Note-taking in Interpreting
Note-takingPPT1
IV. After-class assignment
• Listen to a Chinese and an English passage and then retell them by referring to your notes.
How to take notes?
• Notepads and pens • Top-opening notepads (竖翻式
笔记本) • Knock gel pens (按压式水笔) /
pens with no caps
• When to start? Do we start as soon as the speaker begins to talk?
• Note-taking in interpreting: words of different languages, symbols, lines and abbreviations, which is the result of active analysis of the interpreter.
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• Draw a line across when one chunk of speech ends
• What to write, characters (Chinese), letters (English), or symbols?
• 工厂: 图画/工o (工o) • ← → ↗ ↘ ⊙ ◎ ￥ ＄ ∈ ￡！＜ ＞
∑∽∟∵∴⊥∞＝※▽△□
Practice
note-taking
Graduate School of Translation and Interpretation
Note-taking in Consecutive
a means to an end, not an end in themselves
Interpretation is not possible unless the message of the source text has been assimilated by the interpreter; this assimilation is not possible if the interpreter has not been able to identify or distinguish the main ideas expressed. Without these ideas, the best notes in the world will not make you a good interpreter. Notes are not verbatim record of the speech, but a set of symbols intended to remind the interpreter of the key points/structure of speech while said speech is still fresh in his/her mind. Shorthand should not be used since it ties the interpreters to a word-for-word reproduction of the speech, and it is impossible to read several lines of shorthand at one glance. Never invest too much in your notes, while paying insufficient attention to genuine understanding and analysis. Powerful tools can turn into obstacles if improperly used. Note-taking system, under general guidelines, must be a personal one.
记录技巧
What to note
The first thing to be noted should be the main ideas, first because they are the most significant elements of a speech, and secondly because they are the pillars of its structure.
Practical Suggestions
Note-taking is, among other things, a mechanical exercise, and a number of practical suggestions are needed. 1. Interpreters must take notes quickly and
经过三年多谈判，包括欧洲联盟成员国和美国在 内的68个国家的谈判代表在日内瓦最终达成一项 全球电信自由贸易协议，同意开放全球90℅以上 的电信市场。
3y nego. EU+US(68): “日” ：○
Telcom 开：90℅MKT
女士们，先生们，尊贵的来宾们： 今天我很荣幸能够代表北京大学全体师生向来自美国教 育代表团一行致以热烈的欢迎，希望你们在今后的两周 内在中国过得愉快。
3. Interpreters should write only on one
note-taking听力原文
note-taking听力原文【释义】note-takingn.记笔记，随手记【短语】1Note-taking Skills记录技巧;笔记技巧;笔记技能2Listening¬e-taking听讲与笔记记录3note taking in Interpreting第三单元4Note-taking Exercises记录练习5Note taking笔记记录;记录笔记;笔记备忘;是要熄火6Minutes and note taking会议记录与会议笔记7English Note-Taking Skills口译英文笔记训练8Chinese Note-Taking Skills口译中文笔记训练9Note-Making&Note-Taking充分利用笔记优势【例句】1They listened to the same lectures and were told to use their usual note-taking skills.他们听了相同讲座，并被告知要使用他们日常的笔记技巧。
2Evernote is the most ubiquitous digital note-taking tool.Evernote是使用最普遍的电子笔记记录工具。
3However,the class was primarily a lecture with note-taking.这个课程基本上都是传授，不用做笔记。
4Its content is in a form somewhere between note-taking and writing.其内容是一种介于笔记和书写之间的形式。
5Note-taking,cataloging,and bookmarking service Evernote divides people.集笔记，分类和书签功能于一身的服务Evernote将人划分成两类。
6You don’t need a computer to take notes—good note-taking is not transcribing.你根本不需要电脑来作笔记——好的记笔记的方法并不是抄录。
Note-taking in Interpreting
LOGO
Note-taking in Interpreting
By Loretta Lau
Contents
I. Why note-taking? II. How to take notes?
III. Six principles for note-taking
Company Logo
Exch (exchange), coop (cooperation), prodc (production), ref (reference), info (information), IT indy (information industry), telcom (telecommunication), IDD (international direct dialing), R&D (research and development), CAD( computer assisted design), agrd(agreed). CEO(chief executive officer), Govt(government), FOB（free on board), CIF(cost, insurance, fright)。
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II. How to take notes? Comparison
Notes for common use No time-limit For yourself/others, in the future Words or expressions or system of symbols (learnt from another course) Main ideas/ every exact words
Unit 4 note-taking
Use symbols
(P 61). + － < > ≤ ≥ ≈ = ≠ × ∵ ∴
Practice
In-class exercises 5.3 & 5.4 (tourism), 6.5 (health) After-class exercises: 5.5, 6.3, （5.3 ）At this October time when Beijing is offering us its charming autumn scenery in the freshest air and clearest weather, the 15th General Assembly Session of the WTO is officially opened here. On behalf of the Chinese government, I would like to extend our sincere welcome to all the guests here and express our warm congratulations on the convening of this session.
For many years, the WTO has made active and effective efforts for the promotion of tourism prosperity and development around the world. The WTO has become a specialized agency of the United Nations. We would like to offer our sincere congratulations. We believe this WTO general assembly session will gibe a major push to the further prosperity and development of tourism in the world. Finally, I wish the 15th … every success.
英语口译笔记
口译课堂PPTWhat’s interpretation?“Interpretation is a communication process, designed to reveal meanings and relationships of our cultural and natural heritage-Interpretation CanadaIt should be stressed that interpretive communication is not simply presenting information, but a specific communication strategy that is used to translate that information for people, from the technical language of the expert, to the everyday language of the visitor.The classification of interpretation1.Working characteristics:Consecutive interpretation 即席翻译Simultaneous interpretation 同声传译2.Different domains: politics、social、law、culture、diplomatic etc.The basic requirements of interpretation1.Listening&speaking competence2.Translation competence （vocabulary, grammar, sentence, pattern, etc.）3.Connection: smart response ability through hard trainingThe process of interpretationInterpret (processing of information)解译The standards of interpretation1.“accuracy” is the cornerstone of interpretation2.“smoothness” is the life of interpretation3.“Fluency” is the sign of good qualityProfessional codes of conduct for interpretationEach profession has its generally accepted codes of conduct and professional ethics, and so do interpreters.The interpreter must know his professional ethics well and abide by them for the fulfillment of a successful career in interpreting.The highest standards of international interpreting mean that the interpreter is always professional, keeps confident, is objective, does not interfere with the exchange of information, and has the respect and trust of both parties in the dialogue. The highest praise for the personalinternational figures is that nobody has notices their presence.1.Professional confidenceThe interpreter has the obligation never to release any secret which he/she has come to know through the performance of his work. This is extremely important.2.Sufficient preparationAs early as possible before an assignment, the interpreter should acquire a very complete file of the documents which will come up for discussion both in the source language and in the target language.1) Advanced preparationBefore the meeting, the interpreter should ask the conference organizer to provide a full set of documents, which include the conference programmer, list of participants, background information about the conference, and most important, documents on the content of the conference (including drafts of papers to be read or presented, abstracts, etc.)Briefings are potentially a very useful part of advanced preparation. They are meetings organized for the interpreter, with the participation of the organizer and experts in the field. At the briefing, general information is given to the interpreter, who can ask specific questions, generally on concepts and terminology.2) Last minute preparationFor organizational reasons, the conference documents are not always available before the conference.Sometimes, many documents are only available at the very last moment, yet a acquisition may revolve around them. The interpreter should be ready to deal with the situation.3) In-conference preparationMuch information is gained during the conference itself, partly through documents which are only handed out after the meeting has started, partly through conversation with participants during break, and partly through the content of presentations and discussions.3. Conference-room mannerIn meetings, the interpreter should match the general average in dress an thus be inconspicuous.4. Personal qualifications and assignmentsIt is the responsibility of the interpreter to find out about the exact character of an assignment before accepting it.5. Doubts and mistakesOn some occasions, particularly in technical discussion, the interpreter will come across words for which he/she does not know the right translation. In this situation, he/she should tryto give a clear paraphrase to explain it. If this cannot be done, he/she should be frank to admit his/she ignorance and try to seek help from whatever source available.If the interpreter makes a mistake, he/she should correct it immediately without feeling shy or worrying about losing face. If the speaker or a listener corrects a mistake made by the interpreter, the interpreter should always be ready to accept the correction, apologize and thank briefly. Even when the corrections are wrong, the interpreter should remain polite and explain later instead of embarking on a discussion.6. Maintain professional confidentialityThe interpreter’s work often makes him/her the unwanted and unavoidable sharer of secrets belongings to groups or individuals in international gatherings. Not only should the interpreter never intentionally discuss or volunteer information about sensitive material that he/she has had access to in work, but the interpreter should also take the greatest care to leak out apparently harmless which might be highly sensitive in some quarters.第一讲：口译技能训练之公共场合讲话Public SpeakingIn interpreting, the interpreter transmits the message through spoken language, which is spontaneous, instantaneous, and ephemeral. Spontaneity arises from the need to interpret as one hears the source message, and the interpretation is instantaneous in the sense that there is little time to prepare. Everything which is said is ephemeral: there is little possibility of a playback or analysis. Therefore clarity is essential so that the listeners have the maximum chance of understanding what the interpreter says.The interpreter should make a point of making his voice carry well so that the audience-even those sitting at the back of a large meeting room-can hear clearly.Voice Projection (some tips)1)Speak with a clear, firm voice, the first few sentences are especially important to convey assurance to your audience;2)Be clearly intelligible at all times; pronounce proper names and titles especially carefully;3)Don’t “orate”, but do sound natural and sincere;4)Use the first person singular;5)Talk to your audience”personally” and keep contact with them at all times;6)Watch the reaction of the audience to what you say;7)Be friendly toward your audience, be interested in your subject;8)Don’t frown;9)Don’t grimace, even if you make mistakes.Speed of deliveryPublic speaking for an interpreter means that you have to maintain the interest of the audience,who are hearing a text twice, once in a version which they cannot understand. You must engage their attention, and one method is to vary your speed of delivery.More tips:1)Don’t talk faster than 160 words a minute or slower than 90 words a minute;2)Keep your rate of delivery constantly changing;3)Don’t be monotonous in your delivery;4)Change your pace or speed in response to the audience’s reactions;5)Allow space for applause, laughter, or interruptions;6)Keep eye contact with the audience.第二讲：口译技能训练之记忆训练Memory trainingThe importance of a good memory in interpretingThe ability to process information is an essential part of successful interpreting. The ability to listen, comprehend, and retain information is necessary for processing information. Theory:As Wolfgang Zoelke pointed out in his popular work, Conditioning your memory, “Memory is no local function in the brain and definitely not a type of container. Memory is rather the entire body of thought which you retain,” and “memory is the lasting functioning of many mechanical, sensory, mental and physical moments.”Short-term Memory:The duration of STM is very short. It is up 6 to 30 seconds. Memory in interpreting only lasts for a short time. Once the interpreting assignment is over, the interpreter moves on to another one, often with different context, subject and speakers.Long-term Memory:Long-term Memory occurs when you have created neural pathways for storing ideas and information which can then be recalled weeks, months, or even years later. To create these pathways, you must make a deliberate attempt to encode the information in the way you intend to recall it later. Long-term memory is a learning process. And it is essentially an important part of the interpreter’s acquisition of knowledge, because information stored in LTM may last for minutes to weeks, months, or even an entire life.Short-term memory trainingShadowing 影子练习ParrotingChinese Whispers Simultaneous shadowing Lagging shadowing Multi-taskingLong-term memory trainingInformation-VisualizationThis is to visualize what the speaker is saying in interpretation. It is applicable to the retaining of information in such speech types as narration, description and introduction.Encoding, storage and retrievalCategorization, generalization and comparison提纲式记忆指译员充分利用语篇的基本结构及其主要意义间的联系，把源语材料内容当做提纲或框架来处理。
Note-taking in Interpreting
＊ Necessity of note-taking “The worst pen is better than the best memory.” Taking notes is by no means an easy job.
because: 1. Taking notes diverts attention and interferes with listening. 2. untrained interpreters are often at a loss what notes to take and how.
＊ Note-taking is different from shorthand. ＊ Note-taking is different from dictation.
＊ The characteristics of note-taking in interpreting
· It is absolutely unnecessary as well as impossible to write down every word. · TheБайду номын сангаасnotes are used immediately and exclusively by the interpreter himself/herself. · Interpreters differ in their ability to take notes. · The importance of note-taking should not be overemphasized, an interpreter should focus on listening and comprehension.
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Use abbreviations “Prof” for “professor”, “dept” for “department”, “std” for “standard”. “ref” for “reference”, “eg” for “for example”, “ie” for “that is”, “esp” for “especially”, “min” for “minimum”, “max” for “maximum”, and “usu” for “usually” cf for compare std standard SH shanghai
GDP (gross domestic product), GNP (gross national product), 5yr P (five year plan), SOE (state owned enterprise), FIE (foreign invested enterprise), JV (joint venture), SEZ (special economic zone), trd (trade),
The main use of notes is to relieve memory. Although an interpreter may have understood the main ideas of a speech, it is almost impossible for him/her to recall all the elements of a five-minute speech, particularly if it contains numbers, names, lists, since such elements cannot be recalled on the basis of analysis and logic.
Note-taking: What to note
Note down the main ideas. Systematically note down the links between different ideas. Note down the point of view being expressed. Pay attention to verb tenses, conditional forms, and modal verbs. Note down accurately the numbers, dates and proper names.
Note-taking in Interpreting
Ask yourself: 1.Did I use complete sentences? They are generally a waste of time. 2.Did I use any form at all? Are my notes clear or confusing? 3.Did I capture main points and all subpoints? 4.Did I streamline using abbreviations and shortcuts? If you answered no to any of these questions, you may need to develop some new note-taking skills!
Guidelines for Note-Taking : 1. Concentrate on the lecture or on the reading material. 2. Take notes consistently. 3. Take notes selectively. Do NOT try to write down every word. Remember that the average lecturer speaks approximately 125-140 words per minute, and the average note-taker writes at a rate of about 25 words per minute. 4. Translate ideas into your own words. 5. Organize notes into some sort of logical form. 6. Be brief. Write down only the major points and important information. 7. Write legibly. Notes are useless if you cannot read them later! 8. Don't be concerned with spelling and grammar.
2. 少字多意
养成一个词的笔记不超过一个字的习惯。中文里 有大量的词汇是由两个，或两个以上的字组成。 只要看到其中一个，你的短期记忆就应该能够补 齐其余的字。不必多写。 比如，"中国"最多写个"中"。"北京"最多写个"北"。 " " " " " " " " 英文词也同理处理。"politics" 最多写"poli"， "government"最多写"gov"，等等。另外，需要培 养以笔记与记忆互动；看到一个字能说出几个字， 甚至一串词的能力。在有上下文的情况下，这不 难。比如，谈中国的近况，听到"改革，开放"记 一个"改"字，不难从短期记忆中说出原文。听到 "British Prime Minister Tony Blair"，记"PM"，也 同样能说出原文。
3. 少线多指。通用一小组线条/标记。否则 在自己本来熟悉的中英文之外，又编出一 套自己不熟悉的文码使用，会导致需要想 一想用哪个符号的情况，适得其反。
4. 少横多竖。采取从上往下的阶梯结构记 录，尽量少用通常书写时的横向记录。阶 梯结构形象地体现出上下文的逻辑结构， 简化了译员的思维过程，方便出译文。
How to take notes
Language used in your notes: SL and TL Use whatever language that comes to your mind
Use as many symbols as you feel comfortable with + － ↑↓← → < > ≤ ≥ = ≠ ≈ × ∵ ∴
边听，边记。说来容易，很多学生往往是一听就 忘了记，一记就听不懂。其实这是个根本问题， 是一个英语听力与口译的本质区别。 平时我们所说的英语听力只需要你自己听懂理解 就够了，而这里你的角色是口译，信息要真实完 整地再现出来，而不是光在你自己头脑中有所印 象。 这里给大家的建议是以后自己做听力练习，特别 是精听练习的时候，不能太舒服，要给自己压力， 逼着自己听的时候要记而且听完后要复述。在时 间上要坚持每次连续记笔记5分钟以上，否则在考 试中会出现听着听着力不从心的情况。
Eliminate small connecting words such as: is, are, was, were, a, an, the, would, this, of. Eliminate pronouns such as: they, these, his, that, them. However, be careful NOT to eliminate these three words: and, in, on.
英语口译过程可以分为听辩理解、记录原 文和传递译文三项智力活动，其中前两项 几乎是同时进行的，因此要求译员掌握一 定的注意力分配能力（Split of Attention）。 在学习中，学员要注意突破注意力分配的 瓶颈，适应边听边记的注意力分配模式。
为了突破交替传译时注意力分配的瓶颈，除了能够熟练运 用笔记技巧之外，还需要简化笔记记录时听辩理解的难度。 观察发现，交替传译与同声传译两者在听辩理解时的心理 机制相似，都是在做听力时，还要分配部分注意力去作笔 记或者进行口译。因此，英汉交替传译听力方法可以借用 英汉同声传译顺句驱动法。同声传译顺句驱动法指以意群 同声传译顺句驱动法指以意群 为单位、断句后传递译文的方法， 为单位、断句后传递译文的方法，即听到一句英文中的部 分内容可以提炼为具有独立意思和完整结构的汉语时， 分内容可以提炼为具有独立意思和完整结构的汉语时，不 等整句话结束就可以先开口翻译这个短句。 等整句话结束就可以先开口翻译这个短句。该方法应用到 交替传译时，当听到具有独立意思的意群时就可以记录， 而不必等到听懂整句英文的意思才记录，这是以意群为单 位进行听力的方法。练习过程中，可以顺句驱动法听辩理 解原文，同时用T型笔记法记录 用 型笔记法记录，然后口译或复述原文。 型笔记法记录 最后，根据口译或者复述的质量，决定是否再按以上三个 步骤重练一次。对于个别无法听懂的句子或单词，可以将 该句中的每个单词都写下来，直到听懂。教研实践表明， 用边听边记的方法会给听力训练增加负荷，也给听力练习 的效果提供了检验标准，长期坚持该方法犹如绑着沙袋练 习跑步，一旦卸下沙袋，必将一日千里。
6. 明确结束。口译中，讲话人说一段，停 下来让译员译一段，然后再继续。这样， 上一段话和下一段话之间，必须有明确的 界限。上一次的结束点，就成了下一次翻 译的开始点。其重要性在于，如果笔记是 从本子的1/3处开始的，下一段话可能写了 2-3页，翻回来口译时，眼光无法确定这页 上面哪一条线，或符号是这次翻译内容的 开始点。所以需要标明 .
5. 快速书写。必须发展自己的汉字快速书 写系统。口译笔记完全是自己看，而且只 需要几分钟之内能看懂就行。很多汉字笔 划减少后，并不影响确认。我这里讲的不 是潦草，而是除了实际口译经常不得不潦 草之外，花一些时间，把练习中或口译工 作中常用的字琢磨一下，看看可以怎样减 少笔划，或理顺笔划，一笔成字。