Unit 3形合与意合
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汉英翻译中意合与形合的转换
汉英翻译中意合与形合的转换1. 引言1.1 汉英翻译中意合与形合的转换概述在汉英翻译过程中，意合与形合是两种重要的翻译方法。
意合指的是在翻译过程中更加注重传达原文的意思和情感，而形合则是更注重保持原文的句法结构和词语形式。
在翻译中，这两种方法的选择取决于原文的特点以及目标语言的表达习惯和语言特点。
在汉英翻译中，意合翻译的特点是能够更好地传达原文的意思和情感，使译文更加贴近原文的意图。
意合翻译要求译者对原文进行深入理解，把握原文的情感和背景，用更加自然流畅的语言来表达。
而形合翻译则更注重于保持原文的结构和形式，使译文在语法和词汇上更贴近原文。
在实际翻译中，译者需要根据具体情况灵活运用意合和形合的方法。
有时候需要注重传达原文的情感和意思，选择意合翻译；有时候需要保持原文的句法结构和词语形式，选择形合翻译。
译者需要根据文本的特点和翻译的目的来选择合适的翻译方法。
在汉英翻译中，意合与形合的转换方法包括对原文意思和结构的分析、目标语言风格和习惯的考虑以及灵活运用不同的翻译技巧。
综上所述，意合与形合在汉英翻译中都具有重要作用，译者需要根据具体情况灵活运用这两种方法，以达到最佳的翻译效果。
2. 正文2.1 意合翻译的特点意合翻译是汉英翻译中的一种重要形式，其特点如下：1. 文意优先：意合翻译注重传达原文的整体意境和情感色彩，而不是逐字逐句地翻译。
在意合翻译中，译者需要更加注重原文的内在含义和修辞手法，以保持译文的通顺和流畅。
2. 灵活性：意合翻译注重译者的个人理解和创造力，允许译者在适当的情况下进行意译或增删调整原文的内容，以使译文更符合目标语言的表达习惯和文化背景。
3. 保留原味：意合翻译不仅要传达原文的意思，还要尽可能保留原文的味道和特色。
译者需要准确把握原文的文体和风格，以确保译文与原文在风格上保持一致。
4. 融通性：意合翻译可以根据不同的语境和受众需求进行灵活调整，以确保译文更贴近目标读者的阅读习惯和语言习惯。
3.形合与意合
意合(parataxis): 句子内部连接或外部连接靠的 是语义手段。句中各成分的相互 结合多依靠语义的贯通，语境的 映衬，而少用连接词语。 “意合”主要靠句子内部逻辑 联系。 一切 “尽在不言中”。语法呈 隐性。 竹节句
说是说了，没有结果。 风太大了，回家吧。
打肿脸充胖子，吃亏的是自己。 If you get beyond your depth, you will suffer. 聪明一世，糊涂一时。 Smart as a rule, but this time a fool.
我这时突然感到一种异样的感 觉，觉得他满身灰尘的身影，刹时 高大了，而且愈走愈大，须仰视才 见。（辐射状的话题句） “嘴甜心苦，两面三刀，上头笑 着，脚底下使绊子，明是一把火， 暗是一把刀，他都占全了！（网收 状的话题句）
北京的冬季，地上还是积雪，灰 黑色的秃树枝丫杈于晴朗的天空中 ，而远处有一二风筝浮动，在我是 一种惊异和悲哀。 他爸爸死了，死于车祸；妈妈又 改了嫁，顾不了他，真可怜。 那年冬天，祖母死了，父亲的差 使也交卸了，正是祸不单行的日子 。
If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
I shall not go until he comes.
It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.
形合与意合
英语属于形合语言，汉语是意合 语言。 形合与意合的差异是英汉语言 最本质的差异。
形合(hypotaxis): 英语句子通常以谓语动词为中心， 以主谓结构为主干，通过各种反映形式 关系的连接词语如关系代词，关系副词， 副词，连词，甚至是介词把整个句子搭 架起来, 呈现出由中心向外扩展的样式。 句子内部的连接靠的是句法手段和词汇 手段。 因而，复合句是英语行文的主要特 点。语法属于显性。 树式句
Unit3--形合与意合
2）他天天练习开车，很快就学会了。 He soon learnt how to drive because he practiced everyday. 点评：据统计，汉语中三分之二的因果句不到必 要时，不用关联词。先因后果，几乎不用“因为”， 属常态；先果后因，大多用“因为”，属变态。翻 译时根据英语的形合特征增补关联词because。
1）He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day.
2）On campus all across the United States, Americans who lectured and studied in China in the 1930s and 40s today are invigorating our own intellectual life---none of them with greater distinction than Professor John K. Fairbank, who honors us by joining my travelling party. 今天在美国的各个大学里，曾经于30和40年代在 中国讲学并从事研究的美国人正活跃着美国的学术 生活。他们中间最有名望的是费正清教授，他这次 同我们一起访华，使我们感到荣幸。
2）无事不登三宝殿。 Only go to the temple when one is in trouble/Never come to see somebody without a reason/Never go to somebody’s place except on business. 点评：例1和2原文看似简单句，实则隐含逻辑关 系。翻译时根据英语行文规范补出相应的关联词。
3章-形合与意合
英汉对比
就英语和汉语来说，英语注重形合，注重结构，形 式，常常借助各种连接手段，因而比较严谨；汉语 注重意合，注重功能，意义，常常不用或少用连接 手段，因而比较简洁。
英汉对比
“西洋语的结构好像连环，虽则环与环都联络起来，毕 竟有联络的痕迹；中国语的结构好像无缝天衣，只 是一块一块的硬凑，凑起来还不让他有痕迹。西洋 语法是硬的，没有弹性的；中国语法是软的，富于 弹性的。惟其是硬的，所以西洋语法有许多呆板的 要求，如每一个clause里必须有一个主语；惟其是 软的，所以中国语法只以达意为主，相关的两件事 是可以硬凑在一起，不用任何的connective word.” －－王力
二、英语的形合法
英语中的连接手段和形式不仅数量大，种类多， 而且用得十分频繁。
1.
关系词和连接词：
All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. 过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天， 确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。
汉语的意合法
4.
四字格。
物极必反 Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable. 欲盖弥彰 The more one tries to hide, the more one is exposed.
形合与意合
Hypotactic vs. Paratactic
一、形合与意合
第三讲 形合和意合
二、汉语的意合法 英语连接词性语大约100个， 汉语的并列连词、从属连词与关联副词配合使 用的连接词语仅约50个； 汉语介词数量少，大约只有35个，而且大多是 从动词虚化而“借”来的 英语286个介词少得多。 ——汉语的形合手段少得多
汉语的意合法往往采用下面手段： 1.语序 汉语的许多主从复句，虽然不用关联词，形式类似并列复句，但 分句含义却有主有次。 她不老实，我不能信任她。 Because she is not honest , I can’t trust her. 我不能信任她，因为她不老实。 I can’t trust her , because she is not honest. 人（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人。 We will not attack unless we are attacked. 打肿脸充胖子，吃亏的是自己。（如果） If you get beyond your depth ,you will suffer.
2.反复、排比、对偶、对照等。这些句式的词句整齐，结构 匀称，可以互文见义，往往不用关联词。 他不来，我不去。 If he won’t come here, I’ll not go there. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆. As you sow, so will reap. 不怕慢，只怕站。 It’s better to move ahead slowly than just to mark time.
3.紧缩句 有饭大家吃. Let everybody share the food if there is any. 不到黄河心不死。 Until all is over, ambition never dies. 问遍千家成行家。 Learn from numerous advisers, and you’ll become a master. 4.四字格 物极必反 远交近攻 玩火自焚 不进则退。
第三章形合与意合
心理重轻 Important-less inportant
陈述—评论 Statement—comment
上下远近 Top-bottom, far—near
整体—部分 Overall-partial
Logic Laws time sequence： 先后 浮动 始终 迟早 过河拆桥 汗流浃背 他五岁的时候生了一场大病，发高烧，听力没了，什么也听不见。 time& spatial specification： 粗细 深浅 大大小小 分分秒秒 cause-effect: 放大 收紧 开门见山 杀鸡取卵 无欲则刚 人逢喜事精神爽
Definition of Hypotaxis
Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction of relationship of clauses with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you don’t come (The American Heritage Dictionary) 形合：以连接词构筑的附属或从属结构小句之间的关系，如：要是你不来的话，我会失望的。《美国传统语言大词典）
English: Hypotactic Ways English has clear-cut formal markers to indicate the relation between sentence components. They help make sentences compact and clearly defined. It is impossible to calculate the meaning though the relationships. Those markers include: 1 Formal changes and coherence between subject and predicate, as well as reference of pronouns. 2 Relatives and conjunctions 3 Prepositions
陈述—评论 Statement—comment
上下远近 Top-bottom, far—near
整体—部分 Overall-partial
Logic Laws time sequence： 先后 浮动 始终 迟早 过河拆桥 汗流浃背 他五岁的时候生了一场大病，发高烧，听力没了，什么也听不见。 time& spatial specification： 粗细 深浅 大大小小 分分秒秒 cause-effect: 放大 收紧 开门见山 杀鸡取卵 无欲则刚 人逢喜事精神爽
Definition of Hypotaxis
Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction of relationship of clauses with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you don’t come (The American Heritage Dictionary) 形合：以连接词构筑的附属或从属结构小句之间的关系，如：要是你不来的话，我会失望的。《美国传统语言大词典）
English: Hypotactic Ways English has clear-cut formal markers to indicate the relation between sentence components. They help make sentences compact and clearly defined. It is impossible to calculate the meaning though the relationships. Those markers include: 1 Formal changes and coherence between subject and predicate, as well as reference of pronouns. 2 Relatives and conjunctions 3 Prepositions
Chapter III 两种语言的差异
by their supply and their customers’ demand. 随行就市 2. The hurricane flattened crops, uprooted trees, washed away roads and rippled off roofs. 飓风所到之处，庄稼倒伏，树根拔起，道路冲垮，屋顶掀飞。
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2) 叙事顺序
1. I couldn't’t beat a boy who hadn’t got a relation in the world and whose father had left him to me because he thought I’d be kind to him.
1. Use of Words
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2）Inflexion（形态变化）
• 英语：
Noun Verb Adjective/adverb Prefix/suffix
• 汉语：
无形态变化，靠词语、词序及暗含逻辑关系表达意义。
1. Use of Words
8
2）Inflexion（形态变化）
1. They told me that professor Liu would have been teaching here for twenty years by this winter. 2. Oxford is much smaller in numbers, for example, than the state university of Minnesota, and is much poorer. It has, or had till yesterday fewer students than the university of Toronto. 3. I could have laughed to hear him like that.
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2) 叙事顺序
1. I couldn't’t beat a boy who hadn’t got a relation in the world and whose father had left him to me because he thought I’d be kind to him.
1. Use of Words
7
2）Inflexion（形态变化）
• 英语：
Noun Verb Adjective/adverb Prefix/suffix
• 汉语：
无形态变化，靠词语、词序及暗含逻辑关系表达意义。
1. Use of Words
8
2）Inflexion（形态变化）
1. They told me that professor Liu would have been teaching here for twenty years by this winter. 2. Oxford is much smaller in numbers, for example, than the state university of Minnesota, and is much poorer. It has, or had till yesterday fewer students than the university of Toronto. 3. I could have laughed to hear him like that.
形合与意合 最全版
形合与意合( hypotaxis & parataxis)形合 (Hypotaxis)Hypotaxis and parataxis are the performance of the language law. The so-called hypotaxis refers to the realization of the connection of the words or phrases, with the help of language forms (including vocabulary and forms);意合和形合是语言表现法。
所谓“形合”(hypotaxis)是指借助语言形式手段（包括词汇手段和形态手段）实现词语或句子的连接；1. They come out on to the village green and photograph each other in a stone armchair,said to be the throne of Artila.(Nancy Mitford:The Water Beetle)踏上村中草地，看到一张石椅，听说是匈奴王阿提拉的宝座，就要照相；一个个登上大位，你给我照，我给你照。
（翁显良译）2. "Sitting still at home is the heavenly way;the going out is the way of the world."(by Abu Musa,taken from Henry David Thoreau’s"A Winter Walk")“在家安居者天之道也，出外奔波者人之道也。
”（夏济安译）3. All around was open loneliness and black solitude,over which a stiff breeze blew。
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eg2. 1) 把小孩冻坏了，我们怎么向他的母亲交代？ If the child catches a chill, what are we going to say to its mother？ 2) 他老是见异思迁。 He is always changing his mind the moment he sees something new. 3) 他说得太快，我们不能理解他的意思。 He spoke so rapidly that I could not clearly understand him. 4) 我只见到他的背影，认不清是谁。 I could not make out who he was as I only saw his back.
Version 1. Their business has suffered much through the civil war. 2. The civil war has affected their business to a remarkable extent. 3. The civil war has rendered their business dull. 4. The effect of the civil war upon their business has been depressing.
• 参考译文：
The Advantages of Having A Plain Wife Mr. S had an unprepossessing wife, of whom he was very proud, so much so that to his friend who had a beautiful wife, he often raved about his spouse like this, “A plain wife is an absolute treasure, unpleasant to look at, but out of mind out of sight and free from suspicion when the husband is away from home. And there is no fear of „another man‟”. On hearing this, his friend couldn‟t help a smile and the following comment, “Forgive me, sir, for pointing out that you‟re wrong there.
8. static dynamic 9. substitutive repetitive 10. passive active 11. abstract concrete eg1. Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year. 由于受到这样的鼓励，他们为第二年制定了一个 更大胆的计划。 eg3. 有一个英国人，不会讲中国话，有一次在中国 旅行。 An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China.
II. Hypotaxis and Parataxis
Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives; for example, I shall despair if you don‟t come.
----( The American Heritage Dictionary) Parataxis: The arranging of clauses on after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.
---- ( The World Book Dictionary)
Unit Three Hypotaxis and Parataxis（形合与意合） I. Review (Contrasts between E and C Languages) English Chinese 1. synthetic analytic 2. hypotaxis parataxis 3. chain language block language 4. complex simple 5. tightly-knitted loosely-structured 6. result + cause cause + result 7. impersonal personal
2. Paragraph translation S君有妻，丑，为此颇感自豪，常于有靓妻之友面前 夸口：丑妻是宝，见了恶心，不见省心，出门放心， 免得有第三者插足。友听毕，掩口笑道：君言差矣， 常言道：以为最安全的却是最危险，岂不闻情人眼里 出西施吗？S君听毕，顿悟，叹道：听君一席话，胜读 十年书，差一点大意失荆州！
Exercise 1. Sentence translation, pay attention to the differences mentioned above: 1) 他因受贿而被捕入狱的消息传来，我们大吃一惊。 2) 海洋学是人们认识星球的关键，而其重要性却不 是人人都知晓的。 3) 那个女孩哭得似乎心都碎了，我问她的时候，她 说她已经有两天没有吃东西了，她实在是饿极了。 4) 健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样带 来幸福。 5) 人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。
eg7. 她独处时感到一种特别的安宁。 A strange peace came over her when she was alone. eg8. 你一定是不善于学习，要不然就是教你的人 很不会教。 You must be a very bad learner; or else you must be going to a very bad teacher. eg9. 他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败， 并且藐视别人的失败。 He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others.
9) 他于1830年离校，去伦敦生活。 He left school in 1830, and went to. Basic Clause Pattern in English 1. SV 5. SVOA 2. SVA 6. SVOO 3. SVC 7. SVOC 4. SVO eg. 内战使他们的生意萧条．
1. Word came that bribery has sent him to prison, which amazed us. 2. The importance of oceanography as a key to the understanding of our planet is seldom as well appreciated. 3. The girl, who was crying as if her heart would break, said, when I spoke to her, that she was very hungry, because she had had no food for two days. 4. Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 5. A person cannot be judged by his appearance, just as the sea cannot be measured with a bucket.
5) 话不投机半句多。 When the conversation gets disagreeable, to say one word more is a waste of breath. 6) 汤姆干了这事，干得非常成功。 Tom did it, and did it very successfully. 7) 江山易改，本性难移。 It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a person‟s nature. 8)上海曾是冒险家的乐园，劳动人民的地狱。 Shanghai was once paradise for the adventurers but hell for the working people.
IV. Comment on Last Week‟s Homework
The End
As the saying goes, the greatest danger resides in the false sense of security. Haven‟t you heard of love being blind?” Suddenly and thoroughly enlightened by his friend‟s kind warning, Mr. S sighed with feeling, “How true it is that one can learn more from the talk of a wise person than from ten years‟ reading! Otherwise I may lose her through oversight.”
eg1. 以朱自清的《匆匆》(Transient Days)为例： 燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的 时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。 译文一：Swallows may have gone, but there is a time of return; willow trees may have died back, but there is a time of regreening; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloom again. 译文二：If swallows go away, they will come back again. If willows wither, they will turn green again. If peach blossoms fade, they will flower again.