生物化学(英文版)biochemistry-chapter 1英
生物化学(英文版)biochemistry-chapter1英
Through biochemical research, people can understand the basic processes and mechanisms of organisms, explore the mechanisms of disease occurrence and development, and provide scientific basis for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Biochemistry is an interdisciplinary field that aims to reveal the chemical essence behind life phenomena.
Definition of Biochemistry
Biochemistry helps to increase crop yield and improve quality in agriculture, and contributes to the development of nutritious, safe, and reliable new types of food in the food industry.
Large molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, all have carbon as their core.
Carbon atoms can form complex network structures through covalent bonds, which endow biomolecules with high diversity and stability.
生物化学【英文】
Cellular Neurochemistry
Neurons Action potentials Synapses
Neuron
The neurons are the brain cells that are responsible for intracellular and intercellular signalling. Action potential is large and rapidly reversible fluctuation in the membrane potential, that propagate along the axon. At the end of axon there are many nerve endings (synaptic terminals, presynaptic parts, synaptic buttons, knobs). Nerve ending form an integral parts of synapse. Synapse mediates the signal transmission from one neuron to another.
2. Direct links: http://www.lf1.cuni.cz/zfisar/psychiatry/
(presentation of lectures from psychiatry)
http://psych.lf1.cuni.cz/bpen/default.htm
(teaching material from biological psyNeurons communicate with one another by
生物化学英语版
生物化学英语版陈彻席亚明目录Chapter 1 Overview of Cell1.1 Structural Organization of Prokaryotic Cells1.2 Structural Organization of Eukaryotic CellsMembraneCytoskeletonThe NucleusThe Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus MitochondriaLysosomes and PeroxisomesKey WordsChapter 2 Protein2.1 Amino AcidsGeneral Structures of Amino AcidsStructures of the 20 Common Amino AcidsSpectroscopic Properties of Amino AcidsThe Ninhydrin ReactionIonization of Amino Acids2.2 Structures of ProteinsPeptidePeptide BondsPrimary StructureSecondary StructureSupersecondary StructureTertiary StructureQuaternary StructureThe Classification of Proteins2.3 Structure-function Relationships of ProteinsPrimary Structure Determine the Conformation of Protein Protein Denaturation and RenaturationProtein StabilityCorrelation between Conformation and Function of Protein Protein Misfolding and Diseases2.4 Protein Purification TechniquesSalting OutDialysisGel Filtration ChromatographyIon Exchange ChromatographyAffinity ChromatographyElectrophoresisSDS Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis （SDS-PAGE）Isoelectric FocusingTwo Dimensional ElectrophoresisUltracentrifugationKey WordsChapter 3 Enzymes3.1 The History of Enzymes3.2 Naming and Classification of EnzymesEC 1 OxidoreductasesEC 2 TransferasesEC 3 HydrolasesEC 4 LyasesEC 5 IsomerasesEC 6 Ligases3.3 Structural Components of EnzymesApoenzymes,Cofactors and HoloenzymesActive Center of EnzymesIsozymes3.4 The Properties of Enzymatic CatalysisEnzymes Greatly Accelerate the Rates of Chemical Reactions Specificity of EnzymesControllability of Enzyme Activity3.5 Mechanism of Enzymatic CatalysisTransition State and Activation EnergyLock and Key HypothesisInduced Fit HypothesisEnzyme-Substrate Interactions3.6 Enzyme KineticsSubstrate Concentration Affects the Rate of Reactions Michaelis-Menton KineticsThe Significance of KmMeasurement of Km and VmaxEnzyme Concentration Affects the Rate of Reactions Temperature Affects the Rate of ReactionspH Value Affects the Rate of ReactionsInhibition of Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions……Chapter 4 Coenzymes and VitaminsChapter 5 Nucleic AcidsChapter 6 DNA ReplicationChapter 7 RNA Synthesis-TranscriptionChapter 8 Protein Synthesis-TranslationChapter 9 Regulation of Gene ExpressionChapter 10 Carbohydrate MetabolismChapter 11 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation Chapter 12 Lipid MetabolismChapter 13 Amino Acid MetabolismChapter 14 Nucleotides MetabolismChapter 15 Cell SignalingChapter 16 The Popular Techniques in Molecular Biology ReferenceIndex。
药学英语生物化学Biochemistry
药学英语⽣物化学BiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistry is the application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level.It emerged as a distinct discipline around the beginning of the 20th century when scientists combined chemistry, physiology and biology to investigate the chemistry of living systems Generally speaking it is concerned with the chemistry of those compositions (such as protein, fat, saccharide and nucleic acid)found in living organisms and their metabolic process.●Principles of BiochemistryCells (basic structural units of living organisms) are highlyorganized and constant source of energy is required to maintain the ordered state.●Living processes contain thousands of chemical pathways. Precise regulation andintegration of these pathways are required to maintain life●Certain important pathways e.g. Glycolysis is found in almost all organisms.●All organisms use the same type of molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleicacids.●Instructions for growth, reproduction and developments for each organism is encoded intheir DNA1.Saccharide (carbohydrate)Saccharide is a general synonym for sugars. It is a polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone, or a substance that gives these compounds on hydrolysis. It can be classified as monosaccharide, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide. Functions●Store energy in the form of starch (photosynthesis in plants) or glycogen (in animals andhumans).●Provide energy through metabolism pathways and cycles.●Supply carbon for synthesis of other compounds.●Form structural components in cells and tissues.●Intercellular communications● 1.1 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates. They cannot be hydrolyzed intosimpler sugars. Examples are ribose, glucose, fructose and galactose. Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbon atoms they contain:1.1 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates. They cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars. Examples are ribose, glucose, fructose and galactose. Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbon atoms they contain:1.3.1Classification of polysaccharidesHomopolysaccharide（同聚多糖）: polysaccharide formed from only one kind ofmonosaccharide.Heteropolysaccharide（杂聚多糖）: polysaccharide formed from different kinds of monosaccharide Mucopolysaccharide（粘多糖）:a group of polysaccharides containing an amino sugar and uronic acid (糖醛酸), provides structural support for connective tissue, lubrication for all body joints, etc.Glycoconjugate（结合糖）:carbohydrates covalently linked with other chemical species ,including glycoprotein, proteoglycan(蛋⽩聚糖), glycolipids, lipopolysaccharide2.Proteins2.1 Proteins are macromolecules made of amino acids and joined together by peptide bonds （肽键）between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues.Each amino acid contains:(1) Carboxyl group (-COO-)(2) Amino group (-NH2)(3) Side chain (R) unique to each amino acidMost proteins fold into 3-dimensinal structures.(a) Amino group (blue), carboxylate group (red)(b) Dipeptides are connected by peptideFunction of protain:●Defense (antibodies)●Motion (myosin, action)●Material transport (hemoglobin,myoglobin)●Mechanical support (collagen)●Metabolism(enzymes)●Replication and repairing of genetic information(DNA and RNA polymerases)Saturated fatty acids are single bonds in all carbon-carbon bonds;Unstaurated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds in hydrocarbon chains;triglycerides are esters of glycerol with three long chain fatty acidsCompound lipid（复合脂）: with additional groups other than fatty acids and alcohols, including phospholipid, glycolipid，sphingolipid（鞘脂）Each glycerophospholipid includesa polar region: glycerol, carbonyl O of fatty acids, P i, & the polar head group (X)apolar hydrocarbon tails of fatty acids (R1, R2).A lipid bilayer with associated proteinsRoles of Lipids:Structural elements (phospholipid)Energy storage (fatty acids)Hormones ( sex hormones e.g. Estrogen) biological membraneProtective cushion and structural supportImportant sources for lipid soluble vitamins4.Nucleic acidNucleic acids are large molecules found in the nuclei of cells that contain all theinformation needed to direct the activities of a cell and its reproduction. All of the genetic information in the cell is called the genome. Every time a cell divides, the information in the genome is copied and passed on to the new cells.Flow of genetic information:DNA Transcription RNA Translate Protein4.1 Nucleic acids are:●Molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction.●Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).●Large molecules consisting of long chains of monomers called nucleotides（核苷酸）.4.2 nucleotidesThe nucleic acids DNA and RNA consist of monomers called nucleotides that consist of a●Pentose.●Nitrogen-containing base.●Phosphate.Pentose Sugars●The pentose (five-carbon) sugar●In RNA is ribose.●In DNA is deoxyribose with no O atom on carbon 2’.Nitrogen BasesThe nitrogen bases in nucleic acids consist of the●Pyrimidines：Cytosine(胞嘧啶), Thymine(胸腺嘧啶), and Uracil（尿嘧啶）●Purines：Adenine（腺嘌呤）and Guamine（鸟嘌呤）.4.3 DNA Double HelixIn DNA:●nucleotide monomers form polynucleotides by phosphodiester bond. There are two strands ofnucleotides that wind together in a double helix.●Two hydrogen bonds form between the complementary base pairs A-T.●Three hydrogen bonds form between the complementary base pairs G-C.●Genetic information is carried by the sequence of base pairsDNA Double Helix StructureBefore a cell divides it has to replicate its DNA so that the daughter cell receives a copy of the genome. The DNA helix consists of two complementary DNA strands. Therefore, each of the two strands serves as a template for the construction of the other strand. This process is called "semiconservative” replication.DNA replication involves:●An enzyme helicase（解旋酶）unwinds the parent DNA at several sections.●At each open DNA sectionDNA polymerase “reads” anintact DNA strand as atemplate and catalyze theformation of phosphodiesterbond between nucleotides.●Pairing of the bases between parent strand and the new complementary strands.●Producing two new DNA strands that exactly duplicate the original DNA.Important morphemevivi, vit, bio-----life，alivevivisect, in-vivo, in-vitro, vitamin, antibioticsnecr/o, mort-----deathnecrosis, necrotomy, mortalitygluc/o, glyc/o, sacchar/o, -ose-----sugarglucose, glycogen, polysacchride, latoserib/o, kary/o, nucle-----nucleus ribose, eukaryocyte, ribozyme,endonuclease, exonucleaseEndonucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain, in contrast to exonucleases, which cleave phosphodiester bonds at the end of a polynucleotide chain.amyl/o----starchamylaselact/o-----milklactose, lactic acid, lactobacilliprotein/o, prote/o-----proteinproteoglycan, proteinuriapepid/o-----peptidepolypeptide, oliogpeptide, peptidase endopeptidase, exopeptidaseamin/o----aminoaminotransferase, vitaminenzym/o,zym/o, -ase-----enzymemetalloenzyme, proenzyme, zymogen, isomerase, isozymeco-----help, together, coordinatecoenzyme, cofactor,Lip/o, adip/olipase, lipoma, phospholipid, adipocyte, lipoidmy/o---- musclemyosin, myoglobin, myocardium, myoatrophlysis-----breaking down, dissolving, reducinghydrolysis, hemolysis, zymolysis, dialysis, glycolysis。
生物化学：第一章 绪论(1周1-3节)
第一章 绪 论（Introduction） 主要内容
一．生物化学的概念 二．生物化学的发展 三．生物化学与其他学科的关系 四．生物体的元素组成 五．生物分子（重点） 六．生物分子的相互作用（重点） 七．生物体系中的水（重点）
一、生物化学的概念
定义：是研究生命的分子和化学反应的科学，是运 用化学的原理和语言在分子水平上解释生命现象的 一门学科。
A hereditary disease（遗传性疾病） GAG GTG of DNA for -subunit of
hemoglobin, as a result Glu Val Sickle red blood cells is hard, sticky, they clog
the flow and break apart. This can cause pain, damage and a low blood count, or anemia.
.
生物化学在药物研究方面的应用实例
3'-Azido-2', 3'-Dideoxythymidine (AZT)
胸腺嘧啶
3’-叠氮-2’,3’-二脱氧胸腺嘧啶
the first drug approved in USA for the treatment of HIV infections. It acts as an inhibitor of viral reverse transcriptase in making DNA from the viral RNA
三、生物化学与其他学科的关系
化学
生物化学 现代生物学
相互渗透 相互促进 共同发展
(1) 生命科学中的化学问题是化学的重要研究内容 之一
生物化学(英文版)：Biochemistry-chapter 1(英文2)
Some functional groups and linkages of biomolecules
Linkages
Examples
（肾上腺素）
1.5.2 Many Important Biomolecules Are Polymers ( biochemistry identity )
1.5 Basic Phenomena of living systems
➢1.5.1 The Chemical Elements of Life ➢1.5.2 Many Important Biomolecules Are
Polymers ➢1.5.3 The Energetics of Life ➢1.5.4 Biochemistry and Evolution ➢1.5.5 The Cell Is the Basic Unit of Life
a protein recognizes its specific metabolite, a strand of DNA recognizes its complementary strand, sperm recognize an egg.
1.5.3 The Energetics of Life ( Metabolism )
1.5.1 The Chemical Elements of Life
★ The elemental composition of living matter differs markedly from the relative abundance of elements in the earth’s. ★ Only six nonmetallic elements-- carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur—account for more than 97% of the weight of most organisms. ★ Water is a major component of cells and accounts for the high percentage of oxygen.
生物化学：Chapter 1-2 Foundations_of_Biochemistry
Sept. 11, 2012
Chapters 1-2
The realm of Biochemistry
Professor Zengyi Chang
(昌增益 教授）
changzy@ Room 204, New Life Science Building
Tel. 6275-8822
two books into Chinese!
The eight classic papers (to be read by all students)
Topic 1 the prebiotic Origin of Life
Stanley L. Miller.(1953) “A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions”, Science, 117:528-9.
Books on the history of Biochemistry:
1. 昌增益（译者）《蛋白质、酶和基因：化学与生物 学的交互作用》，清华大学出版社，2005年1月。
Fruton, J. S. (1999). Proteins, Enzymes, Genes: The Interplay of Chemistry and Biology. New Heaven and London: Yale University Press.
What is life?
Life: A process or condition but a definition not yet achieved.
Possessing the following basic features:
– Homeostasis;
生物化学_专业英语单词
常用生化中英文对照表第一章Prokaryote 原核生物Eukaryote 真核生物fractionation 分级、分馏biomolecule 生物分子organism 生物体、有机体membrane 膜nucleus 细胞核cocci 球菌bacilli 杆菌spirilla 螺旋菌Eubacteria 真细菌Archaebacteria 原细菌Cyanobacteria 蓝细菌Plasma 细胞浆Mesosome 间体Nuleoid 拟核Sytosol 细胞质、原生质Bilayer 双分子层（膜）Protein 蛋白质Lipid 脂类Carbohydrate 糖类、碳水化合物osmotic pressure 渗透压Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Subcellular 亚细胞的Ganelle 细胞器Genetic 遗传的Chromosome 染色体ribosomal ribonucleic acid rRNAEndoplasmic reticulum 内质网Phospholipid 磷脂Detoxification 解毒Golgi apparatus 高尔基体Refresh 更新Mitochondria 线粒体oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化 fatty acid脂肪酸 degradation降解 Chloroplasts 叶绿体thylakoid vesicles类囊体 photosynthesis光合作用Lysosomes 溶酶体Macromolecule 大分子Enzyme 酶Cytoskeleton 细胞支架Metabolic 新陈代谢的Centrifugation 离心Isolate 分离Equilibrium 平衡Density 密度Friction 摩擦力Velocity 速率Supernatant 上清夜Pellet 沉淀 第二章Amino acid 氨基酸Enantiomers 对映体Tetrahedral 正四面体的Hydrophobic 疏水的、憎水的Aliphatic 脂肪族的Aromatic 芳香族的Polar 极性的Charged 带电荷的Glycine Gly,甘氨酸alanine Ala,丙氨酸valine Val,缬氨酸leucine Leu,亮氨酸isoleucine Ile,异亮氨酸methionine Met,甲硫氨酸proline Pro,脯氨酸cystine Cys,半胱氨酸Phenylalanine Phe,苯丙氨酸Tyrosine Tyr,酪氨酸Tryptophan Trp,色氨酸Asparagines Asn, 天冬酰胺Glutamine Gln,谷氨酰胺Serine Ser,丝氨酸Threonine Thr,苏氨酸Varginine Arg, 精氨酸Lysine Lys,赖氨酸Histidine His,组氨酸aspartic acid Asp,天冬氨酸glutamic acid Glu,谷氨酸base 碱carboxyl 羧基isoelectric point 等电点positive 正的、阳性的negative 负的、阴性的buffering 缓冲physiological 生理的Primary structure 一级结构 Secondary structure 二级结构 Tertiary structure 三级结构 Quaternary structure 四级结构peptide bond 肽键sequence 顺序、序列covalent Bond 共价键polypeptide 多肽terminal 末端carbonyl 羰基resonance structures 共振结构rigid 刚性的rotate旋转trans configuration顺式构象disulfide bonds二硫键α-helix α-落选hydrogen bond 氢键β-pleated sheet β-折叠片parallel 平行的antiparallel 反平行的random coil 无规卷曲unique 唯一的spatial 空间的arrangement 排列、安排linear sequence 线性序列residue 残基Hydrophobic interaction 疏水相互作用Interior 内部的Electrostatic force静电力salt bridge盐桥、盐键van der Waals force 范德华力subunit 亚基allosteric effect 变构效应Noncovalent interactions 非共价相互作用protein stability 蛋白质的稳定dimensional 空间的、维的proton 质子donor 供体、赠与者lone pair of electrons 孤对电子collinear 在同一直线上 Hydrophobic force 疏水力Nonpolar 非极性Minimize 最小化protein folding 蛋白质折叠Accessory protein 辅助蛋白质molecular chaperones 分子伴侣Myoglobin 肌红蛋白Hemoglobin 血红蛋白prosthetic group 辅基essential 必需的heme 血红素crevice缝隙protoporphyrin 原卟啉porphyrin 卟啉ferrous 含铁的proximal 最接近的cooperative 协同的noncooperative 非协同的dissociation curve 解离曲线sigmoidal S 形曲线hyperbolic 双曲线affinity 亲和性blood capillaries 血管Bohr effect 波尔效应2,3-biphosphoglycerate 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸Mechanism 机制Relaxed state 松弛状态tense state 紧张状态hemoglobinopathies 血红蛋白分子病Sickle-cell anemia 镰刀形细胞贫血症Erythrocyte 红血球sticky patch 粘性小区therapeutic治疗的Collagen胶原蛋白Skin皮肤Bone骨骼Tendon腱Cartilage软骨blood vessel血管mammal哺乳动物fibrous纤维状的tripeptide 三肽的triple-helical 三股螺旋的cross-linke 交联Allysine 醛基赖氨酸Antibodie 抗体immune system 免疫系统pathogen 病原体trigger 引发、触发response 响应、应答antigen 抗原antigenic determine 抗原决定簇epitope 抗原决定簇Immunolocalization 免疫定位Antibody 抗体Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayELISA 酶联免疫吸附测定 purification 提纯、纯化Homogenization 匀浆solubilization 溶解Ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵Precipitation 沉淀Dialysis 透析Chromatographic techniques 层析技术gel filtration 凝胶过滤affinity chromatography 亲和层析 Electrophoretic techniques 电泳技术isoelectric focusing 等电聚焦SDS polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresisSDS 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳semi-permeable 半透性ligand 配基inert 惰性的matrix 基质elute 洗出、流出lectin 外源凝集素glycoprotein 糖蛋白molecular sieve 分子筛polyampholytes 聚两性电解质gradient 梯度migrate 迁移、移动chymotrypsin 胰凝乳蛋白酶sequencing 测序2-mercaptoethanol ２－巯基乙醇ninhydrin 茚三酮fluorescamine 荧光胺fluorodinitrobenzene 二硝基氟苯dansyl chloride 丹磺酰氯phenyl isothiocyanate PITC 苯异硫氰酸酯fragment 片断、碎片encoding 编码decipher 解读、破译anchor 锚定 第三章biocatalyst 生物催化剂active site 活性中心substrate 底物The induced –fit model 诱导契合学说Stereospecificity 立体异构专一性Specificity 专一性Trypsin 胰蛋白酶Elastase 弹性蛋白酶Oxidoreductase 氧化还原酶Transferase 转移酶Hydrolase水解酶 Lyase裂合酶 Isomerase异构酶 Ligase连接酶 Ribozyme 核酶Abzyme 抗体酶catalytic antibody 抗体酶analog 类似物assay 化验、测定 optimal 最佳的Coenzyme 辅酶Cofactor 辅因子apoenzyme 脱辅酶holoenzyme 全酶acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶Nicotinamide 烟酰胺Adenine 腺嘌呤Dinucleotide 二核苷酸Phosphate 磷酸Oxidation 氧化reduction 还原Flavin 黄素Mononucleotide 单核苷酸Acyl 酰基thiamine pyrophosphate 焦磷酸硫胺素decarboxylase 脱羧酶Pyridoxal 吡哆醛Pyridoxamine 吡哆胺Pyridoxine 吡哆醇Ubiquinone 泛醌Isoenzymes 同功酶Kinetic 动力学lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶proportional 成比例的saturate 使饱和thermal 热的denaturation 变性optimum 最适宜的diversity 多样性Michaelis-Menten equation 米氏方程double-reciprocal plot 双倒数作图法inhibition 抑制Inhibitor 抑制剂Metabolite 代谢物Irreversible 不可逆的Reversible 可逆的Competitive 竞争性的Noncompetitive 非竞争性的Probe 探测Clinically 临床上Regulation 调节committed step 关键步骤activator 激活剂Adjust 调节Feedback 反馈Sequential 连续的Branched 分支的Conformational 构象的homotropic effect 同促效应heterotropic effect 异促效应Phosphofructokinase 磷酸果糖激酶Citrate 柠檬酸盐Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate 2,6-二磷酸果糖phosphorylation 磷酸化dephosphorylation 去磷酸化hydroxyl 羟基hormone 激素Glycogen phosphorylase 糖原磷酸化酶Phosphorylate 使磷酸化glycogen synthase 糖原合酶unphosphorylate 使去磷酸化proteolytic 蛋白质水解的proenzymes 酶原zymogen 酶原hydrolysis 水解pancreatic 胰腺的pancreas 胰腺small intestine 小肠blood clotting 血液凝固amplification 扩大cascade 级联 第四章boundary 边界compartments 小室Mechanical 机械的signaling 发信号insoluble 不可溶的glycerophospholipids 甘油磷脂类sphingolipids 鞘脂类sterols 固醇类glycerol 甘油sphingosine 鞘氨醇sphingomyelins 鞘磷脂cholesterol 胆固醇steroid 类固醇Amphipathic 两性的Hydrophilic 亲水的Bulky 体积大的self-assemble 自组装的fluidity 流动性rotational 转动的lateral 侧向的Fluid mosaic model 流体镶嵌模型Integral 整体的、内在的Flip 翻跟头integral membrane proteins 内在膜蛋白peripheral membrane proteins外周膜蛋白asymmetry 不对称asymmetrically 不对称地membrane-spaning protein 跨膜蛋白Multiple 多重的Lipid-anchored proteins 脂锚定蛋白Heterokaryon 异核体Fusion 融合Reconstitution 重建Reincorporated 重新合并Extracellular 细胞外的Intercellular 细胞内的Passive transport 被动运输active transport 主动运输concentration 浓度diffusion 扩散saturable 可饱和的facilitated 协助的、推动的symport 同向运送antiport 逆向运送epithelial cells 上皮细胞exocytosis 分泌作用endocytosis 内吞作用phagocytosis 吞噬作用pinocytosis 胞饮作用Receptor mediated endocytosis fusion受体介导的内吞作用debris 碎片transduction 转导Lipophilic 亲脂性的Receptors 受体second messengers 第二信使第五章Nucleic acid 核酸Replication 复制Nucleotide 核苷酸Pyrimidine 嘧啶Guanine 鸟嘌呤Thymine 胸腺嘧啶Cytosine 胞嘧啶Nucleoside 核苷Deoxyribonucleoside 脱氧核糖核苷ribonucleoside 核糖核苷deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸genes 基因complementarily 互补地nucleosome 核小体loop 突环rosette 玫瑰花结semi-conservative 半保留的polymerase 聚合酶template 模板primer 引物fork 叉Bidirectional 双向的Okazaki fragments 冈崎片段semi-discontinuous 半不连续的strand 链、一股hybridization 杂交melting temperature 熔融温度renaturation 复性labeled 标记的fluorescent 荧光的tag 标记、标签annealing 退火amplify 增强、扩大The central dogma 中心法则Transcription 转录initiation 起始Elongation 延伸termination 终止promoters 启动子palindrome 回文结构processing 加工splicing 拼接reverse transcription 逆转录第六章genetic code 遗传密码intermediate 中间的、媒介codons 密码子unambiguous 明确的correspond 相应、符合degenerate 简并的mutation 变异incorporation 合并nonoverlapping 不相重叠的reading frames 阅读框aminoacyl-tRNA 氨酰-tRNApeptidyl-tRNA 肽酰-tRNAstem 茎、干、臂anticodon 反密码子translocation 移位第七章metabolism 代谢Saccharides 糖类monosaccharides 单糖aldehyde group 醛基ketone group 酮基Stereoisomers 立体异构体Oligosaccharides 寡糖Glycosidic bond 糖苷键Polysaccharides 多糖Starch 淀粉Cellulose 纤维素Dextran 葡聚糖Amylose 直链淀粉amylopectin 支链淀粉Glycolysis 糖酵解Cytoplasm 细胞质Glucose 葡萄糖Galactose 半乳糖Mannose 甘露糖Sucrose 蔗糖Trehalose 海藻糖Lactose 乳糖Hexokinase 己糖激酶Fructose 果糖Phosphoglucoisomerase 磷酸葡萄糖变位酶Bisphosphate 二磷酸glyceraldehydes 甘油醛dihydroxyacetone 二羟丙酮aldolase 醛缩酶triose 丙糖1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 1,3 二磷酸甘油酸dehydrogenase 脱氢酶3-phosphoglycerate 3-磷酸甘油酸kinase 激酶mutase 变位酶phosphoenolpyruvate 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enolase 烯醇化酶pyruvate 丙酮酸Gluconeogenesis 糖异生Noncarbhydrate 非糖的Liver 肝脏skeletal muscle 骨骼肌phosphorylase 磷酸化酶Phosphorolysis 磷酸化pyrophosphorylase 焦磷酸化酶glucosyl 葡萄糖基nonreducing end 非还原端Epinephrine 肾上腺素glucagon 胰高血糖素Insulin 胰岛素第八章fatty acid 脂肪酸hydrocarbon 烃、碳氢化合物carboxylic acid 羧酸Unsaturated 不饱和的Triacylglycerol 三酰甘油Acetyl 乙酰基Thioester 硫酯Carnitine 肉(毒)碱Hydration 水合作用Thiolysis 硫解Consume 消耗ketone bodies 酮体acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸D-3-hydroxybutyrate D-3-羟基丁酸Acetone 丙酮diabetes 糖尿病toxic 有毒的lethal 致命的multifunctional 多功能的malonyl 丙二酰基carboxylation 羧化condensation 缩合acetoacetyl 乙酰乙酰基hydroxybutyryl 羟丁酰基crotonyl 丁烯酰基butyryl 丁酰基hydrolyzation 水解作用palmitoyl 软脂酰基palmitate 软脂酸lipoproteins 脂蛋白globular 球状的micelle 胶束、微囊第九章Respiration 呼吸作用citric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环、三羧酸循环concomitant 伴随的isocitrate 异柠檬酸酸盐α-ketoglutarate α-酮戊二酸succinate 琥珀酸盐succinyl 琥珀酰基fumarate 延胡索酸盐malate 苹果酸盐oxaloacetate 草酰乙酸盐cytochrome 细胞色素oxidase 氧化酶reductase 还原酶Rotatory 旋转的engine 发动机第十章Nitrogen 氮Diet 常吃的食物Erythrose 赤藓糖Ribose 核糖Transamination 转氨基作用Deamination 脱氨基作用Transdeamination 联合脱氨基作用Ammonia 氨Excrete 排泄Aquatic 水生uric acid 尿酸terrestrial 陆生的reptile 爬行动物urea 尿素vertebrates 脊椎动物ornithine 鸟氨酸arginine 精氨酸citrullin 瓜氨酸permanently 不变地。
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Contents of biochemistry
Static biochemistry
Protein Enzyme Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic Acid Vitamin Hormone
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9
Introduction to Biochemistry Waters Amino Acids and Primary Structures of Proteins Proteins: Three-Dimensional Structure and Function Properties of Enzymes Mechanisms of Enzymes Carbohydrates Lipids and Membranes Coenzymes and Vitamins
1.1 Brief history of Biochemistry
Period 1 Origin Phase ——the late century 18.
Period 2
Developing Phase——From the forepart to 40s of century 20.
Period 3
1780s Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (French): Combustion of a candle is similar to the “respiration ”of animals, as both need O2 . For the first time a physiological process was explained with reference to a nonliving mechanism. Disaffirming “The Phlogization
Static part :
To introduce structure and function of biomolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids etc.)
Dynamic part :
Rapid Development Phase——From 1950s to present.
Period 1
Origin Phase —— Modern Biochemistry was born in the late century 18 as the development of Chemistry and Physiology.
Biochemistry
Yongge Wu
School of Life Science National Engineering Laboratory for Aids Vaccine
Jilin University
What is Biochemistry ?
➢Biochemistry is the study of the
❖In 1838, J.J.Berzelius (Sweden chemist) named the term “Protein” which was from Greek “proteios”, meaning “most important”.
But he theorized “Vitalism theory”.
❖ In 1828 ， F.WÖ hler (Germany Chemist，1800-1882）showed by synthesizing urea from ammonium cyanate that compounds found in living organisms could be made in the laboratory from inorganic substrances.Accordingly,he rejected the “Vitalism theory”
molecules and chemical reactions of life.
➢It is the discipline that uses the principles and language of chemistry to explain biology at the molecular level.
Dynamic biochemistry
Metabolism and energy Carbohydrate metabolism Lipid metabolism Protein metabolism Nucleic acid metabolism Genetic information transmission
Chapter 1 Introduction to Biochemistry
1.1 Brief history of biochemistry 1.2 What are the questions for
biochemists to answer? 1.3 Biochemistry and other disciplines. 1.4 Application of biochemistry 1.5 Basic properties of living systems
The Textbooks
➢Principles of Biochemistry (3rd Edition)
H.R.Horton等主编，科学出版社 2003.4 ➢生物化学（第三版）
王镜岩、朱圣庚等主编，高等教育出 版社 2002.9
Contents of Biochemistry (1)
---This semester