中国农业科学院2019年高级生物化学博士入学考试试卷

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中国农业大学博士入学考试动物生物化学试题

2007年一．名词解释（15×2’）：核小体α-螺旋chargraff’s规则顺反子糖酵解二．问答题（70’）一共10道题，分值不同1．蛋白质的结构层次分为那些？他们间的关系是什么？2．DNA双螺旋结构的结构特征。

3．说明16C脂肪酸完全氧化的全过程，及能量的耗费和释放。

4．比较体内DNA复制与体外PCR间的异同点。

5．试述你对RNAi的认识。

6．试述谷氨酸在氨基酸的代谢中的作用。

7．叙述甘油经过异生生成糖的过程。

8．机体饥饿状态下体内营养物质代谢的变化。

2003年一、名词解释（12分共6个每题2分）β-氧化氧化磷酸化鸟氨酸循环糖有氧氧化半保留复制核糖体二、填空（共32分1空1分）三、问答题（共56分7道题每题8分）1．苯丙氨酸的代谢途径。

2．三大营养物质的相互转化。

3．机体清除强酸的途径。

4．写出糖代谢为脂肪合成提供的所有原料。

5．试述tRNA的结构特点及其在蛋白质合成中的作用。

6．DNA聚合酶和RNA聚合酶的相同点和不同点。

2002年a)名词解释1．半抗原2．中心法则3．抗原决定族4．脂肪酸氧化b)填空1．氨基酸脱氨产物——、——、——、——、——2．抗体的种类——及进化序列——3．葡萄糖代谢的关键物质——、——、——4．密码子序列从——到——、启始密码子——其代表——5．mRNA前体——6．酮体在——生成，在——利用c)简答题1．在饥饿状态下三大营养物质代谢2．单克隆抗体和多克隆抗的区别多抗和单抗特性比较：1.均一性。

一种单抗中，每个抗体的化学结构和氨基酸顺序都相同，只有一种Ig亚类。

即单抗是一种纯度很高的均一抗体。

而从不同动物，不同时期所得到的多抗，各有不同的化学组成。

多抗是多种种类和亚类Ig的混合物。

2.稳定性。

单抗的稳定较差，对PH变化敏感，对热不稳定，提纯过程中易变性，而多抗的稳定性则较好。

3.特异性。

单抗是单一地针对抗原的某一决定簇，所以用它进行血清学反应时，特异性强，敏感性高，一般不发生交叉反应。

博士研究生入学考试题《作物生理学》

博士研究生入学考试题一作物生理学1.比较分析环境因子对禾谷类作物籽粒淀粉合成和蛋白质积累的影响及其异同点。

1、地域禾谷类作物籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量有明显的地区差异性。

在同一经度上由北向南每推进10。

，籽粒中蛋白质平均提高4.5%,淀粉含量平均降低0.5%。

而在同一纬度上由西向东推进40。

，蛋白质含量提高了5.47%。

低温和长昼减慢了淀粉的生物合成。

2、温度温度对禾谷类作物籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响，主要是指气温。

玉米、水稻、大豆等作物籽粒蛋白质含量均随气温的升高而增加。

籽粒蛋白质含量与抽穗至成熟期间的平均气温呈显著正相关。

多数研究认为，水稻籽粒成熟期间的温度（无论是气温还是水温）与稻米直链淀粉含量呈负相关.有研究表明，在22〜31。

C的温度范围内，随着平均温度的升高，低直链淀粉品种的直链淀粉含量下降，但中等和高直链淀粉品种，直链淀粉含量未改变.3、水分小麦、水稻、豆类及油料作物等籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量随降水量增加、土壤水分增多而减少。

水分不足条件下，含量提高可能与籽粒缩小有关。

4、养分增施氮肥，可以提高籽粒蛋白质含量。

磷钾肥对蛋白质含量的影响是间接的。

与氮代谢有关，施用适量磷钾肥有助于氮肥发挥作用，氮磷钾配合施用，产量和蛋白质含量均明显增加，蛋白质总量提高近1倍。

施肥可以提高籽粒中蛋白质含量，但蛋白质的生物价值却有所降低.此外，硫能提高蛋白质含量，改善蛋白质的氨基酸组成。

施用钾肥和磷肥有利于子粒淀粉含量的提高,氮肥能引起淀粉含量的下降。

4、病虫害病、虫危害均使使子粒淀粉和蛋白质含量下降。

2.以某一作物为例，分析其源库特征与栽培对策.玉米“源”、“库”、“流”是玉米产量构成的三大因素.只有当作物群体和个体的发展达到源足、库大、流畅的要求时，才可能获得高产。

实际上，源、流、库的形成和功能的发挥不是孤立的，而是相互联系、相互促进的,有时可以相互代替.从源与库的关系看，源是产量库形成和充实的物质基础.作物在正常生长情况下，源与库的大小和强度是协调的，否则，若有较多的同化物而无较大的贮存库，或者有较大的贮存库而无较多的同化物，均不能高产。

中国农大考博试题

中国农大考博试题分子生物学试题 961 什么是原癌基因？（4）它们怎样被反转录病毒激活？（16分）2 什么是tumor supperssor gene？（4分）举例说明它的调控功能。

（16分）3 细胞染色体的异常如何导致癌基因的激活？（20分）4 解释以下名词：(1) gene knock-out (5分)(2) molecular hybridization (5分)(3) restriction fragment length polymorphism (5分)(4) human genome project (5分)5 G蛋白的结构特点信其功能（20分）6 apoptosis的特征与其生理及病理意义（10分）已知它的调控基因有哪些？（10分）以上6题任选5题回答。

一. 名词解释(2/40)1. 间体2. 血影3. 脂质体4. 巴氏小体5. 成熟促进因子(MPF)6. Hela细胞株7. IL-28. 周期蛋白9. 等位排斥 10. G0期细胞 11. 转基因动物12. 同源异形染色体 13. 联会复合体 14. G蛋白 15. 胞质板 16. 信号转换17. 核骨架 18. 多线染色体 19. 染色体组 20. 原癌基因二. 问答题(10/60)1. 简述细胞膜的结构和功能2. 什么是核基质?其结构和功能如何?3. 简述蛋白质月末的信号假说.4. 什么是染色体的袢环模型?5. 什么是单克隆抗体技术?有何应用价值?6. 简述肌醇酯信号通路.2000：1．如何发现或寻找新基因？2．什么是蛋白质组（蛋白质组学）？与基因组差别？主要内容及策略？3． DNA结合蛋白的几种结构花式？modif（画简图）4．真核基因在原核表达的难点及对策？5．基因knock out与knock in：6．差异显示：7．酵母双杂交：8．基因芯片：中国农大2003分子遗传学博士研究生入学考试试题一、请举出对分子遗传学发展做出贡献的诺贝尔奖获得者10名，其重要成就如何？ 30'二、何谓RNA编辑，是如何进行编辑的？15'三、举出2-3种基因组测序或功能基因组研究的策略，并加以说明。

博士研究生生物化学入学试题

中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所博士研究生生物化学入学试题1996年1.请依照功能对蛋白质分类，并举例说明。

〔10分〕2.DNA的变性与蛋白质变性有何不同，理由是什么？〔10分〕〔10 3.列出你所明白的具有DNA外切酶活性的酶及它们在分子生物学研究中的应用。

分〕4.举例说明蛋白质天然构象的信息存在于氨基酸顺序中。

〔12分〕5.以图示说明：〔22分〕a.真核生物基因表达的调剂，指出哪些在细胞核中进展，哪些在胞质中进展。

b.哺乳动物的ATP循环，请说明为何说ATP是“自然界的货币〞。

6. 如何运用DNA序列分析方式确信DNA序列中与蛋白质结合的区域？〔12分〕7. 生物膜的不对称的拓扑构造是由什么维持的？它对生物膜的哪些功能是必需的？〔12分〕8. C3植物和C4植物有何不同？有人提出用基因工程手腕将C3植物改造成C4植物，你感觉是不是可行？为何？〔12分〕1997年一、名词说明：〔40分〕1、蛋白质的去折叠与再折叠 5、RNA－酶2、差向异构体 6、抗体酶3、冈崎片段 7、Z－DNA4、信号肽 8、酮体二、何谓同工酶？试述同工酶分析的原理及应用。

〔12分〕三、简述生物膜流体镶嵌模型的要点。

什么是膜脂的多形性，非双脂层构造的生理意义是什么。

〔12分〕四、什么是反义RNA？举例说明它的理论和实践意义。

〔12分〕五、列举四种不同类型的PCR技术的原理及应用。

〔12分〕六、阻碍DNA变性和复性的条件是什么？如何依照DNA复性和反映动力学别离基因组中重复频率不同的序列？〔12分〕1998年一、名词说明：〔40分〕1.糖蛋白和蛋白聚糖2.多酶体系3.共价催化4.A、B和ZDNA5.糖异生6.非蛋白质性氨基酸7.蛋白质的四级构造8.离子泵9.逆转录转座子〔retrotransposon〕10.亲和层析二、哪一种类型的蛋白质适用于系统学研究？为何？比拟在系统学研究中的依据蛋白质分析的技术和依据DNA分析的技术。

博士考试高级动物生物化学试题

2013年博士考试高级动物生物化学试题一、名词解释(20分)(每题4分,中英文回答均可)1、Telomerase端粒酶:就是一种RNA-蛋白质复合物。

其RNA序列常可与端粒区得重复序列互补;蛋白质部分具有逆转录酶活性,因此能以其自身携带得RNA为模板逆转录合成端粒DNA。

2、Signal peptide信号肽:常指新合成多肽链中用于指导蛋白质夸膜转移(定位)得N-末端氨基酸序列(有时不一定在N端)。

3、Promoter启动子:在DNA分子中,RNA聚合酶能够结合并导致转录起始得序列。

4、Covalent modification 共价修饰:酶蛋白肽链上得一些基团可与某种化学基团发生可逆得共价结合,从而改变酶得活性,这一过程称为酶得共价修饰或者化学修饰。

5、Real time quantitative PCR实时定量PCR: 就是指在PCR反应体系中加入荧光基团,利用荧光信号积累实时监测整个PCR进程,使每一个循环变得“可见”,最后通过标准曲线对样品中得DNA (or cDNA) 得起始浓度进行定量得方法。

二、简答题(40分)(每题8分)1、简述化学渗透假说。

(1)线粒体内膜得电子传递链就是一个质子泵。

传氢体与传电子体在线粒体内膜就是间隔交替排列得。

由于使H+与e交替传递,从而使H+发生定向转移。

(2)传氢体从内膜内侧接受2H后,将2个e传给电子传递体,同时2H+泵出内膜外侧。

(3)泵出得H+不能自由返回膜内侧(膜对H+就是不通透得),因而膜外侧H+浓度高于内侧,形成H+浓度得跨膜梯度,由于原有外正内负得跨膜电位增高,同时也形成了电位梯度。

(4)质子浓度差与电位差构成了质子得动力势,推动质子由外入内,膜外得质子在质子动力势得推动下,通过镶嵌在线粒体内膜得A TP合酶复合体返回膜内,并推动该酶合成ATP。

2、剧烈运动以后,血液流经组织时,血红蛋白对氧得亲与力发生什么变化,为什么？1）酮体就是脂肪酸在肝内正常得中间代谢产物,就是肝输出能源得一种形式;2）酮体就是肌肉尤其就是脑得重要能源。

中国农业科学院博士入学考试英语样题.-.20171027171850

中国农业科学院博士研究生入学考试英语样题PART I Vocabulary and Grammatical Structure(25%)Section A:Vocabulary(15points)Directions:There are fifteen questions in this section.Each question is a sentence with something missing.Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose oneword or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark the corresponding letter with asingle bar across the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.1.Studies on cats have helped______some of the abilities of our mysterious housemates.A.lightenB.obscureC.illuminateD.cherish2.Lung cancer is the UK’s biggest cancer killer,______more than35,000lives a year.A.savingB.claimingC.demandingD.producing3.Some stereotypes of the Chinese______in the United States because of the large number ofnegative reports.A.endureB.vanishC.insistD.deteriorate4.After the marathon race,some athletes are too______to answer the reporter’s questions.A.wiped outB.figured outid outD.worn out5.The good news is that more foreigners have come to______traditional Chinese medicine.A.take inB.believe inC.turn inD.get in6.Treatments that______the immune system have shown great promise against some forms ofcancer.A.proceedB.erodeC.harnessD.precede7.A year ago there were slightly more______than jobseekers,but now there are twice as manyopenings.A.vacuumsB.vacanciesC.vacationsD.vocations8.Dogs seem to experience separation anxiety,which also indicates that they feel______to theirowners.A.hostilityB.objectionC.relianceD.attachment9.Previous research has shown that there are immediate______benefits from eating chocolate.A.cognitiveB.imaginativeC.creativepetitive10.A discovery into the genetic makeup of tumors may deliver therapies that are______toindividual patients.A.entitledB.affiliatedC.tailoredD.obliged11.A major obstacle______English learning is the profound influence of the mother tongue.A.forB.onC.toD.over12.As the vote will be______in favor of the Republican Party,Trump is getting near to thepresidency.A.deliberatelyB.overwhelminglyC.conscientiouslyD.crudely13.It takes courage to______all the opposition to the decision to have these corrupt officialsarrested.A.break downB.turn downC.let downD.shut down14.One choice has to______another when you are making a decision as to which college toattend.A.be oriented toB.be indulged inC.be coupled withD.be weighed against15.This company is constantly looking for ways to improve services______different customers.A.on behalf ofB.in case ofC.by means ofD.with a view toSection B Grammatical Structure(10points)Directions:There are twenty questions in this section.Each question is a sentence with something missing.Below each sentence are four words,phrases or grammatical structures marked A,B,C and D.Choose one that best completes the sentence.Mark the corresponding letterwith a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scored Answer Sheet.16.About twenty years______since my parents bought this apartment in this city.A.passedB.has passedC.is passingD.have passed17.She was so busy that she left the food______last evening.A.untouchedB.being untouchedC.to be untouchedD.not touched18.Despite his repeated attempt______this test,he has never succeeded.A.of passingB.that passesC.to passD.passing19.This book is not so important as______.A.is said to beB.what is said to beC.are said to beD.which is said to be20.A college student______the four basic skills related to English learning.A.need improvingB.needs to improveC.need to improveD.needs improving21.Tom might have got the top score in physics______more careful.A.he had beenB.had he beenC.if he wereD.if he is22.My professor of biology is an amiable lady about twice______.A.my ageB.so old as meC.as my ageD.as old as my age23.An individual,______,is entitled to some constitutional rights.A.no matter rich or poorB.however rich or poorC.rich or poorD.either rich or poor24.A new library has been built in______used to be residential buildings.A.whereB.whichC.thatD.what25.Regular exercise can boost your immunity______helping you look younger.A.whenB.whileC.duringD.as26.What my supervisor said to me set me______.A.thinkingB.to thinkC.thoughtD.think27.There is a growing body of evidence______nuts can benefit human health.A.whichB.whoseC.thatD.where28.The first thing she has to do now is______to the manager.A.apologizesB.to apologizedC.apologyD.apologize29.My mom was thirty years old the year______I was born.A.whichB.XC.in thatD.where30.Couples who have lost their only child wish to have______child.A.the secondB.secondC.a secondD.a secondary31.The teacher tried to console this little girl,______her feel worse.A.which makingB.only to makeC.but makingD.yet to make32.It was______last weekend______I learned that she had been diagnosed with cancer.A.at…whenB.no sooner…thanC.hardly…whenD.not until…that33.We can find out more about______space via______Internet.A.X...the B.the...the C.X...X D.a (X)34.This bridge is believed______about800years ago.A.to be builtB.having builtC.to have been builtD.being built35.______in the1960s,my parents usually think differently from us.A.Being bornB.BornC.Having been bornD.To be bornPART II READING COMPREHENSION(30points)Directions:In this part of the test,there are five short passages.Read each passage carefully,and then do the questions that follow.Choose the best answer from the four choices given and markthe corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourmachine-scored Answer Sheet.Passage OneImagine a world without alcohol sponsorship of sport and without drinks ads on TV.You’re imagining France,the country with a heavy drinking rate one sixth that of Ireland.It’s a country where there is a genuinely sensible and mature approach to alcohol–with a range of regulationsfor the alcohol industry.To be certain,people drink in France–there is alcoholism and serious issues for public health there,just as in other societies where alcohol is available–but in France,the trend is downward and heavy drinking isn’t a group activity where getting drunk is the objective.The drinks industry in Ireland is pitilessly efficient and deeply rational–like any multi-billion euro industry,knowing how to get people to drink more,how to grow a market,howto cultivate the next generation of drinkers and how to put them on the value addition conveyor belt.The economics of drinking is strikingly obvious.A massive diversity of products at a massively wide range of prices,with a staggering diversity of lifestyle messages and marketing approaches to segment and divide the market.We start with the young drinkers,who don’t have a whole lot of money–for young men there’re the thin aluminum can beers which promise European sophistication and precious metals.For the ladies there are the lighter alcopops and coolers,which promise to have one laugh uncontrollably into the night with your equally attractive mid-twenties friends,often with a three-for-two offer.The next stage in the process is to get the drinker into the bottled beers and shift the ladies towards whiskey.In the summer,everyone is encouraged to dedicate time to quenching the thirst with juice–and to move on from there.At each life stage there is a higher-value drink product targeted at our aspirations and an encouragement to get some of the good life.The drinks industry reminds us to tame our animal side with a trip to their website saying that‘enjoying a drink may be part of Irish culture…’and,at the start of an article on the possible health benefits of cutting down on alcohol,states:“Lots of people associate moderate drinking with relaxation and fun.”The drinks industry needs young drinkers–it cultivates drinkers as early as possible,but it cultivates partners and harvests goodwill as well.36.Which of the following statements is true about France?A.Sport can be sponsored by alcohol producers.B.There are no TV commercials related to alcohol.C.No one consumes an excessive amount of alcohol.D.There are no strict regulations for the alcohol industry.37.The underlined words in Paragraph3imply that the drinks industry in Ireland______.A.tries to make money by illegal meansB.cares about the health of consumersC.is good at boosting sales of alcoholD.has enjoyed quite high productivity38.Paragraph Four and Five are focused on______the drinks industry.A.health benefits associated withB.the economics employed byC.the wide range of products ofD.various lifestyle messages from39.The drinks industry has been working hard to increase its sales by______.A.encouraging consumers to use the same drink productB.telling consumers the truth about the harm of alcoholC.matching each stage of life with a particular type of drinkD.targeting at young drinkers exclusively and relentlessly40.The central idea of this passage is that in Ireland______.A.alcoholism is a serious social problem tB.the drinks industry cares about sales,not youC.there is an abundant supply of drink productsD.people should learn from their French neighbors41.The author’s tone in writing this passage is______.A.ironicB.supportiveC.appreciativeD.objective Passage TwoJulie Lythcott-Haims noticed a disturbing trend during her decade as the former dean of freshmen at Stanford University.Incoming students were brilliant and accomplished and virtually flawless,on paper.But with each year,more of them seemed incapable of taking care of themselves.At the same time,parents were becoming increasingly involved in their children’s lives.They talked to their children multiple times a day and rushed in to personally intervene whenever something difficult happened.Lythcott-Haims came to believe that parents in wealthy communities have been hindering their children by trying so hard to protect the children from any disappointment,failure and hardship.Such“over-helping”might assist children in developing impressive résumés for college applications,but it also deprives them of the chance to learn who they are,what they love and how to navigate the world,she argues in her book.“We want so badly to help them by shepherding them from milestone to milestone and by shielding them from failure and pain.But over-helping is devastating,”she writes.“It can leave young adults without the strengths of skill,will and character that are needed to know themselves and to craft a life.”“Don’t call me a parenting expert,”she said in an interview.“I’m interested in humans’thriving,and it turns out that over-parenting is getting in the way.”She cites statistics on the rise of depression and other mental health problems among the young people.She has seen the effects up close:she lives in a community that,following a string of suicides in the past year,has undertaken a period of soul-searching about what parents can do to stem the pressure that young people face.Her book tour is taking her to more school auditoriums and parent groups than bookstores. She tells stories about over-involvement and shares statistics about problems in young people, which she hopes will spark change in communities where helicopter parents are making themselves and their children miserable.“Our job as a parent is to put ourselves out of a job,”she said.“We need to know that our children are able to get up in the morning and take care of themselves.”And how can parents help their children become self-sufficient?Teach them the skills they’ll need in real life and make sure they practice those skills on their own.And have them do chores.“Chores build a sense of accountability.They build life skills and a work ethic,”she said.42.According to this passage,many students failed to take care of themselves______.A.because of excessive school assignmentsB.due to low IQ and limited book knowledgeC.for lack of skills needed in real lifeD.for lack of care and love from parents43.Over-helping can possibly help children to______.A.grow up more quicklyB.enter better collegesC.take care of themselvesD.face up to failure or agony44.The underlined word“devastating”in Paragraph Four probably means______.A.harmfulB.indispensableC.non-existentD.beneficial45.Which of the following is NOT true about Lythcott-Haims?A.She has given many lectures on over-involvement.B.She thinks over-parenting can drive human prosperity.C.She believes over-involvement cause mental problems.D.She hopes to see much less helicopter parenting.46.Lythcott-Haims suggests that parents do the following EXCEPT______.A.ask children to do choresB.give children more freedomC.quit jobs and stay at homeD.teach children life skills47.This passage aims to explain______.A.why helicopter parenting is ruining childrenB.which is the best approach to parenting childrenC.what children can learn from successful parentsD.how over-involvement can benefit childrenPassage ThreeTeams have become the basic building-blocks of organizations.Recruitment ads routinely call for“team players”.Business schools grade their students in part on their performance in group projects.Office managers knock down walls to encourage team-building.Numerous companies were either in the middle of restructuring or about to embark on it,and restructuring meant putting more emphasis on teams.Companies are abandoning functional silos and organizing employees into cross-disciplinary teams that focus on particular products,problems or customers,with more power to run their own affairs and more time to work with each other rather than reporting upwards.A network of teams is replacing the conventional hierarchy.However,teams are not always the answer—teams may provide more insight,creativity and knowledge,but teamwork may also lead to confusion,delay and poor decision-making.It is noted that teams are hindered by problems of coordination and motivation that erode the benefits of collaboration.High-flyers forced to work in teams may be undervalued and free-riders empowered.Groupthink may be unavoidable.Less than10%of the supposed members agree on who exactly is on the team.Agreeing on its purpose is harder.Profound changes in the workforce are making teams trickier to manage.Teams work best if their members have a strong common culture.This is hard to achieve when,as is now the case in many big firms,a large proportion of staff are temporary contractors.Teamwork improves with time:73%of the incidents in a civil-aviation database occurred on a crew’s first day of flying together.Companies need to think harder about managing teams to keep teams small and focused.A new study finds that the best way to ensure employees are“engaged”is to give them more control over where and how they do their work—which may mean liberating them from having to do everything in collaboration with others.However,organizations need to ask themselves whether teams are the best tools for the job. Team-building skills are in short supply:Deloitte reports that only12%of the executives understand the way people work together in networks and only21%feel capable of building cross-functional teams.Slackly managed teams can become hotbeds of distraction—employees routinely complain that they can’t get their work done because they are forced to spend too much time in meetings or in noisy offices.Even in the age of open-plan offices and social networks some work is best left to the individual.48.It can be concluded from the first paragraph that______.A.team players can easily enter better collegesB.team building will probably be short-livedC.team-building is getting increasingly popularD.team players are likely to be business leaders49.According to this passage,teams are characterized by______.A.many functional silosB.more efficient coordinationC.better decision-makingD.autonomy and collaboration50.All the following statements are problems with teams EXCEPT______.A.Team membership is hard to determineB.Too many firms have a common cultureC.Individuals’abilities are ignoredD.Team building can be risky51.The main idea of Paragraph Five is that______.A.new pilots are more prone to accidentsB.teams are currently difficult to manageC.a common culture is shared in big firmsD.teamwork depends on temporary contractors52.The author argues in the last paragraph that______.A.the number of teams should be increasedB.excellence mostly results from teamworkC.different jobs require different teamsD.teams are not suitable for some jobs53.This passage is primarily concerned with______.A.the contributions of teams to companiesB.disadvantages of working in teamsC.different ways to improve teamworkD.the reasons for the popularity of teamsPassage FourOn the surface,shopping online seems environmentally friendly:it eliminates car trips and carbon emissions.But what about the emissions from fleets of delivery vehicles bringing orders to houses?Delivery trucks also contribute substantially to the burden of PM2.5,which is associated with many effects on human health.Researchers recently conducted a survey of downtown Newark residents’shopping habits and preferences to calculate the quantity of goods purchased online.They also used the information from delivery companies about the number of trucks on the road and the number of packages per truck to determine how many delivery trucks are required to distribute home shopping purchases.Finally,the researchers used transportation simulation software and data fromlocal transportation authorities to determine the effect of delivery trucks on the transportation network,focusing on an area of downtown Newark that includes a portion of the university’s campus.They conducted similar analyses in2001,at the dawn of the online shopping era,and again in2008.Curiously,the2008data suggested that home shopping in Newark had grown by only14.8% since2001.That’s much less than the researchers predicted in their earlier study.It also contrasts with data from other researchers showing that internet shopping increased six-fold between2001 and2011.This is an unexpected finding.However,a large proportion of their survey respondents were university students,and the convenience of internet shopping may appeal more to people who are running a household.Also,the researchers’latest data are from2008,which suggests that their study underestimates the effect of home shopping on the transportation network.In any case,the researchers found that even though home shopping by residents of Newark grew more slowly than anticipated,traffic in2008was worse than they had predicted,for more home shopping purchases increase travel time,traffic delays,and vehicle emissions of the transportation network.While some previous studies suggest that e-commerce is associated with lower carbon emissions than traditional retail,other researchers have warned of a“rebound effect,”which occurs when gains in efficiency merely stimulate new consumption.Something similar may be going on in Newark,the results suggest.“We found that the total number of vehicles miles travelled hasn’t decreased at all with the growth of online shopping,”says study leader Arde Faghri.“This suggests that people are using the time saved by Internet shopping to do things like eating out at restaurants,going to the movies, or visiting friends.”54.According to the first paragraph,the author______.A.doubts the environmental friendliness of online shoppingB.believes in the benefit of online shopping to the environmentC.insists that delivery trucks can reduce the emission of PM2.5D.associates online shopping with better human health55.The ultimate goal of the survey mentioned in Paragraph Two was to______.A.trace the effects of online shopping on transportation networksB.calculate the total annual amount of goods purchased onlineC.determine the number and load of delivery trucks for online purchasespare the difference in the data on online shopping56.The unexpected finding mentioned in Paragraph Four refers to the finding that______.A.many of the survey respondents were university studentsB.housewives are normally more interested in online shoppingC.home shopping in Newark grew more slowly than anticipatedD.internet shopping increased six-fold between2001and201157.The researchers might have come to the conclusion that______.A.online shopping has decreased the emission of greenhouse gasesB.people are cutting down on driving thanks to online shoppingC.the popularity of online shopping should be discouragedD.online shopping fails to reduce traffic jam and carbon emissions58.The results of the survey by Arde Faghri suggest that in Newark______.A.a“rebound effect”is probably taking placeB.online shopping is being replaced by other entertainmentsC.online shopping has reduced people’s daily spendingD.supermarkets or malls are gradually disappearing59.Which of the following can best serve as the title of this passage?A.Current Trends of Online Shopping.B.How Green Is Online Shopping?C.Why Online Shopping Is Getting Popular?D.Benefits of Online Shopping to Human Health.Passage FiveEveryone in the UK seems to agree that recorded crime is decreasing.This is one of the arguments the government is using to justify its savage cuts in police budgets.All we have to do now is to get the police more efficient–working smarter,making better use of IT.Reduction in crime means we don’t need so many police officers.This belief is based on a false premise.Recorded crime is declining,but that’s largely due to the fact that crime has moved from the physical world to cyberspace or the Internet:cybercrime is much safer and more appealing.The rewards are much greater,and the risks of being caught and convicted are vanishingly small.So if you’re a rational criminal with a reasonable IQ,why would you bother robbing people,breaking into houses,stealing cars and doing all the other things that old-style crooks do–and that old-style cops are good at catching them doing?Each senior police officer believes that cybercrime has been at alarming levels but none seems confident that our law enforcement system can deal with it.These views are supported by the experiences of the5%of UK internet users who have been the victims of various cybercrime; they report a variety of responses–almost none of them helpful–from the local police forces to whom they turn for help.One good reason is that the criminals are hard to identify or turn out to be operating abroad. Other reasons include bureaucratic inertia,lack of technical knowledge and a shortage of resources,which means that cybercrime receives lower priority than other,more urgent, responsibilities.Or simply the fact that officers often don’t take it seriously.It’s exceedingly difficult to measure accurately,for a variety of reasons–the spectrum of wrongdoing,the fact that much of it is under-reported and widely distributed,and the high cost that includes not only the actual damage done,but the costs of self-protection and the costs of clearing up after an attack.And then there are the opportunity costs:for example,security software used by online merchants typically rejects4.3%of orders out of fear of fraud,even though many of those potential orders are in fact genuine.The reality we face is that cybercrime is vast and flourishing.But do not expect to hear much about it in the election.What we actually need are more policemen on the net.60.Police budgets will be cut down in the UK because of the belief that______.A.recorded crime is decliningB.the police will become more efficientC.high-technology will be usedD.cybercrime cases need fewer police officers61.Paragraph Two is mainly concerned with______.A.whether recorded crime is decreasingB.how criminals commit crimes onlineC.what is the risk facing cybercrimeD.why cybercrime is increasing62.It can be concluded from Paragraph Three that______.A.no one asks the police for help in case of cybercrimeB.cybercriminals have connections with the policeC.cybercrime has not been effectively tackledD.the police have gained experience in fighting cybercrime63.The rate of cybercrime is quite high in the UK for the following reasons EXCEPT______.A.inefficient law enforcement agenciesB.fake ID cards used widely by criminalsC.limited expertise and resourcesD.inadequate attention paid to cybercrime64.Paragraph Five implies that online companies______.pensate for customers’loss in case of cybercrimeB.are more vulnerable to the attack by cybercriminalsC.have paid much money for catching cybercriminalsD.may suffer financially from the security software65.Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of this passage?A.Good news–recorded crime is declining in the UK.B.How high-tech is used in cybercrime.C.These days crime doesn’t pay unless it’s done online.D.The important role of the police in fighting crime.PART III Cloze test(15points)Directions:There are fifteen questions in this part of the test.Choose one suitable word or phrase marked A,B,C,or D for each blank in the passage.Mark the corresponding letter of theword or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on yourmachine-scored Answer Sheet.Free schools are flourishing in the UK.More than400free schools have either opened or been approved to open across England___66___.These schools have been made___67___by the hundreds of teachers,parents and charities working in their own time to go through a___68___ application process to bring their___69___of a new school to life.___70___these schools proving so popular,parents and groups continue to come forward in significant numbers to set them up.The government’s___71___to expand the program with another new500schools is___72___a logical next step.Importantly these schools are already making a(n)___73___to the education of thousands of pupils around the country.Over70%of those inspected have been___74___good or outstandingby inspectors,and___75___they are being opened where they are most needed.There are far more free schools in___76___local communities than in wealthy___77___.Obviously free schools can play a role in___78___the current shortage of school places.For free schools to continue to have the biggest___79___,they must be allowed to bring in new ideas and challenge existing schools in areas where low___80___have been accepted for far too long.66.A.by far B.so far C.in turn D.at first67.A.difficult B.impossible C.extinct D.possible68.A.rigorous B.prosperous C.hazardous D.populous69.A.myth B.attitude C.access D.vision70.A.For B.With C.Among D.Despitemitment B.importance C.objection D.cancellation72.A.in many ways B.on one hand C.by no means D.at one time73.A.sacrifice B.impression C.influence D.difference74.A.regarded B.judged C.operated D.decided75.A.undesirably B.substantially C.critically D.notoriously76.A.convicted B.deprived C.deserted D.invaded77.A.neighborhoods B.lives C.merchants D.schools78.A.addressing B.enhancing C.integrating D.intending79.A.expense B.impact C.consequence D.conclusion80.A.incomes B.spirits C.standards D.pricesPART IV Translation(15points)Directions:Put the following passage into English and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.中国学生在英语上花的时间比其他学科多得多，原因是英语学习需要泛读、经常复习和高效方法。

2023年中国农科院历年考博试题汇总

中国农科院历年考博基因工程概论试题2023年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一、简答题1、聚丙烯酰胺、琼脂糖在dna电泳中的区别是什么？2、举出动物转基因的两种方法，并说明其原理。

3、双脱氧法测序的原理。

4、以拟南芥或玉米为例，说明转座子标签法进行基因转移的原理。

5、southern印迹的原理及应用。

三、试论述植物基因工程研究进展以及在农业生产上的意义。

2023年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一、名词解释1、限制性内切酶2、同裂酶3、核酶4、2μ环5、hat选择6、ti质粒7、t-dna8、同功trna9、反义trna 10、有义链11、α互补12、基因文库13、cdna 14、染色体步查二．简答题01、举两种植物基因转移的方法?简述其原理。

2、southern印迹的基本原理，这种方法有何应用。

3、噬菌体与cos作载体有何区别？4、aflp的原理及其应用5、普通pcr与rapd有何区别，何谓普通pcr？6、何谓双元载体，简述其组装过程及其作用机理？三、判断题1、无论用哪种转化方法均可用pbr322作载体2、进入细菌的外来dna之所以被降解，是由于细菌只修饰自身dna，不修饰外来dna3、只有粘粒端才可以被连接起来4、用自身作引物合成的cdna链，往往cdna并不完整1998年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一、什么是基因工程，基因工程在农业生产上有何意义？二、简答：1、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和琼脂糖凝胶电泳应用有何特点？2、举两种植物基因转移的方法?简述其原理。

3、双脱氧法测序的原理4、转座子标签法克隆植物基因的原理5、southern印迹的基本原理，这种方法有何应用？6、在dna复制过程中会形成一种复制体（replisome）的结构，它是由哪几部分组成的？7、sanger测序法的基本原理是什么？1999年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题一．名词解释：1．cdna 2 ti质粒3. 2u环4. hat选择5 a互补6 yac 7 转导8 基因文库9 限制性内切酶10 染色体步查二．问答题：1 举例说明两种植物转基因的方法。

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中国农业科学院2019年高级生物化学博士入学考试试卷（回忆版）
一、名词解释
1.固定化酶
2.回补反应
3.底物循环
4.乙醛酸循环
5.脂蛋白
6.第二信使
二．简答题（每个8分，共5个）
1.以丝氨酸蛋白酶家族为例，举例说明有哪些蛋白复合体参与这个过程
2.血红蛋白运输氧的分子机制
3.球蛋白有哪些折叠结构和哪些层次？
4.糖酵解和糖异生的关系？
5.常见的分子病哪些？举例说明
三．计算题
1.酶活力的计算。

已知在酶反应开始的活力为0.48mg/ul，过5min后，再次测量酶的活力为0.72mg/ul。

问酶活力是多少？（详细可以参考生化习题集）（10分）
2.计算硬脂肪酸的ATP，以C18为例，写出具体ATP的反应过程（10分）四．论述题（30分）
1.脂肪酸合成过程中，有哪些酶复合体参与了此过程，写出具体的蛋白酶复合体
2.三羧酸循环的生物学意义有哪些？。