referencing ----Harvard Style
附件5Harvard StyleThe Harvard Style of referencing is widely accepted in scholarly circles. In the Harvard Style each reference is indicated in the text by the author and date of the publication cited, sometimes with added information such as page numbers. The full details of these references are listed at the end of the text in a Reference list.You may come across many different styles or ways of using the Harvard or author-date system. The following information and examples are based on:Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia.In-text ReferencesIn the text of your essay or thesis you should identify your source by giving, in parentheses, the author's name and year of publication of the work to which reference has been made. From the textual reference, the reader can turn to the alphabetical list of references for full publication details. If directly quoting from a work use single quotation marks and relevant page number.For example:Larsen (1971) was the first to propound the theory.ORThe theory was first propounded in 1970 (Larsen 1971).For example:Larsen (1971, p. 245) noted ‘many of the facts in this case are incorrect’.OR’Many of the facts in this case are incorrect’ (Larsen 1971, p. 245).Reference ListAt the end of your work you should include a list of ALL the references you have cited in your text. In the Harvard Style sources that are not cited in the text but are relevant to the subject may be listed separately as a bibliography. The same method of presentation is used for both a list of references and a bibliography.The Reference List is arranged alphabetically by author, and thereafter chronologically, starting with the earliest date.For example:Jones, AB 2000, …Jo nes, B 1995, …Smith, AK 1990, …Smith, AK 1995, …Stein, B 2003 …Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 1995, …Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000, …Style manual for authors, editors and printers2002, …Yarbro, CH, Frogge, MH, Goodman, M & Groenwald, SL 2000, …You ng, JC 1988a, …Young, JC 1988b, …The format of the citation depends on the nature of the work, ie. whether it is a book, journal article, website, etc.In general the order of elements contained within each reference should include: author – date –title of work – title of larger work (if any) – publishing details – date of access (if electronic).Apart from the author and date, each element is separated from the others with a comma and the citation finishes with a full stop.AuthorsWhatever type o f work you are referencing, the way you list the authors’ names depends on the number of authors.ExamplesBookAuthor(s) of book - surname and initials Year of publication, Title of book - italicised, Edition. Publisher, Place of publication.Examples:Jones, B 1995, Sleepers, wake!: technology and the future of work, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, Melbourne.Book chapterAuthor(s) of chapter - surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of chapter - in single quotation marks’, [in] Author of book (if different), Title of book - italicised, Edition, Publisher, Place of publication, Page number(s).Example:Crawford, RJ 1998, 'Plastics available to the designer', in Plastics engineering, 3rd edn, Heinemann-Butterworth, Oxford, pp. 6-18.Journal articleAuthor(s) of article - surname and initials Y ear of publication, ‘Title of article - in single quotation marks’, Journal name - italicised, volume number, issue number, page number(s).Example:Zivkovic, B & Fujii, I 2001, 'An analysis of isothermal phase change of phase change material within rectangular and cylindrical containers', Solar energy, vol. 70, no.1, pp. 51-61.Conference paperAuthor(s) of paper - surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of paper - in single quotation marks’, [in] Editor (if applicable), Title of published proceeding which may include place held and date(s) - italicised, Publisher, Place of publication, page number(s).Example:Kovacs, GL 1994, ‘Simulation-scheduling system using hybrid software technology’, in Computer Integrated Manufacturing and Automation Technology: Proceedings of the 4th International conference, Troy, New York, October 10-12, 1994, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, California, pp.351-356.Newspaper articlesAuthor(s) of article - surname and initials Year of publication, ‘Title of article - in single quotation marks’, Newspaper name - italicised, day month, page number(s).Example:Tobler, K & Kerin, J 2002, ‘Hormone alert for cancer’, The Australian, 10 July, p. 1.Note: if the newspaper article does NOT have an author then provide details in-text citation only, NOT in the Reference List.For example: The Australian(10 July 2002, p.1) states……ThesisAuthor of thesis - surname and initials Year of preparation of thesis, ‘Title of thesis – in single quotation marks’, Award, Institution under whose auspices the study was taken.Example:Garland, CP 1986, ‘Structure and removal of non-cellulosic components of eucalypt woods’, MApplSci thesis, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology.ReportsAuthor(s) of report - surname and initials Year of publication, Title of report - italicised, Report series code and number, Sponsoring body or body issuing report series, Publisher (if different from sponsoring body).Example:Kogan, P, Moses, I & El-Khawas, EH 1994, Staffing higher education : meeting new challenges : report of the IMHE project on policies for academic staffing in higher education, Higher education policy series, no. 27, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London.PatentsName(s) of inventor. Name(s) of assignees, Patent title - italicised. Patent number Date of patent (including day and month).Example:Wilmott, JM & Znaiden, AP Avon Products Inc., Cosmetic preparation incorporating stabilized ascorbic acid, U.S. patent 4,983,382 Jan. 8 1991.CD-ROMAuthor/editor. Year, Title – italicised (edition), CD-ROM, Publisher, Place of publication. Example:Young, B & Heath, J 2000, Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas, 4th edn,CD-ROM, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.Discussion list messageAuthor <author’s email address> Year of posting, title of posting – in quotation marks, description of posting, date and month of posting, name of list owner, date of viewing, <URL>.Example:Shively, E <chminf-******************.edu>1997,‘CApre-1967 information’, list server, 1 July, Chemical Information Sources Discussion List, viewed 3 July,</archives/chminf-l.html>.Personal communicationInformation gained through personal communication, either – face-to-face interview or conversation, telephone call, facsimile, letter, email, etc. – should be provided as an in-text citation. Details of personal communications do not need to be included in the Reference List.The information, including day, month and year, is provided in the text, or parenthically. Details of the organisation that the person represents may also be included. Note that initials precede the family name.Examples:When interviewed on 24 April 1999, Ms S Savieri confirmed…..Ms S Savieri confirmed this by facsimile on 24 April 1999.It has been confirmed that an outbreak occurred in Shepparton (S Savieri 1999, pers. comm., 24 April).Ms S Savieri (Australian Institute of Criminology) confirmed this by email on 24 April 1999.It has been confirmed that an outbreak occurred in Shepparton (S Savieri [Australian Institute of Criminology] 1999, pers. comm., 24 April).Website documentsAuthor/editor. Year of document, Title of document – italicised, name of the sponsor of the source, date of viewing, <URL>.Example:AVEL: Australasian Virtual Engineering Library 2003, AVEL Sustainability Knowledge Network, AVEL, viewed 12 March 2004, <.au/>.Film, videos, TV and radio programsTitle of program – italicised date of recording, format, publisher, place of recording, date viewed. Example:What are we going to do with the money? 1997, television program, SBS Television, Sydney, 8 August.OrSwiss ball: exercises for performance and function 1999, video recording, Galaxy Leisure Corporation, 3 February.Note: the in-text reference would be to the title of the program, also in italics.。
harvardreferencing2010
Preparing and Quoting References using the Harvard System1. About referencingGood referencing is an essential part of academic scholarship. It has three functions:i. To acknowledge an intellectual debt to another author where you have drawn on ideas, words, facts, claims or other material from his or her work, either explicitly or implicitly;ii. To support specific facts or claims which you make in your text;iii. To enable the reader to find sources to which you have referred easily and quickly.If you acknowledge your sources correctly, you will avoid plagiarism. University guidelines can be found at:/study/support/sca/plagiarism.shtml2. About the Harvard SystemThe Harvard System of referencing and bibliography has been adopted as the standard for the presentation of academic text at the University of Birmingham. It should be used in all your work unless your School or Department has instructed you otherwise.Citations are used within the text whenever sources are referred to or directly quoted. A reference list including all sources consulted is provided at the end of the document.3. Citing references within the text 3.1 Referencing ideasWhere the author’s family name falls naturally within the text, put the date of the publication in brackets after the family name.Bloggs (1990) demonstrated theimportance of suspendedsediment in determining thepollution profile of rivers. However,Smith and Jones (1992) claim thatadditional factors such as channelhydraulics have been shown to beequally influential.When referring to a source in passing, include the author’s family name and date in brackets. If you have multiple references, separate them with semi-colons and order them either alphabetically or chronologically:These ideas have been pursuedby other American scientists (Graf,1994; Outcalt, 1996; Wolman andBrown, 1999).When citing three or more authors use the first author’s family name followed by “et al.” or “and others” e.g. (Meakin et al., 1991).Where reference is being made to a specific part of a work, a page reference should be given, e.g. (Gregory, 1990,p.26). This applies particularly where you are making reference to a particular figure, diagram or table within a work.3.2 Primary and secondary sources (referring to a source quoted in another work)You may wish to refer to an author’s idea, model or dataset but have not been able to read the actual chapter containing the information, but only another author’sdiscussion or report of it. Similarly you may refer to a primary source, e.g. an author’s letters or diary, or a government report, that you have only ‘read’ as cited or reproduced within another author’s text. In both cases you should acknowledge the use of a secondary source using the following format:The model of Mitchell (1996)(cited in Parry and Carter, 2003,p.160) simulates the suppressingeffects of sulphate aerosols on themagnitude of global warming.In this example ideally you should list both the Parry and Cater (2003) and Mitchell sources in your reference list but many schools will accept the listing of the secondary source (i.e. Parry and Carter) only.3.3 Quoting words from published materialWhen quoting words from published material, the quoted text must be enclosed in quotation marks. For example:Harvey (1992, p.226), however,now questions the validity ofquantitative geography,stating:‘…the so-calledquantitative revolution has blindedmany researchers to the truthsthey are supposedly seeking’ Lengthy quotations are indented and separated:Harvey (1992, p.226), however,now questions the validity ofquantitative geography, stating:‘…the so-calledquantitative revolution hasblinded many researchersto the truths they aresupposedly seeking:results are scorned if theyare not liberally sprinkledwith equations andformulae. The growingpopularity of qualitativemethods, however, isthankfully reversing thistrend’. Here, the use of three full stops (ellipsis) is used to indicate missing text.3.4 Citing authors of book chaptersIf the book in which the chapter appears is edited by a different author, you still need to cite the author of the chapter (see4.3.3).3.5 Citing anonymous worksWhen citing works with no identifiable author, cite the title of the work (see 4.3.4).3.6 Citing works of Corporate Authorship and Official PublicationsIn situations where works have no named personal author use the issuing organisation as if it were the author (see 4.3.5).3.7 Prolific authorsIf you wish to cite an author who has published more than one item in the same year, use lower case letter to distinguish between them. E.g., Smith (1990a) is the first piece of Smith’s work referred to, Smith (1990b) the second and so on. The letters should also be included in the reference list.4. The Reference ListA complete reference list or bibliography should be included at the end of any written work. A reference list includes all cited items only; whilst a bibliography includes all cited items and any other works consulted but not cited in your text. In either case, all cited sources must be included. Items are listed alphabetically by author’s family name, year (and letter if necessary). The name that is given in the reference list must be the same as the name used in the text. For each work listed, certain elements should be present: 4.1 Books1. Name(s) of author(s)/editor(s)2. Year of publication (in brackets); if no year put n.d. in brackets (n.d.)3. Title of book emboldened4. Edition, if not the first5. Number of volumes, if more than one6. Place of publication7. Name of publisherParker, C.C. and Turley, R.V. (1986) Information sources in science and technology: a practical guide to traditional and online use . 2nded. London: Butterworths.The date should be the original date of publication of the edition being cited, not the publication date of the first edition or the date of the most recent reprinting. Other elements may be appropriate, such as the sub-title of a book, or a volume number and series title if the book isissued as part of a series. Conceivably (in a full bibliography, for example), the international standard book number (ISBN) might also be included.4.2 Periodical (i.e. journal) articles 1. Names(s) of author(s) 2. (Date)3. Title of article4. Title of periodical emboldened5. Volume number6. Part number (if used by the journal) in brackets7. Page numbers in fullBroida, T.J. and Chellappa, R. (1991) Estimating the kinematics and structure of a rigid object from a sequence of monocular images. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and MachineIntelligence, 13 (6): 497-5134.3 Particular types of references 4.3.1 Works of personal authorship Personal authorship is where the work is authored either by a single individual or two or more authors in collaboration. The first author’s name is always presented in inverse order with surname preceding forenames or initials. Subsequent names are also inverted.a. Works by a single personal author These require the essential elements for works given above:Williams, J.G. (1991) The bible, violence and the sacred: liberation from the myth of sanctioned violence . San Francisco: Harper.b. Works by two personal authors In a joint-authored work list both of the authors:Heymann, H.G. and Bloom, R. (1990) Opportunity cost in finance and accounting. New York: Quorum.c. Works by three personal authors In a work by three authors list all the authors:Husk, G., Colley, M. and Elliott, C. (2009) The role of mental health staff in intermediate care.Nursing Older People, 21 (9): 24-28d. Works by more than three authors The abbreviation “et al” or “and others” can be used. For example, in a work authored by six authors the first three should be named followed by et al :Herron, C.M., Mirkov, T.E. and Solis-Gracia, N. et al. (2005) Severity of Citrus tristeza virus isolates from Texas . Plant Disease, 89 (6): 575-580* Where author names are particularly long and make referencing unwieldy it is acceptable to use only the first author name followed by ‘et al’.4.3.2 Works produced under editorial directionThese are items produced under the general editorial control of one or more editors. Individual chapters, however, may each be written by different authors. The abbreviation (ed.) or (eds.) is used to denote an edited collection:Seidman, S. and Wagner, D.G. (eds.) (1992) Postmodernism and social theory: the debate over general theory. Cambridge (MA): Blackwell.4.3.3 Parts of booksIf you wish to refer to a chapter in a book or a particular part of a publication,construction of the reference will depend on whether or not the author of the chapter or part is also responsible for the whole book.a. Author of the chapter is also the editor of the bookParrot, B. (1990) The dynamicsof Soviet defense policy.Washington DC: Wilson CenterPress. pp.7-40b. Author of the chapter is not the editor of the book1. Name(s) of author(s)2. Year of publication (in brackets)3. Title of chapter (in speech marks) In4. Author or editor of book5. Title of book emboldened6. Edition, if not the first7. Number of volumes, if multi-volumed work/series8. Place of publication9. Name of publisher10. Page numbersLake, D. (1991) “British andAmerican hegemony compared:lessons for the current era ofdecline.” In Fry, M.G. (ed.)History, the White House andthe Kremlin. London: Pinter.pp.106-122Here it is clear that the chapter by Lake in an edited collection by Fry has been drawn upon specifically, rather than the book as a whole.4.3.4 Anonymous and pseudonymous worksTruly anonymous works have no identifiable or ascertainable author. These should be listed by title first.Dod’s parliamentary companion. (1992) 173rd ed.Etchingham: Dod’s ParliamentaryCompanion Ltd.In the alphabetical list of references, file such items by the first significant word of the title, omitting definite and indefinite articles (such as ‘the’).Where the author is ascertainable, but not given in the item, the real name can be given in parentheses:(Horsley, S.) (1796) On theprosodies of the Greek andLatin languages. Pseudonymous works should be listed under the pseudonym if that is how the author is primarily known. However, the real name may be supplied in square brackets after the pseudonym for lesswell-known pseudonymous authors:Stendahl [Marie Henri Beyle].(1925) The charterhouse ofParma. Translated by Scott-Moncrieff, C.K., New York: Boniand Liveright.4.3.5 Works of corporate (organisational) authorshipThese items have no named personal author, but are issued by a professional body, society, government department or other similar corporate body. In such cases the organisation is named as if it were the author:Swedish Trade Council. (1991)Swedish export directory. 72nd ed. Stockholm: Swedish TradeCouncil.British Medical Association. (1981)The handbook of medicalethics. London: BMA.Where a list of references includes items published by government departments of more than one country it is advisable to enter the name of the country of origin before the name of the department. This collects such items and makes location and identification of them simpler:Great Britain. Home Office. (1981)Direct broadcasting by satellite:report of a Home Office study.London: HMSO.United States. Atomic EnergyCommission. (1958) Progress inpeaceful uses of atomic energy,July-December, 1957.Washington: US GovernmentPrinting Office.4.3.6 Multi-volume worksFor multi-volume works always enter the number of volumes after the general title: Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of.(1958) The history of therebellion and civil wars begunin England in the year 1641. 6vols., W.Dunn Macray (ed.).Oxford: Clarendon Press.Where an individual volume within a multi-volume work is your main source enter the volume number and individual volume title after the general title:Wright, S. (1978) Evolution andthe genetics of populations.Vol.4, Variability within andamong natural populations.Chicago: University of ChicagoPress.4.3.7 Unpublished worksResearch may involve consulting materials which have not been published. Use the word “unpublished” only if appropriate. In many cases it is unnecessary. For an unpublished thesis or dissertation use the style:Wild, M.T. (1972) An historicalgeography of the WestYorkshire textile industries toC.1850. PhD thesis, University ofBirminghamFor material which is soon to be published, but is ‘in press’ at the time of your writing give as much detail as you can:Kouvatsos, D. (in press) (1993)Maximum entropy analysis ofqueuing systems and networks.Oxford: Blackwell.Personal conversations, letters or interviews etc are often cited only in the text. If entered in the references use the style:Smith, J. (2004) Personalcommunication. Fuller information can be given if available: Smith, J. (10 July 1999).Interview with author. Boston,Massachusetts.You may also wish to indicate the status of Smith if that is relevant, e.g. Chief Executive of a major manufacturing company.4.3.8 Conference proceedingsWhen referencing conference proceedings there are two possibilities. The sponsoring organisation may be treated as an author: Institution of Electronic and RadioEngineers. (1970) Proceedingsof the joint conference onautomatic test systems.Birmingham, 13-17 April 1970.London: I.E.R.E (I.E.R.EConference proceedings; 17)Or the conference may be entered under its title:Fourth world congress ofanaesthesiologists. London, 9-13 September 1968 (1969)Amsterdam; London: ExcerptaMedia Foundation. (InternationalCongress Series; 168)Paper from a conferenceGillies, R. and Glen, J. (2004). "Ayear in the life of a journey timewebsite." In 12th IEEInternational Conference onRoad Transport Information &Control (RTIC). London, 20-22April 2004. Stevenage: IEE.pp.56-59 (ConferencePublications IEE; 501).4.3.9 Newspaper ArticlesPrint newspaper articles:1. Name(s) of author(s)2. Year of publication (in brackets)3. Title of article4. Full title of newspaper emboldened5. Day and Month6. Page number(s) in fullSmith, P. and Tucker, S. (2009)Australia stamps its mark on M&Aand equity-raising leagues.Financial Times. Monday 25thMay, p. 14For electronic newspaper articles please go to “Referencing electronic sources” section.4.3.10 Videos, films or broadcasts1. Title2. Year (for films, the preferred date is the year of release in the country of production)3. Format of the material4. Director if ascertainable5. Production details (place and organisation).The amazing newborn. (1977)Film. Consultant: Marshall H.Klaus. USA.Programmes and seriesNumber and title of an episode should be given, series title and transmitting organisation and channel and date and time of transmission.Holby City (1999) Episode 7,Take me with you. TV, BBC1.1999 23 Feb.ContributionsItems within a programme should be cited as contributors.Blair, T. (1997) Interview. In: Sixo’clock news. TV, BBC1. 1997Feb 29. 1823hrs.4.3.11 Referencing electronic sources Electronic sources of information are becoming increasingly important in academic work, but as yet a fixed standard for referencing these does not exist. A good guideline is to emulate the style for printed material as far as possible and to include as much information as possible. a. WebpagesIn citing an electronic work such as a webpage, elements includeauthor's/editor's surname and initials, year of publication, title, the word online in square brackets, edition details, place of publication, publisher (if ascertainable). The web address and the date the page was accessed should also be included:Environment Agency (1999)Nitrate vulnerable zones [online].Available from: www.environment-/modules/MOD43.7.html [Accessed 1 September1999]b. e-BooksWhen referencing an e-book elements include author’s/editor’s surname and initials, year of original in print (if not available use the date of the electronic version), title (emboldened), edition (if not the first), [online], place of publication (of printed original if available), publisher. Available from, give details of the e-book service you used. The web address of the e-book service and the date the e-book was accessed.Whyte, D.A. (1997) Explorationsin family nursing [online].London: Routledge. Availablefrom: ebrary./lib/bham[Accessed 11 July 2008]c. E-journalsIf you are referencing an electronic version of a journal article which also exists in print, reference the article as you would if it were the print version, using the page numbers taken from the on-screen article (see section 4.2). A reference to an article from an ‘electronic only’ journal should include author's/editor's surname and initials, year, title, journal title (followed by [online]) and volume and issue details.Bailey, S. (2005). Assessing theImpact of the Freedom ofInformation Act on the FE and HESectors. Ariadne [online], 42.Available from:/issue42/bailey/[Accessed 20 June 2005].If the document does not include pagination or an equivalent internal referencing system, the extent of the item may be indicated in terms such as the total number of lines, screens, etc., e.g. "[35 lines]" or "[approx. 12 screens]".d. Electronic newspaper articles:For an online version of a newspaper article, you should also include information on how you accessed the article. If you have accessed the article through a database then provide these details in place of the URL.1. Name(s) of author(s)2. Year of publication (in brackets)3. Title of article4. Full title of newspaper emboldened5. Type of medium in square brackets6. Day and Month7. Available from: URL (or database details)8. Accessed date in square bracketsProsser, D. (2010) Chinaovertakes Japan as world’ssecond-largest economic power.The Independent [online],Tuesday 17th August. Availablefrom:/news/business/news/china-overtakes-japan-as-worlds-secondlargest-economic-power-2054412.html[Accessed 18 August 2010]Prosser, D. (2010) Chinaovertakes Japan as world’ssecond-largest economic power.The Independent [online],Tuesday 17th August. Availablefrom: Nexis UK [Accessed 18August 2010]e. Referencing from a financial databaseWhen referencing from a database the referencing elements are:1. Corporate Author2. Year of publication (in brackets)3. Title of dataset or report4. code if appropriate5. Name of database emboldened6. Type of medium [in square brackets]7. Available from: URL8. Accessed date [in square brackets]Thomson Reuters (2009) Total Assets1990-2000 of Tesco: TSCO, DWTA.Datastream Advance 5.0 [online].Available from: [Accessed 26 May 2009]Bureau van Dijk (2010) CompanyReport of Tesco PLC. FAME [online].Available from: /fame[Accessed 25 August 2010]f. Referencing market research reportsMintel (2009) Tea and Herbal Tea – UK – February 2009. [online]. London: Mintel. Available from: [Accessed 25 August 2010]Datamonitor (2010) Department Storesin the United Kingdom – May 2010. [online]. London: Datamonitor. Available from: [Accessed 26 August 2010]g. Personal electronic communication (e-mail)When referencing personal e-mail messages, give the sender as the author followed by their email address, identify the full date and use the subject line as the title of the work. Identify the recipient of the message and their email address.Smith, J. (j.smith@), (4April 2005). Re: How to formatbibliographies. e-mail to T. Jones(t.jones@).h. CD-ROMs and DVDsFor CDs and DVDs which are works in their own right (and not bibliographic databases), list the author’s family name and initials, year, title, medium (CD or DVD), place of publication (if known) and the publisher.Hawking, S.W. (1994) A briefhistory of time: an interactiveadventure. [CD-ROM]. CrunchMedia.If submitting a manuscript for publication, formatting conventions may be stipulated by the publisher or in the instructions to authors for a particular periodical. You should consult and study these‘instructions for authors’ if you are considering submission. These normally appear inside the front or back covers of single periodical issues. The most important principle regarding formatting is consistency – adopt the same practices throughout.In selecting information for each part of the reference quote from the title page and other preliminaries of the book or article. Generally capitalisation and punctuation can be changed (as long as you are consistent) but the author’s original spelling on the title page should be observed.5. Good PracticeNoting your references as you work is imperative if you are to use your time efficiently. As you make notes or photocopy material note the full reference details. This will prevent you from relying on memory or having to find your source again when you come to write your bibliography/reference list. Acknowledging your sources correctly is time-consuming but essential, so leave plenty of time for this important activity. 6. Reference Management Software Packages such as EndNote, Reference Manager and RefWorks (web-based) allow you to create a ‘database’ of references and then output them in a consistent style, such as Harvard (please ensure that you check the style you use to format your references before submission). They also integrate with word processing software so that you can ‘cite as you write’. Endnote and Reference Manager can be found on a variety of school and student cluster computers. More information can be found at . RefWorks is available via eLibrary().7. Further ReadingNo guide can hope to instruct you in every conceivable possibility when referencing your sources. By applying these guidelines and by using your own judgement (bearing in mind the need to give enough information for interested readers to locate an item) you should be able to construct a proper reference for any item which you have consulted.The following works provide detailed recommendations for using the Harvard system of referencing.British Standards Institution. (2010) Information and documentation. Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources. London: BSI (BS ISO 690)British Standards Institution. (1990) Recommendations for citing and referencing published material. London: BSI (BS 5605)*British Standards are available online. Go to and enter your university computer username and password.The Chicago manual of style: for authors, editors and copywriters. (1993). 14thed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Gibaldi, J. (2008) MLA style manual and guide to scholarly publishing. 3rd ed. New York: Modern Language Association of America.University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign The Center for Writing Studies (2008) Writers Workshop: Writer Resources [online]. Available from:/workshop/writer s/citation/mla [Accessed 18 August 2010]All Information Services documents are available in other formats, please contact Library Services Direct on 0121 414 5828 or / for information Auth Code SK04/SS Last Updated: 31/08/2010。
哈佛参考文献注明方法
哈佛参考文献注明方法Referencing using the Harvard method当你为申报学位而撰写文章、项目、作业、博士论文或硕士论文时，你需要经常参考读过的文献，以证明一个论点、说明一个要点、概括某一理论、报告资料或数据、或是证明你的推论。
你必须通过列出参考信息的方式来说明你所参考的这些作品的出处。
应该在行文中标注，在最后详细列出。
重要的一点是，不可以陈述了其他人的材料或观点但不用列明参考信息的方式说明出处。
若有这样的行为，便是抄袭，一旦发现，将按学院的不轨行为程序执行。
出于以下的原因，提供参考信息是必要的：●证明你对主题进行了研究，你的观点是基于已出版的材料而提出的。
●使你的观点和论点充实；●承认你采用的资料的出处，以及你的观点是由此发展而来；●区别哪些观点是你自己的，哪些是别人的；●让你的读者能找到你的观点的出处，能让他们自行研究这些材料。
哈佛参考文献注明方法的主要方面哈佛参考文献注明方法（即“名称和日期”法）受到广泛应用。
这一体系有两个方面。
首先，在文章主体中借用他人作品之处，用括号标出引用标记。
其二，在作品最后，以“参考文献”为标题按字母顺序列出文中引用的详细情况。
本方法的目的在于确保你的文章正文不会因为有大量的目录信息而给读者造成干扰。
引用标记含有最基本的信息，让读者在参考文献表中找到其位置。
请注意：请各位学生注意，本校学术委员会要求所有学生了解哈佛参考文献注明体系，同时，学生也应注意，有些专业可使用不同的参考文献注明体系。
如果有这种情况，教员将告知学生。
如果有疑问，请询问教员。
在文中标注参考标记参考标记通常是以下的形式：◆用一对括号括起你所参考内容的作者的姓氏，其后是文献的出版年份。
例如：最初结论（Williams，1990）已遭到质疑（Reynolds，1994）。
◆如果作者的名字随着行文出现了，则在括号中只添加年份。
例如：最初结论已遭到Reynolds（1995）和Roberts（1994）的质疑。
两人的哈佛 引用格式
两人的哈佛引用格式
哈佛引用格式(Harvard Referencing Style)是一种广泛应用
于人文科学领域的引用格式，适用于哈佛引用格式(Harvard Referencing Style)是一种广泛应用于人文科学领域的引用格式，适用于各种文献类型，如书籍、期刊、报纸、网站、会议论文和报告等。
其主要规则如下：
1.每条参考文献先要注明作者的姓氏，然后是名字的缩写，加上填写在括号中的日期。
2.无论是文章或者章节作者，或者文章编译者，作者的姓名总是按照上述格式，姓在前，名字缩写在后。
3.如果同一作者有多处引用，按时间顺序排名。
4.如果同一作者有多处引用且在同一年份，应按照文章中出现的顺序在年份后加注英文字母小写以进行区分。
例如：Ortega, SH. 2001 a; Ortega, SH. 2001 b0
5.出版物，无论是书籍还是期刊，都要用斜体字。
哈佛参考文献注明方法
哈佛参考文献注明方法Referencing using the Harvard method当你为申报学位而撰写文章、项目、作业、博士论文或硕士论文时，你需要经常参考读过的文献，以证明一个论点、说明一个要点、概括某一理论、报告资料或数据、或是证明你的推论。
你必须通过列出参考信息的方式来说明你所参考的这些作品的出处。
应该在行文中标注，在最后详细列出。
重要的一点是，不可以陈述了其他人的材料或观点但不用列明参考信息的方式说明出处。
若有这样的行为，便是抄袭，一旦发现，将按学院的不轨行为程序执行。
出于以下的原因，提供参考信息是必要的：●证明你对主题进行了研究，你的观点是基于已出版的材料而提出的。
●使你的观点和论点充实；●承认你采用的资料的出处，以及你的观点是由此发展而来；●区别哪些观点是你自己的，哪些是别人的；●让你的读者能找到你的观点的出处，能让他们自行研究这些材料。
哈佛参考文献注明方法的主要方面哈佛参考文献注明方法（即“名称和日期”法）受到广泛应用。
这一体系有两个方面。
首先，在文章主体中借用他人作品之处，用括号标出引用标记。
其二，在作品最后，以“参考文献”为标题按字母顺序列出文中引用的详细情况。
本方法的目的在于确保你的文章正文不会因为有大量的目录信息而给读者造成干扰。
引用标记含有最基本的信息，让读者在参考文献表中找到其位置。
请注意：请各位学生注意，本校学术委员会要求所有学生了解哈佛参考文献注明体系，同时，学生也应注意，有些专业可使用不同的参考文献注明体系。
如果有这种情况，教员将告知学生。
如果有疑问，请询问教员。
在文中标注参考标记参考标记通常是以下的形式：◆用一对括号括起你所参考内容的作者的姓氏，其后是文献的出版年份。
例如：最初结论（Williams，1990）已遭到质疑（Reynolds，1994）。
◆如果作者的名字随着行文出现了，则在括号中只添加年份。
例如：最初结论已遭到Reynolds（1995）和Roberts（1994）的质疑。
reference知识 非常有用 参考 文献 教程
首先解释一下什么叫Harvard system又叫Parenthetical referencing（括号引用），是一种在学术界广泛运用的引用形式，特点是括号，而他又分为两种类型即：APA style（author-date）和MLA style（author-title or author-page）。
這兩种格式的最大的不同在于APA注重实践，MLA 注重作者本人，我们学校所应用的是最广泛的APA style。
List（文后参考文献列举）两大部分。
下面分条来写。
（以下内容参考Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th edition Press：American Psychological Association 2009.P.S.我是百度百科和维基繁体中文版“APA格式”的editor，如果在那个页面上有什么错误，请告知我，谢谢）Reference Citations in Text\单一作者格式应为“（作者姓氏（非首字母），发表年份）”。
若作者姓名在文章中已被提及，只需标出年份（若需要可加上页数），仍需使用括号。
多位作者以上同理。
（注：作者（年份）这种形式只能在（作者姓氏（非首字母），发表年份）出现后出现）e.g.: A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2005). Pauling (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.两位作者作者姓氏必须以他们的名字在其发表文章内的顺序来排序。
若两个作者都在括号内引用，名字中间需加上“＆”符号；若不在括号内则使用“and”。
e.g.: A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism(Pauling & Liu, 2005). Pauling and Liu (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.3至5位作者第一次引用时需列举全部的作者，往后若引用相同的文献，只需举出最主要的作者，再加上“et al.”。
Harvard Reference Style
Assignment Requirement—Harvard Reference StyleHow to d o referencesCiting references intextAuthor’s name cited in the textIn general, when writing for a professional publication, it is good practice to make reference to other relevant published work. This view has been supportedin the work of Cormack (1994).Cormack (1994, pp.32-33) states that 'when writing for a professional readership, writers invariably make reference to already published works'.Author’s name not cited directly in the textMaking reference to published work appears to be characteristic of writing for a professional audience (Cormack, 1994).More than one author cited in the textJones (1946) and Smith (1948) have both shown …More than one author not cited directly in the textFurther research in the late forties (Jones, 1946; Smith, 1948) lead to major developments……(Collins, 1998; Brown, 2001; Davies, 2008)Two, three or four authors for the same workWhite and Brown (2004) in their recent research paper found...Earlier research (White and Brown, 1966) demonstrated that the presence of certain chemicals would lead to...More than four authors for a workFirst time appearing, need to list all the authors’ surnameGreen, et al. (1995) found that the majority …Recent research (Green, et al., 1995) has found that the majority of …Several works by one author in different yearsas suggested by Bloggs (1992, 1994) who found that …research in the nineties (Bloggs 1992, 1994) found that …Several works by one author in the same yearEarlier research by Dunn (1993a) found that…but later research suggested again by Dunn (1993b) that …Bloggs (1993a, b) has stated on more than one occasion that …No authorMarketing strategy (Anon., 1999)No dateSmith (n.d.) has written and demonstra ted……Earlier research (Smith, n.d.) demonstrated that……COMPILING THE REFERENCE LIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHYBooks with one authorAuthor, Initials., Year. Title of book.Edition. (only include this if not the first edition) Place of publication (this must be a town or city, not a country):Publisher.E.g:Baron, D. P., 2008. Business and the organisation. Chester: Pearson.Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed.London: Open University in assoc. with Sage.An intext reference for the above examplesOrganisations have been found to differ (Baron, 2008) when there is … Books with two, three or four authorsAuthor, Initials., Year. Title of book.Edition. (only include this if not the first edition) Place of publication (this must be a town or city, not a country):Publisher.E.g:Barker, R. Kirk, J. and Munday, R.J., 1988. Narrative analysis.3rd ed.Bloomington: Indiana University Press.An intext reference for the above examplesA new theory (Barker, Kirk and Munday, 1988) has challengedtraditional thinking …Books which are editedAuthor, Initials., ed., Year. Title of book. Edition. Place: Publisher.E.g:Keene, E. ed., 1988. Natural language.Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Silverman, D.F. and Propp, K.K. eds., 1990. The active interview. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.Allouche, Jose. ed., 2006. Corporate social resposibility, Volume 1: concepts, accountability and reporting.Basingstoke: PalgraveMacmillan.E-BooksAuthor, Year, Title of book.[type of medium] Place of publication: Publisher.Followed by “Available through:” include e-book source/database, web addressor URL [Accessed date].E.g:Fishman, R., 2005. The rise and fall of suburbia. [e-book] Chester: Castle Press. Available through: Anglia Ruskin University Library<> [Accessed 5 June 2005].Bank of England, 2008. Inflation Report[pdf] Available at: </publications/inflationreport/ir08nov.pdf> [Accessed 20 April 2009].An intext reference for the above exampleRecent evidence (Bank of England, 2008, pp.32-33) show the trends ... Journal articlesAuthor, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers.E.g:Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an indepth look.Political Science Quarterly, 42(6), pp.564-78.Perry, C., 2001. What health care assistants know about clean hands.Nursing Times, 97(22), pp.63-64.Cox, C., 2002. What health care assistants know about clean hands.Nursing today, Spring Issue, pp.647-85.Journal articles available from a databaseAuthor, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if availalble. Availablethrough: name of database [Accessed date]E.g:Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an in depth look.Political Science Quarterly [e-journal] 42 (6) Available through: BlackwellScience Synergy database [Accessed 12 June 2005].Magazine or journal articles available on the internetAuthors, Initials., Year . Title of article, Full Title of Magazine, [online]. Available at: web address (quote the exact URL for the article) [Accessed date].E.g:Kipper, D. , 2008. Japan’s new dawn, Popular Science and Technology, [online] Availableat:</popsci37b144110vgn/html> [Accessed 22June 2009].An intext reference for the above example would read:(Kipper, 2008) ...Newspaper articlesAuthor, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Newspaper, Day and month before page numbers and column line.E.g:Slapper, G., 2005. Corporate manslaughter: new issues for lawyers.The Times, 3 Sep. p.4b.4b, this indicates that the article is on the fourth page of thenewspaper, and “b” indicates this is the second col umn ofnewsprint across the page.Online newspaper articlesAuthor or corporate author, Year. Title of document or page. Name of newspaper,[type of medium] Additional date information. Available at:.[nameof database]. [Accessed date].E.g:Coney, J., 2009. Is this the start of a new home loan war? HSBC vows to lend £1billion to homebuyers with 10% deposits. Daily Mail,[online](Last updated 9.47 AM on 09th April 2009) Available at:</news/article-1168461/Is-start-new-home-loan-war-HSBC-vows-lend-1billion-homebuyers-10-deposits.html>[Accessed on 20 April 2009].An intext reference for the above example would read:(Coney, 2009)FURTHER COMMENTSIt is good practice to keep in your files a copy of the front page of any website you use as well as the articles you referentThe assignment will be failed without intext and end list references。
Harvard Style哈佛体-引用格式
Adapted from /archive/.../2010-11/.../Cite-Ref-Harvard-Style.ppt
At the end of this lesson, students are able to:
Understand the appropriate citation and
**p. - page number / pp. - page numbers**
25% of manufacturing jobs were lost in the 1980’s (Jones, 1995, p.64). Several authors (Ray, 2002, p.23; Smith, 2004, p.70) conclude.. A recent survey (Gordon, 2001, pp.21-28) has found…
Page numbers Always cite page numbers except if you merely wish to mention the existence of a book, journal etc. without using material from it. For example:
If you present information exactly as it appears in a source, indicate this by using quotation marks:
‘Market segmentation is where the larger market is heterogeneous and can be broken down into smaller units that are similar in character’ (Easy and Sorensen, 2009, p.133).
考文垂大学哈佛索引格式Harvard referencing
Coventry UniversityHarvard ReferenceStyle GuideThis Guide shows you how to write in-text citations and aList of References in the CU Harvard Reference StyleFor more information and the latest version of this Guide:/cawThis Guide is updated annually. Version 3.0.1 Sept2009.© Deane, M. (2006) Coventry University Harvard Reference Style Guide.Unpublished booklet. Coventry:Coventry University.Produced in collaboration with Ray Summers (Illustrations),Lisa Ganobcsik-Williams (editorial assistance), and Catalina Neculai,Erik Borg (Editors), with input from the Coventry University Harvard Reference Style Working Party.Table of contentsForeword to the Coventry University Harvard Reference Style Guide (3)Introduction (4)I Can’t Find an Example of My Source! (4)Part One: In-text citations (8)I. In-text Citations: Frequently Asked Questions (8)1. What should I do if I can’t find the date on a web site? (8)2. How should I cite an author’s name? (8)3. What should I do if I cannot find the author of a source? (8)4. Where in the sentence should I put in-text citations? (9)5. Can I cite lots of sources in the same sentence? (9)6. How do I cite a single source with multiple authors using ‘et al.’? (9)7. Does the full stop go before or after in-text citations? (9)8. When should I use italics? (9)9. When should I give page numbers? (10)10. When should I omit page numbers? (10)II. In-text Citations: Numerical Data (10)III. In-text Citations: Printed Written Sources (10)1. A whole book (10)2. A chapter or essay by a particular author in an edited collection of essays (11)3. Multiple authors (11)4. A corporate author (11)5. A journal article (11)6. Personal communication (11)7. A book in the Bible or the Koran (11)8. A Government Bill (11)9. Hansard official report of a Parliamentary debate (12)IV. In-text Citations: Electronic Written Sources (12)1. Electronic texts (12)2. A website (12)3. An online discussion forum/mailing list (JISCMAIL or Listserv) (12)4. A blog (12)V. In-text Citations: Electronic Visual or Audio Sources (12)1. A video film or a sound recording accessed electronically (DVD, CD, streamlined) (13)2. A broadcast or a podcast (13)3. A programme video recording (from TV) (13)4. A recorded radio broadcast (13)VI. In-text-Citations: Printed or Exhibited Visual Sources (13)1. An image or an art figure in a book, magazine or catalogue (14)2. An advertisement (14)3. An exhibition stand or an item in an exhibition (14)4. A map (14)VII. In-text Citations: Spoken Sources (15)1. A Lecture (15)2. An interview you have conducted (15)VIII. In-text Citations: Secondary Sources (15)Part Two: The List of References (16)I. List of References: Frequently Asked Questions (16)1. What should I do if I list more than one source by the same author? (16)2. How do I find the date in a book? (16)3. How should I reference a first, second, etc. or revised edition? (17)4. How do I find the place of publication in a book? (17)5. Where should I put an editor or the editors? (17)6. What do I do if I have both an editor and an author? (17)7. Where should I put a translator? (17)8. What should I do if I cannot find an author in a printed source? (17)9. How should I reference a book written in a foreign language? (17)II. List of References: Numerical Data (18)III. List of References: Printed Written Sources (18)1. A whole book (18)2. A book produced by an organisation (a corporate author) (18)3. A book with multiple authors (18)4. A chapter or essay by a particular author in an edited collection of essays (18)5. A printed journal article (18)6. A report (19)7. An unpublished booklet or departmental handbook (19)8. A leaflet (19)9. A newspaper article (19)10. A conference paper within conference proceedings (19)11. Conference proceedings (19)12. A thesis or dissertation (20)13. A UK patent (20)14. An international patent (20)15. A standard (20)16. A Statutory Instrument (20)17. A technical paper (20)18. A personal communication or letter (20)19. An encyclopaedia entry (21)20. A dictionary (21)21. The Bible or other sacred text (21)22. A House of Commons / Lords Report (21)23. A Government Bill (21)24. An Act of Parliament (21)25. A Government Green or White Paper (22)26. Hansard official report of a Parliamentary debate (22)27. An official report of a Parliamentary debate in a Standing Committee (22)28. A music score (22)IV. List of References: Electronic Written Sources (22)1. An electronic journal article (22)2. A web site (or other online media) (23)3. An electronic book (23)4. Electronic Newspaper Article (23)5. Electronic lecture notes or transcript (24)6. Personal communication: an email (24)7. Online discussion forum/mailing list (JISCMAIL or Listserv) (24)8. A report accessed electronically (24)9. A thesis or a dissertation online (24)10. A blog (25)11. Computer Software (25)V. List of References: Electronic Visual and Audio Sources (25)1. An image, a video film or a sound recording accessed electronically (DVD, CD, streamlined) (25)2. A broadcast or a podcast (25)3. A programme video recording (from TV) (26)4. A Lecture: audio recording (26)5. An advertisement in a magazine or newspaper accessed (26)electronically (26)6. An artwork or image in a magazine accessed electronically (26)VI. List of References: Printed or Exhibited Visual Sources (27)1. An image or an art figure in a magazine (27)2. A work of art, photograph, illustration or item in an exhibition or exhibition stand (27)3. An exhibition catalogue or an art book (27)4. An advertisement in a printed magazine or newspaper (27)5. A map (28)6. An Ordnance Survey map (28)7. An exhibition stand (28)VII. List of References: Spoken Sources (28)1. A Lecture: students’ written notes (28)2. An interview you have conducted (28)3. An interview in an edited book or collection (28)VIII. List of References: Secondary Sources (29)1. A secondary reference in a book (29)2. A secondary reference in a journal (29)List of FiguresFigure 1. The two elements in a sample paper (5)Figure 2. In-text citations (6)Figure 3. The List of References (7)Figure 4. In-text citation of numerical data (10)Figure 5. In-text citation of an image accessed electronically (13)Figure 6. In-text citation of a printed image (14)Foreword to the Coventry University HarvardReference Style GuideThe Coventry University Harvard Reference Style is a customisation of an author-date or Harvard referencing system. Our version, created by the Centre for Academic Writing, provides a stable instrument with which to refer to sources in academic writing. By providing a common version, Coventry University’s academic community will have a shared system that will allow readers to exchange new ideas and access the sources that form the basis for these ideas in a simple and consistent manner.Explicit indication of the sources of information and ideas is one of the characteristics of academic writing in Britain and in many other countries, but not all. Explicit referencing of sources distinguishes academic writing from other types of writing, including newspapers, novels, and much workplace writing. Academic writers show where they got the information or ideas for their texts through referencing systems, such as Coventry University’s Harvard Reference Style (CU Harvard). They do this for a number of reasons:•To respect intellectual property;•To strengthen arguments by indicating the source of ideas;•To demonstrate knowledge of the field in which you are writing;•To establish your own voice in your academic writing;•To meet marking criteria;•To avoid accusations of plagiarism.By using the CU Harvard Reference Style, you will join an academic conversation maintained through our written texts.The CU Harvard Reference Style Guide is organised into two parts. Part One deals with in-text citations, the indication in your text that you are referring to a source. Part Two deals with the List of References, which is where you provide all the information a reader needs to find the source. Any written assignment that refers to sources must contain both in-text references as they occur in the body of the text and an alphabetic list of the sources you have used at the end. Each part of the guide has a group of ‘Frequently Asked Questions’, followed by source types: printed or electronic, written, spoken/audio, and visual. The Guide is accompanied by a Glossary that defines the most useful terms used in referencing.A brief word about referencing software tools:Software tools can simplify the process of accurately referring to sources and including appropriate references in your List of References. Coventry University supports RefWorks, a referencing software programme that allows a writer to enter the information needed for a full reference only once, and then simply and easily add citations to that source. The programme will format and alphabetise the list of references in CU Harvard Reference Style. Microsoft Word 2007 includes a referencing facility that will format references in APA style, another author-date style. References formatted this way will need a limited amount of manual change to conform to CU Harvard Reference Style. At an even simpler level, the “sort” function in Microsoft Word can be used to alphabetise the List of References after it has been manually entered.IntroductionWhenever you borrow information, ideas, images, or numerical data from other sources you must document the source in two ways:• Provide an in-text citation of the source in the main body of your writing: give the author’s surname or the corporate author, the year of publication, and page number if you quote or paraphrase, or if you summarise information on a specific page of thesource.•Enter the source in the List of References at the end of your document: give all the publication or internet details in the correct format (see the Contents Page of thisGuide for details).It is important that there is a link between these two elements, as illustrated in Figure 1, which shows that the author and date given in your in-text citation must correspond to the author and date given at the start of your List of References entry.I Can’t Find an Example of My Source!The purpose of this Guide is to help you become a confident and independent writer and researcher, so do not be afraid to use your own judgement if you encounter an unusual source. In this Guide a balance has been struck between listing every possible type of source and keeping the guidelines concise and reader friendly. Therefore, on rare occasions you may need to cite and reference an unusual type of source that is not included in this Guide (a jam jar label for instance). Do not panic if you cannot find precise guidelines in such a case, but consider these tips:In-text citations are easy because you just give the author or corporate author and the date (plus page numbers if relevant). See the Introduction to Part One of this Guidefor a list of all the pieces of information you should include in an in-text citation inwhich order, and adapt these principles if necessary.•The List of References entry is also simple when you know how! See the Introduction to Part Two of this Guide for a list of all the pieces of information youshould include in a List of References entry, in which order, and adapt theseprinciples if necessary.• Follow the ARC of Successful Citing and Referencing:How do I integrate research sources into my writing?For guidance on how to quote, paraphrase, and summarise, see the Coventry University Harvard Reference Style website and Glossary at: /caw.The relationship between in-text citations and the List of ReferencesAn in-text citation gives formal recognition of a source you have used. To ‘cite’ means to refer to a source in the main body of your academic paper. An ‘academic paper’ is the scholarly term for an essay, assignment or other document. The List of References provides sufficient information for readers to locate each source you have cited. To ‘reference’ means to enter full details of a source in this list that goes on a separate page at the end of your academic paper.The List of References is organised alphabetically according to the surname of the author or corporate author. Every line after the first should be indented so that author stands out. There is a line of space between each entry.Figure 1 shows a sample page from an academic paper with the List of References page superimposed. This figure shows that these two elements are linked, and that they each start with the same author or corporate author and date. A source should only appear once in the List of References even if there are many in-text citations for that source in your paper.Figure 1. The two elements in a sample paperAn example of in-text citationsFigure 2 shows in-text citations in the main body of an academic paper. This sample paper is about Queen Elizabeth I, who ruled England during the second half of the sixteenth century. You must give in-text citations each time you borrow ideas, information, images, or numerical data from a source in order to display intellectual honesty about the sources you have used.Figure 2. In-text citationsThis writer has undertaken independent research and learnt how to cite and reference with skill. By marshalling evidence from other sources, you can advance your own original argument in a convincing way to become a scholarly and authoritative writer. Make sure you credit the intellectual property of other scholars.An example of the List of ReferencesFigure 3 shows a sample List of References. It demonstrates that sources are referenced differently depending on the type, and there is a special format for books, journal articles, online journal articles, web sites, etc. See the Contents Page of this Guide for a list of different types.The List of References is organised alphabetically according to the surname of the author or corporate author. Every line after the first should be indented so that author stands out. There is a line of space between each entry.Make just one list and do not divide the entries into separate categories. There is no full stop at the end of each entry. Put the List of References on a separate page at the end of your paper, but, if you include an Appendix, this goes after the List of References.Figure 3. The List of ReferencesPart One: In-text citationsThis section of the Guide explains how to write in-text citations. The basic principle is to give the surname of the author or the corporate author and the year of publication in brackets (author date), plus the page number if you quote or paraphrase, or if you summarise information on a specific page of the source.•Example of citing a quote or paraphrase: Higgins argues that land fill sites are ‘not cost efficient’ (2005: 68).• Example of summarising an entire book or article: A recent study reveals new information about child health (Wikes 2006).• Example of summarising a point made on two consecutive pages of a book or article: The book provides examples of how the eating habits of parents directlyinfluence children (Wikes 2006: 19-20).I. In-text Citations: Frequently Asked Questions1. What should I do if I can’t find the date on a web site?For the purpose of accuracy, if you can’t find the date, it is best to write ‘n.d.’, which means ‘no date’. Example:Students are gaining increasingly high grades (National Student Forum n.d.).2. How should I cite an author’s name?You have two options, and you may vary the practice throughout your academic paper. Option 1If you mention the author’s name in your own writing, just give the date (and page number if you quote, paraphrase, or summarise specific information) in your in-text citation. Example: Shah (2005: 66) maintains that in recent years Coventry has become Britain’s most important industrial city.Option 2If you do not mention the author’s name in your writing, give the author’s surname and date (and the page number if you quote, paraphrase, or summarise specific information) in your in-text citation. Example:Wavelets are an effective means of disease detection (Qureshi 2006: 95).3. What should I do if I cannot find the author of a source?If the source is anonymous, you can write ‘Anon.’ instead of the author. Example:At the turn of the twentieth century, research in biology was influenced by scientific positivism (Anon. 1900).4. Where in the sentence should I put in-text citations?You can either place in-text citations near the start of your sentences, or near the end. Be aware that writers in different disciplines follow different practices in this regard.5. Can I cite lots of sources in the same sentence?Readers need to know exactly who made each point you have borrowed as you advance your own argument, so only cite more than one author in the same sentence if they make similar points or use similar methods or evidence. Example:Shaw (2001: 15) argues that therapists are losing their skills. Similarly, Higgins (2004: 72) maintains that there has been a decrease in skills development.If you cannot avoid citing more than one source because various authors all argue the same point, put the sources in alphabetical order and separate each one with a comma. Example: Health informatics will radically change the nature of the National Health Service by the year 2010 (Brown 2002: 3, Lee 2006: 44 and Padda 2005: 14).6. How do I cite a single source with multiple authors using ‘et al.’? For up to three authors, give all the authors’ surnames in your in-text citation. Example: Cox, Patel, and Pavliotis (2004) discuss Britain’s future adoption of the euro.However, if there are more than three authors use ‘et al.’ which is short for ‘et alii’ meaning‘and others’ in Latin. Note that there is a full stop after ‘al.’ because it is an abbreviation (a shortened form of the original word). Remember that although only one surname is given, you are referring to multiple authors, so the next verb in your sentence must agree in the plural rather than the singular. Example:Fletcher et al. (2006: 88) suggest that in this century global climate change has caused billions of dollars worth of damage.7. Does the full stop go before or after in-text citations?Even when quoting, do not use a full stop until AFTER your in-text citation in brackets because the in-text citation is part of your sentence. Example:Anderson posits that vitamin E has ‘life-changing effects’ (2006: 8).8. When should I use italics?•Put the title of a print publication in italics (do not use bold or underline). The titles of all the main documents must be italicised, such as titles of books, titles ofjournals, titles of websites etc. so that readers can see at a glance which physicalsources you have cited. Example: Dickens wrote many novels, but Hard Times(Jones 2004: 16) is the most interesting from a philosophical perspective.•Put all foreign words in italics, including et al.•Do not use italics for the title of journal articles or book chapters. Instead use single quotation marks. The title of any sub-document or sub-section of a maindocument, such as the article or chapter that sits within a publication, must sit withinsingle quotation marks. Example: Peterson’s recent article on oncology entitled‘Meningioma Detection’ (2006) makes a real contribution to cancer research.•Do not use italics when quoting. Instead, use either double or single quotation marks, and whichever you choose, be consistent throughout your document.Example: Although there are many approaches to disaster planning, the Smartsonmodel ensures both ‘effectiveness and efficiency’ (Smartson 2004: 65).9. When should I give page numbers?Give a page number in your in-text citation when you QUOTE or PARAPHRASE a source because this enables readers to locate the exact passage you have cited for their own use, or to check that you have quoted or re-phrased the source accurately. Also give page numbers when you SUMMARISE a point that appears on a specific page or pages of a source. Example of a quote: Crude oil price rises have been ‘alarming’ (Brown 2006: 5).10. When should I omit page numbers?If you are summarising what an author has argued in a book or article, you do not need to give page numbers. Example: McArthurs has undertaken new research into alternative therapies (McArthurs 2006).II. In-text Citations: Numerical DataEvery time you borrow a date, statistic or other numerical data from a source, give an in-text citation. Example: The number of heart attacks has risen dramatically in recent years and there has been an increase of 10% since 1992 (Department of Health 2005: 65).If you present numerical data visually, label it as a figure or table and include a List of Figures or Tables in your Contents Page. If the figure is from a paginated source, you must give the page number in your in-text citation. In your own writing, explain who compiled the data because the in-text citation only tells readers your source. Give the figure a title and an in-text citation with the author or corporate author and date of the source in brackets. Discuss the significance of the data in full.Example of how to cite a Figure in your paper:Figure 4. In-text citation of numerical dataIII. In-text Citations: Printed Written Sources1. A whole bookGive the author’s surname and the year of publication in brackets. Example:Applied research has boosted pedagogical practice (Anderson 2006).2. A chapter or essay by a particular author in an edited collection of essaysIf your source is just one chapter within a collection of essays by various different authors, give an in-text citation for the author of the chapter you want to cite, and the date of the edited book. Example:Recent developments in the field of pedagogical research have revolutionised teaching practice (Taylor 2006: 47).3. Multiple authorsFor up to three authors, give all the authors’ surnames in your in-text citation. Example: Cox, Patel, and Pavliotis (2004) discuss Britain’s future adoption of the euro.However, if there are more than three authors use ‘et al.’ which is short for ‘et alii’meaning‘and others’ in Latin. Note that there is a full stop after ‘al.’ because it is an abbreviation (a shortened form of the original word). Remember that although only one surname is given, you are referring to multiple authors, so the next verb in your sentence must agree in the plural rather than the singular. Example:Fletcher et al. (2006: 88) suggest that in this century global climate change has caused billions of dollars worth of damage.4. A corporate authorSometimes sources are produced by an organisation, not individuals. This is known as a corporate author. Give an in-text citation as usual but cite the organisation as the author. Example:It is essential to plan for emergencies (Disaster Agency 2006).5. A journal articleGive the surname of the author of the article and the year the journal was published in brackets. Example:Evidence-based practice has many positive effects (Smithson 2006).6. Personal communicationGive the surname of the person you are citing and the date in brackets. In your own writing give the full name of the person you are citing. Example:In a personal communication, Androulla Athanasiou explained that she is ‘completely against’ recent moves to erect a new football stadium in Coventry (Athanasiou 2006).7. A book in the Bible or the KoranWithin brackets give the title of the chapter in place of the author, then give the chapter number (for the Bible), add a colon, then give the verse number. Example:David was a mighty warrior (2 Kings 10:3).As the chapter, ‘The Star’ shows, the cosmic universe has a powerful symbolism for Arabic people. (The Star: 1)8. A Government BillIn your own writing within brackets write ‘HC Bill’ or ‘HL Bill’ and in new brackets give the Parliamentary Session, then give the Bill serial number in square brackets. Note that every time a Bill passes through Parliament, it is re-numbered. Give an in-text citation within brackets with ‘HC’ for House of Commons or ‘HL’ for House of Lords then the date and page number if appropriate. Example:It was revealed today in the House of Commons (HC Bill (2000-1) [30]) that housing tax is likely to be revised (HC 2001: 56).9. Hansard official report of a Parliamentary debateIn your own writing within brackets write ‘HC Deb.’ or ‘HL Deb.’ and in new brackets give the Parliamentary Session, then outside these brackets give the volume number, add a comma, then write ‘col.’ for the column number, and state the column number. Give an in-text citation within brackets with ‘HC’ for House of Commons or ‘HL’ for House of Lords then the date and page number if appropriate. Example:Pattern hounded the Prime Minister (HC Deb. (2000-1) 203, col. 346) over international debt (HC 2001: 42).IV. In-text Citations: Electronic Written SourcesFollow the same practice as when you cite printed sources by giving the author and date, but no page number is required for online sources.1. Electronic textsFor any source accessed online including an electronic journal article, electronic book, electronic lecture notes, etc. give the author’s surname or the corporate author and the date in brackets. Example:White noise has been under-researched (Wallace 2006).2. A websiteGive the corporate author and the date in brackets. DO NOT give the full web address (called the URL) in your in-text citation because this goes in the List of References. Example:There are many software packages for detecting plagiarism (Referencing 2006).If you cannot find the date, for the purpose of accuracy, it is best to write ‘n.d.’, which means ‘no date’. Students are gaining increasingly high grades (National Student Forum n.d.).Note: If the website has both a copyright and a ‘last updated’ date, then give the ‘last updated’ date in brackets!3. An online discussion forum/mailing list (JISCMAIL or Listserv) Give the surname of the author of the email you wish to cite and the date of the email in brackets. Example:Neurological rehabilitation has been under-funded for years (Lango 2005).4. A blogGive the surname of the author of the blog and the date it was written. Example:Chaos theory has impacted seriously on literature as well as science (Richards 2006). V. In-text Citations: Electronic Visual or Audio SourcesEvery time you borrow a picture, painting, photograph, diagram, or other image from a source, give an in-text citation. Label it as a figure and include a List of Figures in your Contents Page. If the figure is originally from a printed source you can give the page number in your in-text citation. In your own writing, explain who the artist is, because the in-text citation only tells readers your source. Give the figure a title and an in-text citation with the author or corporate author and date of the source in brackets. Discuss the significance of the figure in full.Example of how to cite a Figure when the source is accessed online:Figure 5. In-text citation of an image accessed electronically1. A video film or a sound recording accessed electronically (DVD, CD, streamlined)Give the director’s or the producer’s surname as the author, or the corporate author if no other information is available, then the date in brackets. Example:Dance is an effective form of therapy (Anderson 2006).2. A broadcast or a podcastGive the title of the broadcast in italics and the date in brackets. Example:Contemporary politicians are more image-conscious than ever (Have I Got News for You 2005).3. A programme video recording (from TV)Give the title of the programme in italics and the date in brackets. Example:Farmers are required to diversify in order to survive (Farming Today 2005).4. A recorded radio broadcastGive the title of the programme as the author in italics and the date in brackets. Example: Political life has changed since the election of New Labour (Radio4 News 2005).VI. In-text-Citations: Printed or Exhibited Visual Sources。
哈佛参考文献格式
维基百科，自由的百科全书哈佛参考文献格式[1]是一种罗列引用的方式，它将引用文献的其中一部分用括号包含起来，放在正文之内。
与之相对的是传统的将参考文献标注于文末（尾注）。
[2][3]目录• 1 参考文献o1.1 引用o1.2 书目• 2 延伸阅读• 3 参见引用[编辑]1. ^Harvard System of Referencing Guide. Anglia RuskinUniversity. 21 May 2012 [4 September 2012].2. ^"Author-date system, Chicago Manual of Style,Williams College Libraries, accessed 25 October 2010.3. ^ Pears, R and Shields, G Cite them right : the essentialreferencing guide (2008) ISBN 978-0-9551216-1-6书目[编辑]•American Psychological Association (2001). Citations in Textof Electronic Material, APA Style.•British Standards Institution (1990). Recommendations forciting and referencing published material, 2nd ed., London:British Standards Institution.•Chernin, Eli (1988). "The 'Harvard system': a mysterydispelled", British Medical Journal. October 22, 1988,pp. 1062–1063.•The Chicago Manual of Style (2003), 15th ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN0-226-10403-6 (hardcover). ISBN0-226-10404-4 (CD-ROM).•Council of Science Editors (2006). Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, andPublishers, 7th ed. Reston, VA (USA): CSE.ISBN0-9779665-0-X•Mark, Edward Laurens (1881). Maturation, fecundation, and segmentation of Limax campestris, Binney", Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College,Volume 6.•Modern Language Association of America (2009). The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. NewYork: MLA. ISBN 1-60329-024-9•MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2008).Modern Language Association, 3rd edition. ISBN0-87352-297-4•Roediger, Roddy (April 2004). "What should they be called", APS Observer,17 (4), 2009, accessed 11 March2009.•"Lamont Libraries Lead RefWorksWorkshops" (2006). Harvard College Library. •"Research Service Libraries Take Part in PilotProject" (2009). Harvard University Library, February 18,2009, accessed 11 March 2009.•Turabian, Kate L., et al. (2007). A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 7th ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.ISBN 0-226-82336-9•"Citation Tools" at Harvard Libraries (2008) –Includes hyperlinked "Tool Comparisons: RefWorks, EndNote,Zotero".•American Library Association (ALA) (November 2003). ALA Standards Manual.•Anglia Ruskin University Library (updated 2010). "Harvard System of Referencing Guide".•Mullan, W.M.A. (updated 2010). " Harvard referencegenerator for citing references".•Council of Science Editors (CSE), previously named Councilof Biology Editors (CBE) (2009). "Scientific Style andFormat: Introduction" and"Reference Links"–Includessection on "Grammar and Style" with hyperlinked "Citing theInternet: Formats for Bibliographic Citations".)•Duke University Library (last modified, 2 June 2008). "CitingSources: Documentation Guidelines for Citing Sources andAvoiding Plagiarism"–Provides hyperlinked "CitationGuides" pertaining to the most commonly used citationguidelines, including parenthetical referencing; includes:APA, Chicago, CBE, CSE, MLA, and Turabian styleguidelines.•Harvard College Library (2008). "Research Guides".(Compiled by the Staff of Harvard College Library.)•Harvard College Writing Program, HarvardUniversity (2008). Resources for Students: Guides to UsingSources.•University of Leeds Library (2009). "References and citationsexplained", accessed 25 October 2010.•University of Southern Queensland Library (2008). YourGuide to the Harvard AGPS ReferencingSystem and "Harvard Style (AGPS) - Web sources",accessed 25 October 2010.•Victoria University of Technology (2009). Harvard(AGPS) Style: Harvard (AGPS) Style: A Guide toReferencing Sources Used in Assignments], accessed 25October 2010.•ISO 690•文后参考文献著录规则分类：•文献学。
Harvard Style哈佛体-引用格式
If you present information exactly as it appears in a source, indicate this by using quotation marks:
‘Market segmentation is where the larger market is heterogeneous and can be broken down into smaller units that are similar in character’ (Easy and Sorensen, 2009, p.133).
Cite? Yes. Sentence 1 has been shortened and rewritten but the key point is maintained
Your own ideas, theories, arguments, conclusions Surveys and experiments designed and carried out by you Your own research method Very basic common knowledge: i.e. Glasgow is in the west of Scotland