成人高考专升本英语语法 - 副本
成人高考函授专升本复习成考英语题型分析及解题技巧

A. Because B. While C. If
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D. Since
【解析】根据后面的I had been born in the 16th century可知这只是个假设,是一个虚拟语气的
条件句。故前面要用 if 引导。
Part Three 完形填空
3. 利用固定搭配解题
如:They couldn’t read or write. They didn’t like to work and they never ___12___
baths.
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A. took
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B. washed
C. ran
D. covered
【解析】本题考查的是固定搭配take a bath,意为“洗澡”。
4. 得出结论,推论及概括
Part Four 阅读理解
[解题技巧] 1. 两种方法 略读法和查阅法 2. 三个侧重 ➢ 首尾句、首尾段 ➢ 转折词 ➢ 长难句 3. 四种题型 ✓ 主旨大意题 ✓ 词语理解题 ✓ 事实细节题 ✓ 推理判断题
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Part Four 阅读理解
5. 单纯考查语法结构的题目较少,重点是考查上下文联系。 [解题技巧] 1. 段落第一句话是主题来源! 2. 根据上下文选择和调整答案
Part Three 完形填空
1. 跳读首尾句进行预测 一般来讲,完形填空的首、尾句通常是不挖空的。先跳读这两句,便可判断体裁,猜想它要讲什么。
若首句交代了when, where, who, what,即四个W,那么就是记叙文,很可能就是一个故事;若首句是提出 或解释说明某事物,一般来说是说明文;若首句提出一个论点,那么就是议论文。
全国成人高考专升本英语-考点汇编

第一部分语法第一章名词考点名词的复数形式1.名词的规则复数形式规则一:一般情况下,名词词尾直接加-s.规则二:以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词,一般加-es。
规则三:“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,变y为i,再加-es。
“元音字母+y”结尾的名词,词尾直接加-s。
规则四:“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词,有生命+es;“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词,无生命+s;“元音字母+o”结尾的名词,一般+s。
规则五:以-f或-fe结尾的名词,一般变-f或-fe为v,再加-es。
规则六:不规则变化记心中。
(1)改变单数名词的内部元音使其变成复数man—men;foot—feet(2)在单数名词词尾加-ren或-enchild—children;ox—oxen(3)复数形式与单数形式相同sheep—sheep;Chinese—Chinese(4)一些外来词仍然保留原来的名词复数形式basis—bases;thesis—theses2.合成名词的复数形式(1)如主体词为名词,将主体词改为复数。
son-in-law——sons-in-law女婿(2)如没有主体名词,则在最后一个词后加复数同尾。
grown-up——grown-ups成年人(3)以man和woman构成的合成名词,各个成分都变为复数。
第二章冠词考点1不定冠词的基本用法1.用在单数可数名词前表示“一,一个”。
There is a picture on the wall.墙上有一幅图画。
2.表示一类人或物,指同类中的任何一个,a或an不必翻译。
Even a child can answer this question.就是小孩子也能回答这个问题。
3.第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词a或an,起介绍作用。
A girl wants to see you.一位姑娘要见你。
4.不定冠词用于单数可数名词前表示身份、职业,尤其用在作表语或宾语补足语的名词前。
She is a high school teacher.Her name is Li Fang..用于专有名词前,表示“一位叫……的人”。
成人高考专升本英语语法

成人高考专升本英语语法语法一:时态和语态一)时态1,12种常见时态的基本用法,各种时态的基本表达方式以及时间顺序。
一般过去式:表示过去某一时刻发生的动作。
常与ago,yeaterday,when...等词连用过去进行时:表示过去某一时间段持续进行的动作。
常用词语现在进行时一样过去完成时:过去的过去,必须在过去的界定条件下才可以使用。
常用by+过去的时间/一般过去式的句子过去完成进行时:动作持续到过去的一个时间可能刚刚中止,也可能继续进行一般将来时:将来的动作,主语will,hall,begoingto,beto和beaboutto的区别将来进行时:将来的时间里可能持续发生的动作过去将来时:表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的事情将来完成时:动作要到将来某一时间完成。
常用by+将来的时间/一般现在时的句子2,makeure/certain,incae等词后面的从句常用现在时表示将来时3,主句是现在时态或将来时态,从句可以为任何时态。
主句为过去的时态,从句必须是过去的时态。
二)被动语态1,不能用被动语态的情况:A:不及物动词B:表示状态而不是动作的词,如cot,fit,lack,want,wihuit等2,感官动词(hear,feel,litento,ee,watch,notice等),使役动词:have,make,help,let等。
被动时,需要将to补上。
3,被动语态一般都与其他考点综合考察,当看到选项有被动选项时,首先应该考虑是否具有被动关系。
二,非谓语动词一)动词不定式1,动词不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语动词的后面,用引导词it作形式主语。
如果不定式作宾语而又跟有补语,这时,通常要用"it"作形式宾语,而将不定式放到补语后面去。
2,动词不定式的逻辑主语:1)iti+adj+forb.常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如eay,hard,difficult,intereting,impoible等:2)iti+adj+ofb.的句型一般表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good,kind,nice,clever,foolih,right等。
2018成人高考专升本《英语》词汇与语法复习【一】

【导语】你长着⼀对翅膀。
坚韧地飞吧,不要为风⾬所折服;诚挚地飞吧,不要为⾹甜的蜜汁所陶醉。
以下是⽆忧考为⼤家整理的《2018成⼈⾼考专升本《英语》词汇与语法复习【⼀】》供您查阅。
【篇⼀】 1. Now people use the word Ms instead of Miss or Mrs before the name of in business letters.A. woman managerB. women managerC. woman managersD. women managers 2. The children cooked some by burning and branches.A. potatos…leavesB. potatoes…leafsC. potatos…leafsD. potatoes…leaves 3. The young students like and Mark novels very much.A. Dickens…Twain’sB. Dickens’… TwainC. Dickens’s…Twain’D. Dickens’…Twain’s 4. film includes some recently discovered newsreels of World War II.A. The; theB. A; theC. The; 不填D. A; 不填 5. Although he had studied very hard, John had hope of passing the exam.A. littleB. anyC. a littleD. some 6. It was terrible. One passenger was killed, and was badly hurt.A. the othersB. restC. the otherD. the rest 7. The jacket doesn’t fit Terry, as he has huge body and the jacket is small.A. such a; suchB. such a; soC. so; soD. so; such a 8. Traveling in England, it will be cheaper if you buy a return ticket on the train.A. moreB. veryC. quiteD. even 9. “Must I return the book to the library in a week?” “No, you .”A. couldn’tB. mustn’tC. needn’tD. won’t 10. “Why isn’t John in class?” “He be sick, or he’d have been here already.”A. shouldB. mayC. mustD. would 11. I don’t want you to pay for me. I’ll pay for ______.A. mineB. meC. myselfD. my own 12. Although he had not studied very hard, John had ______ hope of passing the exam.A. littleB. anyC. a littleD. some 13. Lisa did not come for the piano lesson yesterday. She have missed the bus.A. wouldB. mightC. shouldD. ought to 14. Why is the rubbish still here? It ought to yesterday.A. be thrown awayB. have thrown awayC. have been thrown away D. throw away 15. We a walk when it started to rain.A. takeB. tookC. are takingD. were taking 1. Now people use the word Ms instead of Miss or Mrs before the name of in business letters.A. woman managerB. women managerC. woman managersD. women managers 2. The children cooked some by burning and branches.A. potatos…leavesB. potatoes…leafsC. potatos…leafsD. potatoes…leaves 3. The young students like and Mark novels very much.A. Dickens…Twain’sB. Dickens’… TwainC. Dickens’s…Twain’D. Dickens’…Twain’s 4. film includes some recently discovered newsreels of World War II.A. The; theB. A; theC. The; 不填D. A; 不填 5. Although he had studied very hard, John had hope of passing the exam.A. littleB. anyC. a littleD. some 6. It was terrible. One passenger was killed, and was badly hurt.A. the othersB. restC. the otherD. the rest 7. The jacket doesn’t fit Terry, as he has huge body and the jacket is small.A. such a; suchB. such a; soC. so; soD. so; such a 8. Traveling in England, it will be cheaper if you buy a return ticket on the train.A. moreB. veryC. quiteD. even 9. “Must I return the book to the library in a week?” “No, you .”A. couldn’tB. mustn’tC. needn’tD. won’t 10. “Why isn’t John in class?” “He be sick, or he’d have been here already.”A. shouldB. mayC. mustD. would 11. I don’t want you to pay for me. I’ll pay for ______.A. mineB. meC. myselfD. my own 12. Although he had not studied very hard, John had ______ hope of passing the exam.A. littleB. anyC. a littleD. some 13. Lisa did not come for the piano lesson yesterday. She have missed the bus.A. wouldB. mightC. shouldD. ought to 14. Why is the rubbish still here? It ought to yesterday.A. be thrown awayB. have thrown awayC. have been thrown away D. throw away 15. We a walk when it started to rain.A. takeB. tookC. are takingD. were taking【篇⼆】 1. Not only you but also I mistaken.A. amB. hadC. wereD. have 2. Hardly the door when he rushed into the office out of breath.A. I openedB. did I openC. I had openedD. had I opened 3. Not until the early years of the 19th century what heat is.A. man knewB. didn’t man knowC. man did knowD. did man know 4. Ten days long enough for Mr Carter to finish his design. He doesn’t need any more.A. isB. has beenC. wasD. had been 5. Try your best ______ you’ll certainly succeed this time.A. soB. andC. orD. for 6. I’m sure he understands ______ you feel. He’s very clever.A. whenB. whatC. whetherD. how 7. I visited Jiuzhaigou last autumn. Never in my life so beautiful a place like that.A. I had seenB. did I seeC. had I seenD. I shall see 8. lovely weather we have been having these days?A. HowB. WhatC. How aD. What a 9. Lets do the cleaning right after class, ?A. will youB. shall weC. do youD. can we 10. “Have you seen Ann at the concert?” “No, but she said she would come, ?”A. didn’t sheB. wouldn’t sheC. did sheD. would she 11. We can easily get from the computer has been stored in it.A. whatB. thatC. whichD. anything 12. This is the only English-Chinese dictionary could be found in the teachers’ reading-room.A. whatB. whichC. itD. that 13. I’d like to join the tennis club which my friend belongs.A. toB. forC. withD. in 14. I asked two people to help me start my car, but ____ of them knew what to do.A. eitherB. noneC. bothD. neither 15. We’re all looking forward to seeing you again, and we’ll be very disappointed if you .A. didn’t comeB. don’t comeC. won’t comeD. hadn’t come 16. When Lenin in Europe he began to fulfill his plans step by step at once.A. gotB. arrivedC. reachedD. went 17. Please be sure to telephone me next time you ______ to our city.A. will comeB. comeC. cameD. are coming 18. The boy ______ the hole with water, but no rabbits ran out of it at all.A. pouredB. addedC. filledD. covered 19. The nurse his temperature at twelve o’clock and then gave him some medicine.A. countedB. measuredC. hadD. took 20. All the big buildings in the city were into hospitals during the Second World War.A. becomeB. turnedC. grownD. made 21. This plan against my wishes, so I won’t agree with you unless you made some changes in it.A. goesB. comesC. fightsD. think 22. It took them more a whole day to have their house painted. But it was worth the effort.A. and moreB. or lessC. or moreD. than that 23. With five hungry children round the table, the little food in the plate disappeared .A. for a long timeB. on timeC. in timeD. in no time 24. He seemed to have earned a great of money during the years. He bought another new car.A. lotB. manyC. muchD. deal 25. People shouted at him, yet he silent all the time.A. remainedB. wentC. turnedD. grew 26. I met the new manager this morning and we basic policies.A. looked onB. got onC. agreed onD. agreed with 27. They couldn’t what the teacher was trying to explain.A. knowB. graspC. holdD. think 28.The dancer and singer 24 years old, and I am 24.A. isB. areC. wasD. were 29. Philip ______ her invitation to go to her farm for his holiday because he was too busy.A. receivedB. acceptedC. refusedD. got 30. The young people in the city often come to the old man to ______ him for advice.A. begB. askC. offerD. invite 答案: 1-5:ADDAB 6-10:DCBBA 11-15:ADADB 16-20:BBCDB 21-25:ABDDA 36-40:CBACB 【篇三】 1. It is well known that Tomas Edison __________ the electric lamp.A. discoveredB. FoundC. developedD. invented 2. I couldn’t enter the lab because I had ____________ the key in my office.A. takenB. leftC. missedD. got 3. I regret ____________ you that we are unable to offer you employment. A. informing C. to inform B. having informed D. to have informed 4. The chairman has informed us that he ____________a few minutes late after the meeting begins. A. has arrived C. could arrive B. should arrive D. may arrive 5. She had made __________many mistakes in the article that we couldn’t catch what she meant.A. suchB. thatC. soD. as 6. I sincerely ____________him to make great progress with his new job in a short tine.A. expectB. believeC. thinkD. instruct 7. Is ____________ necessary to complete the design before National Day?A. thisB. thatC. itD. such 8. She said she would live in London for ____________ four or five years.A. anotherB. othersC. otherD. the others 9. Mr. Smith use d t o s m o k e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ b u t h e h a s g i v e n i t u p n o w . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 0 " > 0 0A . b a d l yB . s e r i o u s l yC . h e a v i l yD . h a r d l y / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 1 " > 0 0 1 0 . T h o u s a n d s o f p e o p l e t o o k p a r t i n w h e n t h e o l d t e m p l e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 2 " > 0 0 A . w a s r e b u i l d i n g C . w o u l d b e r e b u i l t / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 3 " > 0 0 B . w a s b e i n g r e b u i l t D . h a d b e e n r e b u i l t / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 4 " > 0 0 1 1 . _ _ _ _ w i t h e a c h o t h e r , t w o s y s t e m s c a n w o r k b e t t e r . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 5 " > 0 0 A ) W h e n c o m b i n e C ) W h e n c o m b i n e d / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 6 " > 0 0 B ) W h e n c o m b i n i n g D ) W h e n t h e y c o m b i n e d / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 7 " > 0 0 1 2 . I t ' s i m p o r t a n t t h a t e v e r y o n e _ _ _ _ h e r e o n t i m e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 8 " > 0 0 A ) i s B ) w i l l b e C ) m u s t b e D ) b e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 9 " > 0 0 1 3 . T h e s t o r m y w e a t h e r g r a d u a l l y g a v e _ _ _ _ _ t o a p e r i o d o f s u n s h i n e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 0 " > 0 0 A ) r o o m B ) w a y C ) s p a c e D ) p l a c e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 1 " > 0 0 1 4 . I c o u l d n o t d o a n y t h i n g e x c e p t j u s t _ _ _ _ _ f o r h i m t o c o m e r o u n d . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 2 " > 0 0 A ) w a i t i n g B ) t o w a i t C ) w a i t e d D ) w a i t / p > p b d s f i d = "2 23 " > 0 0 1 5 . I c a n ' t _ _ _ _ _ t h e s i g h t o f t h a t p o o r m a n . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 24 " > 0 0 A ) s u f f e r B ) e n d u r e C ) b e a r D ) p u t u p / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 25 " > 0 0 16 . W a n g M i n g _ _ _ _ i l l . I s a w h i m p l a y i n g b a s k e t b a l l a m o m e n t a g o . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 6 " > 0 0 A ) n e e d n ' t h a v e b e e n C ) c o u l d n ' t h a v e b e e n / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 27 " > 0 0 B ) m u s t h a v e b e e n D ) c a n ' t b e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 28 " > 0 0 1 7 . _ _ _ _ t h a t h e r s o n h a d f a l l e n f r o m a t r e e a n d b r o k e n h i s l e g , s h e h u r r i e d b a c k h o m e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 29 " > 0 0 A ) H a v i n g b e e n t o l d C ) H a v i n g t o l d / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 0 " > 0 0 B ) T e l l i n g D ) T o b e t o l d / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 1 " > 0 0 1 8 . A t p r e s e n t _ _ _ _ t h a n d o i n g w e l l i n o u r s o c i a l i s t e c o n o m i c c o n s t r u c t i o n . / p > pb d s f i d = " 2 3 2 " > 0 0 A ) n o t h i n g i s m o r e i m p o r t a n t C ) m uc h i s m o r e i m p o r t a n t / p > p bd s f i d = " 2 33 " > 0 0 B ) n o t h i n g i s l e s s i m p o r t a n t D ) a n y t h i n g i s m o r e i m p o r t a n t / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 34 " > 0 0 1 9 . G i v e u p s m o k i n g , _ _ _ _ y o u w i l l h a v e a g o o d h e a l t h . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 35 " > 0 0 A ) o r B ) a n d C ) s o t h a t D ) o t h e r w i s e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 36 " > 0 0 2 0 . T a k i n g h e r d o c t o r ' s a d v i c e , s h e h a s n o w _ _ _ _ o n s m o k i n g . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 37 " > 0 0 A ) c u t u p B ) c u t o u t C ) c u t o f f D ) c u t d o w n / p >。
成人高考专升本英语语法复习资料

成人高考专升本英语语法复习资料第一部分:语气的定义和种类1 语气(mood):语气是动词的一种形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2 语气的种类⑴、陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。
如:①There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。
②Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗?③How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊!⑵、祈使语气:表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。
如:①Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。
②Don‘t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。
⑶、虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
如:①If I were a bird,I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。
②I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。
③May you succeed!祝您成功!第二部分:简单句中的虚拟语气一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气,常用于日常会话中。
如:⑴、Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗?⑵、It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。
二、表祝愿。
1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿,但愿,此时may须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。
⑴、May good luck be yours!祝你好运!⑵、May you be happy!祝你快乐!⑶、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就!⑷、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
专升本英语语法知识归纳(完整版)

一时态和语态:16种表现形式一、一般现在时(do/does;am/is/are)考点如下:1.时间状语:2.表示客观事实,永恒真理和规律。
必考点1:3.(主将从现)在时间和条件状语从句中,从句中的谓语动词用一般现在时表示一般将来时。
考法:If you pass the spoken English test,you will get a chance to go abroad.解析:考试一般都会给出时间/条件连词,且从句中的时态,让考生们选择主句中的时态。
注意1:如果从句中的时态是do/does,那么主句中是will do/shall do/be going to do/be about to do/be to do.(be动词为am/is/are;这里will do出现的考点频率最高)注意2:如果从句中的时态是did,那么主句中是would do/shouldl do/be going to do/be about to do/be to do.(be动词为was/were;这里would/should do出现的考点频率最高)2.He_______as soon as he finishes his homework.A.goes to bedB.will goes to bedC.went to bedD.will go to bed主将从现例题:用所给词的适当形式填空:1.If he_______(study)harder,he will catch up with us soon.2.Frank_______(see)a film if he’s free next Saturday.3.We won’t go to the park if it________(rain)tomorrow.注意3:主句中暗含一般将来时,从句中仍然用一般现在时(do/does):1.the new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she______a.will arriveb.arrivesc.is arrivingd.is going to arrive2.---can I join your club,Dad?---you can when you_____a bit older.a.getb.will getc.are gettingd.will have get3.remember to send me a photo of your son next time you_____to me.a.writeb.will writec.are writingd.would write4.If Mr.Smith________back,please let me know.A.will comeesC.cameD.had come必考点2:4.the more...,the more...句型完整句型:The+形容词/副词的比较级+(名词)+主语+谓语,the+形容词/副词的比较级+(名词)+主语+谓语.Eg:The more books he reads,the happier he is.12年真题:18题____she said,_____she got.A.The more the more excitedB.More excitedC.Much the more excitedD.The much excited翻译练习题:1.他越忙就越高兴。
专升本成考英语知识点

专升本成考英语知识点一、词汇。
1. 基础词汇积累。
- 专升本成考英语要求掌握一定量的基础词汇。
例如,关于日常生活的词汇:family(家庭),包括father(父亲)、mother(母亲)、son(儿子)、daughter (女儿)等;还有表示时间的词汇,如day(天)、night(夜晚)、morning(早晨)、afternoon(下午)、evening(晚上)等。
- 对于一些高频的动词也要熟练掌握,像be动词(am/is/are),它们的用法很基础但很重要。
例如,I am a student.(我是一名学生)。
还有表示动作的动词,如go(去),可以组成go to school(去上学),go home(回家)等短语。
2. 词汇记忆方法。
- 联想记忆法:例如,记忆单词“pest”(害虫),可以联想成“拍死它”,这样就很容易记住这个单词的意思了。
- 词根词缀记忆法:许多单词是由词根加上词缀构成的。
比如“un - ”这个前缀表示否定,“happy”(高兴的)加上“un - ”就变成“unhappy”(不高兴的);“ - er”这个后缀通常表示人或者物,像“teach”(教)加上“ - er”就变成“teacher”(教师)。
3. 词汇的词性转换。
- 名词和形容词的转换:例如,“beauty”(名词,美丽)转换为形容词“beautiful”(美丽的);“health”(名词,健康)转换为“healthy”(形容词,健康的)。
- 动词和名词的转换:像“decide”(动词,决定)可以转换为“decision”(名词,决定);“develop”(动词,发展)转换为“development”(名词,发展)。
二、语法。
1. 时态。
- 一般现在时。
- 用法:表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态。
例如,He gets up at six every day.(他每天六点起床)。
- 结构:主语 + 动词原形(第三人称单数主语时动词加 - s或 - es)。
专升本英语名词语法

专升本英语名词语法专升本英语名词语法主要包括名词的单复数形式、所有格和冠词用法等方面。
1. 名词的单复数形式:- 大部分名词在单数形式时前面没有加任何词尾,如book (书),child(孩子)。
- 大部分名词在复数形式时,在词尾加-s,如books(书),children(孩子们)。
- 以-s、-x、-ch、-sh、-o结尾的名词,在复数形式时,在词尾加-es,如boxes(盒子),watches(手表),branches(分支),bushes(灌木),potatoes(土豆)。
- 以f或f结尾的名词,在复数形式时,一般将f或fe变为v,再加-es,如lives(生活,复数形式)、knives(刀子,复数形式)。
2. 名词的所有格形式:- 一般情况下,名词的所有格形式加-apostrophe 和 -s,如Tom's book(汤姆的书),the children's toys(孩子们的玩具)。
- 对于以-s或-es结尾的复数名词,在所有格形式时,只需加-apostrophe,不加-s,如the students' books(学生们的书)。
- 对于以-s结尾的复数名词或复数形式的人名,如果在所有格后面还有一个后缀的话,只需加-apostrophe即可,如the boys' school(男孩们的学校),the Joneses' car(琼斯一家的车子)。
3. 冠词用法:- 不定冠词"a"和"an"用在单数可数名词前,表示某一个不特指的人或物。
- 定冠词"the"用在可数名词和不可数名词前,表示特指的人或物。
- 不用冠词的情况包括泛指的名词(代表整个类别,如Dogs are animals. 狗是动物)、专有名词(如John, London)、抽象名词(如honesty, love)、一些固定短语(如in bed, at home)等。
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语法4,限制性和非限制性定语从句1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。
限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。
2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。
3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
4)关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句5,介词+关系词1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2)that前不能有介词。
3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 、where,why ,whose互换。
4)在“介词+关系代词”的结构中,也可用复杂介词,如:by means of (用,依靠),as a result of (作为结果)等6,as, which 非限定性定语从句as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。
但不同之处主要有两点:1)as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。
2)在the same和such之后,定语从句用as引导。
3)as 引导非限定性定语从句即可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用来修饰整个句子。
当as在从句中作主语时,后面常接下列句型。
如:as is known, as is said, as is reported as is announced 等。
7,一个先行词后面可以跟一个以上的定语从句,这种现象叫双重关系从句:He is the only person that I can find who is able to solve the problem。
他是我能找到的唯一解决这个问题的人。
8,先行词和关系词合二为一:what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever what = the thing that;whatever = anything that/whichwho= the person that whoever= anyone who/that9,关系代词that 的用法1)不用that的情况a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
b) 介词后不能用。
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a) 先行词由the same, the very, the first, the last, the only, the one, all, no, much, few,little, none, any, every等时,常用that, 而不用whichb) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。
c) 先行词既有人,又有物时,只用that。
10,定语从句可以是一个动词不定式,但一般要使用“介词+关系代词“这种形式出现。
五:状语从句:一)时间状语从句:when,while,as,after,before,as soon as,since,till/until, by the time1,when, while, as 的区别:when即可引导延续性又可引导短暂性动词,还可以表示从句动作在主句之前或之后发生;while必须引导延续性动词,强调两个动作同时发生,又可表示类比;as表示一边,一边。
引导延续性动作2,Before引导的句子,主句时间在前,从句时间在后,after引导的句子,主句时间在后,从句时间在前。
3,since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。
一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。
但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时,从句用一般过去时。
4,as soon as,immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the minute,once 表示“一....就”。
Hardly....when, no sooner....than意思与此相同,但是主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去式。
5,each time, every time 和whenever 每次,每当。
二)地点状语从句:1,wherever/ anywhere = no matter where2, everywhere:每个地方三)条件状语从句:1,unless= if not 除非2,as long as,so long as 只要;in case以防,以免3,on condition that,providing that, provided that,supposing/supposed that, =if四),原因状语从句1,because表示直接原因,语气最强2,since表示已知原因,语气比because弱3,seeing (that), now (that), considering (that), in that, given that 意思为“既然,因为”。
4,as表示双方都知道的原因,一般用于句首5,for引导的原因只能放在主句之后并且用逗号隔开五),目的状语从句1,so that 以至于= in order that,另外还有for the purpose that ,so much so that.六),结果状语从句1,so....that ,such....that :so+adj/adv, such+n2,to the degree (that), to the extent (that), to such a degree (that), to such an extent (that)So和such的区别:such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。
1,单数可数名词钱有不定冠词与形容词是,so和such的位置不同。
So+adj/adv + a/an + n;Such + a/an + adj + n2,so 后即使有形容词,也不能修饰复数名词和不可数名词,而such可以。
3,名词前有many,much,little,few修饰时,需要用so,不用such,但是当little表示“小”而不表示“少”的意思时,用such七)让步状语从句1,as,though引导的让步状语从句,需要倒装:adj/adv+ as/though+主语+谓语。
但是although 不能,他们不能与but连用2,even if 和even though:即使3,no matter +疑问词= 疑问词+ ever 不管.....都。
注意:no matter how 和however后要直接加形容词或者副词+主语+谓语4,despite= in spite of 尽管,他们要使用状语从句需要用despite/ in spite of the fact that... 5,while有时也可表示让步的意思:虽然。
位于句首。
八),比较状语从句1,同级比较:as +adj + as ,not so (as) + adj + as;比较级:adj比较级+ than;最高级:themost+ adj ,the +adj最高级。
2,倍数的表达:主语+谓语+倍数+as + adj+ as;主+谓+倍数+more than;主+谓+倍数+the size,amount,length+ of3,the 比较级....... The比较级。
主句与从句句式要一致4,(Just) as..... (so)..... 正如......,......也.....,主句与从句句式要一致5,more than的用法:多于,不止;More than+adj:很,非常;No more than只不过,not more than不如;more+ adj + than +adj,肯定前者,否定后者,是.....而不是.....6,as far as和so far as 1,表示直到....为止。
前者用于肯定句,后者用于否定句。
2,表示就....而言,两者可以互换九)方式状语从句1,引导词有:as正如,as if/though好像,引导虚拟语气;the way正如。
六:名词性从句:疑问词引导的主语,表语和宾语从句:1,疑问词本身有意义,2,疑问词在句子中做成分,3,从句用陈述语气。
这些疑问词有:who, whom, whose, what, which, where, why, when, how 包括whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,whichever,注意:没有whomever。
一)主语从句1,主语从句常用it做形式主语,也可以以疑问词或者that,whether放在句首引导的正常句式的主语从句,要学会使用。
引导主语从句的that不能省略,引导宾语从句的that可以省略。
2,whether既可以引导主语也可以引导宾语从句,但if不能引导主语从句,whether后可以加or not,if不行。
作介词宾语时不用if二)宾语从句1,可用疑问词,that和if引导宾语从句。
2,think,believe,suppose,expect等动词的宾语从句,其否定形式为将think变为否定3,当宾语从句后还有补语时,it做形式宾语,而将整整的宾语从句放在句尾4,that引导的名词性从句还可以用在一些表达感情色彩的形容词后面。
如sure,certain,doubtful,worried,glad ,happy等三)同位语从句1,同位语从句常见的引导词:news,fact,idea,truth,suggestion,doubt,belief等。
起到补充说明的作用。
其引导词只能是that,而主语从句,宾语从句和表语从句的引导词可以是疑问词,that或whether,if。
注意其与定语从句的区别。
四)表语从句1,表语从句:可以用that引导,也可以用疑问词引导。
正式文体中不省略,非正式文体中省略。
七,强调句和倒装句一)强调句1,强调非谓语:1)一般句式:it is/was +强调的成分+ that/who/whom+ 其他成分2)注意一般疑问句和特殊疑问句的倒装强调句型。
3)注意not … until … 句型的强调句,it is not until ....that.....4)强调主语时,that或who后面的谓语动词的形式仍然取决于原句中的主语5)注意强调句与主语从句,定语从句和状语从句的区别。
2,强调谓语:助动词do的各种变形+动词原形。