肠道菌群紊乱和自闭症3
?1Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous condition affecting an individual's ability to
communicate and socialize and often presents with repetitive movements or behaviors. It tends to be severe with less than 10% achieving independent living with a marked variation in the progression of the condition. To date, the literature supports a multifactorial model with the largest, most detailed twin study demonstrating strong environmental contribution to the development of the condition. Here, we present a brief review of the neurological, immunological, and autonomic abnormalities in ASD focusing on the causative roles of environmental agents and abnormal gut microbiota. We present a working hypothesis attempting to bring together the influence of environment on the abnormal neurological, immunological, and neuroimmunological functions and we explain in brief how such pathophysiology can lead to, and/or exacerbate ASD symptomatology. At present, there is a lack of consistent findings relating to the
neurobiology of autism. Whilst we postulate such variable findings may reflect the marked heterogeneity in clinical presentation and as such the variable findings may be of pathophysiological relevance, more research into the neurobiology of autism is necessary before establishing a working hypothesis. Both the literature review and hypothesis presented here explore possible neurobiological explanations with an emphasis of environmental etiologies and are presented with this bias.
Ann Pharm Fr. 2014 Jan;72(1):15-21. doi: 10.1016/j.pharma.2013.09.001. Epub 2013 Oct 16.
[Current view on gut microbiota].
[Article in French]
Bourlioux P1.
Author information
?111, avenue de la République, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France. Electronic address: pierre.bourlioux@u-psud.fr.
Abstract
Gut microbiota is more and more important since metagenomic research have brought new knowledge on this topic especially for human health. Firstly, gut microbiota is a key element for our organism he lives in symbiosis with. Secondly, it interacts favorably with many physiological functions of our organism. Thirdly, at the opposite, it can be an active participant in intestinal pathologies linked to a dysbiosis mainly in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis but also in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and more prudently in autism and behavioral disorders. In order to keep a good health, it is essential to protect our gut microbiota as soon as our young age and maintain it healthy. Face to a more and more important number of publications for treating certain digestive diseases with fecal microbial transplantation, it needs to be very careful and recommend further studies in order to assess risks and define standardized protocols. Gut microbiota metabolic capacities towards xenobiotics need to be
developed, and we must take an interest in the modifications they induce on medicinal molecules. On the
other hand, it is essential to study the potent effects of pesticides and other pollutants
on microbiota functions.
?1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
?2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA; Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA. Electronic address: Lloyd.H.Kasper@https://www.360docs.net/doc/1a10890834.html,.
Abstract
Mammals live in a co-evolutionary association with the plethora of microorganisms that reside at a variety of tissue microenvironments. The microbiome represents the collective genomes of these co-existing microorganisms, which is shaped by host factors such as genetics and nutrients but in turn is able to influence host biology in health and disease. Niche-specific microbiome, prominently the gut microbiome, has the capacity to effect both local and distal sites within the host. The gut microbiome has played a crucial role in the bidirectional gut-brain axis that integrates the gutand central nervous system (CNS) activities, and thus the concept of microbiome-gut-brain axis is emerging. Studies are revealing how diverse forms of neuro-immune and neuro-psychiatric disorders are correlated with or modulated by variations of microbiome, microbiota-derived products and exogenous antibiotics and probiotics. The microbiome poises the peripheral immune homeostasis and predisposes host susceptibility to CNS autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Neural, endocrine and metabolic mechanisms are also critical mediators of the microbiome-CNS signaling, which are more involved in neuro-psychiatric
disorders such as autism, depression, anxiety, stress. Research on the role of microbiome in CNS
disorders deepens our academic knowledge about host-microbiome commensalism in central regulation and in practicality, holds conceivable promise for developing novel prognostic and therapeutic avenues for CNS disorders.
Nat Rev Neurol. 2014 Feb;10(2):60. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.267. Epub 2013 Dec 24.
Neurodevelopmental disorders: human gut microbiota alleviate behavioural symptoms in a mouse model
ofautism spectrum disorder.
Malkki H.
Comment on
?1Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
?2Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
?3Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
?4Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
?5Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: raish.oozeer@https://www.360docs.net/doc/1a10890834.html,.
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous group of complex neurodevelopmental disorders with evidence of genetic predisposition. Intestinal disturbances are reported in ASD patients and
compositional changes in gut microbiota are described. However, the role of microbiota in brain disorders is poorly documented. Here, we used a murine model of ASD to investigate the relation
between gut microbiota and autism-like behaviour. Using next generation sequencing
technology, microbiota composition was investigated in mice in utero exposed to valproic acid (VPA).
Moreover, levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and lactic acid in caecal content were determined. Our data demonstrate a transgenerational impact of in utero VPA exposure on gut microbiota in the offspring.
Prenatal VPA exposure affected operational taxonomic units (OTUs) assigned to genera within the main phyla of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and the order of Desulfovibrionales, corroborating human ASD studies. In addition, OTUs assigned to genera of Alistipes, Enterorhabdus, Mollicutes and
Erysipelotrichalis were especially associated with male VPA-exposed offspring. The microbial differences of VPA in utero-exposed males deviated from those observed in females and was (i) positively associated with increased levels of caecal butyrate as well as ileal neutrophil infiltration and (ii) inversely associated with intestinal levels of serotonin and social behaviour scores. These findings show that autism-like
behaviour and its intestinal phenotype is associated with altered microbial colonization and activity in a murine model for ASD, with preponderance in male offspring. These results open new avenues in the scientific trajectory of managing neurodevelopmental disorders by gut microbiome modulation.
?1Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. Electronic address: ehsiao@https://www.360docs.net/doc/1a10890834.html,.
?2Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
?3Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
?4Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
?5Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. Electronic address: php@https://www.360docs.net/doc/1a10890834.html,.
?6Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. Electronic address: sarkis@https://www.360docs.net/doc/1a10890834.html,.
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), are defined by core behavioral impairments; however, subsets of individuals display a spectrum of gastrointestinal (GI) abnormalities.
We demonstrate GI barrier defects and microbiota alterations in the maternal immune activation (MIA) mouse model that is known to display features of ASD. Oral treatment of MIA offspring with the human commensal Bacteroides fragilis corrects gut permeability, alters microbial composition, and ameliorates defects in communicative, stereotypic, anxiety-like and sensorimotor behaviors. MIA offspring display an altered serum metabolomic profile, and B. fragilis modulates levels of several metabolites. Treating naive mice with a metabolite that is increased by MIA and restored by B. fragilis causes certain behavioral abnormalities, suggesting that gut bacterial effects on the host metabolome impact behavior. Taken together, these findings support a gut-microbiome-brain connection in a mouse model of ASD and identify
a potential probiotic therapy for GI and particular behavioral symptoms in human neurodevelopmental
disorders.
?1Alimentary Pharmabiotic Center.
Abstract
To date, there is rapidly increasing evidence for host-microbe interaction at virtually all levels of
complexity, ranging from direct cell-to-cell communication to extensive systemic signalling, and involving various organs and organ systems, including the central nervous system. As such, the discovery that differential microbial composition is associated with alterations in behaviour and cognition has
significantly contributed to establishing the microbiota-gut-brain axis as an extension of the well-
accepted gut-brain axis concept. Many efforts have been focused on delineating a role for this axis in health and disease, ranging from stress-related disorders such as depression, anxiety and irritable bowel syndrome to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. There is also a growing appreciation of the role of epigenetic mechanisms in shaping brain and behaviour. However, the role of epigenetics in
informing host-microbe interactions has received little attention to date. This is despite the fact that there are many plausible routes of interaction between epigenetic mechanisms and the host-
microbiota dialogue. From this new perspective we put forward novel, yet testable, hypotheses. Firstly, we suggest that gut-microbial products can affect chromatin plasticity within their host's brain that in turn leads to changes in neuronal transcription and eventually alters host behaviour. Secondly, we argue that the microbiota is an important mediator of gene-environment interactions. Finally, we reason that
the microbiota itself may be viewed as an epigenetic entity. In conclusion, the fields of (neuro)epigenetics and microbiology are converging at many levels and more interdisciplinary studies are necessary to unravel the full range of this interaction.
?1Preventative Health National Research Flagship, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Gate 13, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia. michael.conlon@csiro.au.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
A recent report indicated that numbers of Sutterella spp. are elevated in gastrointestinal biopsies taken
from children with autismspectrum disorder (ASD). We have recently reported changes in the numbers of some bacteria within the stool of ASD children, and now examine whether numbers of Sutterella spp. and some other mucosa-associated bacteria linked with gastrointestinal disease (Ruminococcus gnavus and Ruminococcus torques) are also altered in the stool of these children.
FINDINGS:
We show that numbers of Sutterella spp. are elevated in feces of ASD children relative to controls, and that numbers of R. torques are higher in the children with ASD with a reported functional
gastrointestinal disorder than those without such a disorder.
CONCLUSIONS:
We show further evidence of changes in the gut microbiota of children with ASD and confirm that the abundance of Sutterella spp. is altered in stool.
?1Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are
neurodevelopmental disorders which occur in childhood and may persist into adulthood. Although the etiology of these disorders is largely unknown, genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role in the development of ASD and ADHD. Allergic immune reactions, in prenatal and postnatal phases, are examples of these environmental factors, and adverse reactions to foods are reported in these
children. In this review, we address the clinical and preclinical findings of (food) allergy in ASD and ADHD and suggest possible underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, opportunities for nutritional interventions in neurodevelopmental disorders are provided.
1Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the fecal microbiota and metabolome of children with Pervasive
Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) and autism (AD) in comparison to healthy children (HC). Bacterial tag-encoded FLX-titanium amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP) of the 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA analyses were carried out to determine total bacteria (16S rDNA) and metabolically active bacteria (16S rRNA), respectively. The main bacterial phyla (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and Verrucomicrobia) significantly (P<0.05) changed among the three groups of children. As estimated by rarefaction, Chao and Shannon diversity index, the highest microbial diversity was found in AD children.
Based on 16S-rRNA and culture-dependent data, Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus were present at the highest level in fecal samples of PDD-NOS and HC children. Caloramator, Sarcina and Clostridium genera were the highest in AD children. Compared to HC, the composition of Lachnospiraceae family also differed in PDD-NOS and, especially, AD children. Except for Eubacterium siraeum, the lowest level of Eubacteriaceae was found on fecal samples of AD children. The level of Bacteroidetes genera and some Alistipes and Akkermansia species were almost the highest in PDD-NOS or AD children as well as almost all the identified Sutterellaceae and Enterobacteriaceae were the highest in AD. Compared to HC children, Bifidobacterium species decreased in AD. As shown by Canonical Discriminant Analysis of Principal Coordinates, the levels of free amino acids and volatile organic compounds of fecal samples were markedly affected in PDD-NOS and, especially, AD children. If the gut microbiota differences among AD and PDD-NOS and HC children are one of the concomitant causes or the consequence of autism, they may have implications regarding specific diagnostic test, and/or for treatment and prevention.
肠道菌群小知识
1代谢作用 ? 提供热量 ? 生产短链脂肪酸 ? 合成维生素K 和叶酸 ? 胆汁酸的分泌 ? 参与药物代谢 2. 免疫效果：正常菌群能刺激宿主产生免疫及清除功能 ? 刺激免疫球蛋白A （IgA ）的生产 ? 促进抗炎细胞因子的分泌和下调促炎细胞因子 ? 诱导调节性T 细胞 3. 预防病原体入侵：正常菌群在人体某一特定位粘附，定植和繁殖，形成一层菌膜屏障。通过菌群间存在的生物拮抗作用，抑制并排斥病原体的入侵和群集，调整人体与微生物之间的平衡状态 人类肠道菌群 什么是肠道菌群？ 人的肠道内寄居着种类 繁多的微生物，这些微生物 称为肠道菌群。肠道菌群按 一定的比例组合，各种菌间 互相制约，互相依存，它们 与宿主存在着共生关系，共 同维护着宿主的生理平衡。 肠道菌群并非是生来就 有的，当胎儿还在母体子宫 内时，胎儿所处的环境几乎 是无菌的，因此胎儿肠道内 是无菌的，婴儿出生时迅速暴露在母体阴道或皮肤的微 生物下，随着从婴儿到老年 的发展变化，我们的肠道菌 群在出生后几个月迅速增多， 多样性增加，到成年后达到 稳定状态，之后老年时期多 样性渐渐减少[1]。这些微小 的生物群体就这样不知不觉 伴随着我们的一生。 肠道菌群的数量和分类 据推测，正常健康成人 肠道菌群总数高达1×1014， 种类超过1000种，而一个成 年人自身的细胞数量约为 1×1013个，也就是说居住在 我们肠道内的菌群数量是人 体细胞总和的10倍。在胃和 小肠中，细菌的种类相对较少。结肠中，每克肠道内容 物存在1012个细菌细胞，细 菌种类达300-1000种，而其中99%的细菌来自于其中30-40种[2] 。 正常人肠道中包括四种主要的细菌门类：厚壁菌门 Firmicutes （约50-75%，包 括梭菌属），拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes （约10-50%， 包括拟杆菌属、普氏菌属和卟啉单胞菌属），放线菌门 Fusobacteria （约1-10%，包括双歧杆菌），变形菌门 Proteobacteria （常常约少于1%，包括大肠杆菌），其中厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门是人类肠道菌群的主要组成部分。大多数细菌属于拟杆菌属、梭菌属、真杆菌属、瘤胃球菌属、消化球菌属、消化链球菌属、双歧杆菌属。其他属，如埃希氏菌属和乳杆菌属较少。拟杆菌属约占肠道中所有细菌的30%[][3]。 我国科学家在健康年轻人体内观察到的9个属的细菌广泛存在，分别为厚壁菌门的考拉杆菌属、罗氏菌属、Blautia 、 Faecalibacterium 、梭菌属、Subdoligranulum 、瘤胃球菌属和粪球菌属以及来自拟杆菌门的拟杆菌属。这9个属的细菌均具有在人体肠道内发酵产生短链脂肪酸的能力，而短链脂肪酸具有维持人体健康的多重作用，例如充当肠道上皮特殊营养和能量组分，保护肠道黏膜屏障，降低人体炎症水平和增强胃肠道运动机能等[4] 。 Phylum Proporti on （%） [3] 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes 50-75% 拟杆菌门 Bacteroidetes 10-50% 放线菌门 Fusobacteria 1-10% 变形菌门Proteobacteri a 少于1% 肠道菌群的作用 正常肠道菌群具有重要 的自我平衡功能[5]。 肠型 未来某一天，当你走进 医院的时候，医生可能不仅 会询问你的过敏史、血型， 还会问到你的肠型。 来自德国海德堡欧洲分 子生物学实验室（EMBL ） 的科学家们提出了这个概念 ——肠型，他们通过全球性实验国际人体肠道元基因组研究计划，发现以肠道内的 细菌种类和数量划分，人类拥有三种肠型，研究人员把这3种肠型命名为拟杆菌型 （Bacteroides ）（肠型Ⅰ）、普雷沃氏菌型（Prevotella ）（肠型Ⅱ）和瘤胃球菌型 （Ruminococcus ）（肠型Ⅲ），
肠道菌群紊乱和自闭症3
?1Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK. Abstract Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous condition affecting an individual's ability to communicate and socialize and often presents with repetitive movements or behaviors. It tends to be severe with less than 10% achieving independent living with a marked variation in the progression of the condition. To date, the literature supports a multifactorial model with the largest, most detailed twin study demonstrating strong environmental contribution to the development of the condition. Here, we present a brief review of the neurological, immunological, and autonomic abnormalities in ASD focusing on the causative roles of environmental agents and abnormal gut microbiota. We present a working hypothesis attempting to bring together the influence of environment on the abnormal neurological, immunological, and neuroimmunological functions and we explain in brief how such pathophysiology can lead to, and/or exacerbate ASD symptomatology. At present, there is a lack of consistent findings relating to the neurobiology of autism. Whilst we postulate such variable findings may reflect the marked heterogeneity in clinical presentation and as such the variable findings may be of pathophysiological relevance, more research into the neurobiology of autism is necessary before establishing a working hypothesis. Both the literature review and hypothesis presented here explore possible neurobiological explanations with an emphasis of environmental etiologies and are presented with this bias. Ann Pharm Fr. 2014 Jan;72(1):15-21. doi: 10.1016/j.pharma.2013.09.001. Epub 2013 Oct 16. [Current view on gut microbiota]. [Article in French] Bourlioux P1. Author information ?111, avenue de la République, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France. Electronic address: pierre.bourlioux@u-psud.fr. Abstract Gut microbiota is more and more important since metagenomic research have brought new knowledge on this topic especially for human health. Firstly, gut microbiota is a key element for our organism he lives in symbiosis with. Secondly, it interacts favorably with many physiological functions of our organism. Thirdly, at the opposite, it can be an active participant in intestinal pathologies linked to a dysbiosis mainly in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis but also in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and more prudently in autism and behavioral disorders. In order to keep a good health, it is essential to protect our gut microbiota as soon as our young age and maintain it healthy. Face to a more and more important number of publications for treating certain digestive diseases with fecal microbial transplantation, it needs to be very careful and recommend further studies in order to assess risks and define standardized protocols. Gut microbiota metabolic capacities towards xenobiotics need to be developed, and we must take an interest in the modifications they induce on medicinal molecules. On the
肠道菌群生物学意义与婴幼儿过敏性疾病
健康研讨：肠道菌群生物学意义与婴幼儿过敏性疾病 益生菌哪个品牌好抗过敏益生菌“台敏乐”典型代表新选择 摘要：肠道菌群是一个被遗忘的“器官”，其在宿主消化营养免疫发育等诸多方面发挥着极为重要的作用。０～３岁是婴幼儿肠道菌群建立的关键时间窗，其与肠道免疫系统的成熟同步，是形成免疫耐受的关键时期，如果这一时期肠道菌群发生紊乱，可导致免疫耐受破坏，引起婴幼儿过敏性疾病。近年来流行病学调查和实验研究提示婴幼儿早期肠道菌群紊乱与过敏性疾病的发生发展密切相关，本研究就婴幼儿常见过敏性疾病如特应性皮炎、食物过敏、哮喘、过敏性鼻炎等与肠道菌群的相关性进行综述。 2004年世界变态反应组织（WAO）针对全球过敏展开了一项调查，调查结果于2006年公布：在33个国家进行的过敏性疾病流行病学调查，结果显示这些国家的13.9亿人口中，约22％患有不同种类的过敏性疾病。过敏性疾病的发生发展有着一定的自然规律，婴幼儿最早出现的过敏问题是特应性皮炎和食物过敏，可持续数年，并逐步发展成过敏性鼻炎和哮喘。本研究就肠道菌群与婴幼儿过敏性疾病的关系，以及几种常见的儿童过敏性疾病作一综述。 一、肠道菌群的建立及生物学意义 新生儿刚出生时胎粪是无菌的，出生后大约２ｈ即可从肠道检出大肠埃希菌、肠球菌、葡萄球菌等，即微生物开始在肠道定植，最终形成以厌氧菌为优势菌的菌群结构，此过程一般需３年左右的时间。伴随着肠道菌群的定植，宿主的黏膜屏障和免疫系统也在发育成熟，主要体现在出生后肠上皮细胞增殖增强，淋巴细胞开始迁移分化。出生后到脱奶期（0-1岁）是To11样受体（To11－like receptor,TLR）介导的免疫耐受形成的关键时间窗，期间肠道菌群的异常定植会导致ＴＬＲ表达异常，免疫耐受无法正常形成。婴幼儿肠道菌群的建立受分娩方式、喂养方式、环境卫生和抗生素应用等多种因素的影响。健康成人肠道栖息着约1014个细菌，多达近1000～1150种细菌。肠道菌群承载着人类后天获得基因，参与人类正常生理和疾病病理过程，是被遗忘的特殊器官。生理状态下，肠道菌群的功能主要体现在以下方面。 １、维持和增强肠道黏膜屏障：肠道内的共生菌通过占位性保护效应、营养代谢产生有机酸和拮抗作用发挥生物屏障功能。 ２、促进固有和获得性免疫的发育成熟：肠道菌群能够通过不断刺激局部或着全身免疫应答来促进肠黏膜相关淋巴组织（gut-associated lymphoid tissues,GALT）的发育，可激发Th1免疫应答，平衡Th1/ Th2，共生菌DHN特定的CpG基序能刺激Th1细胞分化。 ３、刺激肠道分泌sIgA: sIgA黏附于肠道黏液层，阻止病原微生物的黏附并促使其随肠道蠕动排出体外。 ４、参与免疫耐受的形成。肠道共生菌通过抑制转录因子NFKB的活性（普氏粪杆菌），或通过抑制NFKB的抑制剂IKB的磷酸化、泛素化、降解，或通过促进NFKB的亚基ReIA 出核，减弱其转录因子功能（多形拟杆菌），从而达到抑制炎症反应的作用。 二．过敏性疾病的发生机制 过敏性疾病的发生是由遗传因素和环境因素两者相互作用的结果。近年来过敏性疾病的发病率显著升高，这显然已经不能简单地用遗传因素来解释。Strachan提出的“卫生假说”认为，生命早期因缺少细菌、病毒、寄生虫等微生物的接触，从而导致免疫系统发育不成熟，进而增加了患过敏性疾病的可能性。细菌和病毒感染引发的自然免疫可以诱导Th1细胞因子的释放，胎儿及初生时免疫反应以为主，随着出生后环境中抗原的刺激，免疫反应逐渐向Th1转化，达到“Th1／Th2平衡”。如今随着家庭大小、生长环境、个人卫生、生活方式的不断改善，“过度卫生”的环境使得婴幼儿受环境中抗原刺激的机会减少，造成机体免疫反应向Th2偏移，分泌的ＩＬ－４、ＩＬ－５、ＩＬ－１３等细胞因子增多，刺激Ｂ细胞产
肠道菌群和自闭症
?1a Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy. Abstract Through extensive microbial-mammalian co-metabolism, the intestinal microbiota have evolved to exert a marked influence on health and disease viagut-brain-microbiota interactions. In this addendum, we summarize the findings of our recent study on the fecal microbiota and metabolomes of children with pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) or autism (AD) compared with healthy children (HC). Children with PDD-NOS or AD have altered fecal microbiota and metabolomes (including neurotransmitter molecules). We hypothesise that the degree of microbial alteration correlates with the severity of the disease since fecal microbiota and metabolomes alterations were higher in children with PDD-NOS and, especially, AD compared to HC. Our study indicates that the levels of free amino acids (FAA) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) differ in AD subjects compared to children with PDD-NOS, who are more similar to HC. Finally, we propose a new perspective on the implications for the interaction between intestinal microbiota and AD. ?1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. ?2Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada ; Brain-Body Institute, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Abstract The human intestine houses an astounding number and species of microorganisms, estimated at more than 10(14) gut microbiota and composed of over a thousand species. An individual's profile of microbiota is continually influenced by a variety of factors including but not limited to genetics, age, sex, diet, and lifestyle. Although each person's microbial profile is distinct, the relative abundance and distribution of bacterial species is similar among healthy individuals, aiding in the maintenance of one's overall health. Consequently, the ability of gut microbiota to bidirectionally communicate with the brain, known as the gut-brain axis, in the modulation of human health is at the forefront of current research. At a basic level, the gutmicrobiota interacts with the human host in a mutualistic relationship - the host intestine provides the bacteria with an environment to grow and the bacterium aids in governing homeostasis within the host. Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the lack of healthy gut microbiota may also lead to a deterioration of these relationships and ultimately disease. Indeed, a dysfunction in the gut-brain axis has been elucidated by a multitude of studies linked to neuropsychological, metabolic, and gastrointestinal disorders. For instance, altered microbiota has been linked to neuropsychological disorders including depression and autism spectrum disorder, metabolic disorders such as obesity, and gastrointestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Fortunately, studies have also indicated that gut microbiota may be modulated with the use of probiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplants as a prospect for therapy
肠道菌群失调与多脏器功能衰竭
【收稿日期】2008204202【作者简介】姜秀菊(19592),女,主任医师,从事肠道微生态研究, Email:jiangxiuju01@https://www.360docs.net/doc/1a10890834.html, 文章编号:10052376X (2008)0420424202 【综 述】 肠道菌群失调与多脏器功能衰竭 姜秀菊 (新乡市第一人民医院,河南新乡 453000) 【关键词】 肠道菌群;菌群失调;多脏器功能衰竭 【中图分类号】R59 【文献标识码】A 在正常情况下,人体胃肠道内寄居着400余种细菌,总量 达1014个集落形成单位(CF U ),近10倍于人体体细胞数量,其中99%以上为专性厌氧菌,主要由双歧杆菌组成,1%以下为兼性厌氧菌,主要是乳酸杆菌,极少量为致病菌占0.01%,它们按一定的数量和比例分布在肠道不同部位,对宿主发挥着生物屏障、营养、免疫调节、降血氨及胆固醇、抗衰老和抗肿瘤等重要的生理作用,而机体为它们提供生命活动的场所,因此,肠道菌群与人体相互依赖,互为环境,两者之间处于动态平衡,维持着机体的健康和长寿。 肠道是人体消化和吸收营养的主要部位,又是最大的细菌及内毒素储存库,在正常情况下,这些细菌及毒素并不损害机体健康,完全依赖于人体完整的肠道黏膜屏障功能,该黏膜屏障主要有:肠道菌群构建的生物屏障、肠道菌群与肠道黏液层、肠上皮细胞组成的机械屏障和肠道相关淋巴组织形成的免疫屏障、肠2肝轴和防御素。 在生物屏障方面:双歧杆菌通过磷壁酸黏附在肠上皮细胞表面形成一层菌膜屏障,通过占位效应、营养竟争、分泌抑菌或杀菌物质,抵制肠道内、外源性潜在致病菌对上皮细胞的黏附、定植,起定植抗力作用;产生具有广谱抗菌作用的物质如:亲脂分子、小菌素、过氧化氢等对肠道的大肠埃希菌、铜绿 假单胞菌、沙门菌、链球菌等起抑菌或杀菌作用[1] 。双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌的酸性代谢产物可降低肠道的pH 和Eh 以抑制致病菌生长,并利于微量元素的吸收和肠道蠕动,以便使致病菌和内毒素排出体外。 在机械屏障方面:肠道粘液层主要由糖蛋白组成,双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌可以促进糖蛋白的分泌和肠上皮细胞DNA 的合成;产生为肠黏膜上皮细胞生长提供重要能源物质的短链脂肪酸,从而促进肠黏膜的增生[2];通过增强肠上皮细胞之间的紧密连接和促进肠上皮细胞增殖的作用,加强上皮细胞层的屏障功能[3],维持黏膜结构的完整性,阻止细菌及毒素等大分子物质的通过。 在免疫屏障方面:研究发现双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌均可促进肠道相关淋巴组织产生SI g A,SI g A 可通过与细菌胞壁抗原决定簇结合包裹细菌,抑制细菌对肠上皮的黏附;作用于细菌表面,降低致病菌毒力;中和细菌、毒素、病毒;增强单核细胞的杀菌活性;调理吞噬细胞的吞噬功能;激活补体旁路与溶菌酶协同抗菌[4];可作为封闭抗体减少由I g M 免疫复合物活化补体后诱发的局部炎症,阻止有害抗原通过黏膜进入血循环,抑制全身免疫应答[5]。 可见,肠道细菌参加了三道黏膜屏障的构建。在创伤、烧伤、大出血、休克、严重感染、重型肝炎等应激状态下及放疗、化疗、胆道和肠道梗阻、长期使用肠道外营养和广谱抗菌素均可使定居于特定部位的正常菌群的数量与各菌种的比例发生较大幅度的变化,致革兰阴性菌对肠上皮的黏附增加、细菌过度生长、内毒素产生增加构成微生态失调。另外应急时肠黏膜代谢功能发生改变,上皮结构变化和(或)功能障碍,通透性增加,细菌和毒素进入其他组织和血循环 内,形成细菌和内毒素移位[6]。 肝负责机体的物质代谢及免疫防御功能,枯否氏细胞是防止肠源性细菌及毒素入侵的第一道防线,占全身吞噬细胞总量的70%,但同时也为炎症介质大量释放提供了物质基础。肝脏分泌的结合型胆汁酸在小肠部位对口腔、胃、回肠、盲肠来源的外籍菌有抑制作用,游离型胆汁酸在大肠内通过调节pH 而调节肠道菌群平衡[7]。肝病时,肝功能障碍,胆汁分泌减少,对外籍菌的抑制作用减弱可引起菌群失调;枯否氏细胞对进入门静脉系统的细菌及毒素的清除能力下降,使之直接进入体循环形成肠源性内毒素血症;门静脉压力增高引起肠道黏膜水肿,通透性增加,为细菌及内毒素移位创造了条件。 严重感染时病原菌的数量和毒力超过了机体本身和(或)局部的防御能力,使得易在肠道黏附、定植和繁殖,进而 导致机体微生态失衡[8] 。严重感染常破坏胃肠黏膜屏障,诱发胃肠功能障碍[9]。严重感染必然要选择强有力的广谱抗生素,若长期大量应用,在杀灭病原菌的同时也杀灭肠道敏感的专性厌氧菌,正常菌群结构遭破坏,定植抗力及生物拮抗功能消失,促使了条件致病菌和易产生耐药的大肠杆菌、克雷伯杆菌等及外源性耐药菌和真菌黏附到肠上皮细胞上,并得到优势生长和大量繁殖,扩大内毒素池,同时削弱了厌氧菌对细菌移位的抑制作用,是引发内源性肠道感染的潜在因素和肠源性感染的重要因素之一[4,10,11]。 在大手术、休克等应激状态下,内环境发生改变,常可引起肠黏膜屏障功能损伤,除可造成肠源性内毒素血症和细菌移位外,缺血/再灌注不仅损伤肠上皮细胞,还促进其表达细胞因子(I L 26,T NF )等增加肠黏膜的通透性,为内毒素的入血创造条件;同时使肠上皮细胞吞噬细菌增加而杀菌功能下降,促进细菌移位,感染远处器官[1]。 放疗、化疗可致机体免疫功能低下,免疫屏障受损,SI g A 产生减少,对吞入的微生物、毒素的杀灭、抑制和清除作用减弱。当机体免疫功能持续严重低下时可引起脓毒血症即肠源性感染[12]。 谷氨酰胺是肠上皮细胞及肠道相关淋巴组织生长的主要能量来源,是维持胃肠道结构和功能所必需的特殊中性氨基酸,是应激状态下肠黏膜的一个必需营养物质,可通过对I L 24和I L 210的调节增加SI g A 水平,防止肠腔内细菌过多附着于肠黏膜发生移位[13]。全胃肠外营养因缺乏该物质可引起肠黏膜萎缩,影响肠上皮细胞功能。专性厌氧菌的主要代谢产物短链脂肪酸尤其是丁酸,是结肠上皮细胞的主要营养来源,若缺乏促进专性厌氧菌生长的纤维食物的肠道供给或由于滥用广谱抗生素致肠道菌群失调长时间不能纠正,也可影响肠上皮细胞的生长[14],为细菌及内毒素的移位提供了机会。 胆道和肠道梗阻时,胆汁排出受阻,调节肠内PH 和对外籍菌的抑制作用减弱,肠道不能正常蠕动使“冲洗”机制失灵,长时间滞留的细菌过度生长,是细菌移位和内毒素产生的基本原因[12]。 可见肠黏膜屏障功能障碍、肠道细菌生态紊乱和机体(包括肠道本身)免疫功能受损是肠道细菌移位的重要诱发因素。细菌可以横向移位,即肠道的正常菌群由原定位向周围转移,如向上可移位至口咽部然后逆向定植引起肺炎,也可向肠黏 4 24Chinese Journal ofM icr oecol ogy,Aug 2008,Vol 120No 14
肠道菌群紊乱和自闭症2
?1Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan. Abstract Recent advances in DNA sequencing and mass spectrometry technologies have allowed us to collect more data on microbiome and metabolome to assess the influence of the gut microbiota on human health at a whole-systems level. Major advances in metagenomics and metabolomics technologies have shown that the gut microbiota contributes to host overall health status to a large extent. As such, the gut microbiota is often likened to a measurable and functional organ consisting of prokaryotic cells, which creates the unique gut ecosystem together with the host eukaryotic cells. In this review, we discuss in detail the relationship between gut microbiota and its metabolites like choline, bile acids, phenols, and short-chain fatty acids in the host health and etiopathogenesis of various pathological states such as multiple sclerosis, autism, obesity, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. By integrating metagenomic and metabolomic information on a systems biology-wide approach, we would be better able to understand this interplay between gut microbiome and host metabolism. Integration of the microbiome, metatranscriptome, and metabolome information will pave the way toward an improved holistic understanding of the complex mammalian superorganism. Through the modeling of metabolic interactions between lifestyle, diet, and microbiota, integrated omics-based understanding of the gut ecosystem is the new avenue, providing exciting novel therapeutic approaches for optimal host health. Proc Nutr Soc. 2014 Oct 14:1-6. [Epub ahead of print] Nutritional management of (some) autism: a case for gluten- and casein-free diets? Whiteley P1. Author information ?1ESPA Research,2A Hylton Park,Hylton Park Road,Sunderland SR5 3HD,UK. Abstract Autism spectrum disorders represent a diverse and heterogeneous array of conditions unified by the variable presence of specific behaviours impacting social and communicative functions (social affect) alongside other presentation. Common overt characteristics may come about as a consequence of several different genetic and biological processes differentially manifesting across different people or groups. The concept of plural 'autisms' is evolving, strengthened by an increasingly important evidence base detailing different developmental trajectories across the autismspectrum and the appearance of comorbidity variably interacting with core symptoms and onwards influencing quality of life. Reports that dietary intervention, specifically the removal of foods containing gluten and/or casein from the diet, may impact on the presentation of autism for some, complement this plural view of autism. Evidence suggestive of differing responses to the use of a gluten- and casein-free diet, defined as best- and non-
慢性腹泻与肠道菌群失调(完整版)
慢性腹泻与肠道菌群失调（完整版） 摘要 慢性腹泻是一种临床常见症状，病因多且复杂。肠道菌群是人体肠道内携带的细菌群，其数量庞大，种类繁多，功能丰富。正常情况下，肠道菌群保持动态平衡，与宿主互利共生，维持宿主身体的健康。当这种平衡被打破时，将出现菌群失调，导致疾病发生，通常表现为腹泻。粪菌移植可快速、经济、相对安全地重建正常的肠道微生态环境。 腹泻是指排便次数增多（>3次/d），粪便量增加（>200 g/d），粪质稀薄（含水量>85%），按病程可分为急性腹泻和慢性腹泻两类。急性腹泻病程多在2周之内，少数可持续至2周以上，慢性腹泻指病程>4周，或间歇期在2~4周内的复发性腹泻。其发病往往由多种机制共同作用[1,2]。慢性腹泻是临床上多种疾病的常见症状，病因多，也较为复杂，临床转归差异大。人类肠道是一个大又杂的微生态环境，有种类繁多的微生物，这些微生物称为肠道菌群。肠道菌群在长期进化过程中构成了一个能保持动态平衡的微生态系统，形成天然的生物屏障，抵抗外来致病菌的侵袭。当机体受到饮食、药物、精神压力等因素影响时，这种平衡被打破，将产生病理性组合，称肠道菌群失调。由肠道菌群失调所致的慢性腹泻在临床上易被忽视。近年来，随着对肠道菌群功能的深入研究，人们对肠道菌群有了全新的认识，肠道菌群失调引起的慢性腹泻也逐渐被重视。
一、肠道菌群及肠道菌群失调 正常人体肠道内寄居的微生物种类繁多，以细菌为主。健康成人肠道中含大约104个细菌，种类>1 000种，是人体细胞总和的10倍[3]，占粪便干重的1/3~2/5，具体分为三大类：①原籍菌群，为肠道优势菌，具有免疫调节、抑制和清除病原菌的作用，主要有类杆菌、消化球菌、双歧杆菌及优杆菌等；②条件致病菌，其在肠道菌群平衡时无害，在特定条件下可具有侵袭性，对人体有害，主要有肠杆菌、肠球菌等，以兼性需氧菌为主； ③过路菌，菌群平衡时此类菌数量少，长期定植机会少，如数量超出正常水平可致病，主要有变形杆菌、假单胞菌等。正常情况下，肠道菌群之间及与宿主之间保持着动态平衡，维持肠道的正常结构和生理功能，对宿主表现为不致病，并通过生物屏障作用、营养作用、免疫调节作用、生长与衰老、代谢作用、抑癌作用等维持着宿主的健康[4]。 引起肠道菌群失调的原因复杂多样，主要有饮食、药物、年龄、肠道动力异常及免疫功能障碍等。其中抗生素的不当使用被认为是导致肠道菌群失调的罪魁祸首[5]，尤其是长期使用广谱抗生素可使得肠道敏感菌被抑制，而耐药菌过量繁殖。研究表明，抗生素所致的肠道菌群失调水平与用药剂量相关[6]，而益生菌有稳定并增加肠道优势菌在肠道菌群中的作用[7]。饮食习惯也可改变肠道菌群[8]，在低渣饮食中加入纤维对肠道功能及结果有益[9]。老年人肠道内双歧杆菌显著减少，肠杆菌、肠球菌增加。正常的肠道运动在推进食物的过程中也可清除细菌，肠道运动减弱时，可使细菌在肠道内停留时间过长、大量繁殖，促使肠道菌群失调[10]。分泌型免疫球蛋白A是肠黏膜主要的免疫球蛋白，可抵抗病原体入侵并阻止肠道细菌
肠道菌群与疾病
转自《生物学通报》2004年第39卷第3期，26页。 肠道菌群与疾病 尹军霞 (绍兴文理学院生物学系浙江绍兴312000) 林德荣 (绍兴第二医院肿瘤科浙江绍兴312000) 摘要：一般情况下，肠道茵群与人体和外部环境保持着一个平衡状态，对人体的健康起着重要作用，但在某些情况下，这种平衡可被打破，形成肠道茵群失调，引发疾病或者加重病情，引起并发症甚至发生多器官功能障碍综合症或多器官功能衰竭。本文对肠道菌群在种类、数量、比例、定位和疾病的关系以及调整肠道菌群失调的措施作了简单的介绍。 1 肠道菌群一般介绍 刚出生的婴儿由于在子宫内是处于无菌的环境．所以肠道内是无菌的，出生后，细菌迅速从口及肛门侵人，2 h左右，其肠道内很快有肠球菌、链球菌和葡萄球菌等需氧菌植入，以后随着饮食，肠道就有了更多的不同菌群进驻，3 d后细菌数量接近高峰…。而一个健康成人胃肠道细菌大约有1014个，由30属、500种组成，包括需氧、兼性厌氧菌和厌氧菌。从来源上看，有常住菌和过路菌两种，前者是并非由口摄入，在肠道内保持稳定的群体；而后者则由口摄入并经胃肠道。常住菌是使过路菌不能定植的一个因素。 人体胃肠道各部位定植的细菌的数量和种类不同：胃内酸度高，含大量消化酶，不适合细菌成长，所以胃内菌数量很少，总菌数0～103个，主要是一些需氧抗酸性细菌，如链球菌、乳杆菌等。而小肠是个过渡区，虽然pH值稍偏碱，但含有消化酶，蠕动强烈，肠液流量大，足以将细菌在繁殖前冲洗到远端回肠和结肠。所以，小肠菌量在胃和结肠之间逐渐增多；空肠菌数105个，仍以需氧菌为主；回肠菌较多，总菌数103-107个，以厌氧菌为主，如拟杆菌、双歧杆菌等；结肠内菌量最多达1011-1012个，厌氧菌占绝对优势，占98％以上，菌种也达300多种，干大便的重量近1／3是由细菌组成。 同一肠道，不同类菌的空间分布也不相同。总的来说，人体肠道菌群在肠腔内形成3个生物层：深层的紧贴粘膜表面并与粘膜上皮细胞粘连形成细菌生物膜的菌群称为膜菌群，主要由双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌组成，这两类菌是肠共生菌，是肠道菌中最具生理意义的两种细菌，对机体有益无害；中层为粪杆菌、消化链球菌、韦荣球菌和优杆菌等厌氧菌；表层的细菌可游动称为腔菌群，主要是大肠杆菌、肠球菌等好氧和兼性好氧菌…。 肠道菌群的种类和数量只是相对稳定的，它们受饮食、生活习惯、地理环境、年龄及卫生条件的影响而变动。 正常情况下，肠道菌群、宿主和外部环境建立起一个动态的生态平衡，对人体的健康起着重要作用。 1．1 防御病原体的侵犯 1)直接作用
自闭症患者肠道菌群的结构变化及NS乳酸菌干预机制研究
自闭症患者肠道菌群的结构变化及NS乳酸菌干预机制研究 研究背景: 自闭症是一种严重的神经发育障碍，它对社会和患者家庭造成极其严重的经济和医疗负担，并且目前临床中尚未有有效的治疗方法。据保守估计我国自闭症患病率为1 070，并且呈逐年上升趋势。自闭症患者不仅表现出行为症状，还伴随着诸多典型的生物学症状，如免疫功能异常、胃肠功能紊乱、多种过敏等问题。尽管人们多年来致力于寻找致病基因，但其患病率急剧上升的现状完全不符合群体遗传学的哈迪一温伯格平衡，表明外在因素对其发生的影响远大于遗传因素。事实上，肠道微生物在自闭症的发生与发展中起重要作用，自闭症与个体的肠道微生物失衡及肠一脑轴异常密切相关。由于婴幼儿的肠脑发育与大脑发育几乎同步，因而在发育关键期，任何影响其肠道微生物的因素均可增加自闭症风险。 肠道微生物可通过其代谢产物、免疫、神经内分泌、以及迷走神经等途径影响大脑和行为。目前以肠道微生物为靶点干预自闭症正在成为研究热点，主要方式包括饮食干预、药物干预、粪菌移植和益生菌干预，其中益生菌以其有效性和安全性得到较多认可。本研究在关注近年来与肠道微生物相关的自闭症研究基础上，尝试对自闭症患者进行特定益生菌干预，从而为了解共生微生物在自闭症发病中的角色和相应对策展开深层次的认识。 研究目的: 1.建立健康儿童以及自闭症儿童肠道微生物数据库，分析自闭症儿童肠道微生物的构成，尝试通过调整和改变肠道微生物组份来干预自闭症。 2.通过自闭症儿童肠道微生物与对照儿童肠道微生物结构的比较研究，确定自闭症儿童肠道微生物的变化，确定自闭症相关微生物标记物。 3.通过检测微生物一肠一脑轴功能相关生理生化指标变化，分析自闭症儿童与健康对照儿童
肠道菌群和免疫的关系
肠道菌群对动物免疫的影响及机理 在动物体内环境中通常有一层微生物或微生物层，在正常情况下即动物处于健康状态时，并未表现异常或致病现象，称这一层微生物为正常菌群或固有菌群和原籍菌群。这些菌群是动物机体内环境中不可缺少的组成部分，对动物宿主是有益无害的。肠道菌群形成一个庞大而复杂的微生态系统，有重要的生理意义。包括抵御病原体侵袭、刺激机体免疫器官的成熟、激活免疫系统及参与合 成多种维生素、调节物质代谢等作用。 1、菌群屏障作用 动物的先天性或非特异性免疫应答，亦即机体免疫系统识别和排除各种异物，主要依靠机体的屏障作用，包括正常菌群、机体的皮肤黏膜、补体等体液因子抑菌、杀菌、溶菌等作用、吞噬细胞的吞噬作用等。从现代的研究不难看出，正常菌群在机体的屏障作用中是极为重要的一个方面。 2、影响黏膜免疫 研究发现双歧杆菌抑制其他肠道菌的效果与诱生一种抗菌物质——分泌型球蛋白（SIgA）有关。有人研究证明乳酸杆菌粘附形成的空间占位，是防止其他菌对组织附着的一个重要的保护性机制。嗜酸性乳杆菌可以在肠黏膜免疫中发挥重要的免疫监视功能。口服干酪乳杆菌能增强宿主的黏膜的免疫反应，促进肠道分泌免疫球蛋白(SIgA)，即使饲喂低剂量的干酪乳杆菌也能引起SIgA的分泌。 3、促进免疫器官的生长发育 益生菌能促进机体的免疫器官的生长发育、成熟，增加T、B淋巴细胞的数量，胸腺淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白含量增多，启动免疫应答。有关研究表明，实验组免疫器官内的淋巴密度密集，数量增多以及浆细胞的数量增多，中枢免疫器官的
淋巴细胞和上皮网状细胞数量增多，这标志免疫器官内部淋巴细胞的发育情况和免疫功能的成熟程度，从而向外周免疫器官脾脏、盲肠扁桃体以及全身各处免疫组织源源不断的输送T、B淋巴细胞。 4、激活免疫因子 益生菌能明显的激活巨噬细胞活性及细胞因子介导素的分泌，增强免疫功能，提高宿主的抗病能力。这些因子在某些情况下，可以代替免疫调节剂，因为它们不仅能刺激造血活性，而且也能增强成熟细胞的功能，细菌细胞表面结合的细胞因子对细菌调节机体一系列免疫反应是非常重要的。 5、干预细胞免疫 干酪乳杆菌和保加利亚乳杆菌可激活巨噬细胞功能，刺激产生免疫应答。还通过巨噬细胞和T细胞、NK细胞活性的增强来增强人体的免疫；巨噬细胞、NK细胞、T细胞的活化，有益于增强周围血管和局部淋巴结中淋巴细胞的免疫，T辅助细胞、NK细胞的增加，可使抑制性T细胞减少。乳酸菌能干预细胞免疫。乳酸菌、双歧杆菌能阻断许多微生物的入侵和粘附（位组抑制）。 6、和疫苗混合使用提高抗体水平 有研究表明，在ND疫苗接种前后饲用益生素，可提高鸡血清中抗NDV血凝抑制抗菌体，延长抗体的高峰期。 7、具有免疫佐剂活性 Himanen等（1993）研究枯草芽孢杆菌的脂磷壁酸（LTA）和肽聚糖磷壁酸复合物的生物活性时，发现两者均具有很强的免疫佐剂活性作用。地衣芽孢杆菌的免疫促进作用是机体经口服芽孢杆菌后，在肠道淋巴组织集合的抗原结合位点上直接作为免疫佐剂，或者通过调整宿主体内的微生物群，尤其是双歧杆菌菌群起主导作用，间接的发挥免疫佐剂的作用，提高机体的局部或全身防御功能。