汉语成语中数词的英译

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论汉语数字的英译

论汉语数字的英译

论汉语数字的英译汉语数字英译时,不能只停留在字面意义上,要根据它们在句子中的修辞效果,灵活处理。

为此,对这类技巧的翻译作了一个简单的概括和分析。

标签:汉语数字;英文;翻译方法汉语中有些数词,尤其是用作修辞手段的数词在英译时,不能只停留在字面意义上,必须根据它们在句中的修辞效果,寻找最贴切的英语表达形式,该直译的直译,该意译的意译,该转换的转换,有的甚至不必译出,本文试就汉语数字的英译作一探讨。

1如果数字对应直译不影响效果,应当首先考虑直译因为由这些数词构成的英汉习语、谚语,有些不仅所表达的意思一样,而且所用的数词也有惊人的相同之处,真可谓不谋而合。

也就是说在不违背英文语言规范以及在不引起错误的联想或误解的前提下,在译文中保留汉语的全部数字。

如:(1)她回答说但愿她能够美丽千倍,富裕万倍,来跟他匹配。

可以译成:She answered that she would wish herself a thousand times more beautiful,and the housand times more rich to be more worthy of him.(2)我已经对他说过一百遍,出门得穿上好衣服。

可以译成:I’ve told him a thousand times he ought to wear his good clouths when he goes out. 这两句中的汉语数字,在各自句中具有相同的表示夸张与强调的修辞效果,采用直译要比其它译法更接近原文的意义。

这种译法比比皆是,又如:(1)沧海一粟。

译成:A drop in the ocean.(2)一寸光阴一寸金。

译成:An inch of times is an inch of goad.以上习语、谚语中的数词,体现了数词的本义,无论是汉语成语、谚语,还是英语习语、谚语,其中的数词都是约定俗成的,不能随意更改。

2考虑英汉各自民族特色,语言翻译不可完全对号入座汉语数字用作修辞手段,本身并无确切的含义,汉译时大可不必一味拘泥于原文,机械套译。

(汉英翻译)第五讲 数词的英译

(汉英翻译)第五讲 数词的英译

数字语义的不确定性就是语义模糊现象, 在文学作品,尤其是在汉语文学作品中,这种 模糊现象很常见。这类数词的使用不仅可以增 强语言的表达能力,更可以文学作品的艺术想 象空间。 汉语文学作品中这类数字大都具有一定的 民族文化背景和特定的语言表达习惯,英译时 大都采用意译的方式,舍弃原文中的数字;如 果直译,由于文化背景的不同和表达习惯的差 异,会使英语读者难于理解,甚至译文语句不 顺、语义不明。
人有七感(The Seven Senses)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 生机(Animation)、 感情(feeling)、 语言(speech)、 味觉(taste)、 视觉(sight)、 听觉(hearing)、 嗅觉(smelling);
第二节 数字的翻译 数字是观念和符号的结合,它的基本功能 是计算,但在汉语言文化中,尤其是在民间语 言和文学作品中有许多数字往往并不表示确切 的数量概念,而是一个泛化的虚数。 具体地讲,翻译的难点在于以下几个方面: 1)带有形容词性或副词性; 2)夸张或约略; 3)构成数字式缩略语; 4)倍数。
二)直译加注
1. 三资企业 Three investment enterprises (Sino-foreign joint ventures, Sino-foreign joint management enterprises, exclusively foreign-funded enterprises) 2. 四有 Four haves (have ideals, morality, culture and disciplines) 3. 三个面向 Three directions to face (the direction of the world, future and modernization)

326个中国成语俗语的英文翻译,珍藏版收藏!

326个中国成语俗语的英文翻译,珍藏版收藏!

326个中国成语俗语的英文翻译,珍藏版收藏!一朝被蛇咬,十年怕草绳Once bitten, twice shy.一言既出,驷马难追A word spoken is past recalling.一见钟情to fall in love at first sight笨鸟先飞A slow sparrow should make an early start.一寸光阴一寸金Time is money.一失足成千古恨The error committed on impulse may turn out to be the sorrow of a whole life.一将功名万古枯What millions died that Caesar might be great.一年之计在于春,一日之计在于晨Plan your year in spring and your day at dawn.一人难称百人意You cannot please everyone.一气呵成Never make two bites of a cherry.一白遮三丑A white complexion is powerful enough to hide seven faults.一知半解A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.一心一意John is a person who always works with undivided attention.一丘之貉These people are cut from the same cloth./are tarred with the samebrush.一目了然His words just leapt to the eye. Do you need me to explain it?一帆风顺His business has gone off without a hitch.一刻千金You have to make good use of time. After all, every time counts.一事无成I am happy to know that all have ended in smoke about him.一败涂地The outcome of the election just bit the dust.一针见血His comment on the current affairs always hits the right nail on the head.一清二楚一意孤行一落千丈一鸣惊人His performance at school really comes as a bombshell.一诺千金He never goes back on his word. He is as good as his word.一时兴起一蹴可及You should know that it is impossible to make it at one stroke.一筹莫展一览无遗If you stand here looking down at the city. The wonderfulscenewill be in full view.一窍不通What you said is all Greek to me.九死一生to have a hair-breadth escape九牛一毛Compared with mine, his was simply a drop in the bucket.人生如梦Life is but a dream.人生自古谁无死Death comes to all men.人生百岁古来稀It is seldom that a man lives to be a hundred years old.人定胜天Man can conquer nature.人不可貌相Appearances are often deceptive./ Never judge a look by its cover.人山人海How many people are there in the stadium? Believe it or not, a sea of faces人之常情人云亦云人去楼空Regretful to say, when the master was absent, his mansion was dead.人面兽心人言可畏Opinion rules the world.十年风水轮流转Every dog has its day.十全十美The show just leaves nothing to be desired.十拿九稳We have winning the game in the bag.十万火急I am writing in hot haste to let you know that I will be there ontime.了无瓜葛That politician claimed that he had nothing to do with that scandal.力不从心A:Can you do me a favor?B:Sorry, my spirit is willing, but my flesh is weak.力挽狂澜He tried to stem the tide, but in vain.入乡随俗Do in Rome as the Romans do.入木三分It actually gave a vivid picture of cut the quick.七上八下七窍生烟He was in a great fury (fuming with anger; ina great rage; terriblyfurious) and swore to get even with the opposite(跟对方报复)七零八落After the quake, the buildings went to rock and ruin.八面玲珑In fact, she dances and sings all weathers.(her mill goes with all winds.)三思而后行Look before you leap.三句不离本行to talk shop三个臭皮匠胜过一个诸葛亮Two heads are better than one.团结就是力量Unity is strength.三番两次This guy is at me(找我碴) time after time.三缄其口千钧一发to hang by a hair thread大智若愚He who can not play the fool is not a wise man.大器晚成Rome was not built in a day.大海捞针Finding your lost contact lens is just like looking for a needle in a haystack.山穷水尽山中无老虎,猴子称大王小题大做Make a mountain out of a molehill.小洞不补,大来吃苦A stitch in time saves nine.小不忍则乱大谋Patience is a virtue.工欲善其事,必先利其器You cannot make bricks without straw.不要厚此薄彼不畏艰难Take the bull by the horns.不要不自量力己所不欲勿施于人Do unto others as you would be done.仁者无敌The benevolent have no enemy亡羊补牢上气不接下气I got out of breath when I climbed those stairs.不辞而别to take French leave不要不自量力不要厚此薄彼不畏艰难Take the bull by the horns.不战而屈人之兵The supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting.不入虎穴焉得虎子不经一事,不长一智Experience is the mother of wisdom.不舍昼夜(24小时)Some convenience stores offer around the clock service.不胜其烦Your little brother is a pain in the neck.少年老成to have an old head on young shoulders少不更事Although she is 20, she was still wet behind the ears in some ways.天无绝人之路God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb.天下乌鸦一般黑Crows are black all over the world.天助自助者Heaven helps those who help themselves.天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福It is the unexpected that always happens.毛遂自荐心正不怕雷打A good conscience is a soft pillow.心满意足The little boy sat there smiling, as happy as a clam.化干戈为玉帛Bury the tomahwak(hatchet).仁者无敌The benevolent have no enemy.100.今日事今日毕Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today.文胜于武The pen is mightier than the sword.以身作则to practice what one practices以毒攻毒to set a thief to catch a thief以怨报德to bite the hand that feeds one以逸待劳To wait at ease till the enemy is exhausted. 以寡敌众to fight against longer odds以德报怨to render good for evil以其人之道还治其人之身Set a thief to catch a thief.以子之矛,攻子之盾四大皆空All is vanity.四海之内皆兄弟All are brothers within the four seas.未雨绸缪Keep some extra money for a fainy day. 目不识丁not know A from B失败为成功之母Failure is the mother of success.失之毫釐,差之千里A miss is as good as a mile.只要功夫深,铁杵磨成针Little strokes fell great oaks.毛遂自荐打落水狗打铁趁热Strike while the iron is hot.犯错是人之常情,宽恕是超凡的To err is human; to forgive divine.只要功夫深,铁杵磨成针Little strokes fell great oaks.白费唇舌to waste your breath on him生于忧患,死于安乐Adversity spurs vitality, while comfort breeds sloth . 任劳任怨to bear hardship without complaint自作自受As you make your bed so you must lie on it.自讨苦吃自力更生to shift for oneself自扫门前雪After us the deluge.回头浪子the return of a prodigal先下手为强Offence is the best defence.同甘共苦因地制宜act according to circumstances有勇无谋more brave than wise有备无患Good watch prevents misfortune.有志者事竟成Where there is a will, there is a way.有钱能使鬼推磨Money makes the world go around. /Money talks. 有其父必有其子Like father, like son.江山易改本性难移The child is father of the man.百无一失Not a single miss in a hundred times.百依百顺She expects us to jump through hoops for her.百闻不如一见To see is to believe.吃得苦中苦,方为人上人If you wish to be the best man, you must be prepared to suffer the bitterest of the bitter.每人一生中皆有得意之日Every dog has his day.色是假,美是空Charm is deceitful, and beauty empty.吉人自有天相如愿以偿The mayor finally got his way with the city council.如人饮水冷暖自知Only the wearer knows where the shoes pain.吃得苦中苦,方为人上人No gain without pain.早起的鸟儿有虫吃The early bird catches the worm.弄巧成拙Overreach oneself忍无可忍忍一时之气免百日之忧patience for a moment; comfort for many years忘恩负义to kick down the ladder走马看花a flying visit防患于未然to nip a thing in the bud佛要金装,人要衣装Fine feathers make fine birds.兵精不必多Too many cooks spoil the broth.身在福中不知福The worth of a thing is best known by the want of it. 你敬我一尺,我回你一丈You scratch my back, and I will sratch yours.别狗咬吕洞宾,不识好人心志在千里Hitch your wagon to a star.初出茅庐/一窍不通He was a babe in the woods否极泰来After a storm comes a calm.奇装异服a fantastic garb忠言逆耳Honest advice is unpleasant to the ear明辨是非to distinguish right from wrong知足常乐Happy is he who is content知足者富He who feels contented is rich知人知面不知心知己知彼百战百胜Know your enemy and know yourself.空中楼阁castles in the air金科玉律the gold rule奇装异服a fantastic garb明辨事非to distinguish right fromwrong雨后春笋ike bamboo shoots after a spring shower雨过天青After a storm comes a calm.秀才不出门能知天下事A scholor does not step outside his gate, yet he knows the happenings under the sun.事实胜于雄辩Facts are most convincing.来得容易去得快Easy come, easy go.金玉其外败絮其中All that glitters is not gold.兔子不吃窝边草The fox preys farthest from his hole.若要人不知除非己莫为If you would not be known to do anything, never do it.没有笑脸不出门A man without a smiling face must not open a shop.虎父无虎子Like father, like son.往者不可谏,来者犹可追A mill cannot grind with the water that is past.见异思迁Grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.物竞天择物以类聚Birds of a feather flock together.夜以继日The nurse was with the patient day and night.英雄所见略同Great minds think alike.于事无补Complaining is of little(no) avail. It is better for you to take action now.姻缘天注定Marriages are made in heaven.逆来顺受to make the best of a bad bargain流芳百世a niche in the temple of fame为虎作伥to act as guide to a tiger孤注一掷勇者不惧A brave man will not shrink from dangers.洗心革面to turn over a new leaf美中不足a fly in the ointment200.背道而驰to run counter赴汤蹈火to go through fire and water风烛残年to have one foot in the grave风声鹤唳,草木皆兵to apprehend danger in every sound活到老学到老前事不忘后事之师Remember the past and it will guide your future.星星之火可以燎原A single spark can start a prairie fire.待人宽容如待己Live and let live.按部就班Learn to walk before you run.南辕北辙The salesmen were working at cross purposes with their supervisor.病从口入祸从口出Illness comes in by mouth and comes out by it.笑里藏刀留得青山在,不怕没柴烧海底捞月to fish in the air海底捞针to look for a needle in a bundle of hay差之毫釐,差之千里A miss is as good as a mile.既往不咎Let the dead bury their dead.杀身成仁杀鸡焉用牛刀Take not a musket to kill a butterfly飢不择食A good appetite is a good sauce.害群之马black sheep家丑不可外扬恩威并济alternate weakness with severity旁观者清The outside sees the best of the game. 时运不济to have a bad time殊途同归All roads lead to Rome.众志成城/团结就是力量Union is strenth.疾风知劲草Adversity reveals genius.旁观者清,当局者迷Lookers-on see most of the game.莫在太岁头上动土Let sleeping dogs lie得意忘形捷足先登The early bird catches the worm.欲速则不达Haste makes waste欲速则不达More haste, less speed.欲加之罪,何患无辞Give a dog a bad/an ill name and hang him.混水摸鱼to fish in troubled waters贪小失大penny-wise and pound-foolish习惯成自然once a use forever a custom挂羊头卖狗肉cry up wine and sell vinegar贫无立锥之地as poor as a church mouse雪中送炭真君子A friend in need is a friend indeed.异想天开集思广义Two heads are better than one.得过且过to live from hand to mouth情人眼里出西施Love is blind.情有独钟All the girls liked Kevin, but he had eyes only for Mary 冤家宜解不宜结Better remove enmity than contract it.眼不见为淨Out of sight, out of mind.脱口而出A slip of the tongue can sometimes land you in trouble设身处地Sometimes you have to learn to be in my shoes.智者千虑,必有一失Homer sometimes nods.胜不骄败不馁to be not elated by success nor disturbed by failure富贵在天Riches and honors come from heaven.智者不惑A wise man is free from perplexities.无风不起浪There is no smoke without fire. (Where there is smoke, there is fire.画蛇添足to paint the lily趁火打劫to fish in troubled waters量入为出阳奉阴违ostensible obedience跑了和尚跑不了庙万物之灵the lords of creation万事开头难Everything is difficult at the start万无一失not a single miss in a thousand times.落井下石隔墙有耳Pitchers have ears; walls have ears.挑灯夜战Burn the midnight oil.开诚佈公He always opens his heart to his spouse when he has a problem.盗亦有道Dog does not eat dog.善有善报One kindness is the price of another.损人利己to enrich oneself at others expense置之死地而后生Put the troops in death ground and they will live.道高一尺魔高一丈While the priest climbs a foot, the devil climbs ten.预防胜于治疗Prevention is better than cure.新官上任三把火New brooms sweep clean.塞翁失马焉知非福Misfortune might be a blessing in disguise.路遥知马力日久见人心A distant journey tests the strength of a horse and a long task proves the character of a man.沧海一栗a drop in the bucket盖棺论定Judge none blessed before his death.岁月不饶人Time and tide wait for no man.经验即良师Experience is the teacher.微不足道勤能补拙Diligence can make up for lack of intelligence. 寿终正寝寡不击众There is no contending against odds.对牛弹琴to cast pearls before swine祸不单行Misfortunes never come single.饱食终日无所事事to eat the bread of idleness慷他人之慨远亲不如近邻Distant kinsmen mean less than close neighbors. 种瓜得瓜种豆得豆You must reap what you have sown.乐极生悲After joy comes sadness.说曹操到曹操就到Talk of the devil and the devil comes.团结就是力量Union is strength.需要为发明之母Necessity is the mother of invention.满招损,谦受益Haughtiness invites ruin; humility receives benefits. 恶有恶报He that does evil shall find evil.恶事传千里Bad news travels quickly.熟能生巧Practice makes perfect.缓兵之计a fabian policy缘木求鱼to get water from a flint300.适者生存the survival of the fittest穷寇莫追A cornered animal is a dangerous foe.积少成多Every little makes a mickle.钱可通神Money can move even the gods.谋事在人成事在天Man proposes and God disposes.学问无捷径There is no royal road/shortcut to learning.机不可失Opportunity seldom knocks twice.优胜劣败The weakest goes to the wall.声东击西to look one way and row another南辕北辙The salesmen were working at cross purposes with their supervisor.脍炙人口螳臂挡车to kick against the pricks鞠躬尽瘁to give the last measure of devotion聪明反被聪明误旧调重谈to harp on the same string礼尚往来Courtesy on one side cannot last long..礼多必诈full of courtesy, full of craft声嘶力竭He was talking at the top of his voice.覆水难收转石不生苔A rolling stone gathers no moss.转败为胜to convert defeat into victory鞭长莫及关公门前耍大刀严以责己宽以待人to be severe with oneself and lenient with others铁石心肠a heart of steel听天由命to be guided by destiny326.骄兵必败Pride goes before a fall.。

汉语词语中用到数字

汉语词语中用到数字

幼学于私塾,老师写字帖,练习写大字:一去二三里,烟村四五家。

小桥六七座,八九十枝花。

既是识字,又是练字,一举两得。

现在引进阿拉伯数字,国人用法多不规范:用阿拉伯数字代替汉文数字。

这是天大的错误;永远不可替代!“三三两两”,不可以写成3322。

汉语词语中用到数字的很多,下面逐个道来。

说“一”“一”字在汉语成语里,应用广泛,用法复杂。

其一、与表示极多的“十”、“百”、“千”连用,表示极少。

如一暴十寒Work by fits and starts;百无一失No risk at all;千载一时Only once in a thousand years。

其二、“一”和“半”字相连,也表示“少”。

如一鳞半爪odd bits;一知半解have scanty knowledge。

其三、与另一个实数连用,多半表示实数,英语也有如是说。

如一举两得kill two birds with one stone;一箭双雕shoot two hawks with one arrow;一本万利A small investment brings a ten thousand-fold profit;举一反三draw inferences about other cases from one instance;一年四季all the year round。

数字“一”组成的成语,在多数情况下,在英语里是表达不出数量的。

如一步登天have a meteoric rise;一筹莫展can find no way out;一锤定音give the final word;一刀两断make a clean break;一帆风顺plain sailing;一见钟情fall in love at first sight;一刻千金Every minute is precious;一孔之见a limit view;一览无余take in everything at a glance;一劳永逸get sth. done once and for all;一马平川flat country;一毛不拔very stingy;一诺千金That’s a solemn promise;一贫如洗penniless;一失足成千古恨The error of a moment becomes the regret of a lifetime;一无所长be Jack of all trades一掷千金spend money like water。

最全的中国成语的英文翻译

最全的中国成语的英文翻译

最全的中国成语的英文翻译最全的中国成语的英文翻译成语是我国独有的文化,当我国的成语翻译成英文会是什么样呢?下面是最全的中国成语的英文翻译,赶快收藏吧。

1.爱屋及乌 Love me, love my dog.2.百闻不如一见 (眼见为实 )Seeing is believing.3.比上不足比下有余 worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst.4.笨鸟先飞 A slow sparrow should make an early start.5.不眠之夜 white night6.不以物喜不以己悲not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personnal losses7.不遗余力 spare no effort; go all out; do one's best8.不打不成交 No discord, no concord.9.拆东墙补西墙 rob Peter to pay Paul10.辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new11.大事化小小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all12.大开眼界 open one's eyes; broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener13.国泰民安 The country flourishes and people live in peace14.过犹不及 going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little15.功夫不负有心人 Everything comes to him who waits.16.好了伤疤忘了疼 once on shore, one prays no more17.好事不出门恶事传千里 Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.18.和气生财 Harmony brings wealth.19.活到老学到老 One is never too old to learn.20.既往不咎 let bygones be bygones21.金无足赤人无完人Gold can't be pure and man can't be perfect.22.金玉满堂 Treasures fill the home.23.脚踏实地 be down-to-earth24.脚踩两只船 sit on the fence25.君子之交淡如水the friendship between gentlemen is as pure as crystal; a hedge between keeps friendship green26.老生常谈陈词滥调cut and dried, cliché27.礼尚往来 Courtesy calls for reciprocity.28.留得青山在不怕没柴烧 Where there is life, there is hope.29.马到成功 achieve immediate victory; win instant success30.名利双收 gain in both fame and wealth31.茅塞顿开 be suddenly enlightened32.没有规矩不成方圆Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards. 33.每逢佳节倍思亲 On festive occasions more than ever one thinks of one's dear ones far away.It is on the festival occasions when one misses his dear most.34.谋事在人成事在天 The planning lies with man, the outcome with Heaven. Man proposes, God disposes.35.弄巧成拙 be too smart by half; Cunning outwits itself36.拿手好戏 masterpiece37.赔了夫人又折兵 throw good money after bad38.抛砖引玉 a modest spur to induce others to come forward with valuable contributions; throw a sprat to catch a whale39.破釜沉舟cut off all means of retreat;burn one‘s own way of retreat and be determined to fight to the end40.抢得先机 take the preemptive opportunities41.巧妇难为无米之炊If you have no hand you can't make a fist. One can't make bricks without straw.42.千里之行始于足下a thousand-li journey begins with the first step--the highest eminence is to be gained step by step43.前事不忘后事之师Past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future. 44.前人栽树后人乘凉 One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests.One sows and another reaps.45.前怕狼后怕虎 fear the wolf in front and the tiger behind hesitate in doing something46.强龙难压地头蛇 Even a dragon (from the outside) finds it hard to control a snake in its old haunt - Powerful outsiders can hardly afford to neglect local bullies.47.强强联手 win-win co-operation48.瑞雪兆丰年 A timely snow promises a good harvest.49.人之初性本善 Man's nature at birth is good.50.人逢喜事精神爽 Joy puts heart into a man.51.人海战术 huge-crowd strategy52.世上无难事只要肯攀登 Where there is a will, there is a way.53.世外桃源 a fictitious land of peace away from the turmoil of the world;54.死而后已 until my heart stops beating55.岁岁平安 Peace all year round.56.上有天堂下有苏杭 Just as there is paradise in heaven, ther are Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth57.塞翁失马焉知非福 Misfortune may be an actual blessing.58.三十而立A man should be independent at the age of thirty.At thirty, a man should be able to think for himself.。

汉语成语中数词的语义分析及翻译

汉语成语中数词的语义分析及翻译

基金项目:辽宁省教委社会科学基金资助课题,批准号990120346。

[收稿日期]2000_10_17[作者简介]姜焱(1942-),男,东北大学外国语学院英语系教师。

第6期松辽学刊(哲学社会科学版)№.62000年12月Songliao Journal (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition )Dec .,2000汉语成语中数词的语义分析及翻译姜 焱(东北大学外国语学院英语系,辽宁沈阳110006) [摘 要] 数词在汉语成语中的使用是灵活多样的。

本文对汉语成语中数词语义的确定性及模糊性进行了分析,详细论述了将其译成英语时所采用的各种翻译方法,并指出语境在翻译过程中的重要性。

[关键词] 汉语成语;数词;语义分析[中图分类号] H 059 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1007_5674(2000)06_0028_03 汉语成语中数词的运用随处可见,如“十年树木,百年数人”、“一朝一夕”、“三令五申”。

数词本身的数目是具体的、确定的,但在实际应用中,尤其在汉语成语中,数词并不总是表示其字面上具体的数的概念,有时表示抽象意义。

如在“万众一心”、“九死一生”、“百思不解”等成语中,数词的运用是以实代虚,以取得简洁、生动、夸张的修辞效果。

因而在将汉语成语翻译成英语时,对数词的语义应进行具体分析,并采用适当的翻译方法。

1 汉语成语中数词的语义分析1.1 语义的确定性。

有时成语中的数词严格表示其字面上的数量,如“一箭双雕”、“半途而废”、“两败俱伤”,这里数词的词义是确定的。

1.2 语义的模糊性。

有时数词并不表示确定的数量,如“三番两次”中的“三”和“两”只表示“许多”的含义,因而此时数量词的语义具有模糊性。

这样的例子在汉语成语中俯拾皆是,如“三头六臂”、“百折不挠”、“千变万化”。

按数词所表示的实际意义,可将成语中的数词分成以下几类:1)表示“多”。

如成语“五花八门”、“三令五申”、“三思而行”、“千方百计”。

中国成语英语翻译精选

中国成语英语翻译精选

中国成语英语翻译精选繁荣昌盛thriving and prosperous爱不释手fondle admiringly爱财如命skin a flea for its hide爱屋及乌love me,love my dog He that loves the tree loves the branch安居乐业live and work in peace and contentment白手起家build up from nothing百里挑一one in hundred百折不挠be indomitable半途而废give up halfway leave sth. Unfinished包罗万象all-embracing all-inclusive饱经风霜weather-beaten卑躬屈膝bow and scrape cringe悲欢离合vicissitudes of life背道而驰run counter to run in the opposite direction本末倒置put the cart before the horse笨鸟先飞the slow need to start early必由之路the only way闭关自守close the country to international intercourse变本加厉be further intensified变化无常chop and change fantasticality变化无常chop and change fantasticality别开生面having sth. New别有用心have ulterior motives彬彬有礼refined and courteous urbane兵不厌诈in war nothing is too deceitful博古通今erudite and informed不败之地incincible position不耻下问feel not ashamed to learn from one's subordinates不可救药be past praying for beyond redemption不劳而获reap where one has not sown不屈不挠fortitude indefatigability perseverance persevere tenacity不速之客crasher uninvited guest不同凡响outstanding不言而喻speak for itself tell its own story tell its own tale went without saying 不遗余力spare no effort spare no pains不以为然not approve object to不义之财filthy lucre filthy pelf the mammon of unrighteousness不亦乐乎extremely不远千里go to the trouble of travelling a long distance不约而同happen to coincide不择手段by any kind of means by hook or crook play hard by fair means or foul 不知所措be at a loss be all adrift lose one's head out of one's wits才疏学浅have little talent and learning惨绝人寰extremely cruel沧海桑田time brings a great change to the worlds沧海一粟/九牛一毛a drop in the bucket草木皆兵a state of extreme nervousness层出不穷emerge in endlessly层峦迭嶂peaks over peaks察言观色carefully watch what sb. is doing and saying姹紫嫣红very beautiful flowers畅行无阻checkless车水马龙heavy traffic沉默寡言taciturnity称心如意well-content趁热打铁strike while iron is hot Hold a wolf the iron is hot成群结队gang horde诚惶诚恐with reverence and awe诚心诚意sincere desire承上启下a connecting link between the preceding and the following吃苦耐劳tough吃里扒外live on sb. while helping others secretly痴心妄想胡思乱想wishful thinking持之以恒preserve叱咤风云ride the whirlwind愁眉苦脸pull a long face snoot愁眉苦脸的,愁眉苦脸地woebegone morosely臭名远扬,臭名昭著flagrancy,notorious出乎意料unexpected出口成章have an outstanding eloquence出类拔萃,鹤立鸡群fill the bill supereminence出谋划策give counsel suggest出奇制胜defeat sb. by a surprise action出生入死go through fire and water触类旁通comprehend by analogy垂头丧气,无精打采down in the mouth lose one's spirits with the tail between the legs 垂头丧气的blue about the gills crestfallen downhearted绰绰有余more than sufficient此起彼伏as one falls,another rises从容不迫go easy take one's time从容不迫的leisured unhurried从容不迫地by easy stages粗枝大叶careless slapdash sloppy粗枝大叶的broad-brush措手不及unaware unprepared错综复杂扑朔迷离anfractuosity错综复杂的anfractuous daedal reticula sinuous打草惊蛇act rashly and about: the enemy大材小用waste one's talent on a petty job大公无私selfless大海捞针look for a needle in a bottle of hay大惑不解be extremely puzzled大惊小怪a storm in a teacup foofaraw fuss like a hen with one chicken大惊小怪的spoffish大快人心affording general satisfaction大名鼎鼎famous well known大器晚成great minds mature slowly大千世界the boundless universe大失所望greatly disappointed大同小异largely identical but with minor differences大显身手大显神通strut one's stuff大言不惭夸夸其谈fanfaronade rodomontade大义凛然inspiring awe by upholding justice大义灭亲place righteousness above family loyalty大智若愚Still waters run deep. An empty vessel makes the most sound Still water runs deep 呆若木鸡dumbstruck transfixed待人接物the ways one gets along with others殚思极虑rack one's brains胆小如鼠cannot say boh to a goose胆战心惊的funky淡泊明志not seek fame and wealth道貌岸然be sanctimonious得过且过drift along muddle along得天独厚的advantaged得心应手handy with facility得意忘形得意洋洋bloat get dizzy with success得意洋洋elated elation exaltation jauntiness得意扬扬ride high得意洋洋的cock-a-hoop high-blown perky得意扬扬的triumphant德才兼备have both ability and moral integrity德高望重sainted saintlike登峰造极reach the limit reach the peak of perfection地大物博vast territory and abundant resources颠倒黑白颠倒是非混淆是非call white black swear black is white颠三倒四confused disorderly雕虫小技insignificant skill调兵遣将move forces调虎离山lure the enemy away from his base掉以轻心treat sth. Lightly喋喋不休blat cackle chackle harp harp on jaw-jaw rattle twitter wag顶天立地of indomitable spirit东施效颦blind imitation with ludicrous effection东山再起bob up like a cork独具匠心show originality独树一帜develop a school of one's own独一无二in a class by oneself独一无二的unique unmatched unparalleled度日如年one day seems like a year断章取义garble quote out of context对牛弹琴whistle jigs to a milestone Cast pearls before swine对症下药suit the remedy to the case多才多艺versatility多才多艺的accomplished all-round allround miscellaneous versatile多愁善感sensitivity sentimentality多愁善感的moonstruck spoony多此一举bring owls to Athens hold a candle to the sun多多益善the more the better咄咄逼人aggressive脱胎换骨thoroughly remould oneself阿谀奉承趋炎附势greasiness恩将仇报以怨报德忘恩负义bite the hand that feeds one尔虞我诈each trying to cheat the other发人深省的thought-provoking发人深省set people thinking发扬光大carry forward翻山越岭tramp over hill and dale翻天覆地world-shaking泛滥成灾overrun飞黄腾达青云直上come into one's kingdom rise in the world strike oil 飞黄腾达的successful飞禽走兽birds and beasts废寝忘食forget food and sleep分道扬镳part company,each going his own way分化瓦解disintegrate divide and demoralize分门别类classify纷至沓来come in a continuous stream纷至沓来的thick as hail奋不顾身dash ahead regardless of one's safety愤愤不平be indignant愤世嫉俗的cynical丰富多彩rich and colorful丰功伟绩great achievement丰衣足食have ample food and clothing风花雪月sentimental writings of the exploiting classes风马牛不相及be totally unrelated风靡一时be the rage风平浪静calm风起云涌like a rising wind and scudding clouds风雨同舟stand together regardless of situation风雨无阻in all weathers锋芒毕露make a showy display of one's abilities蜂涌而来pour逢场作戏join in the fun on occasion逢凶化吉trun ill luck into good奉公守法law-abiding敷衍了事make short shrift of palter scuffle釜底抽薪take a drastic measure to deal with a situation赴汤蹈火出生入死go through fire and water富丽堂皇magnificence覆水难收spilt water cannot be gathered up again It is no use crying over spilt milk中高级口译中的成语来源:沪江英语英语和汉语中都有一部分成语源于各自的寓言或历史典故,包含特定的人名和地名。

常用成语汉英对照翻译

常用成语汉英对照翻译

‎‎哀兵必胜an army burni‎n g with indig‎n atio‎n is bound‎ to win哀鸿遍野disas‎t er victi‎m s moani‎n g every‎where‎挨家挨户go from house‎ to house‎唉声叹气heave‎ deep signs‎ (of grief‎, worry‎ or angui‎s h)爱不释手be so fond of sth. that one will not let it out of one’s hand 爱莫能助be willi‎n g to help but unabl‎e to do so爱屋及乌love me, love my dog爱憎分明under‎s tand‎ what to love and what to hate碍手碍脚be in the way安邦定国bring‎ peace‎ and stabi‎l ity to the count‎r y安步当车strol‎l over inste‎a d of ridin‎g in a carri‎a ge安居乐业live and work in peace‎ and conte‎n tmen‎t安如泰山as solid‎ a s Mount‎ T ai安之若素bear with equan‎imity‎按兵不动take no actio‎n按部就班keep to conve‎n tion‎a l ways of doing‎ thing‎s按劳分配distr‎i buti‎o n accor‎d ing to work按图索骥deal with a matte‎r in a mecha‎n i cal‎ way按需分配distr‎i buti‎o n accor‎d ing to need暗渡陈仓enter‎ into a secre‎t liais‎o n暗送秋波make eyes at sb.昂首阔步strid‎e proud‎ly ahead‎不 ‎ p rett‎y close‎面玲珑be smoot‎h and slick‎面威风an aura of aweso‎m e might‎‎显神通like the Eight‎ Immor‎t als cross‎i ng the sea, each one showi‎n g his or her speci‎a l peopl‎e拔刀相助take up the cudge‎l s again‎s t an injus‎t ice拔苗助长spoil‎ thing‎s by exces‎s ive enthu‎siasm‎跋山涉水scale‎ mount‎a ins and ford strea‎ms白璧微瑕a sligh‎t defec‎t in a perso‎n of integ‎r ity白驹 隙the time is fleet‎i ng白日做梦build‎ castl‎e s in the air白手起家start‎ from scrat‎c h‎进一步furth‎e r impro‎v e one’s work发 中shoot‎ with unfai‎l ing accur‎a cy废俱兴all that was left undon‎e is now being‎ under‎t aken‎‎家争鸣let a hundr‎e d flowe‎r s bloss‎o m and a hundr‎e d schoo‎ls of thoug‎h ts conte‎n d里挑一one in a hundr‎e d; cream‎ of the crop不如一‎见 seein‎g for onese‎l f is bette‎r than heari‎n g from other‎s折不挠keep on fight‎i ng in spite‎ of all setba‎c ks稗官野史books‎ of anecd‎o tes班门弄斧displ‎a y one’s sligh‎t skill‎ befor‎e an exper‎t半斤 两two of a kind半老徐娘woman‎ o f fadin‎g charm‎s半路出家switc‎h to a job one was not train‎e d for宝刀不老he is still‎ at the heigh‎t of his power‎s饱经风霜havin‎g had one’s fill of hards‎h i ps抱残守缺be an anach‎r onis‎m抱佛脚make a hasty‎last-minut‎e effor‎t抱 痛哭cry on each other‎’s shoul‎d ers暴殄天物a reckl‎e ss waste‎ of the produ‎c t s of natur‎e暴跳如雷fly into a rage爆冷门a dark horse‎bobbi‎n g up背道而驰run count‎e r to背水一战fight‎ to win or die背信弃义break‎ faith‎ with sb.笨鸟先飞the slow need to start‎ early‎比比皆是such is the case every‎w here‎一 一‎ times‎have chang‎e d敝帚自珍cheri‎s h sth. of littl‎e value‎ simpl‎y becau‎s e it is one’s own 避重就轻avoid‎ the impor‎t ant and dwell‎ on the trivi‎a l鞭长莫及beyon‎d the reach‎ of one’s power‎遍体鳞伤be beate‎n black‎ and blue标新立异creat‎e sth. new and origi‎n al别出心裁try to be diffe‎r ent别具一格have a style‎ of one’s own别有 心have an axe to grind‎宾至如归a home from home兵 如山 ‎ a n army in fligh‎t is like a lands‎l ide秉烛夜游make merry‎while‎ one may并驾 驱keep abrea‎s t of sb. ; keep pace with sb.拨乱反正resto‎r e thing‎s to order‎博 强记have encyc‎l opae‎d ic knowl‎e dge捕风捉影speak‎ or act on hears‎a y evide‎n ce不卑不亢neith‎e r overb‎e arin‎g nor servi‎l e不出所料as expec‎t e d不辞而别leave‎ witho‎u t sayin‎g goodb‎y e不 不相 ‎ n o disco‎r d, no conco‎r d不 自招give onese‎lf away不 心‎不死refus‎e to give up until‎ a ll rope is gone不二法门the one and only way不 之‎力as easy as falli‎n g off a log不分 ‎白make no disti‎n ctio‎n betwe‎en right‎ and wrong‎不寒而栗tremb‎l e with fear不即不 keep sb. at arm’s lengt‎h不胫而走sprea‎d like wildf‎i re不可名状be beyon‎d descr‎i ptio‎n不可 日而‎ there‎is no compa‎r ison‎ b etwe‎e n them声 不‎可一世blust‎e r and swagg‎e r like a conqu‎e ring‎ hero 不了了之end up with nothi‎n g defin‎i te不期而遇have a chanc‎e encou‎n ter不 ‎得子nothi‎n g ventu‎r e, nothi‎n g gain不三不四neith‎e r fish nor fowl不速之客gate-crash‎er不 凡响out of the commo‎n run不 不问be indif‎f eren‎t to sth.不相上下almos‎t on a par不遗余力do one’s utmos‎t不择手段by hook or by crook‎不折不扣out-and-out不知所措be at a loss步 后尘follo‎w in sb.’s foots‎t eps残 柳falle‎n women‎沧 一粟a drop in the ocean‎察言观色watch‎ a perso‎n’s every‎mood长吁短叹moan and groan‎陈词滥调clich‎és乘风破浪brave‎ the wind and the waves‎趁人之危take advan‎t age of sb.’s preca‎r i ous‎ posit‎i on吃喝玩乐idle away one’s time in pleas‎u re-seeki‎n g吃一 长一‎智a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit出尔反尔contr‎a dict‎onese‎l f出类拔萃be out of the commo‎n run出其不意catch‎ sb. unawa‎r es出人 地stand‎ out among‎ one’s fello‎w s出人意料beyon‎d all expec‎t atio‎n s不‎怕young‎ peopl‎e are fearl‎e s s唇枪舌剑engag‎e in a battl‎e of words‎唇亡齿寒if one falls‎, the other‎ is in dange‎r词不达意the words‎fails‎ to conve‎y the idea地 三‎两a clums‎y denia‎l resul‎t ing in self-expos‎u re 从长计议take one’s time in reach‎i ng a decis‎i on寸步不让not budge‎an inch‎子 puff onese‎l f up to one’s own cost大 大擂make a big noise‎大 大紫be very much in the spotl‎i ght大惊小怪make a fuss about‎ nothi‎n g大器晚 great‎ minds‎ matur‎e slowl‎y大失所望to one’s great‎ disap‎p oint‎m ent大 小异alike‎ excep‎t for sligh‎t diffe‎r ence‎s大显身手give full play to one’s abili‎t ies大言不惭talk big大有文章there‎’s more to this than meet the eye单刀直 speak‎ out witho‎u t beati‎n g about‎ the bush殚精竭虑rack one’s brain‎s当机立断make a promp‎t decis‎i on当 ‎观清the onloo‎k er sees most of the game当之 愧be worth‎y of一耙put the blame‎ on one’s victi‎m道 一 ‎一丈the more illum‎i nati‎o n, the more tempt‎a tion‎得不偿失the game is not worth‎ the candl‎e得寸进 give him an inch and he’ll take a yard颠来 去over and over弹琴s s the wrong‎ audie‎n ce自食恶果sow the wind and reap the whirl‎w ind恩威并施use the carro‎t and the stick‎ simul‎t aneo‎u sly尔虞我诈each tryin‎g to cheat‎ the other‎发人深省stir up one’s soul反 为胜turn the tide返璞归真go back to natur‎e防微杜渐check‎ at the outse‎t飞蛾扑火seek one’s own doom纷至沓来keep pouri‎ng in焚膏继晷stay up late and work hard风靡一 be all the rage at the time釜底抽薪take drast‎i c measu‎r es to deal with an emerg‎e ncy俯拾即是be found‎ every‎w here‎腹背受敌be attac‎k e d front‎ and rear覆水难收what is done can not be undon‎e改邪归正turn over a new leaf改 换面dish up the same old stuff‎ in a new form雷不下‎雨much noise‎ but no actio‎n纲举目张once the key link is grasp‎e d, every‎t hing‎ falls‎ into place‎格格不 like a squar‎e peg in a round‎ hole得其所each has a role to play有千秋each has his own stron‎g point‎s狗急跳墙a corne‎r ed beast‎ will do sth. despe‎r ate狗 子 ‎管闲事poke one’s nose into other‎ peopl‎e’s e ss 孤掌难鸣it’s hard to succe‎e d witho‎u t suppo‎r t孤注一掷put all one’s eggs in one baske‎t骨瘦如柴a bag of bones‎故伎重演play the same old trick‎故作姿态put on airs顾名思义just as its name impli‎e s; as the term sugge‎s ts 拐弯抹角beat about‎the bush归根结底in the final‎ analy‎s is裹足不前hesit‎a te to move forwa‎r d拆桥kick down the ladde‎r底捞针look for a needl‎e in a hayst‎a ck害群之马a black‎ sheep‎好事 磨the road to happi‎n ess is strew‎n with setba‎c ks 好为人师be given‎ t o layin‎g down the law恨之 骨bear a bitte‎r hatre‎d for sb.横七竖 higgl‎e dy-piggl‎e dy光满面in the pink蛇尾in like a lion, out like a lamb哗众取宠try to pleas‎e the publi‎c with clapt‎r ap为 ‎帛 bury the hatch‎e t为乌有come to naugh‎t险为夷head off a disas‎t er画蛇添足ruin the effec‎t by addin‎g sth. super‎f luou‎s换 不换 ‎ t he same old stuff‎ with a diffe‎r ent label‎焕然一新look brand‎-new患得患失be i ons of loss and gain 挥金如土spend‎money‎ like water‎回心转意have a chang‎e of heart‎毁于一旦be destr‎o y ed in a momen‎t浑然一体an integ‎r al whole‎混水摸鱼fish in troub‎l ed water‎s魂不守舍have lost one’s mind火中取栗be a cat’s paw货真价实dyed-in-the-wool祸不单行it never‎ r ains‎ but it pours‎机不可失失‎不再来oppor‎t unit‎y knock‎s but once积少 many a littl‎e makes‎ a mickl‎e积重难返ingra‎i ned habit‎s are hard to chang‎e其人之道‎ 其人之‎身 pay a perso‎n back in his own coin集思广益pool the wisdo‎m of the masse‎s几次三番time and again‎所不 ‎施于人do not unto other‎s as you would‎ not have them do unto you计日程功have the compl‎e tion‎ of a proje‎ct in sight‎既往不咎not censu‎r e sb. for his past misde‎e ds家家有 难‎念的经every‎ famil‎y has its own hard nut to crack‎家喻户晓widel‎y known‎戛然而止come to an abrup‎t end简而言之to put it in a nutsh‎e ll见仁见智diffe‎r ent peopl‎e, diffe‎r ent views‎上不‎得不发one has reach‎e d the point‎ of no retur‎n 江 日下be on the decli‎n e将计就计beat sb. at his own game将心比心put onese‎l f in sb.’s shoes‎是老的‎辣 veter‎ans are abler‎ than recru‎i ts绞尽脑汁rack one’s brain‎s脚 两 ‎ s it on the fence‎矫枉 正over-corre‎ct街谈巷议stree‎t gossi‎p结党营私band toget‎her for selfi‎s h purpo‎s es捷足先登the early‎ bird catch‎e s the worm涸泽而渔kill the goose‎ that lays the golde‎n eggs金口 言utter‎a nces‎that carry‎ great‎ weigh‎t金 其 ‎絮其中fair witho‎u t, foul withi‎n水不 ‎水I’ll mind my own e ss, you mind yours‎敬而远之stay at a respe‎c tful‎ dista‎n ce from sb.一毛a drop in the ocean‎死一 survi‎v al after‎ many hazar‎d s就事论事deal with a matte‎r on its merit‎s具体而微minia‎t ure据理力争argue‎ stron‎g ly on just groun‎d s聚精会神conce‎n trat‎e one’s atten‎t ion卷土重来stage‎ a comeb‎a ck开诚相见be frank‎ a nd open见风使舵trim one’s sails‎慷慨就义die a marty‎r’s death‎孔孟之道the doctr‎i n e of Confu‎c ius and Menci‎u s口蜜腹剑honey‎ on one’s lips and murde‎r in one’s heart‎哭丧着 go aroun‎d with a long face苦不堪言the miser‎y or hards‎h ip is d words‎刀 乱 ‎ c ut the Gordi‎a n knot马加鞭whip and spur脍炙人口enjoy‎ great‎ popul‎a rity‎喟然长叹heave‎ a deep sigh困兽犹斗beast‎s at bay will fight‎ back老奸巨猾an old hand at trick‎e ry and decep‎t ion老马 途an old hand is a good guide‎乐极 悲extre‎m e joy beget‎s sorro‎w雷声大雨 ‎小much talk, littl‎e actio‎n累死累活work onese‎l f to death‎冷若冰霜have an icy manne‎r冷眼 观look on with a cold eye轻 意重‎ i t’s nothi‎n g much, but it’s the thoug‎h t that count‎s理所当然as a matte‎r of cours‎e力挽狂澜make vigor‎o us effor‎t s to turn the tide力争上游striv‎e for first‎ place‎利 熏心be blind‎e d by greed‎量 为出cut one’s coat accor‎d ing to one’s cloth‎了如指掌have sth. at one’s finge‎r tips‎临渴掘 make an eleve‎n th-hour attem‎p t临渊羡鱼one shoul‎d take pract‎i cal steps‎to achie‎v e one’s aims 琳琅满目a feast‎ for the eyes令人发指make one brist‎l e with anger‎溜须拍马lick sb.’s boots‎溜之大吉make onese‎l f scarc‎e露马脚let the cat out of the bag碌碌 为lead a vain and humdr‎u m life戮力 心make conce‎r ted effor‎t s每况愈下go from bad to worse‎美中不足a blemi‎s h in a thing‎ of beaut‎y蒙 鼓里be kept in the dark明媒正娶be legal‎l y and forma‎l ly marri‎e d冥思苦想rack one’s brain‎s墨守 规stay in a rut漠不关心indif‎f eren‎t; uncon‎c erne‎d囊中羞涩be short‎ o f money‎恼羞 怒fly into a rage from shame‎能 劳the abler‎ one is, the more one shoul‎d do呕心沥血work one’s heart‎ out拍马屁lick sb’s boots‎攀龙附凤put onese‎l f under‎ the patro‎n age of a bigwi‎g征博引be well docum‎e nted‎了 人 ‎折兵inste‎a d of makin‎g a gain, suffe‎r a doubl‎e loss疲于奔命be kept const‎a ntly‎ on the run平步 云have a meteo‎r ic rise平起平坐be on an equal‎ footi‎n g破釜沉舟burn one’s boats‎起死回 snatc‎h a patie‎n t from the jaws of death‎牵肠挂肚be on tente‎r hook‎s前事不 后‎事之师lesso‎n s learn‎e d from the past can guide‎ one in the futur‎e出于 而‎胜于the pupil‎ surpa‎s ses the maste‎r晴天霹雳a bolt from the blue穷途末路have come to a dead end趋炎附 curry‎ favou‎r with the power‎f ul曲 和寡too highb‎r o w to be popul‎a r全心全意heart‎ and soul上的 ‎蚁a cat on a hot tin roof火朝天in full swing‎人定胜天man will trium‎p h over natur‎e仁 见仁智‎见智diffe‎r ent peopl‎e have diffe‎r ent views‎如坐针毡be on pins and needl‎e s乳臭未 be wet behin‎d the ears不敷出unabl‎e to make ends meet乡随俗when in Rome do as the Roman‎s do三寸不 之‎舌a silve‎r tongu‎e三 不 ‎行can hardl‎y open one’s mouth‎ witho‎u t talki‎n g shop 三思而行look befor‎e you leap三心二意shill‎y-shall‎y丧家之犬a stray‎ cur搔首弄姿postu‎r e and preen‎ onese‎l f杀鸡取卵kill the goose‎ that lays the golde‎n eggs山穷水尽at the end of one’s rope煽风 火stir up troub‎l e少 不 力‎老大 伤悲‎ l azin‎e ss in youth‎ spell‎s regre‎t in old age 舍 逐末atten‎d to trifl‎e s and negle‎c t essen‎t ials‎舍 取义lay down one’s life for a just cause‎神气 足putti‎n g on grand‎ airs‎饭what’s done can’t be undon‎e盛极一 be all the rage为‎俊杰a wise man submi‎t s to circu‎m stan‎c es不待我time and tide wait for no man如破竹like a hot knife‎ cutti‎n g throu‎g h butte‎r事实胜于 ‎辩facts‎speak‎ loude‎r than words‎视死如归look death‎calml‎y in the face首屈一指be secon‎d to none视 睹turn a blind‎ eye to鼠目寸光see only what is under‎ one’s nose水滴石穿littl‎e strok‎es fell great‎ oaks水泄不通be water‎t i ght‎‎ speak‎ of the devil‎ and he will appea‎r做 match‎ one’s deeds‎ to one’s words‎一不二stand‎ by one’s word‎ in the twink‎l ing of an eye死里逃 escap‎e by the skin of one’s teeth‎;have a narro‎w escap‎e 死心塌地be hellb‎e n t四脚朝天fall on one’s back搜肠刮肚rack one’s brain‎追 溯源trace‎ back to the sourc‎e随声附和chime‎ in with other‎s所向披靡sweep‎ away all obsta‎c les贪 怕死care for nothi‎n g but savin‎g one’s skin贪小失大seek gains‎ but incur‎ big losse‎s探囊取物as easy as falli‎n g off a log逃之夭夭show a clean‎ pair of heels‎特立独行indep‎e nden‎t in mind and actio‎n提心吊胆have one’s heart‎ in one’s mouth‎天方夜谭a cock-and-bull story‎条分缕析make a caref‎u l and detai‎l ed analy‎s is听而不 turn a deaf ear to铤而走险make a reckl‎e ss move归于尽end up in commo‎n ruin命‎运 throw‎ in one’s lot with sb.捅马蜂窝bring‎ a horne‎t’s nest about‎ one’s ears鸡不 ‎把go for wool and come back shorn‎面人物a big shot突飞猛进advan‎c e with seven‎-leagu‎e strid‎es唇舌waste‎ one’s breat‎h推波助澜add fuel to the flame‎s唾手可得extre‎m ely easy to obtai‎n不 其‎宗chang‎e time and again‎, yet stay much the same 玩世不恭thumb‎ one’s nose at the world‎金油Jack of all trade‎s and maste‎r of none望梅止渴feed on fanci‎e s文 饰非gloss‎ over wrong‎s文如其人the style‎ i s the man稳住阵脚hold one’s groun‎d我行我素stick‎ to one’s old way of doing‎thing‎s风不起浪‎ t here‎’s no smoke‎ witho‎u t fire不丈 ‎ a ll great‎men are ruthl‎e ss地自容look for a hole to crawl‎ into所事事idle away one’s time之炊make brick‎s witho‎u t straw‎隙可乘no chink‎ i n one’s armou‎r步 ‎步 the pot calls‎ the kettl‎e black‎物 类聚人‎群分birds‎ of a feath‎e r flock‎ toget‎h er 洗心革面turn over a new leaf自然‎ h abit‎ b ecom‎e s secon‎d natur‎e先声夺人overa‎w e peopl‎e by displ‎a ying‎ one’s stren‎g th 相形见绌be outsh‎o ne相提并论place‎ on a par想 非非daydr‎e am销声匿迹disap‎p ear from the scene‎逍遥法 be at large‎掉大牙laugh‎ one’s head off心有余而力‎不足the spiri‎t is willi‎n g, but the flesh‎ is weak 心绪不宁in a flutt‎e r休戚与 share‎ the same fate心 志lofty‎ aspir‎a tion‎s and high ideal‎s秀色可餐beaut‎y to feast‎ one’s eyes on虚张声 bluff‎ and blust‎e r虚怀若谷be open-minde‎d喧宾夺主a noisy‎ g uest‎ steal‎s the host’s thund‎e r雪泥鸿爪trace‎s of bygon‎e days学 止境there‎’s no limit‎ to knowl‎e dge言为心声what the heart‎ think‎s the tongu‎e speak‎s言而 信go back on one’s word言不由衷speak‎with one’s tongu‎e in one’s cheek‎揠苗助长spoil‎ thing‎s by exces‎s ive enthu‎siasm‎掩耳盗铃bury one’s head in the sand眼中 中‎刺a thorn‎ in one’s flesh‎扬眉吐气feel proud‎and elate‎d养尊处优live in clove‎r夜 继日round‎ the clock‎一不做二不‎休 in for a penny‎, in for a pound‎一触即发be on the verge‎ of break‎i ng out一分 一分‎货what price‎, what goods‎一 一‎坑each has his own task, and nobod‎y is despe‎n s abl‎e 一鼓作气get sth. done in one susta‎i ned effor‎t一哄而散break‎ up in a hubbu‎b一回 二回‎ diffi‎c u lt the first‎ time, easy the secon‎d一见如故hit it off well right‎ from the start‎一见钟 fall in love at first‎ sight‎一刻千金time is gold一 双雕kill two birds‎ with one stone‎一模一样as like as two peas一鸣惊人set the world‎ on fire一丘之貉birds‎ of a feath‎e r一失足 千‎古恨a singl‎e slip may cause‎ lasti‎n g sorro‎w一手 一‎手货cash on deliv‎e ry一往 深be head over heels‎ in love一网 尽round‎ up the whole‎ gang at one fell swoop‎一厢 愿one’s own wishf‎u l think‎i ng一物 一物‎ e very‎t h ing‎ has its super‎i or一 所有not have a thing‎ to one’s name一言不发keep one’s mouth‎ shut一言难尽it’s a long story‎一衣带水a narro‎w strip‎ of water‎一跃而起jump to one’s feet一针见血hit the nail on the head衣不蔽体have nothi‎ng but rags on one’s back权谋私abuse‎ power‎ for perso‎n al gain其人之道‎ 其人之‎身 pay sb. back in his own coin德报怨repay‎ evil with good疑神疑鬼be even afrai‎d of one’s own shado‎w因材施教suit the instr‎u ctio‎n to the stude‎nt’s level‎因小失大penny‎ wise and pound‎ fooli‎s h引 为荣take it as an honor‎应运而 emerg‎e as the times‎ deman‎d优胜劣汰selec‎t the super‎i or and elimi‎n ate the infer‎i or有碍观瞻be an eyeso‎r e有 有‎难当share‎ weal and woe有机可乘there‎’s a looph‎o le that can be used有其 必有‎其子like fathe‎r, like son有眼不 泰‎山enter‎tain an angel‎ unawa‎r e s有志 事 ‎where‎ there‎’s a will there‎’s a way与 俱进keep pace with the times‎与世 争hold onese‎l f aloof‎ from the world‎与众不 diffe‎r ent from the commo‎n run壑难填avari‎c e knows‎ no bound‎s擒故纵allow‎ sb. more latit‎u de first‎ to keep a tight‎e r rein on himafter‎w ards‎速 不达‎ m ore haste‎, less speed‎远走 飞flee to faraw‎ay place‎s怨天尤人blame‎ every‎o ne and every‎t hing‎ but onese‎l f跃跃 试itch to have a go越俎代庖take sb. else’sjob into one’s own hands‎砸 卖铁give away all one has再接再厉conti‎n ue to exert‎ onese‎l f责 贷be duty-bound‎债台 筑be up to one’s ears in debt沾亲带故have ties of kinsh‎i p or frien‎d ship‎张口结舌be at a loss for words‎张三李四any Tom, Dick or Harry‎仗 欺人abuse‎ one’s power‎ and bully‎ p eopl‎e宣科repea‎t what the book says山望着 ‎山alway‎s think‎ the grass‎is green‎e r on the other‎ side of the hill真知灼见penet‎r atin‎g judge‎m ent正中下怀fit in exact‎l y with one’s wishe‎s争朝夕seize‎ the day, seize‎ the hour指日可待be just round‎ the corne‎r趾 气昂be swoll‎e n with arrog‎a nce智穷才尽at one’s wits’ end智 千虑必‎有一失even the wise are not free from error‎装模作样put on an act自卖自夸blow one’s own trump‎e t自食其力earn one’s own livin‎g自讨没趣court‎ a rebuf‎f自投罗网bite the hook自作自受stew in one’s own juice‎罪有应得the punis‎h ment‎ fits the crime‎左右为难in a dilem‎ma坐吃山空sit idle and eat, and in time your whole‎ fortu‎n e will be used up坐收渔人之‎利reap the spoil‎s of victo‎ry witho‎u t lifti‎n g a finge‎r坐 其 reap where‎ one has not sown坐 待毙await‎ one’s doom作壁上观be an onloo‎k er作茧自缚get enmes‎hed in a web of one’s own spinn‎i ng作威作 act like a tyran‎t。

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第25卷第1期2004年2月衡阳师范学院学报(社会科学)Journal of Hengy ang N ormal U niversity(So cial Science)No.1Vo l.25Feb.2004汉语成语中数词的英译李德超(香港理工大学中文及双语系翻译研究中心,中国香港)摘 要:含数词的成语在汉语成语中占有举足轻重的地位。

对它们英译时需考虑数词的实指与虚指情况及其相应的文化内涵,否则难以比较完整地传达汉语成语的意义。

我们认为,无论在普通文体还是科技文体的语篇翻译中,成语中数词的恰当翻译有助于更准确地传达汉语数字成语的外延及内涵意义。

关键词:成语;数词;实指;虚指中图分类号:H059文献标识码:A文章编号:1002—073X(2004)01—0129—04作者简介:李德超(1966-),男,博士候选人,从事近代翻译文学史、翻译理论与实践研究。

成语是习语的一种,它“是一种相沿习用的特殊固定词组”(黄伯荣等,1981:247)。

确切地说,它是人们在语言使用过程中提炼出来的形式简洁、意义固定的短语或短句,通常由大家所熟知的典故、寓言、民谚等语言材料组成,具有形象鲜明、表达生动等特点。

如把一种语言看作是一座巨大无比的宝库,那么,那些经千锤百炼而形成的众多成语堪称是宝库中的璀灿明珠,颗颗都闪烁着人类智慧的熠熠光辉。

成语,是“语言的核心部分和精华”(张培基,1958:4),如使用得当,就能收到言简意赅和画龙点睛的效果。

汉语有源远流长的历史文化背景,成语极为丰富。

据不完全统计,汉语成语的总量有万余条(《中华成语大词典》共收成语12,000余条)。

其中,又有逾千条成语是由数词组成或是含有数词,如三三两两、乱七八糟等。

这表明含数词的成语在汉语中占有举足轻重的地位。

有趣的是,关于汉语成语英译的书籍或论文可谓连篇累牍,但专门探讨含数字成语的英译的文章却极为少见。

是不是因为数字的翻译过于容易而不值一提呢?事情并不是想象的那么简单。

举个例子,“三纲五常”中的数词“三”与“三长两短”中的数词“三”是不是都译为“three”呢?显然不是。

那么,成语中的数词有什么样的特点?其英译有无原则可寻?当前词典或译本中对含数字的成语的翻译是否有不尽人意之处?在本文中,笔者将对上述问题作一粗浅探讨。

汉语成语中数词的用法特点在探寻汉语成语中数词的英译规律之前,让我们先了解数词在成语中的用法特点。

在结构上,成语是一种“特殊固定词组”,它在句中起到的是词的作用。

词在汉语中又可分为具有词汇意义的实词和具有语法意义的虚词。

数词由于表示的是人或物的数目,具有实在的词汇意义,因而属于实词类。

但成语中数词的用法与普通数词的用法不尽相同,它可以实指,也可以虚指。

它除了可以与量词连用,置于名词前面,如“百年大计”、“万家灯火”等,还可以(1)直接与名词连用,或置于名词前或名词后,如“一草一木”、“朝三暮四”;(2)直接与动词连用。

这时,它可置于动词前或动词后,如“一蹴而就”、“百思不解”、“略知一二”,或加一量词,置于动词之后,如“垂涎三尺”、“退避三舍”、“日上三竿”;(3)直接与形容词连用,置于形容词前面,这种用法较少,如“万紫千红”、“四平八稳”等。

可见,数词在成语中的使用比较灵活,位置富于变化,在翻译时如囿于原成语结构往往会导致译文诘屈聱牙,不可卒读。

这时我们要跳出原成语结构的束缚,重新按目的语的习惯对译文结构进行调整,这样才能为读者所理解、所接受。

如将“一步登天”译成“use o ne step to reach the sky”则显得过分拘泥于原文结构,而将它译为“reach the sky in one step”,就结构而言,则符合英语的行文习惯,收稿日期:2003—03—28129易为读者所接受。

数词难以穷尽,但能组合为成语的却只有“一”至“十”、“百”、“千”、“万”、“两”、“半”等。

成语中出现的数词虽少,意义却相当丰富。

一般的数词只能表示具体的数目,而成语中的数词除能表示数目外还可包含多种意义。

如数字“一”除了用于计数外,还有“万物伊始,事物发端”之意。

老子说“道生一,一生二,二生三,三生万物”用的即是此意。

于是我们就有了“从一而终”、“一尘不变”等成语。

又如,数字“八”除实指外,还可表示虚数,用于表示数量多、程度深。

这种用法最早见于《易·系辞上》:“十有八变而卦”(陆忠发,1994:76)。

“八”在这里用作虚指,言变化之多。

于是我们就有了“七七八八”、“四面八方”等成语。

成语数词具有多重意义,这是我们英译此类成语时相应作出不同处理的根本依据。

对成语中数词意义的准确判断是灵活再现原成语意思和喻义的前提,错误理解或没有充分理解数词所含的多重语义往往会导致对原成语的误译或漏译。

成语中数词的意义及其翻译数词的上述特点使它在成语中产生了颇为复杂的含义。

总的说来,可概括为两种情况:实指或虚指。

实指。

实指是指成语中的数字用于表示实际的、准确的数量。

对于表实指的数字我们应把它当作实际的数目去理解。

如“三顾茅庐”中的“三”是指实际顾访的次数,“一举两得”中的“一”和“两”分别指实际的“一次举动”和“两种收获”,因而都是用实指的意义。

对成语中用于表示实指意义的数词,英译时应在译文中如实反映原成语中所提到的具体数目,以保留原成语中数词的基本意思和形象,使译文更为简洁、精炼。

如将“一箭双雕”译为“hit two haw ks with one arrow”则完整地表达了原成语中数词的意思。

在英译含确指数字的成语时,有两个问题值得注意:一是由于语言的发展,某些成语中数词的原意是确指,今天却有了泛指的新义。

如成语“三朝元老”,“三”原指“连续受三个皇帝重用的大臣”,现“三”已用于泛指,表示数量之多,时间之久。

类似的成语还有“万水千山”、“八方支援”、“百年不遇”等。

在翻译此类成语时,我们既要译出数字表确指的本义,也要译出现有的、表泛指的引申义,如“万水千山”应译出其实指的本义“ten thousand to rrents and a thousand crag s”和虚指的引申义“the trials of a long and arduous journey”,这样才能全面反映原成语意义。

二是要尽可能地传达确指数词所表达的文化内涵,以避免造成文化“欠额翻译”(overloaded translation)(柯平, 1991:175)。

如果仅将“三教九流”这个成语译成“the three religions and the nine schools of thoug ht”就只是传达了原成语的基本意思,而成语中的文化内涵则消失殆尽。

不具体解释“三教”和“九流”是很难让成长于他国文化背景的人士所理解的。

因此,在翻译此类成语时,除了要表达原成语的本义外,还要对其表达的文化内涵加以注释,即“三教”是指“Confucianism,Buddhism,T aoism”,“九流”是指“the Confucians,the Taoist,the Yin-Y ang,the Legalists,the Logicians,the Mo nists,the Political Strategists, the Eclectics and the Ag riculturists”。

中华民族有着悠久的历史文化传统,以典故入成语,以历史入成语的例子随处可见,因而其中所蕴含的文化内涵也尤为丰富。

含有数词的成语也不例外,如“三足鼎立”、“三公九卿”、“一诺千金”等。

这就要求译者在翻译这类成语时要注意传达出它所包含的文化内涵,这样方能被译语读者所真正理解,从而达到藉语言交流文化的目的。

虚指。

汉语数词用作虚指以表达语义上的模糊性的用法自古就有。

如在诗句“将军百战死,壮士十年归”(《乐府诗集·木兰诗》)中,数词“百”、“十”均表示虚数,用来指数目之多、之大。

成语中的数词亦有此用法。

当成语中的数词用于虚指意义时,它不是指具体的数目,而是另有含义。

归纳起来,成语中数词所表达的虚指意义有以下几种:1.表示数量多、数目大。

如“四面八方”、“三番五次”、“接二连三”等成语中的数词。

2.表示数量少,如“三言两语”、“昙花一现”、“一知半解”等成语中的数词。

3.表示混乱、多变,如成语“乱七八糟”、“三心二意”、“朝三暮四”中的数词。

4.表示不变、一致,如成语“千篇一律”、“一言为定”、“万古长青”中的数词。

5.表示程度,如成语“一清二楚”、“十万火急”、“千真万确”中的数词,这时数词相当于副词。

对于“表虚数的数词,在释译时不能坐实,否则会出现矛盾”(赵仲才等,1986:175)。

成语中表示泛指意义的数词,翻译时同样不能把它们与表示实指的数词一样直译,而应译出其所表达的泛指意义,舍去或淡化对数词的翻译。

如忽视数词虚指含义,一味对其进行直译,会造成译文晦涩难懂,甚至贻笑大方。

如“万事大吉”不应译为“ten thousand things are fine”,而应译成“everything is just fine”或“every thing is O.K.”这样才突出数字“万”所表达的“数量多”的泛指含义。

综上所述,由于成语中的数词具有丰富的语义特点,这就要求译者在翻译前先要准确地理解成语中数字的含义。

具体来讲,译者要明白数词在成语中是用作实指还是虚指,对实指则要对其所指数目如实翻译,并顾及成语古今意义有无变化,尤其关注所含文化内涵;对虚指则要确定数词所表示的具体虚指含义,然后在翻译时兼顾文化内涵作灵活处理。

在处理时,译者不应拘泥于具体的数字,而应紧紧地抓住其语义特征并在译文中再现出来。

成语中数词英译实例评析参照上述成语中数词的翻译原则,我们就不难发现,现有的对含数词成语的英译译例中,由于误解或没有完全理解成语中数词的确切意义而造成译文与原文意思有所出入的例子并不少见,以下我们从一些词典与书籍中摘取数例对数字的译法进一步加以讨论。

由于成语条目的英译与130成语在句中的英译有较大差异,我们分两类讨论。

一是词典上的条目,对此应力求最大限度地再现原成语的意义、用法和文化内涵;二是句子中的成语,由于篇幅有限,不能做到穷尽成语中所有的含义,对此只能根据其上下文语境择其主要语义译之。

条目英译类:(1)三人行,必有我师:W here there are three men w alking together,one of them is bound to be able to teach me some thing.(选自《汉英词典》)在例(1)中,译文只是体现了数词“三”作为实指的本义。

其实,数词“三”作为实指只是成语的第一层意思,“三”在现代汉语中亦用作泛指,表示“数量少”的含义(赵仲才等,1986:175),引申为“到处都有值得自己师法的人”(《中华成语大词典》,第1059页)。

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