lecture 11 翻译技巧十 常见句型的翻译
Lecture 11 汉英科技翻译常见问题(1) 科技翻译
二、搭配问题
英语词语搭配往往是固定的，不可随意改动 。搭配涉及动词、名词、介词等等。
1. 目前生物工程的研发主要集中在基因工程 产品的开发上。 ? The recent R&D of bioengineering is focused in the development of genetic engineering products. 改译： The recent R&D of bioengineering is focused on the development of genetic engineering products.
四、标点问题
标点符号对书面语言的表达非常重要， 而且在英语中的使用比汉语严格，所以 汉译英时要引起注意。
轶事一则
有位记者采访报道一位女明星，文稿中的一个 逗号的误用引起一场笑话。试看下面的两个句 子。 1.I would like to wear no clothes which will distinguish me from others. 我不爱穿使我显得与众不同的衣服（原意） 2.I would like to wear no clothes, which will distinguish me from others. 我喜欢不穿衣服，这样就可以与众不同了。
如果出现这种情况，只需用螺丝刀拧紧螺丝 ，如果不拧紧螺丝，就会导致把手脱落。 A. In such a case, simple application of a screwdriver should be used to tighten screw. Failure to tighten the screw can eventually lead to disengagement of the handle. B. If this happens, simply tighten the screw with a screwdriver; otherwise, the handle may come off.
lecture 11 比较句式和定语从句的翻译
A is to B what C is to D A pen is to a writer what a gun to a soldier. 作家的笔就如同战士的枪一样。
May as well… as和Might as well… as One might as well expect the leopard to change its spots as expect him to change his hot temper.
我们的战士打起仗来既勇敢又善战。 To be uncourteous appears to him little less than a crime. 在他看来，不礼貌无异于犯罪。
As much as, As much, As many与 So many He was greatly respected as much as his brother was despised. 他非常受人尊敬，而他弟弟则受人鄙视。 I was not in the least surprised, for I had expected as much. 我一点都不吃惊，因为我早已了到如此。
他们都是那些抛妻弃子、身背大刀进入深 山的好汉们的后代。
In the early days of the clipper ships, sailors who went on long voyages would often get a dangerous disease called scurvy. 在使用快速帆船的初期，远洋海员们往 往会患一种叫做坏死病的危险疾病。
A causeless event or thing, we cannot think of any more than we can of a stick with only one end. 我们不可能设想有哪件事情是无缘无故产生 的，就象我们不可能设想有哪根棍子会只有 一头一样。 Nobody with any sense expects to find the whole truth in advertisement any more than he expects a man applying for a job to describe his short-coming, and more serious faults. 有头脑的人谁也不会指望广告里说的都是真 的，同样也不指望申请工作的人回说出自己 的缺点和严重过失。
lecture 11(物称与人称)
the conference room at 2 P· Friday. M. (All faculty and staff are requested to meet in the conference room at 2 P· Friday.) M.
三、物称与人称的翻译策略 (一)有灵主语与无灵主语的转换 汉语句子多为有灵主语;而英语善用无灵主语。 在翻译中,为了符合英汉各自的思维方式,在叙述 方式上必须注意主语的转换。请看下例英汉互译 中的转换: (12)Business took him to the town. 他因事进城去了。 (13)A great elation overcame them. 他们欣喜若狂。
她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。
2.非人称代词“it”和there be句型的使用。
王力先生曾对英语形式主语做过精辟的论述:就 句子结构而言,西洋语言(英语)是法治的,中国语 言是人治的,法治的不管主语用得着用不着,总要 呆板地求句子形式的一律;人治的用得着就用,用 不着的就不用,只要能使对话人听懂说话人的意 思,就算了。这也为英汉互译中“it”形式主语和 零位主语的处理提供了依据。
与此形成对比的是,中国人相信“天人合一 (oneness between man and nature)”。 而且, 这种“天人合一”儒家的代表人物孟子认为“万 物皆备于我” 。因此,从“我”就可以掌握“万 物”的本质,而“万物”的特征也显现在“我” 之中。这即是中国文化传统意义上的人本文化。 这种人本文化的长期积淀,形成了汉民族主体型 的思维方式,即以人文为中心来观察、分析、推 理和研究事物的思维
（英文中出现了七个动词被动式，而中文里却 一个“被”字也没有，翻译时还添加了多个“我 们”“你们”等人称词。英汉语民族思维习惯之
11、理科班英语语法篇
Lecture Eleven理科班英语语法篇（十一）情态动词一.概念:情态动词是表示能力,义务,必须,猜测等说话人的语气或情态的动词.二.相关知识点精讲:1．can1)表能力can表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。
I can climb this pole. 我能爬这根杆子。
因为can不能和其他助动词连用，所以表示将来式时用will be able toYou will be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times.你练习两三次后就会溜冰了。
2)表可能性多用于否定与疑问结构中。
Can the news be true? 这消息可能是真的吗？It can’t be true. 它不可能是真的。
3)表示允许（和may意思相近）常见于口语。
Can (May) I come in ? 我能进来吗？Can I smoke here ? 我可以在这里抽烟吗？2.could的用法1)表过去的可能和许可，（多用于间接引语中）At that time we thought the story could not be true.那时我们认为所说的事不可能是真的。
Father said I could swim in the river.爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。
2)表过去的能力I could swim when I was only six.我刚六岁就能游泳。
3)表“允许”。
可表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法Could I use your bike? Yes, you can.他会记得那时吗?give you an answer today.I’m afraid I couldn’ｔ恐怕我今天不能回答你。
3)Could/can+have done 结构表示对过去发生的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”。
could 加完成式还用于肯定句时一般表过去可能完成而却未完成的动作。
常用十大翻译技巧
❖ （3）This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britain’s membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the Community will take their interests into account.
❖ 知己知彼，百战不殆；
❖ 不知彼而知己，一胜一 负；
❖ 不知己不知彼，每战必 殆。
❖ You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.
❖ 孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。(名词转动词) ❖ （3）I’m all for your opinion. ❖ 我完全赞成你的意见。（介词转动词）
❖ （4）时间不早了，我们回去吧！ ❖ We don’t have much time left. Let’s go back. (句型
转换)
❖ （5）The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.
lecture的意思用法大全
lecture的意思用法大全lecture有演讲,训斥，教训的意思。
那你们想知道lecture的用法吗?今日我给大家带来了lecture的用法,盼望能够关心到大家，一起来学习吧。
lecture的意思n. 演讲,训斥，教训vi. 作演讲vt. 给…作演讲,教训(通常是长篇大论的)变形：过去式: lectured; 现在分词：lecturing; 过去分词：lectured;lecture用法lecture可以用作名词lecture主要指教育性或学术性“演讲”,引申可指“冗长的训斥或责备”。
lecture是可数名词,其后接介词on或about ,意为“关于…的演讲”“就…做演讲”“因…训斥或责备某人”。
lecture作“讲演,讲课”解时,是不及物动词。
说“讲授某课程”时常与介词on连用,说“在某地讲演”时常与介词at〔in〕连用。
lecture用作名词的用法例句She ran over her notes before giving the lecture.她讲课前把讲稿匆忙看了一遍。
His lecture covered various aspects of language.他的讲课涉及到语言诸方面的问题。
They could not follow the lecture.他们听不懂这次演讲。
lecture可以用作动词lecture作“讲演,讲课”解时,是不及物动词。
说“讲授某课程”时常与介词on连用,说“在某地讲演”时常与介词at〔in〕连用。
lecture也可用作及物动词,意思是“向…讲演,给…讲课”,接名词或代词作宾语。
lecture还可作“责怪”“教训”“训斥”解,用作及物动词,接名词或代词作宾语。
“因…而受到训斥”可说lecture sb for n./v -ing。
lecture用作动词的用法例句It was a shame for me to be lectured in front of the whole class.当着整个班级的面被训斥了一顿，真让我感到羞辱。
翻译技巧(常用句型)
3. It is from radio that the subject of electronics was born, which brought such great changes to the technology of today. 电子这门学科正是从无线电产生的， 电子这门学科正是从无线电产生的， 它为现代技术带来了如此巨大的变化。 它为现代技术带来了如此巨大的变化。
a. 强调主语
1. It is shallow people who judge by appearances. 浅薄之人，以貌取人。 浅薄之人，以貌取人。 2. It is not helps but obstacles that makes a man. 使人成才的， 不是助力而是阻力。 使人成才的， 不是助力而是阻力。 造就一个人， 不是扶助他， （或）造就一个人， 不是扶助他，而 是磨难他。 是磨难他。
a. not every(=some “不是每个” ） 不是每个” 1. Every electric motor here is not new. 这儿的电动机并不是每台都是新的。 这儿的电动机并不是每台都是新的。 2. Every student can not do the experiment well. 并非每个学生都能做好实验。 并非每个学生都能做好实验。
2. This reaction did take place. 这种反应确实发生了。 确实发生了 这种反应确实发生了。 3. They do represent extreme cases. 它们确实代表特殊情况。 确实代表特殊情况 它们确实代表特殊情况。
（2）It (was)…that(which,who) (was)… 强调的句型
c. 强调状语
第十一次课件英汉互译技巧
西洋人什么事都讲究按部就班地慢慢动作来， 从来没有平地登天的捷径，而我们中国人专走 捷径，而走捷径的第一个法门，就是吹牛。
While westerners go about whatever work they do methodically and patiently， never dreaming of reaching great heights in one step, we Chinese are always given to seeking a shortcut and regard the ability to boast as the master key to it.
西洋人究竟近乎白痴，什么事都只讲究脚踏实 地去做，这样费力气的勾当，我们聪明的中国 人，简直连牙齿都要笑掉了。
Because of their earnest and down-toearth approach to work, westerners are, in the eyes of Chinese smarties, next door to idiotic. They are being laughed at by Chinese smarties for the tremendous amount of energy they put into their activities．
2、He had fallen in love with this beautiful girl when he met her at the seaside. However, he was such a sophisticated and cautious man that he knew that revealing his love too eagerly might spoil their friendship, so he had held back his feelings and talked only of subjects likely to please Tao-ching.
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翻译技巧十、常见句型的翻译:●一、定语从句的翻译●二、状语从句的翻译●三、名词性从句的翻译一、定语从句的译法Attributive clauses are widely used in English. In many cases, sentences are made very long because of attributive clauses. Hence it is important to have a correct comprehension and an accurate translation of attributive clauses. Different attributive clauses may express different meanings such as purpose, concession, result and so on. An attributive clause usually follows the word it modifies. This is different from Chinese. In Chinese there is no post-position attribute and there can’t be too many modifiers preceding the modified word. All this causes changes in translating some sentences which contain attributive clauses.幻灯片3I、译成前置定语一般说来，限制性的定语从句可提前译成定语。
还有一些定语从句，虽然并不明显地带有限制性质，但本身较短，和被修饰语的关系紧密，也可译成前置定语。
1. To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them. 诚然，一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。
2. This is the solider who just returned from the front. 这是刚从前线回来的战士。
3. Chengdu—A city you will never want to say goodbye after arrival.成都－－一个你来了就不想离开的城市。
4. In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems.可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是问题成堆的地方。
幻灯片5当然，有些起附加说明作用的非限制性定语从句，对先行词也有不同程度的修饰限制作用，有时也可以译为前置定语。
5. The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor.那个整天躲在云层里的太阳,现在又光芒四射地露面了。
6. He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof冷漠 and arrogant高傲.他喜欢热情愉快的妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。
幻灯片6II . 译成后置并列句A、一些结构比较复杂，或者意思上有较强的独立性的限制性定语从句，通常可译为后置的并列句。
采取这种译法往往要重复关系代词所代替的词，比如：有时可在此词之前加指示词“这”、“这些”或人称代词“他”、“他们”等等，来使译文明确。
7. This volume is prepared as examples for writing compositions which, as it were, has been taken as a difficult task. 本书旨在为写作提供范例，可以说这一直是一个难题。
幻灯片78. Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms.物质是由分子组成的，而分子又是由原子组成的。
9. But listen, I met a man, who said you could solve this problem.听着，我遇见一个人，这个人说你是有权解决这个问题的。
10. Day light comes from the sun, which is a mass of hot, glowing gas.日光来自太阳，太阳是一团炽热、发光的气体。
幻灯片8B、非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词加以说明，描述或解释，或对整个句子所陈述的事实或现象加以总结、补充说明，其前都有逗号分开。
在汉译时一般译为后置并列分句。
如：11.He blamed me for everything, which I thought very unfair.他把一切错误都归罪于我，我认为这很不公平。
12. These books, which are only a small part of my collection, I picked up in American.这些书是我在美国买,它们在我的藏书中只占一小部分。
幻灯片913. She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心，而她丈夫却很少这样。
14. They seem to enjoy those rewards which they had purchased by a course of unmerited fatigue, and by victories which almost exceeded belief.他们对那些酬劳看来是很得意的，那些酬劳是他们历经千辛万苦，通过取得令人难以置信的胜利得来的。
幻灯片1015. I told the story to John, who (=and he) told it to his brother.我把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。
这种采取后置的办法来处理非限制性定语从句，一般也使用指示代词来重复英语关系代词所代表的含义。
（如例13）幻灯片11III、溶合译法溶合法就是把原句子中的主语和定语从句溶合在一起译成一个独立句子的翻译方法。
另外，由于限制性定语从句与主句的关系密切，所以，限制性定语从句似乎更适合采用溶合法。
英语中突出的“there be”句型就是这样处理的。
16. There are many people who want to select this major. 许多人要选这个专业。
17. There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 楼下有人要见你。
幻灯片1218.You are the only person who could do it. 只有你才能做这件事。
19. He has a son of twenty who is now at the college. 他有个二十岁的儿子现在正上大学。
20. This was the first time I had serious trouble with my leader. 这是我第一次和领导发生严重纠葛。
幻灯片13IV. 译成状语有些定语从句从形式上看是定语，但在意义上与主句有逻辑状语关系，对主句其原因、结果、目的、条件、让步等状语作用，翻译时应尽可能按照其语法功能，译成与汉语相对应的复句。
21. The computer, which seems to play the role of a human brain, is often called an electronic brain. 由于计算机起着类似人脑的作用，所以常常被称作电脑。
（译成原因状从）22. She insisted on buying another pair of roller skates, which she had no use of.她坚持要买多一双旱冰鞋，结果却一点用处也没有。
23. Rose took Chinese medicine which relieved her symptoms.罗斯服了中药，结果缓解了症状。
（译成结果状从）24. There is no bad habit that may not be cured by a strong willpower.只要有坚强的意志，就没有什么坏习惯改不掉。
（译成条件状从）25. The newswoman wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to shipwreck. 这位女记者想写篇文章，以便能够引起公众对那起沉船事件的注意。
（译成目的状语从句）定语从句翻译练习：● A rocket engine can work in space where there is no air.●She has invited me to visit her family, which is very kind of her .●He would be a short-sighted man who did not look beyond.●Here is the man whom you have been looking for.●Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing.翻译练习答案● 1. 火箭发动机能够在太空中缺乏空气的状态下运行。
● 2. 她善意地邀请我去她家。
● 3. 没有洞察力的人等于近视。
● 4.这就是你一直在找的人。
● 5. 我们两国是有着长久友谊的邻邦。
二、状语从句的翻译●I. 按照原文顺序译出状语从句1. If you do not mind, I will turn off the heating. 如果你不介意，我就把暖气关上了。
2. As far as I know, there isn’t such a word in English. 据我所知，英语里并没有这个单词。