括号，该句就会变成：(After chatting) (with Bobo) (on this matter) (for two hours) (from 2:00) (to 4:00) (in the afternoon), I returned (to my class). 此时大家便可发现，这个句子虽然很长，但是真正的主干其实只有I returned两个单词而已。可见，介词短语正是让英语句子变得又长又难的原因之一!

当然，以上几个句子还比较简单(少量介词短语对句意理解的影响不大)，但是，当句子中出现更多类似介词短语的修饰成分时，可想而知，由于中英文语序的不同，英文句子会变得“面目全非”，令人难以理解。由此看来，英语中灵活多变的修饰成分正是造成英语句子又长又难的头号罪犯，只要搞定这些修饰部分，就能搞定英语长难句。

幸运的是，尽管这些修饰成分数量很多、位置也不好把握，但是，它们的种类却是非常固定的。我将这些修饰成分总结为“三长两短”。所谓“三长”，就是构成长难句的三种较长修饰成分(即介词短语、从句、非谓语动词短语);所谓“两短”，指的是镶嵌于句子之中的、会稍稍提高句子复杂度的两种较短修饰成分(即形容词、副词)。而除了“三长两短”之外，另外一个使句子变得复杂的结构就是“平行并列结构”。“平行并列结构”是由一些并列关系的连词(and、or、as well as等)将句子变长的重要手段。

事实上，再长的句子都是由非常简单的主干成分(主干成分的基本语序和中文语序一致，此外还有若干与中文语序不一致的“特殊句型”，如there be句型、It is adj. for sb. to do句型、倒装句型、强调句型等等)再加上这“三长两短一并列”而组成的。

“三长两短一并列”的含义、结构及标记方法

如果把句子的主干比作树干，那么修饰成分就可以比作繁茂的枝叶。若能把这些枝叶都标记出来，主干自然就清晰了。标记时，只需按照句子顺序，一个挨一个做出标记即可。不过在此之前，我们要先学会每一种成分该从何处标起，又从何处结束。下面笔者分别对“三长两短一并列”进行具体介绍，并给出的每一种成分的标记方法。

1. “三长”

(1) 介词短语

【定义】从介词开始到名词结束、表达一个独立的完整的含义的结构。

【起止标识】标记介词短语时，要从介词开始到介词之后的第一个名词终止。如：at home、in the school、in the beautiful park、during my happy childhood、over the last few years、for three weeks

【例句】 (After chatting) (with Bobo) (on this matter) (for two hours) (from 2:00 to 4:00) (in the afternoon), I returned (to my class).

(2) 从句

【定义】从句是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which、if、although等关系词引导的非主句部分。

【起止标识】标记从句时，一定从关系词开始，到以下四种终止。

①到句尾终止，如：Bobo is a teacher (who teaches English).

②到句中的逗号终止，如：(When I was young), I listened to the radio.

③到下一个修饰成分终止，如：I will invite Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) to Beijing. (to Beijing是介词短语，属于另一个修饰成分，故从句的标记在此处终止)

④到下一个谓语动词终止，如Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) is studying in Shanghai.

(3) 非谓语动词短语

【定义】非谓语动词是指动词在句子中“不是谓语”时的几种变化形式，主要包括动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)三类。非谓语动词不能独立作谓语，而是充当句子的其他成分。由非谓语动词开头的、表示一个独立、完整的含义的结构叫做非谓语动词短语。

【起止标识】标记非谓语动词短语时，一定是从动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)或分词(现在分词doing或过去分词done)开头，到以下四种情况终止。

① 到句尾终止，如：Bobo is a teacher (teaching English).

②到句中的逗号终止，如：(To improve my English), I often listen to the English radio.

③到下一个修饰成分终止，如：Kevin walked into the hall, (waving) to the audience. (to the audience是介词短语，属于另一修饰成分。)

④到下一个谓语动词终止，如：We, (singing a happy song), rode to school.

2. “两短”

(1) 形容词

【定义】形容词是指用来修饰名词的单词，往往带有-ous、-y、-ful、-able 等后缀。

【常见位置】

①一般置于名词之前，如a beautiful park。

②修饰不定代词(something、anything、nothing、somebody、anybody、nobody)时置于不定代词之后，如“一些有趣的事”应译为something interesting。

(2) 副词

【定义】副词用来修饰形容词、动词等词，往往带有-ly等后缀。

【常见位置】英语中，副词的用法比形容词灵活得多。

①可置于整句之前，如：Unfortunately, he failed to make it.

②可置于整句之后，如：The teacher greets his students individually.

③可置于“助动词、系动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前”，如：

The princess looks extremely beautiful today. (系动词之后)

He immediately saw the black cat. (实义动词之前)

He has undoubtedly fallen in love with the princess. (助动词之后，实义动词之前)

He can hardly speak anything. (情态动词之后，实义动词之前)

④可置于形容词或副词之前，如：There is an extremely beautiful garden in our campus.

从上面的分析可以看出，虽然英文中形容词和副词的在句中的位置和中文略有不同，但一般情况下，它们较短且易于辨识，对句意理解影响不大，因此在给修饰成分做标记时，形容词和副词可不标记。

3. 平行并列结构

【定义】并行并列结构是指由并列词将两个或两个以上含义相似、结构相同的并列项连接起来构成的结构。

【标记方法】给平行并列结构做标记的要求是：给并列词加方框，给并列项加下划线。标记时要先找到并列词，然后再找并列项。在标注形如A and B 的平行并列结构时，应先找B (即右并列项)后找A (即左并列项)。由于英语中的修饰成分往往置于中心词之后，所以A和B两个并列项后面可能各自带有很长的尾巴，形成“A … and B …”的形式，导致A离and相对较远，不易辨认，而B通常离and很近，容易识别。找到B之后，利用A和B结构相同、含义相似的原则，很容易将A确定出来。

【常见并列关系】

英语中可以并列的成分有很多，读句子时要注意识别到底是谁跟谁并列。

①名词并列：I like the box placed on the desk and the flowers in your hand.

②形容词并列：Mr. Smith is a kind, patient and knowledgeable English teacher.

③副词并列：You are supposed to answer the following questions quickly and accurately.

④谓语动词并列：With the Internet, people can not only play computer games but also do online shopping.

⑤介词短语并列：And that government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.

⑥从句并列：I’ve finished reading the book (which is written by Mo Yan) and (which you lent me last month).

⑦非谓语动词并列：Singing and laughing, we headed to the park.

⑧整句并列：The children can go with us or they can stay at home.

三步搞定长难句

根据以上分析，英语句子是由“主干部分+三长两短一并列”组成的。我们可把这个“三长两短一并列”称为构成英语句子的“组件”。想要快速读懂一个句子，就要快速识别并准确译出每一个组件，再按照一定的逻辑将一个个组件连接起来。这就是“组件分析三步法”(“括号法”)。

Step 1: 做标记

做标记时应按照上文中的方法，给“三长”加括号，给并列词加方框，给并列项划下划线。

【例句】Li Hui is a teacher teaching English in Beijing which is the capital of China.

这个句子做完标记后为：Kevin is a teacher (teaching English) (in Shuizhai) (which is the capital) (of Wuhua county). 可以看出，做完标记后的句子层次变得清晰了很多，很容易就能看出该句子是由一个主系表结构的主干加上四个修饰成分组成的。原句直译起来稍显复杂，但是加上括号之后，每一小节都能轻松看懂。不过在标记时要注意：一旦出现下一修饰成分，就应果断将上一修饰成分结束掉，而不要管上一修饰成分本身结束了没有，即允许括号连括号，尽量避免括号套括号。由于英语中的修饰成分实际上存在很多“嵌套”现象，如果把每个修饰成分的嵌套关系都用括号理清楚，会显得非常麻烦，无法使句子显得简单。如上文中的例句，如果我们关注其中修饰成分的嵌套关系，则需要将其处理为：Kevin is a teacher {teaching English (in Shuizhai) [which is the capital (of Wuhua county)]}. 这样处理会导致句中出现很多“括号套括号”的现象，显得非常乱。而用括号连括号的标记法则使句子结构更为清晰。

Step 2: 做直译

经过Step 1的标记之后，句中的修饰成分都被我们用括号标注了出来，而不带括号的主干成分自然浮现在我们眼前，整个句子变成了“一小节一小节”的形式，而每一小节都很容易直接翻译出来。我们在翻译句子时，可利用每个括号里的第一个单词，以“提问和回答”的方式将一个个的括号连接起来。如上面的例句：Kevin is a teacher (teaching English) (in Shuizhai) (which is the capital) (of Wuhua county). 翻译时可先处理为：李辉是个老师。教什么的?教英语。在哪儿教?在北京。哪个北京?是那个首都。谁的首都?中国的首都。这样整个句子的意思就一目了然了。

Step 3: 调语序

我们将Step 2中得到的“译文”再按照中文表达习惯进行一些调整，最终得到了一句地道的中文译文：“李辉是个在中国的首都北京教英语的老师。”或者“李辉是个老师，在中国的首都北京教英语。”事实上，由于大部分省市的高考都不考“英译中”，所以我们一般不必进行Step 3的操作，因为前两个步骤已经能够帮助我们准确理解英语句子了。

真题演练

由于所举例子比较简单，所以上文中的Step 2看起来或许有些多此一举。其实不然。现在，我们来用一些高考题中出现过的长难句来试验上述方法，你会发现理解长难句竟变得如此轻而易举!

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