克隆~英语
高考英语一轮复习话题37克隆(Unit2Cloning)新人教版选修8

⾼考英语⼀轮复习话题37克隆(Unit2Cloning)新⼈教版选修8话题37 克隆(Unit 2 Cloning)晨读背诵When the media report on cloning in the news, they are usually talking about only one type called reproductive cloning. There are different types of cloning however, and cloning technologies can be used for other purposes besides producing the genetic twin of another organism.Scientists have been cloning animals for many years. In 1952, the first animal, a tadpole, was cloned. Before the creation of Dolly, the first mammal cloned from the cell of an adult animal, clones were created from embryonic cells. Since Dolly, researchers have cloned a number of large and small animals including sheep, goats, cows, mice, pigs ,cats, rabbits, and a gaur. All these clones were created using nuclear transfer technology.汉语⼤意:当媒体报道的克隆的消息,他们通常所说的只有⼀种称为⽣殖性克隆的类型。
clone

1. 动物克隆的理论基础在许多人眼里,体细胞克隆羊多莉(Dolly) 的诞生是克隆技术的开始。
其实不然。
“克隆(clone)”一词来源于希腊语,原意是用于扦插的枝条,也就是指无性繁殖。
克隆在植物界的应用已有上千年的历史,理论上的突破则是本世纪的事。
1902 年德国植物学家Haberlandt 指出,植物的体细胞具有母体全部的遗传信息,并具有发育成为完整个体的潜能,因而每个植物细胞都可像胚胎细胞那样,经离体培养再生成为完整植株。
这就是所谓的细胞全能性。
许多科学家为证实植物细胞的全能性作出了不懈的努力。
1958 年,Steward成功地将一个胡萝卜细胞试管培养,长成了一株具有根、茎、叶等器官的完整植株。
1964年Guha 和Maheshwari利用毛叶曼陀罗的花药培育出单倍体植株。
这样,植物细胞全能性获得了充分的论证。
建立在此基础上的组织培养技术也得到迅速发展。
与植物细胞不同,在动物发育过程中分化了的细胞不能再产生完整的充分分化的个体。
然而,动物胚胎的生长、分化和发育是否造成体细胞基因组的不可逆性修饰,即在发育过程中分化了的细胞是否具有与受精卵相同的核等价性(nuclear equivalency) 或基因组连续性,一直是发育生物学要解决的问题。
早在30 年代,著名的胚胎学家Spemann 就已经提出“分化了的细胞核移入卵子中能否指导胚胎发育”这样的设想。
用两栖类动物进行的一些克隆实验表明,早期胚胎细胞核经移植可产生成熟的动物个体,而从蝌蚪及成体动物细胞中取出的细胞核经移植生成的克隆动物最晚只能发育至蝌蚪期。
胚胎分割及胚胎细胞核移植克隆动物已在许多物种中获得了成功。
体细胞克隆绵羊、小鼠、牛及山羊的成功,证明高度分化的细胞核仍具有全能性。
2. 体细胞克隆羊及小鼠实验成功分析克隆羊Dolly 是世界上第一只由成体细胞通过无性过程产生的哺乳动物。
在Dolly 诞生后的一年多时间里,全世界掀起了一股克隆热,并引起了一些激烈的争论和对Dolly身份的质疑。
生物化学——克隆

生物化学——克隆学校:院系:生物技术班级:xxx班学号:xx姓名:songxw克隆克隆是英文"clone"或"cloning"的音译,而英文"clone"则起源于希腊文"Klone",原意是指以幼苗或嫩枝插条,以无性繁殖或营养繁殖的方式培育植物,如扦插和嫁接。
在大陆译为“无性繁殖”在台湾与港澳一般意译为复制或转殖或群殖。
中文也有更加确切的词表达克隆,“无性繁殖”、“无性系化”以及“纯系化”。
克隆是指生物体通过体细胞进行的无性繁殖,以及由无性繁殖形成的基因型完全相同的后代个体组成的种群。
通常是利用生物技术由无性生殖产生与原个体有完全相同基因组织后代的过程。
另有相关书籍和影视作品以此为题。
克隆的历史:鲤鱼:1963年,中国科学家童第周早在1963年就通过将一只雄性鲤鱼的遗传物质注入雌性鲤鱼的卵中从而成功克隆了一只雌性鲤鱼,比多利羊的克隆早了33年。
绵羊:1996年,多利(Dolly)猕猴:2000年1月,Tetra,雌性猪:2000年3月,5只苏格兰PPL小猪;8月,Xena,雌性牛:2001年,Alpha和Beta,雄性猫:2001年底,CopyCat(CC),雌性鼠:2002年兔:2003年3-4月分别在法国和朝鲜独立地实现;骡:2003年5月,爱达荷Gem,雄性;6月,犹他先锋,雄性鹿:2003年,Dewey马:2003年,Prometea,(普罗米修斯)雌性狗:2005年,韩国首尔大学实验队,史纳比猪:2005年8月8日,中国第一头供体细胞克隆。
克隆的定义:1963 年J.B.S.Haldane在题为“人类种族在未来二万年的生物可能性”的演讲上采用“克隆(Clone)”的术语。
科学家把人工遗传操作动物繁殖的过程叫“克隆”,这门生物技术叫“克隆技术”,其本身的含义是无性繁殖(中国大陆的翻译),即由同一个祖先细胞分裂繁殖而形成的纯细胞系,该细胞系中每个细胞的基因彼此相同。
高考英语第一轮总复习课件:选修八Unit2_Cloning——克隆

5.This is a book that is often mentioned in them__e_d_ia________(媒 体). 6.However,the problem that she later devbeolothpeerdeda serious lung disease____________(打 扰)scientists.
5 . (2012·吉 林 省 部 分 重 点 中 学 检 测 )The problem will appear
__________ a different welfare
system will be created.
A.unless B.whether
C.until
D.if
解析:选B。考查同位语从句。句意 为:是否创立一个不同的社会福利体 系这个问题将会出现。这是一个分隔 式的同位语从句,根据语意可知用 whether来引导此同位语从句,表示 “是否”。if一般不引导同位语从句, 故排除D项。
3forbid (forbade/forbad,forbidden) vt. 禁止,不准
(教材P12)Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning... 有 些政府开始改革他们的法律制度,禁 止进行克隆人的研究……
9._b_r_in_g__b_ac_k__to__li_fe___ 使复生;使复
活
in vain
10.________________ 白费力气;枉
费心机in good/poor condition
11._______________________ 状况
英语ppt克隆.

but
if its application in human own reproduction, will have clone's a series of disputes. 但如果将其应用在人类自身的繁殖上,将产 生克隆人的一系列争议。
The clone will be absolutely in the science the great progress, the clone technology will certainly to create the 21st century's magnificence, the gene - clone technology is the humanity operates the life the highest tide 克隆人绝对是科学上了不起的进步,克隆技术必将创造21 世纪的辉煌,基因-克隆技术是人类操作生命的最高潮。 The human commercialization is in the human economic activity the unequalled achievement, without a doubt, the clone technology's appearance will create one for the common people most widespread and profound market 人体商业化是人类经济活动中无与伦比的成就,毫无疑问, 克隆技术的出现将为世人创造一个最为广泛和深远的市场。
1.How much do you know about clone? What is clone?
克隆技术

[编辑本段]克隆是英文“clone”一词的音译,在台湾与港澳一般意译为复制或转殖,是利用生物技术由无性生殖产生与原个体有完全相同基因组之后代的过程.科学家把人工遗传操作动物繁殖的过程叫克隆,这门生物技术叫克隆技术,其本身的含义是无性繁殖,即由同一个祖先细胞分裂繁殖而形成的纯细胞系,该细胞系中每个细胞的基因彼此相同。
克隆的英文…clone‟源于希腊语的…klōn‟(嫩枝)。
在园艺学中,…clon‟一词一直沿用到20世纪。
后来有时在词尾加上…e‟成为…clone‟,以表明…o‟的发音是长元音。
近来随着这个概念及单字在大众生活中广泛使用,拼法已经局限使用…clone‟。
该词的中文译名在中国大陆音译为…克隆‟,而在港台则多意译为“转殖”或…复制‟。
前者…克隆‟如同copy的音译…拷贝‟,有不能望文生义的缺点;而后者…复制‟虽能大概表达clone的意义,却有不能精确并易生误解之憾。
克隆通常是一种人工诱导的无性生殖方式或者自然的无性生殖方式(如植物)。
一个克隆就是一个多细胞生物在遗传上与另外一种生物完全一样。
克隆可以是自然克隆,例如由无性生殖或是由于偶然的原因产生两个遗传上完全一样的个体(就像同卵双生一样)。
但是我们通常所说的克隆是指通过有意识的设计来产生的完全一样的复制。
克隆技术在现代生物学中被称为“生物放大技术”,它已经历了三个发展时期:第一个时期是微生物克隆,即用一个细菌很快复制出成千上万个和它一模一样的细菌,而变成一个细菌群;第二个时期是生物技术克隆,比如用遗传基因――DNA克隆;第三个时期是动物克隆,即由一个细胞克隆成一个动物。
克隆绵羊“多利”由一头母羊的体细胞克隆而来,使用的便是动物克隆技术。
在生物学上,克隆通常用在两个方面:克隆一个基因或是克隆一个物种。
克隆一个基因是指从一个个体中获取一段基因(例如通过PCR的方法),然后将其插入另外在动物界也有无性繁殖,不过多见于非脊椎动物,如原生动物的分裂繁殖、尾索类动物的出芽生殖等。
关于克隆的英语ppt

Cloning is the most attractive story of the new biotechnologies(生物技 术) and the one which causes the most heated discussion over its worth. Here are answers to the most common questions about cloning.
“克隆” is the transliteration of "clone", scientists call the operation which reproduces the animals of artificial heredity as clone and this biological technology is called clone technology.
So, we can clone things, but why would we want to? Let's look at some of the reasons people give to justify cloning.
Advantages
Some other uses of clone
How are clones created? The most common process takes DNA from one cell and puts in a hollowed-out(挖空的;掏空的) egg. Chemicals and electricity are then used to encourage the new DNA to fuse with(与…合并) the egg and develop into an embryo(胎儿). This technique is called nuclear transfer(核迁移).
克隆

克隆是英文"clone"或"cloning"的音译,而英文"clone"则起源于希腊文"Klone",原意是指以幼苗或嫩枝插条,以无性繁殖或营养繁殖的方式培育植物,如扦插和嫁接。
在大陆译为“无性繁殖”,在台湾与港澳一般意译为复制或转殖或群殖。
中文也有更加确切的词表达克隆,“无性繁殖”、“无性系化”以及“纯系化”。
克隆是指生物体通过体细胞进行的无性繁殖,以及由无性繁殖形成的基因型完全相同的后代个体组成的种群。
通常是利用生物技术由无性生殖产生与原个体有完全相同基因的个体或种群。
虽然克隆很神奇,但是它诱人的地方也就是它最危险的地方。
简单地说,克隆的定义就是:不经过两性细胞结合而直接繁衍后代,就叫无性繁殖,也称克隆。
克隆的定义:克隆,是指通过无性生殖而产生的遗传上均一的生物群,即具有完全相同的遗传组成的一群细胞或者生物的个体。
克隆在希腊语中是“小树枝叶”的意思,用以指无性增殖物。
现在则指个体、细胞、基因等不同水平上的无性增殖物。
(1)个体水平:在植物的无性增殖中,植物的发芽、插条等由同一个体通过无性生殖而增长的个体群均被视为克隆。
采用组织培养方法可使植物细胞培养发育成完全的个体(愈伤组织),采用这种方法得到的具有相同基因型的个体群,也被称为克隆;在动物的无性增殖中,典型的例子是采用核移植实验方法,把分化细胞的核移植到一个事先去核的蛙卵中,让其发育并得到克隆蛙。
克隆动物具有均一遗传性质,在研究环境条件对发育、分化的影响以及药物的检测方面都是重要的实验材料。
在哺乳动物中,由于细胞分化,核异质化的程度加剧,因此核移植尚无成功的例子。
(2)细胞水平:由一个细胞经过有丝分裂生成的细胞群叫克隆。
但如果培养细胞发生转化,则很容易引起染色体变异。
(3)基因水平:利用基因重组操作技术,使特定的基因与载体结合,在细菌等宿主中进行增殖,有可能得到均匀的基因群。
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As the newest technology in the 20th century, Cloning has aroused wide concern in all circles of the world since the first clone of the Scottish sheep Dolly. So, on whether it would be a blessing or a curse to clone an entire human being based on the new discovery, there are two typical speculations that are poles apart.
Language
1. double verbial I’m disagree with cloning human. The results of results are pays off. It will be benefit to As we known,… This is good for women who can’t pregnant. It also against the normal.
Reference model
Views on Cloning 1. 有人认为克隆技术的应用利大于弊,理 由是 2. 也有人认为弊大于利, 3. 我的看法
1) Almost everyone would agree that the birth of Dolly, as the first clone of an adult animal, has opened a new way of seeing the creation of life for the world. 2) But this agreement ceases to exist just when it comes to whether cloning will bring fortunes or misfortunes to human society. 3) Many contend that the merits of cloning will outrun its demerits. 4) They base their contention on the grounds that cloning is the most effective method of saving the rare wild lives from dying out. 5) Besides, as they also point out, cloning can help provide better ways to treat some serious or deadly sicknesses, such as diabetes, and Parkinson's disease. 6) Yet others react to the issue the other way around and hold that the opposite is just reasonable.
写作模式(各抒己见类) 写作模式(各抒己见类) 1) Almost everyone would agree that the birth/appearance/arrival/ development of sth. … 2) But this agreement ceases to exist just when it comes to…( 议论的主题 ) 3) Many/Some people contend/believe/argue that… ( 一方观点 ) 4) They base their contention/belief/argument on the grounds that… ( 理由 I) 5 ) Besides, as they often point out ,... ( 理 由 II) 6 ) Yet others react to the issue/matter the other way around and hold that the opposite is just reasonable/more acceptable. ( 另一方观点 )
7) From their angle of view, cloning will threaten the ecological balance by destroying the natural reproduction through the enjoyment of sexual love between the male and the female. 8) And even worse, as they reveal, cloning will bring greater disasters to human society if it is used in creation of individuals with extreme genetic qualities, like terrorists, desperate scoundrels, and war manias. 9) I stick to the opinion that anything new, including cloning, can bring human society fortunes or misfortunes, all depending on how it is exploited. 10) On the one hand, it will be an inestimable blessing to the human world if it is applied to reproduction of best dairy cows or other choice domestic poultries. 11) But on the other hand, it will form a big threat to human society once it is abused in copying those hostile toward humanity. 12) In short, the key to the problem is always controlled in man's own hands.
Cloning
Students’ composition
Title
Whether cloning or not? Does it appropriate to clone Human Beings? Whether we can accept the cloning human beings? Cloning humans or not? How to judge clone, right or wrong?
3. Agreement I don’t want to many various me when was old. Each coins has two side. So we need human clone to clear the things which is standing in our way to success. The clone bring some problems to our social. Cloning is a irresponsible behavior.
7) From their angle of view,… ( 理由 I) 8) And even worse, as they claim,… ( 理由 II) 9) I am of/adhere to/stick to the opinion/ view/truth that anything new, including…, can bring human society fortunes/merits/ advantages or misfortunes/demerits/ disadvantages , all depending on... ( 我的看 法 ) 10) On the one hand ,… ( 理由 I) 11) But on the other ,... ( 理由 II) 12) In short , the key to the problem is always controlled in… ( 结论句 )
In my opinion, now that it is impossible to reverse knowledge, human beings should take a wiser step to determine and control the direction of the Cloning research. On the one hand, limited Cloning can be encouraged to exploit its potential benefits like providing help for treating fatal diseases by experimenting on cloned animals, saving rare wild animals and so on. On the other hand, in order to prevent the genie from coming out of the bottle, there should be immediate moves to set up, if possible, an international treaty to ban experiments regarding human Cloning worldwide.
Some people believe that the Cloning, like the nuclear technology that provokes a global panic, will raise the biggest moral and ethical problem and even damage the love-enjoying of a man and woman in normal reproduction. They fear that by a progression of small steps scientists could eventually provide all technologies needed to clone the entire human beings. Thus they call for a worldwide disapproval of the scientists’ risk of tampering with man’s nature. However, others who take the opposite position argue that Cloning – one of the greatest technological advances – is less of a problem ethically. They claim that only through Cloning research can scientists understand the ways human cells change. Then they strongly hope that the Cloning research will continue at higher speed so as to provide organs for sick people some day. And those who worry about a Genie from the bottle, according to them, obviously disregard the benefits man has received from Cloning.