【英美文化】各章节知识点
英美文化常识
About American1.What is the full name of America?The United States of America2 How many states are there in the United States?Fifty states3 What is the capital of the USAWashington D.C.4 Where is the Stature of Liberty?In New York5 Where does the American president live ?In the white houseAbout Britain1 What does UK stand for ?The United Kingdom2 What us the full name of the UK?The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.3What are the four parts of the UK?England,Scotland,Wales,and Northern Ireland.4In which continent is the UK situated?In Europe.5 By which channel is the UK separatedThe English ChannelAbout China1.How many ethnic groups are there in China?562.In which continent is China locatedIn Asia3. what are the four great inventions in ancient China?Paper-making,printing,gunpowder,and the compass4. What is the largest island in China?Taiwan Island5. When was the people’s Republic of China founded?On October 1st,19496. How many stars are there on the national flag of China?Five7 .Name three neighboring countries of China(The answer varies.It could be any three of them) japan,Vietnam,Russia,Cambodia,Laos,etc) three well -known scenic spots in Beijing(The answer varies.It could be any three of them) The Great Wall,the Summer Palace,the Imperial Palace,Tian’anmen Square,etc.9 .Why do the Chinese people usually eat at the Mid-Autumn FestivalThey celebrate the it to honor the great poet Qu Yuan10. what do Chinese people usually eat at the Mid-Autumn Festival.Moon cakes.11.What is the most important traditional festival in China? The spring Festival12. what do the Chinese do on New Year’s Eve?Family members get together and have a big dinner.13. what do people eat on the Lantern Festival?Rice dumplings14. What animal is called “The National Treasure of China”? The panda.。
英美文化的一些知识
1. British personalities(P6)（星）The best-known quality of the British , and in particular of the English, is “reserve”. A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers , does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited.Closely related to English reserve is English modesty, within their hearts, the English are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, but in their relations with others they value at least a show of modesty. The famous English sense of humor is similar. Its starting point is self deprecation, and its great enemy is conceit. Its ideal is the ability to laugh at oneself—at one’s own faults, one’s own failures and embarrassments, even at one’s own ideals. Finally, sportsmanship . Like a sense of humor, this is an English ideal which not all Englishmen live up to. It must be realized that sport in its modern form is almost entirely a British invention.(152)2. Importance of Elizabeth Era in politics,military,internationalrelations and culture（月）Elizabeth Era is a British golden age. In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings. She followed a motto “I see, and say nothing” ,which saved her from political misalliances.Elizabeth restored the status of the episcopal church. And in the first two years she released the supreme law and a single laws, regulatingthe king is the supreme leader of church. Besides , she was cautious in foreign affairs and only half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns. In military, She organized England pirates to raid The Spanish fleet that filled with Gold and silver jewelries constantly, which helps the British repayment of the debt. Later, Elizabeth defeated the Spanish armada, which is popularly viewed as one of the greatest victories in English history. In culture, famous above all is the flourishing of English drama that led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe.(153)3. The establishment of constitutional mornarchy(P39)（月）As early as in 1215, the king John was forced to sign The Magna Carta, requiring that the king should respect the regulation and power of the nobles and church , ensure the liberty and property rights of the public and the king’s power in levy tax is l imited. This is the earliest origin of the constitutional monarchy, also is the beginning of the constitution.After The Glorious Revolution in 1689, the British parliament passed the Bill of Rights a year later. It included: without parliament’s permissio n , the king can’t publish laws or stop the implementation of law, shall not collecte or control taxes, and shall not recruit oraintain regular army. Besides, subjects have the right to petition the king. Parliament ,which members from people's free elections, should be held regularly and so on.A constitutional monarchy system of government That theparliament in supreme power and court is independent, subjects’ rights and freedoms from infringement was established.(160)4. The role of the monarch(P41)（月）The british monarch can be seen as having two roles: head of state, and “head of the station”.As Head of State, The queen undertakes constitutional and representational duties which have developed over one thousand years of history. There are inward duties, parliament must be opened, orders in council have to be approved, acts of Parliament must be signed, and meeting with the prime minister must be held. There are out ward duties, such as the queen represents Britain to the rest of the world.As 'Head o f Nation'. The Monarch’s role is less formal, but no less important for the social and cultural functions it fulfils. These include: proving a focus for national identity, unity and pride; giving a sense of stability and continuity; officially recognising success and excellence; and supporting service to others.The queen also has an essential role in providing a sense of stability and continuity in times of political and social change.(157)5. Checks and balance（梅）“C hecks and balance” is a federal system of gowernment seted up by the constitution to divide powers between the national,state and governments.The American government is divided into three branches: legislative(立法), executive（行政）, and judicial（司法）. These three branches are not independent. Each branch has powers that it can use to check and balance the operations and power of the other two branches.Each branch serves a different purpose and presides over（负责）several different entities（实体）.The legislative branch has the powers to make the laws ,which oversees（监督）the house of representatives（众议院）and the senate（参议院）.The executive branch is given the power to carry out the laws and consists of the president,the cabinet（内阁）,and the federal departments and stly,the judicial branch is given the power to interpret the laws.It presides over the supreme courts and the other federal courts.But each of these three br anches’ power is restricted by other two btanches.(145)6. The election of American presidents(P54)（星）The President are elected every four years. They must be at least 35 years of age, benative-born citizens of the United States, and have been residents of the U.S. for at least 14 years.The national presidential election actually consists of a separate election in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia; in these51 elections, the voters vote for "electors" pledged to one of thetickets. These electors make up the "Electoral College."Each state has the same number of electors as it has senators and representatives。
英美文化知识点总结图
英美文化知识点总结图英美文化是指英国和美国两国的文化，由于历史和地理因素的影响，英美文化在很多方面有着共同的特点，但也有一些不同之处。
本文将从语言、食物、节日、音乐、体育和社会礼仪等方面对英美文化进行总结。
一、语言1. 英语英语是英美两国的官方语言，它们有着共同的语法和词汇，但在语音和部分词汇上有一些差别。
在英国，英语分为英格兰英语、苏格兰英语、威尔士英语和北爱尔兰英语等方言；而美国的英语则有着更多的地域性差异，比如东部和西部的口音、南部和北部的词汇用法等。
2. 俚语英美两国都有着丰富的俚语和口头禅，比如英国人说的“bloke”（家伙），美国人说的“cool”（酷），这些词汇的使用方式和含义在不同地区也会有一些不同。
3. 礼貌用语在英美两国，称呼方式和礼貌用语也有一些不同。
比如在英国，“sir”和“madam”被用于商务场合或对陌生人的称呼，而在美国，“sir”和“ma'am”更多地被用于尊敬长者。
二、食物1. 早餐英国人习惯吃牛奶、麦片、烤面包和熏肉等食物作为早餐，而美国人更喜欢在早餐时吃鸡蛋、培根、土豆和煎饼等。
2. 午餐英国人通常吃三明治、鱼和薯条、谢菲尔德派、烤土豆等作为午餐，而美国人更喜欢吃汉堡包、比萨、墨西哥卷饼和烤肉。
3. 晚餐在英国，晚餐通常由三道菜组成，包括开胃菜、主菜和甜点；而在美国，晚餐则更注重肉类和蔬菜的搭配，通常会有更多的甜点选择。
4. 茶文化英国人有着悠久的茶文化，他们通常会在下午喝茶，并且会搭配一些小点心；而美国人更喜欢喝咖啡，下午茶更多的是一种社交活动。
1. 圣诞节在英国和美国，圣诞节都是重要的节日，人们会装饰圣诞树、交换礼物、吃圣诞大餐等，但两国在庆祝方式上有些差别。
比如在英国，圣诞布置通常更加传统和典雅，而在美国，圣诞的装饰则更加繁华和华丽。
2. 独立日独立日是美国的国庆节，人们会进行烟花表演、游行、野餐和烧烤等庆祝活动。
而在英国，没有类似的国庆节，但人们会在特定的日期举行各种民俗活动和庆祝仪式。
Unit 1 英美文化背景知识
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Part I English in the World
According to research by the British Council, "English has official* or special status in at least seventy-five countries with a total population of over two billion.
To be involved in English culture.
To help English learning
To help better communicate with people from English-speaking countries
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Requirements
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Ireland - Photos
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New Zealand
• Maori name: Aotearoaan (= land of the white cloud) • Capital: Wellington • Size: 270,534 km² • Population: 3.5 million • Borders: no direct borders; surrounded by sea (South Pacific) • Currency: New Zealand Dollar • Official languages: English, Maori • Nationality / People: A person of New Zealand nationality is a New Zealander
A Brief Introduction to the Culture of the English-speaking Countries
英美文化复习重点
英美文化复习重点第一章古代西方哲学的发展一、Greek RationalismThe word “philosophy” is Greek for “love of wisdom” and has come to mean a systematic search for answers to life’s great questions.P11 Socrates (470—399 B.C.)名言⑴“One thing only I know, and that is that I know nothing”P3⑵“he who know what good is, will do good.”P42 Plato (428—347 B.C.)名言⑴ The earlier natural philosophers asked “what allows our changing world to be based on something that is unchanging?”(不是Plato说的)Plato now asked, “what is eternally true”, “eternally beautiful”and “eternally good”? 真善美 P4⑵ If Plato’s motto was “mind over matter”then Aristotle’s motto was “matter over mind.”如果柏拉图的座右铭是“精神高于物质”，那么亚里士多德的格言是“财富高于物质” P53 Aristotle (385—323 B.C.)二、The Middle Ages(ca 476 A.D.—ca 1400A.D.)三、The Renaissance(ca 1400--1700)1 Rene Descartes (1596--1650) 笛卡尔 P8⑴He did not believe that man knew nothing. This belief led him to ask another important question, “what is the relatio nship between the body (matter) and the mind (spirit)?” according to Descartes, the human body is a perfect machine, followingnatural laws. But man also has a mind which interacts or operates independently from the body. 人体是一个完美的机器，遵循自然规律。
英美文化教程
英美文化教程复习资料一、知识点：英国部分1、英国组成，国旗，国歌：The United Kingdom of Great Britian and Northern Ireland is a union made up of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.The Union Jack is the national flag and God Save the King/Queen is used as the national anthem.2、英国语言经历点阶段：he history of the English language has generally been divided into Old English, spoken by theancient Germans lasting from 450 to 1150; Middle English from 1151 to 1500; and Modern English beginning from 1501.3、抵抗丹麦的皇帝：Alfred the Great, King of Wessex大宪章：The Great CharterThe Great Charter is a most important document in England history. It has been called “the corner stone” of English history. The Great Charter provides that the king should permit merchants to move about freely and should observe the privileges of the various towns, which were growing in number and size.4、宪章运动In 1837 the London Workingman’s Association worked out the famous document, The People’s CharterThe People’s Charter constituted six points:（人民宪章）(1)Votes for all males.(2)Annual election of Parliament (instead of general election every seven years).(3)Payment of Members of Parliament (so that poor men could afford to take part in political activities).(4)Secret voting (so that to avoid bribery and intimidation).(5)Abolition of property qualifications for Parliament Members (so that workers could seek to be elected).(6)Equal electoral districts (so that the large population of the workers could enjoy a corresponding share of thevotes).The People’s Charter was formally adopted at a meeting of workers held on August 8, 1838, on Newhall Hill.In 1840, the Chartist Movement witnessed the second upsruge.In 1848, the Chartist Movement expericenced the third and last upsruge.5、英国两院制上议院、下议院(议会)The parliament(议会) is bicameral (两院制), with an upper house, the non-elected House of Lords, and a lower house, the elected House of Commons.The House of Lords includes two different types of members: the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temproal.The House of Lords today is more a place of discussion and debate than one of substantial power. It main functions include debating the issues of the day and improving certain non-tax bills inadequately considered by the Commons before they are passed into low. In some rare cases, it may delay the passage of bills approved by the Commons, but only for up to a year.The House of Commons is a democratically elected chamber with elections to it, held at least every 5 years. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster, in the City of Westminster in London. House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the UK. The Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 646 members. The leader of the party with the majority of seats becomes the Prime Minister, head of the government. He or she then chooses an inner cabinet of key ministers and appoints junior ministers in various ministers.Power:1.Legislative(立法权)：The House of Commons has the supreme authority of the legislation, their motion can directly get Royal Assent.2.finace power(财政权)：only the house of commons has the right to propose the motion on tax or supply(只有下议院才有权力提出税收及供应的权力)3.Suprvise the government (监督政府)：as the head of the government, if the prime minister wants to continue in office, he/she must be admitted by the House of Commons. It has the right to impeach(弹劾) the prime minister or the government. Functions: Members of Parliament are involved in considering can drafting new laws.MPs can use their position to ask government ministers questions about current issues.To supervise, or oversee finance.6、两大政党The Conservative Party: 1 relatively rich and privileged;2 maintenance of the existing institutions as itspolicy;3last word in deciding policy by its leader;4 conference for the leader’guidance but a device for making the party’s policyThe Labor Party: 1 relatively poor and underprivileged; 2 strong in the heavily-populated industrial areas and particularly associated with the working class; 3 nationwide organization, few resources and heavily depends on the trade unions; 4 conference for making the party policy(1)The Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprises. It is against too muchgovernment intervention, especially nationalization, which not only takes control away from the owners and builders of industry, but also leads to inefficiency. The Conservative Party favors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare. It policies are characterized by pragmatism and a belief in individualism. (2)The Labor Party believes in an egalitarian(平等主义的) economy, transferring wealth from the rich to the poor by meansof taxing the most affluent members of society and providing support for the poor in society. They deem the government responsible for the provision of range of public services, such as social welfare, education and public transport. The Labor government that came to power in 1945 had a major effect on British society. It set up the National Health Service to provide high quality, free health care for all, “from cradle to grave”, providing a range of welfare payments, and most controversially, it “nationalized”a wide range of industries, making a mixed economy of both private-and state-owned enterprises. The Labor Party became known as a party of high taxation.7.The Open University （开放大学）a degree-granting institution that provides courses of study for adults of all ages through television, radio, produced books, audio/video cassettes, correspondence courses and local study programmes.8. 19世纪末英国经济绝对—相对衰退Absolute Decline and Relative Decline9英国教育：四大私立中学，大学四大私立中学：Eton Harrow Rugby Winchester大学：Ancient Universities founded before the 19th centuryLondon Universities founded in the 19th and early 20th centuriesRed Brick Universities founded in the 19th and early 20th centuriesPlate Glass Universities founded in the 1960sThe Open Universities founded in 1968 (重点)P137New Universities created in or after 1992古老的大学：The university of Oxford(历史更久)；The university of Cambridge10 “British history has been a history of invasions”.British history has been a history of invasions. Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kingdoms of Celtic people. They brought the central European culture to Britain. Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it f or slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism.However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared. He created the "round table" to satisfy all the kni ghts' requirement of having equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English.In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the northern and eastern England. An Anglo-Saxon hero, king Alf red the Great fought against the Vikings with the truly English. And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between nort herners and southerners in England. Later, the Normans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, kille d the king and William became the First of England. They imported a ruling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy rule d Saxon and English-speaking population. In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people. That dir ectly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, w e can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.In fact, such invasion is a peaceful history of joining together the various parts of the British Isles and the power graduall y transferred from the monarch to the parliament. So the constitutional monarchy has been established in Britain.11.English Language (s三个阶段)：old English period—middle English period---modern English period二、英国选择、填空、简答题1、The British Isles are situated in the northwest of the Europe.2、The highland zone is an area of high hills and mountains in the north and east of Britain.3、The Pennine Chain is sometimes called the backbone of England.4、The Severn River is the longest river in Britain.5、Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in the UK.6、The British Isles are cut off from the continent by the English Channel.7、On the north and the east, the Isles face the North Sea and on the west they face the Atlantic Ocean.8、The highland zone is cooler than the lowland zone, and receives more rainfall and less sunlight.9、The Highlands act as a divide and determine whether rivers flow west to the Irish Sea or east to the North Sea.10、The seven Conurbations in Britain contain one third of the population of the country.11、The English people are descendants of Anglo-Saxons.12、Middle English took shape about a century after the Norman Conquest.13、London dialect was once disseminated throughout the country NOT because London was a D center.A. commercialB. politicalC. printingD. linguistic14、Scotland has had a separate legal system.15、The English people are the descendants of Anglo-Saxons , while the Scots, Welsh and Irish are the descendants of the Celts.16、Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a two-party system.17、In Britain, the parliament general election is held every five years.18、The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and a belief in individual.19、The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it set up the National Health Service.20、Other countries have “citizens”. But in Britain people are legally described as subject.21、Elizabeth II succeeded to the throne in 1952.22、Which of the followings in not RIGHT to describe the Prime Minister? DA The head of CabinetB The head of civil serviceC The leader of the Party in powerD The head of the country23、The third largest political party in Britain is the Liberal Party.24、The British economy achieved global dominance by 1880s.25、Which of the following statements is NOT true about the UK economy? CA. Britain remains one of the Group of Seven largest industrial economies.B. Britain has experienced a relative economic decline in 1945.C. There has been a period of steady decreasing of living standards.D. Some smaller economies have overtaken the UK in terms of output per capital.26、Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in the UK? DA. Beef cattleB. Dairy cattleC. ChichenD. Sheep27、Which of the following used to be the last independent car company in the UK? CA. FordB. PeugeotC. RoverD.BMW28、In the aerospace industry, which two countries are ahead of Britain? The US and Russia29、Which of the following is NOT a company in the energy sector? BA. ShellB. ICIC. PTZD. British Gas30、”The Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire India, which provided raw material and a big market for British goods, gained independence in 1947.31、Since 1945, the UK economy has experienced relative decline rather than absolute decline.32、In recent years, Britain is second only to the US as a destination for international direct investment.33、The UK economy can be divided into three main sectors: primary industries, secondary industries and tertiary industries.34、Englishman Frank Whittle developed the world’s first jet engine in 1937.35、What kind of secondary schools now receives the largest number of students? Comprehensive schools36、Which is incorrect to describe the independent schools? CA. They are public schools. C. They are fee-free schools.B. They emphasize the importance of character training. D. Many of them are boarding schools.37、Open University communicates with its students mainly by radio, television programs, local study programmes.38、The University of Buckingham is a privately funded university in Britain.39、If a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will take the exam called General Certificate of Education-Advanced.40、Easter commemorates the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ41、On which day is Halloween celebrated? October 3142、Where are the international tennis championships held? Wimbledon43、Which one in the following is famous for its literary and dramatic criticism? DA. The EconomistB. The SpectatorC.TribuneD. Punch44、Which one of the following is NOT particularly British Christmas tradition? CA.Enjoying the Pantomime C.Eating chocolate eggs.B.The Queen broadcasting her Christmas message D.Shopping on the Boxing Day.45、Margaret Thatcher was the United Kingdom’s first woman Prime Minister.46、Margaret Thatcher’s nickname is the Iron Lady三、知识点：美国部分1、美国简介The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and a water border with Russia.It national day is on 4th of July (Independence Day).Washington, D.C. is the capital of the United States of America.George Washington is the first president.Flag: Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and the Star-Spangled Banner.The bald eagle was chosen on June 20, 1782 as the emblem.National anthem is the Star - Spangled Banner.The Great Lakes: Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.2、二战与美国America in WWII: 1 From Isolation to Intervention(隔离-干预)2 Battle Against Germany (Normandy Landing诺曼底登陆1944)3 Battle Against Japan(The Pearl Harbor incident 珍珠港事件导火线---- T he Battle of Midway 中途岛战役1942<the turning point of the war>)America After WWII:1Truman and Cold War（The Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义）2The Eisenhower Doctrine （艾森豪威尔主义）3The Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis（猪湾事件和古巴导弹危机）3、美国政治：Three Branches of the American Government(三权分立)The federal government has three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial. Through a system of separation of powers and the system of "checks and balances," each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some authority to regulate the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branches. The policies of the federal government have a broad impact on both the domestic and foreign affairs of the United States. In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the Constitution.The legislative branch consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, collectively known as the Congress. There are 100 senators; each state has two. Each state has a different number of representatives, with the number determined by the state's population. At present, there are 435 members of the House. The legislative branch, as a whole, is charged with passing the nation's laws and allocating funds for the running of the federal government and providing assistance to the 50 U.S. states.The executive branch The chief executive of the United States is the President, who, together with the vice president, is elected to a four-year term. A crucial function of the executive branch is to ensure that laws are carried out and enforced to facilitate such day-to-day responsibilities of the federal government as collecting taxes, safeguarding the homeland and representing the United States' political and economic interests around the world.The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the only court specifically created by the Constitution. Thejudicial branch consists of the United States Supreme Court and lower federal courts. Its primary function is to hear cases that challenge legislation or require interpretation of that legislation. The U.S. Supreme Court has nine Justices, who are chosen by the President, confirmed by the Senate, and have a lifetime appointment.4、美国宗教特征: Distinctive Characteristics1.freedom and toleration2.pluralism and diversity3.prospects5、美国教育：The Ivy League（常春藤联）:Harvard UniversityYale University University of Pennsylvania Princeton University Columbia University Brown University Cornell University Dartmouth College四．美国题目1.The United States has altogether fifty states.2.Alaska is the largest state in land area and Rhode Island the smallest.3.Before their conversion to farmland, the Great Plains were noted for their extensive grasslands.4.The longest river in America is Missouri River.ke Superior has the largest surface area of any freshwater lake in the world.6.The climate of the United States, as a whole, can be classified as temperate.7.The Great Plains and Midwest, due to the contrasting air masses, sees frequent severe thunderstorms andtornado outbreaks during spring and summer.8.One natural disaster that frequents the country are hurricanes, which can hit anywhere along the Gulf Coastor the Atlantic Coast as well as Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.9.The American Northwest sees the highest concentration of active volcanoes in the United States, inWashington, Oregon and northern California along the Cascade Mountains.10.America has plenty of fertile soil. Farmlands in the United States make up about 12% of the arable lands inthe world, and they are among the richest and most productive ones.11.The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico, and a water border with Russia.12.The United States secured its independence from Great Britain in 1783.13.The United States ranks as the fourth largest country in the world after Russia, Canada, and China.14.The five Great Lakes are located in the north-central portion of the country, four of them forming part ofthe border with Canada.15.Of the 13 British colonies only Connecticut and Rlode Island.16.The First Continental Congress was attended by the representatives from all the colonies EXCEPT DA. DelawareB.PennsylvaniaC.MassachusettsD.Georgia17.The victory of Saratoga was the turning point of the War of Inpendence.18.When the Second War of Inpendence broke out in 1812, the US President was James Madison.19.The Mexican territories annexed by US and as a result of the Mexican War include the following statesEXCEPT AA.OregonB.TexasC. CaliforniaD.Arizona20.Which of the following is NOT the measure taken by Lincoln’s Administration in 1862 to change the situationand win the Civil War? DA.The passage of the Homestead Act.B.The issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation.C.The allowance of Negroes to join the Union Army.D.The ordering of the Union Army to take over Richmond.21.The US imperialism was marked by all the following EXCEPT CA.highly developed industryB.high concentration of capitalC.free business competitionD.overseas territorial expansion22.When the First World War began, President Wilson immediately called upon the American people to observestrict neutrality.23.The Post-WWII program of economic assistance to Western Europe was known as Marshall Plan.24.Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. advocated the philosophy of nonviolence.。
(完整word版)新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结背完必过
《英美文学选读》笔记背完必过Part One: English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureI Understanding and application: (理解应用)1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one4. Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.5. After the Norman’s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French is the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people.6. In the second half of 14th century, English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and others II Recite: (识记再现)1. Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2. Heroic couplet:Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.3. The theme of Beowulf:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.4. The Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales:The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.5. Chaucer’s achievement:①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.6. “The F ather of English poetry”:Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature.⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of English poetry”.【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created awhole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________.(0704)A. William Langland’s Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower’s Confession AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight【答案】B【解析】(P4.para.2)本题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围。
英美文化知识点总结初中
英美文化知识点总结初中
英美文化是指英国和美国的文化，这两个国家有着悠久的历史和丰富的文化传统。
初中阶段是学生接触英美文化的重要时期，下面将从英美文化的饮食、节日、体育和艺术等方面进行总结。
一、饮食文化 1. 英式早餐：英国人的早餐通常包括煎蛋、培根、烤面包和烤番茄等食物。
这种丰盛的早餐给人们提供了充足的能量。
2. 快餐文化：美国是快餐
的发源地，汉堡包、炸鸡、薯条等快餐食品在美国非常流行。
3. 下午茶：英国人
喜欢在下午享用茶和点心，这是英国人独特的传统习惯。
二、节日文化 1. 圣诞节：在英美文化中，圣诞节是最重要的节日之一。
人们会互相赠送礼物，家庭成员会聚在一起享用丰盛的晚餐。
2. 感恩节：感恩节是美国
人的传统节日，人们会感谢收获和亲友的关爱，并举行盛大的家庭聚会。
三、体育文化 1. 足球：英国人对足球情有独钟，足球比赛是英国人生活中的重要组成部分。
2. 棒球：棒球是美国最受欢迎的运动之一，每年的世界棒球经典赛
吸引了全球的关注。
四、艺术文化 1. 莎士比亚：莎士比亚是英国最伟大的剧作家之一，他的作品对世界文学产生了深远的影响。
2. 奥斯卡奖：奥斯卡奖是美国电影界最重要的奖项，每年颁发给优秀的电影和电影人。
总结起来，英美文化在饮食、节日、体育和艺术等方面有着丰富多样的内容。
初中阶段的学生可以通过学习英美文化，了解不同国家的传统和习俗，拓宽自己的视野，丰富自己的知识。
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Outline of chapters
After learning this chapter you should learn to
Chapter 1
I. terms:
culture, iceberg, culture shock, low context culture/ high context culture, collectivism/ individualism, relationship-oriented/ task-oriented, multicultural person, monocultural person, multilingual person, the characteristics of culture
II. Questions:
1. List some cultural differences between the west and east. at least 5.
2. What is cultural stereotype and its influence on cultural learning?
3. What kind of attitude shall we take towards cultural learning and cultural generalizations?
Chapter 2
I. Terms: value, individualism, collectivism, individual-oriented society, group-oriented society
II. Questions：
1. The core value of the U.S.: individualism, privacy, equality, informality,
directness and assertiveness.
2. The core value of Britain: class system, British food, socializing, understatement
and so on.
3. Different value in American and British daily life.
4. Cultural reasons of cheating.
5. The child-parent relationship in different culture.
6. The difference of American dream and Chinese dream.
Chapter 3:
I. Terms：
Western-style conversation, Japanese-style conversation, low-context communication, high-context communication
II. Questions:
1.Can you use different ballgames to explain western-style conversation and
Japanese-style conversation?
2.What are the differences between low-context and high-context communication?
3.How should students organize their expository writing in English?
4.What are the unspoken rules for a language?
5.Can you give a specific example of directness in verbal interaction between
Americans?
Chapter 4
1.Illustrate the importance of nonverbal communication.
2.Know at least 5 aspects of silent language.
3.Explain the functions of nonverbal cues.
4.Explain Americans’ perception of time and their time concept.
5.Know cultural space and 4 different zones of distance in social space.
6.Know two basic American patterns about space.
Chapter 5
1. what are the five general ideas Americans hold towards politics in life?
2. why are Americans proud of their political system?
Chapter 6
1. The characteristics of the methods of the western education and the eastern
education.
2. The ideals of American education.
3. The advantages and disadvantages of the American education.
4. Assumptions underlying the higher education system.
5. Student-Student Relationships in American schools.
6. Student-Professor Relationships.
7. The American’s attitud e to plagiarism.
8. The reasons why the Asian students excel in American universities.。