Semantics 语义学

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chapter5semantics语言学

chapter5semantics语言学

chapter5semantics语言学语义学是对语言单位,尤其是词和句子意义的研究。

1.“意义”的意义G.Leech提出7种意义:概念意义,内涵意义,社会意义,感情意义,反射意义,搭配意义,主题意义。

G.Leech的概念意义包括两个方面:涵义和指称。

涵义和指称的区别类似内涵与外延:前者指一个实体的抽象属性,后者指拥有这些属性的具体实体。

每个单词都有涵义,即概念意义,否则他们无法使用或理解,但并非每个单词都有指称。

2.指称论(命名论):该理论把词语意义与词所指或词所代表的事物联系起来。

该理论对于解释专有名词或在现实中有所指的名词时很有效。

但其无法指称抽象概念。

有时同一东西会有不同词语的表达。

3.概念论。

代表是语义三角说。

该理论认为,词和所指事物之间没有直接关系,而是以抽象的概念为中介。

4,语境论认为应该在具体语境中研究词的意义. 语境包括情景语境和上下文两种。

5.行为主义理论认为词的意义是说话者说话得情景及听话人的反应6.意义关系词语词之间的主要意义关系:相同关系,相反关系,包含关系a.同义关系。

完全同义关系很少,所谓的同一都依赖语境,并总在某方面不同。

(方言,内涵,文体等)b.反义关系主要包括:等级反义关系,互补反义关系,关系反义关系。

1)等级反义的特点:第一,否定一方并不必然是肯定另一方,还有中间状态;第二,没有绝对评判标准,标准随对象而改变。

第三,通常用其中表示较高程度的词来覆盖整个量级。

覆盖性词被称为“无标记的”,即一般性的;被覆盖词被称为“有标记的”,即特殊的。

一般使用覆盖性词语。

一旦使用被覆盖词语,表示有某种特殊的、不一般的情况。

第四,可用very修饰,可有比较级最高级2)互补反义关系,第一,肯定一方意味着否定另一方。

反之亦然。

第二,不用very修饰,没有比较级最高级。

第三,评判标准绝对。

没有覆盖性词语3)关系(反向)反义关系,表现两个实体间的一种反向关系,不构成肯否定对立。

一个预设着另一个的存在。

Semantics 语义学

Semantics 语义学

dead-- more dead-- most dead.
2.3 Relational opposite
关系反义词
显示两个此项之间关系颠倒的成对词被成为关系反义词。
• A
husband B

wife
E.g. sell– buy ; husband– wife ; • father– son ; doctor– patient ; • above– below; teacher- pupil.


Examples: bank ( of a river) 河岸 —— bank (financial instiution) 银行 bat ( flying creature) 蝙蝠 —— bat ( used in sports ) 球 拍 race ( contest of speed ) 比速度—— race ( ethnic group ) 种族 pupil ( in the eye ) 瞳孔—— pupil ( at school ) 学生 mole ( on skin ) 痣——mole ( small animal) 鼹鼠

Examples:
Head : 1) on top of your body 头,头部 2) on top of a glass of beer ( 一杯啤酒顶端的) 泡沫 3) on top of a company or department 主管人,领导 ,头目 ...
A.






A flock of sheep A pack of wolves A herd of cows A swarm of bees A school of whales

Chapter-5-Semantics(语义学)

Chapter-5-Semantics(语义学)
• Connotational meaning(内涵意义): the emotive or affective meanings suggested by a linguistic expression. Home, mother
• Three types of connotative meanings: • positive(褒义), neutral(中性),negative(贬义)
• A good meal, • A good car, • A good movie, • a good road, • A good child, • good weather • A good umbrella
• A fast road, • a fast typist • A fast book • A fast decision.
the hearer (stimulus—response)
Jill is hungry and wants Jack to pick the
apple for her from the tree:
Jill
Jack
• S-------------r…….s---------------R
• 证实论:一个句子只有得到经验证实才有 意义:John is outside。
Chapter 5 Semantics(语义学)
5.1 what is semantics
• Semantics(语义学)is the study of meaning.
• What is meaning? Love, friendship, truth, fact, democracy, good, chair, ghost, unicorn;真善美,justice, soul

新编简明英语语言学Chapter5Semantics语义学

新编简明英语语言学Chapter5Semantics语义学

Chapter 5 Semantics 语义学、定义1. semantics 语义学:Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language. 语义学可以简单地定义为对意义的将研究。

二、知识点5.2 Different views of meaning 意义研究的不同观点521 The naming theory命名论(by 希腊Scholar Plato)The naming theory命名论:Words are just names or labels for thin gs词语只不过是其代表的事物的名字或标记。

Eg. desk—a piece of furniture with a flat top and four legs.The limitations of this theory 局限性:1. This theory seems applicable to nouns only这一理论看起来仅适用于名词(Some words are definitelynot lables of object:eg. jump, quickly, pretty, an d, i n,hearted, thi nk, hard, slowly …)2. There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world: ghost,grago n, un icorn麒麟.有些名词是指世界中根本就不存在的事物。

3. Nouns that do not refer to physical object, but abstract notions such asjoy and impulse有些名词并不是指实物性的物体,而是指:joy, impulse 刺激,这样的抽象概念。

语言学知识_语义学

语言学知识_语义学

语义学一.语义学(Semantics)的定义:研究语言单位的意义,尤其是词语和句子的意义。

二.词汇意义(Lexical Meaning):1)意义与指称(sense and reference):意义与指称是语言研究中的两个术语,它们之间既相互联系,又相互区别。

意义(sense)是一系列抽象语义特征的集合,与语境无关,可以在字典中查到。

而指称(reference)是语言形式在现实物质世界中所指的事物;它涉及语言形式与非语言的现实世界之间的关系。

意义与指称是意义的两个相关但不同的方面,例如“morning star”和“evening star”的意义虽然不同,但其指称一样,都指代天空中的同一颗星星。

2)外延意义(denotative meaning):指词语所指称的外部世界的事物、状态、抽象情感。

例如:dog(狗)的外延意义是指“一种四肢、有毛、会汪汪叫的哺乳动物”,这种意义在任何国家、任何时代都不会改变。

3)内涵意义(connotative meaning):指源于语言使用者的个人经历、情感、评价、语境等外部因素的意义。

例如dragon一词,在汉语文化中象征着“高贵”、“权利”,但在某些英语国家文化中,其内涵意义则为“残暴”和“邪恶”。

三.意义关系(Sense Relationship):1)同义关系(Synonymy):方言同义词(Dialectal synonyms):意义相同但方言有差异的词,例如:autumn(BrE)= fall(ArE)。

文体同义词(Stylistic synonyms):意义相同但在文体上或者正式程度上有差别的词,例如:buy(较为随意)——purchase(较为正式)。

搭配同义词(Collocational synonyms):指意义上相同,但是搭配不相同的词。

例如:provide和supply,provide sth. for sb.和supply sth. to sb.在情感或评价意义方面存在差异的同义词(Synonyms with different emotive or evaluative meaning):意义相同,但在情感或评价意义方面存在差异的词,例如:politician (政客)含贬义色彩,statesmen(政治家)含褒义色彩。

新编简明英语语言学Chapter5Semantics语义学

新编简明英语语言学Chapter5Semantics语义学

Chapter 5 Semantics 语义学、定义1. semantics 语义学:Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language. 语义学可以简单地定义为对意义的将研究。

二、知识点5.2 Different views of meaning 意义研究的不同观点521 The naming theory命名论(by 希腊Scholar Plato)The naming theory命名论:Words are just names or labels for thin gs词语只不过是其代表的事物的名字或标记。

Eg. desk—a piece of furniture with a flat top and four legs.The limitations of this theory 局限性:1. This theory seems applicable to nouns only这一理论看起来仅适用于名词(Some words are definitelynot lables of object:eg. jump, quickly, pretty, an d, i n,hearted, thi nk, hard, slowly …)2. There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world: ghost,grago n, un icorn麒麟.有些名词是指世界中根本就不存在的事物。

3. Nouns that do not refer to physical object, but abstract notions such asjoy and impulse有些名词并不是指实物性的物体,而是指:joy, impulse 刺激,这样的抽象概念。

新编简明英语语言学 Chapter 5 Semantics 语义学

新编简明英语语言学 Chapter 5 Semantics 语义学

Chapter 5 Semantics 语义学一、定义1. semantics语义学: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language. 语义学可以简单地定义为对意义的将研究。

二、知识点5.2 Different views of meaning意义研究的不同观点5.2.1 The naming theory命名论(by希腊Scholar Plato)The naming theory命名论: Words are just names or labels for things.词语只不过是其代表的事物的名字或标记。

Eg. desk—a piece of furniture with a flat top and four legs.The limitations of this theory局限性:1. This theory seems applicable to nouns only.这一理论看起来仅适用于名词(Some words are definitelynot lables of object: eg. jump, quickly, pretty, and, in, hearted, think, hard, slowly…)2. There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world: ghost, gragon, unicorn麒麟. 有些名词是指世界中根本就不存在的事物。

3. Nouns that do not refer to physical object, but abstract notions such as joy and impulse. 有些名词并不是指实物性的物体,而是指:joy, impulse刺激,这样的抽象概念。

语言学知识_语义学

语言学知识_语义学

语言学知识_语义学语义学一.语义学(Semantics)的定义:研究语言单位的意义,尤其是词语和句子的意义。

二.词汇意义(Lexical Meaning):1)意义与指称(sense and reference):意义与指称是语言研究中的两个术语,它们之间既相互联系,又相互区别。

意义(sense)是一系列抽象语义特征的集合,与语境无关,可以在字典中查到。

而指称(reference)是语言形式在现实物质世界中所指的事物;它涉及语言形式与非语言的现实世界之间的关系。

意义与指称是意义的两个相关但不同的方面,例如“morning star”和“evening star”的意义虽然不同,但其指称一样,都指代天空中的同一颗星星。

2)外延意义(denotative meaning):指词语所指称的外部世界的事物、状态、抽象情感。

例如:dog(狗)的外延意义是指“一种四肢、有毛、会汪汪叫的哺乳动物”,这种意义在任何国家、任何时代都不会改变。

3)内涵意义(connotative meaning):指源于语言使用者的个人经历、情感、评价、语境等外部因素的意义。

例如dragon一词,在汉语文化中象征着“高贵”、“权利”,但在某些英语国家文化中,其内涵意义则为“残暴”和“邪恶”。

三.意义关系(Sense Relationship):1)同义关系(Synonymy):方言同义词(Dialectal synonyms):意义相同但方言有差异的词,例如:autumn(BrE)= fall(ArE)。

文体同义词(Stylistic synonyms):意义相同但在文体上或者正式程度上有差别的词,例如:buy(较为随意)——purchase(较为正式)。

搭配同义词(Collocational synonyms):指意义上相同,但是搭配不相同的词。

例如:provide和supply,provide sth. for sb.和supply sth. to sb.在情感或评价意义方面存在差异的同义词(Synonyms with different emotive or evaluative meaning):意义相同,但在情感或评价意义方面存在差异的词,例如:politician (政客)含贬义色彩,statesmen(政治家)含褒义色彩。

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Semantics
1. What is Semantics?
Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences.语义学是研究单词、短语和句子的意义的学科
2.Geoffrey Leech利奇Seven types of meaning7种意义类型:
①Conceptual meaning概念意义
②Connotative meaning内涵意义
③Social meaning社会意义
④Affective meaning 感情意义Associative Meaning联想意义(②——⑥)
⑤Reflected meaning反射意义
⑥Collocative meaning搭配意义
⑦Thematic meaning主位意义
3.Conceptual meaning(概念意义)is also called “denotative”(外延义)and it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to.概念意义也叫外延义,它关注词语跟它所指称事物之间的联系
Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary.
4.Associative meaning (联想意义) is the total of all the meanings a person thinks of when they hear the word
Associative meaning is the meaning which a word suggests or implies.
5.Thematic meaning (主位意义) is “what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.”它是由词序和词语重音所决定的
6. The Referential Theory(指称理论):
① The Referential Theory
② The Semantic Triangle
③ Sense and Reference
7.The referential theory指称理论 is the theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to.指称论是把词语意义跟它所指称的事物联系起来的理论
8. The semantic triangle语意三角 is the indirect relation between a word and a thing it refers to and it is mediated by concept.语意三角指词和所指事物之间没有直接关系,它们是以概念为中介的
9.Sense (涵义) is a set of properties possessed by a name.
10.Reference (指称) is the symbolic relationship that a linguistic expression has with the concrete object.
11. The sense of an expression is the thought it expresses, while its reference is the object it represents
Every word has a sense, but not every word has a reference.
12. Sense Relations涵义关系
①Synonymy(同义关系)
②Antonymy(反义关系)(Gradable、Complementary、Converse)
③Hyponymy(上下义关系)
13.But total synonymy is rare. They may differ in style, connotations and dialect.
14.Gradable antonymy (等级反义关系) 、Complementary antonymy (互补反义关系)、Converse antonymy (反向反义关系)
15. Componential analysis is an approach to the study of meaning which analyses a word into a set of meaning components.
16. Sentence Meaning
17. Sense relations between sentences
①Synonymity (同义)
a. He was a bachelor all his life.
b. He never married all his boy.
Sentences a and b are in a synonymous relationship: the truth of one sentence necessarily implies the truth of another sentence
②Inconsistency(矛盾)
a. Elizabeth II is Queen of England.
b. Elizabeth II is a man.
Sentences a and b are in a relationship of contradiction: the truth of one sentence necessarily implies the falseness of another sentence.
③Entailment (蕴涵)
a. He married a blonde heiress.
b. He married a blonde.
Entailment refers to a kind of meaning inclusion. If x entails y, the meaning of x is included in y.
④Presupposition(前提预设)
It is what a speaker or writer assumes that the receiver of the message already knows.
⑤Contradiction(矛盾)
⑥Semantic anomaly(语义反常)
18. An integrated theory
﹡Compositionality(组合性原则):the meaning of a sentence depends on the meaning of the constituent words and the way they are combined.
﹡This semantic theory is the integration of syntax and semantics
﹡Their basic idea is that a semantic theory consists of two parts: a dictionary and a set of projection rules
﹡The dictionary provides the grammatical classification and semantic information of words
﹡The projection rules are responsible for combining the meanings of words together.
19.Logical semantics(逻辑语义学)
﹡A proposition(命题) is what is to be expressed by a declarative sentence when that sentence is uttered to make a statement.
﹡It is the basic meaning which a sentence express.
﹡A very important property of the proposition is that it has a truth value.。

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