园艺专业英语
园艺专业英语课件 Lesson 1 new
• What are the three major areas of horticulture? • What is the history of horticulture? • Why is horticulture popular?
Why is horticulture a science, a technology, and an industry?
• Ornamental Horticulture- growing and using plants for their beauty inside and outside our homes.
• Food Crop Production- growing crops for use as food.
It also includes maintenance and care of vegetable crops as well commercial and non-traditional vegetable crop production including organic gardening and organic farming; sustainable agriculture and horticulture; hydroponics; and biotechnology.
园艺专业英语(课后翻译)资料讲解
园艺专业英语(课后翻译)园艺专业英语翻译（中→英）Lesson1 part A1、protected (structure) horticulture is defined as a cultivation method taking use of heatkeeping ,chilling prevention or cooling and rainproof facilities to prevent the crops production from being influenced or seriously done by natural seasons and to artificially create a microclimateenvironment suitable for growing horticultural crops in cold or hot weather hat actually unfavorable to the crop development .it is also termed as out-of-season culture ,season-off culture or forcingculture .because of the season in which horticultural crops are planted is hand for their growing inopen field.2、Windbreak、cold –frame 、hot-frame、 plastic-clad tunnel and greenhouse could provide a varietyof vegetable seeding for open field or protected culture or protect seeding of cold tolerant vegetable living through the winter ,for early planting and acquirement of early mature products.3、In respect of structure type, the largest horticultural structure area in our country consists of plastictunnels and lean to houses, especially the energy-sawing solar greenhouse, which has become thedominant greenhouse type in the country. Presently the development of large greenhouse or multi-span house has been initiated.Lesson2 part A4、In horticultural crop cultivation under structure the key point of environment management forgrowers is to create optimal complex of environmental conditions for crop growth and development, as possibly as they can, according to properties and environmental demand of crop.Lesson3 part ALesson4 part A1、most soil amendments are consisted of the increasing of organic matters ,addition of specificnutritional elements and ph adjustment2、the soil is an important constitute of the land loamy soil must consist of soul particles with properratio ,with equilibrium of nutrients ,in which contains some organic matter ,and with considerablemoistureLesson5 part ALesson6 part A1、sink demand of horticultural crops extremely affects photosynthetic ,for example ,leaf photosynthesisnoticeably decrease when potato tubers are removed during their growth short-term response may be stomato close effect ,but this cannot explain common continuous effects ,sometime when the source-sink ratio increases significantly ,some old leaves can renew their photosynthesis functions ,on the other hand ,rapidly growing sinks sometimes compete with leaves for mobilizable nitrogen and this results in abscission of leaves and lower photosynthesis capacity.2、It is not clear yet that how the sink demand affect photosynthesis of leaves .the simplest explanationis that photosynthesis accumulated in leaves restrain photosynthesis . however trials for examiningthis hypothesis usually obtained the opposite results .furthermore ,in practice ,photosynthates seemly not accumulate beside chloroplasts in mesophyll cells .thus ,more research work should be done on source-sink relationship to improve yields of horticultural cropsLesson7 part A1、the development of horticultural crops product organs consist of maturity 、full ripeness andsenescence stages .maturity includes physiological ripeness and horticultural ripeness the formermeans that in the last growth stage ,mature organs become full ripening and the later means the best growth stage of horticultural crops for harvest ,such as leaf vegetables ,when they are reaped ,they are not physiological ripe ,and flower crops are harvested when thy flower.Full ripeness is the develop stage after fruit mature some fruits can get full ripeness in trees ,while some must ripen after separated from trees .after full ripen the flesh mealiness aroma strength proper acidity and sugar ,senescence is a stopping terminating process of living activity. In this stage,product organs quality of horticultural crops become bad and completely leaves their economicalvalue in the endLesson8 part A1、hormone produced by seed influence fruit setting ,fruit growth and the balance of hormones in plant2、Stone fruits can no t set their fruits when their embryos develop abnormally. pome fruits can setwithout seeds ,but flesh cells grow slowly3、Gibberellins was produced after pollination with seed development gibberellins promotes synthesisof auxin , therefore ,promotes fruit setting .the fruit set and fruit growth is similar between the ovule not pollinated treated by gibberellins and those which has seed4、Gibberellins produced by apple seeds apparently restrain flower differentiation and result in alternatefruiting .alternate fruiting is not normal in pear and many stone fruits .it is because the earlyoccurrence of gibberellins synthesis peak which is not concurrent with flower differentiationinitiation.Lesson13 part A1、pruning of fruit trees is a practice involves the heading back cuts and the thinning cuts of branchesfor good framework ,for regulating contradiction between growth and fruiting ,for maintaining the equilibrium between vegetative growth and propagative growth and for good sunlight exposure, to fruit early to achieve high yield and to get commodity with high quality2、the pruning methods are best determined by the characteristics of fruit species and cultivars ,theclimate the soil condition and the crop developing stages and growth status .in order to get the best result ,it is useful to combine pruning with other cultural practices like fertilization ,irrigation, etc 3、Reinvigoration of trees is better performed annually, which can keep fruit from stimulating excessivesprouts .remove dead branches, sprouts and some crossing shoots. Secondly, large branches should be thinned out gradually to open tree chamber and to improve distribution of sunlight in order tosimulate fruiting.Lesson15 part A1、temperature is an critical element in biological ,chemical and physiological processes of all plantspecies2、Temperature regulates the rate of chemical reactions ,leading to the adjustment of plant growth rate.3、As a important contributing factor to climate .temperature play an important role in adaptability andgrowth ,date of plant thus the horticultural crop types which can be cultured in a specific area rely on temperature4、Most plants can live and grow in the range of 0 to 50℃ .however low-temperature sensitivity limitthe successful cultivated regions of plantsLesson16 part A1、sprinkler irrigation is often used in maintaining and flower beds which has the specialty the uniformwater amount in its coverage .however, water waste occur when sprinkler is not limited in the area need irrigation .in addition ,evaporation result in some water loss too。
园艺专业词汇
园艺专业英语（a－k）园艺专业英语（a－k） A alternate bearing 大小年结果amendment 调理剂ample 充足的anatomical 解剖的aneuploid 非整倍性（的）anion 阴离子annual 一年生植物，一季生植物anther 花粉囊，花药anthocyanin [植]炭疽病antibiotic 抗生素anti-drop film 无滴膜antiviral 抗过滤性病原体的，抗病毒的apex 尖，顶端aphid 蚜虫apomixis 单性生殖，孤雌生殖apendix n. 附录，附属品，[解]阑尾apricot 杏aquifer 含水土层，蓄水层aroma 芳香，香气，香味arsenate n.[化]砷酸盐arsenic n.[化]砷，砒霜artificial intelligence（AI）人工智能asphalt-coated wood 涂上一层沥青的木头assimilate 合成代谢产物assimilation 同化，同化作用，吸收associated yield 相关的产量aster 紫菀astringency 涩味astringent 收敛性的，严酷的，涩的asymmetrical 不对称的at normal atmospheric pressure 在标准大气压下atomize 使雾化attached in-line emitter 在制作过程中胶合或焊接在滴灌带（或软管）上的内置式喷头（滴头）attainable yield 可得到的产量attendant 伴随的auxin 生长素avenue 林荫道avocado 油梨axil 叶腋axillary 腋窝的，叶腋的，腋生的园艺专业英语2（L-Z）Llabour-intensive production process 劳动密集型生产过程laid （lay的过去式）产（卵）landfill 垃圾掩埋法，垃圾landscape designer 园林设计师large plastic house 塑料大棚larva [复] larvae 幼虫latent heat 潜热lateral branch 侧枝lattice girder 支撑桁架lay-flat bag 平放的种植袋lay-flat duct 平铺管layout n. 规划，设计，（书刊等）编排，版面设计，（工厂等）布局图leaf area ratio 叶面积比leaf cutting 叶插leaf epidermis 叶表皮，叶上皮leaf mold 腐殖土；叶霉病leaf variegation 叶杂色性，叶色变异leaf : fruit ratio 叶果比leaf-miner 潜叶蝇leak 渗漏lean-to house 一面坡温室，单屋面温室legend 图例lepidopterous 鳞翅目的light intensity 光强light transmission 光的透射light transmissivity 透光率lightweight medium 质地较轻的基质likelihood n. 可能，可能性lily 百合，百合花limb 枝limestone 石灰石line graph 直线图，折线图，曲线图linoleic acid 亚油酸lipid 类脂，脂类，类脂化合物liquid plastic mulch 液体塑料膜load 负荷lobe 圆片locule [生物]小腔，小室，心室，室（指子房，花药等）longitudinal angel 纵向角度looper 尺蠖Loosduinen 荷兰的一个地名low tunnel 小拱棚lycopene [生物]番茄红素。
园艺专业英语：Lesson 5 Plant Biotechnology and GMOs
• Causes the death of fish and disruption to the whole ecosystem of the lake.
• International regulations has led to a reduction in the occurrences of these blooms.
Chemical pest control
• Each year, 30% of crops are lost to insects and other crop pests. • The insects leave larva, which damage the plants further. • Fungi damage or kill a further 25% of crop plants each year. • Any substance that kills organisms that we consider undesirable
• Fertilizers - are compounds to
promote growth; usually applied either via the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by uptake through leaves. Can be organic or inorganic
园艺专业英语(课后翻译)教学文稿
园艺专业英语翻译（中→英）Lesson1 part A1、protected (structure) horticulture is defined as a cultivation method taking use of heat keeping ,chillingprevention or cooling and rainproof facilities to prevent the crops production from being influenced or seriously done by natural seasons and to artificially create a microclimate environment suitable for growing horticultural crops in cold or hot weather hat actually unfavorable to the cropdevelopment .it is also termed as out-of-season culture ,season-off culture or forcing culture .because of the season in which horticultural crops are planted is hand for their growing in open field.2、Windbreak、cold –frame 、hot-frame、plastic-clad tunnel and greenhouse could provide a variety ofvegetable seeding for open field or protected culture or protect seeding of cold tolerant vegetableliving through the winter ,for early planting and acquirement of early mature products.3、In respect of structure type, the largest horticultural structure area in our country consists of plastictunnels and lean to houses, especially the energy-sawing solar greenhouse, which has become thedominant greenhouse type in the country. Presently the development of large greenhouse ormulti-span house has been initiated.Lesson2 part A4、In horticultural crop cultivation under structure the key point of environment management for growersis to create optimal complex of environmental conditions for crop growth and development, aspossibly as they can, according to properties and environmental demand of crop.Lesson3 part ALesson4 part A1、most soil amendments are consisted of the increasing of organic matters ,addition of specific nutritionalelements and ph adjustment2、the soil is an important constitute of the land loamy soil must consist of soul particles with properratio ,with equilibrium of nutrients ,in which contains some organic matter ,and with considerablemoistureLesson5 part ALesson6 part A1、sink demand of horticultural crops extremely affects photosynthetic ,for example ,leaf photosynthesisnoticeably decrease when potato tubers are removed during their growth short-term response may be stomato close effect ,but this cannot explain common continuous effects ,sometime when thesource-sink ratio increases significantly ,some old leaves can renew their photosynthesisfunctions ,on the other hand ,rapidly growing sinks sometimes compete with leaves for mobilizable nitrogen and this results in abscission of leaves and lower photosynthesis capacity.2、It is not clear yet that how the sink demand affect photosynthesis of leaves .the simplest explanation isthat photosynthesis accumulated in leaves restrain photosynthesis . however trials for examining this hypothesis usually obtained the opposite results .furthermore ,in practice ,photosynthates seemly notaccumulate beside chloroplasts in mesophyll cells .thus ,more research work should be done onsource-sink relationship to improve yields of horticultural cropsLesson7 part A1、the development of horticultural crops product organs consist of maturity 、full ripeness and senescencestages .maturity includes physiological ripeness and horticultural ripeness the former means that in the last growth stage ,mature organs become full ripening and the later means the best growth stage of horticultural crops for harvest ,such as leaf vegetables ,when they are reaped ,they are notphysiological ripe ,and flower crops are harvested when thy flower.Full ripeness is the develop stage after fruit mature some fruits can get full ripeness in trees ,whilesome must ripen after separated from trees .after full ripen the flesh mealiness aroma strength proper acidity and sugar ,senescence is a stopping terminating process of living activity. In this stage,product organs quality of horticultural crops become bad and completely leaves their economicalvalue in the endLesson8 part A1、hormone produced by seed influence fruit setting ,fruit growth and the balance of hormones in plant2、Stone fruits can no t set their fruits when their embryos develop abnormally. pome fruits can set withoutseeds ,but flesh cells grow slowly3、Gibberellins was produced after pollination with seed development gibberellins promotes synthesis ofauxin , therefore ,promotes fruit setting .the fruit set and fruit growth is similar between the ovule not pollinated treated by gibberellins and those which has seed4、Gibberellins produced by apple seeds apparently restrain flower differentiation and result in alternatefruiting .alternate fruiting is not normal in pear and many stone fruits .it is because the earlyoccurrence of gibberellins synthesis peak which is not concurrent with flower differentiationinitiation.Lesson13 part A1、pruning of fruit trees is a practice involves the heading back cuts and the thinning cuts of branches forgood framework ,for regulating contradiction between growth and fruiting ,for maintaining theequilibrium between vegetative growth and propagative growth and for good sunlight exposure, to fruit early to achieve high yield and to get commodity with high quality2、the pruning methods are best determined by the characteristics of fruit species and cultivars ,the climatethe soil condition and the crop developing stages and growth status .in order to get the best result ,it is useful to combine pruning with other cultural practices like fertilization ,irrigation, etc3、Reinvigoration of trees is better performed annually, which can keep fruit from stimulating excessivesprouts .remove dead branches, sprouts and some crossing shoots. Secondly, large branches should be thinned out gradually to open tree chamber and to improve distribution of sunlight in order tosimulate fruiting.Lesson15 part A1、temperature is an critical element in biological ,chemical and physiological processes of all plant species2、Temperature regulates the rate of chemical reactions ,leading to the adjustment of plant growth rate.3、As a important contributing factor to climate .temperature play an important role in adaptability andgrowth ,date of plant thus the horticultural crop types which can be cultured in a specific area rely on temperature4、Most plants can live and grow in the range of 0 to 50℃ .however low-temperature sensitivity limit thesuccessful cultivated regions of plantsLesson16 part A1、sprinkler irrigation is often used in maintaining and flower beds which has the specialty the uniformwater amount in its coverage .however, water waste occur when sprinkler is not limited in the area need irrigation .in addition ,evaporation result in some water loss too。
园艺专业英语第二版答案
园艺专业英语第二版答案1、I do not have my own room,_____. [单选题] *A. neither does Tom(正确答案)B. neither has TomC. so does TomD. so has Tom2、The more he tried to please her, _____she seemed to appreciate it. [单选题] *A.lessB.lesserC.the less(正确答案)D.the lesser3、A good teacher is able to_____a complicated idea in very simple terms. [单选题] *A.put across(正确答案)B.break upC.work outD.bring out4、He _______ getting up early. [单选题] *A. used toB. is used to(正确答案)C. is usedD. is used for5、I got caught in the rain and my suit____. [单选题] *A. has ruinedB. had ruinedC. has been ruined(正确答案)D. had been ruined6、We all wondered（）Tom broke up with his girlfriend. [单选题] *A. thatB. whatC. whoD. why(正确答案)7、_______ your parents at home last week? [单选题] *A. IsC. AreD. Were(正确答案)8、77．–Hey! Any idea about learning abroad? --You （)google the College Board to learn the names of college you ____ be interested in [单选题] *A. may;needB. can; might (正确答案)C. will; shouldD. shall; must9、--_______ do you have to do after school?--Do my homework, of course. [单选题] *A. What(正确答案)B. WhenC. WhereD. How10、She passed me in the street, but took no（）of me. [单选题] *Attention (正确答案)B. watchC. care11、---Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?---Just a minute. I’ll have Bob ____you to your room. [单选题] *A. show(正确答案)B. showsC. to showD. showing12、--Could you please tell me _______ to get to the nearest supermarket?--Sorry, I am a stranger here. [单选题] *A. whatB. how(正确答案)C. whenD. why13、Nowadays schools should care for the full _______ of a student’s talents. [单选题] *A. satisfactionB. development(正确答案)C. communicationD. preparation14、—Whose book is it? Is it yours?—No, ask John. Maybe it’s ______.（）[单选题] *A. hersB. his(正确答案)C. he’sD. her15、My home is about _______ away from the school. [单选题] *A. three hundred metreB. three hundreds metresC. three hundred metres(正确答案)D. three hundreds metre16、I’d like to know the _______ of the club. [单选题] *A. schedule(正确答案)B. schoolC. menuD. subject17、The old woman doesn’t feel _______ though she lives _______. [单选题] *A. alone; lonelyB. alone; aloneC. lonely; lonelyD. lonely; alone(正确答案)18、58．—How much is Lucy's skirt?—She________320 yuan for it. I think it's a little dear. [单选题] *A．tookB．paid(正确答案)C．spentD．bought19、On Mother’s Day, Cathy made a beautiful card as a ______ for her mother. [单选题] *A. taskB. secretC. gift(正确答案)D. work20、She’s _______ with her present _______ job. [单选题] *A. boring; boringB. bored; boredC. boring; boredD. bored; boring(正确答案)21、--What are the young people doing there？--They are discussing how to _______?the pollution in the river. [单选题] *A. come up withB. talk withC. deal with(正确答案)D. get on with22、Where have you _______ these days? [单选题] *A. been(正确答案)B. beC. isD. are23、They will hold the party if they _____ the project on time. [单选题] *A. will completeB. complete(正确答案)C．completedD. had completed24、--Henry treats his secretary badly.--Yes. He seems to think that she is the _______ important person in the office. [单选题] *A. littleB. least(正确答案)C. lessD. most25、—I can’t always get good grades. What should I do?—The more ______ you are under, the worse grades you may get. So take it easy!（）[单选题] *A. wasteB. interestC. stress(正确答案)D. fairness26、—Where are you going, Tom? —To Bill's workshop. The engine of my car needs _____. [单选题] *A. repairing(正确答案)B. repairedC. repairD. to repair27、Be careful when you _______ the street. [单选题] *A. are crossingB. is crossingC. cross(正确答案)D. is cross28、Li Jing often helps me ______ my geography.（）[单选题] *A. atB. inC. ofD. with(正确答案)29、Ships can carry more goods than _____ means of transport. [单选题] *A. the otherB. anotherC. any other(正确答案)D. any30、The early Americans wanted the King to respect their rights. [单选题] *A. 统治B. 满足C. 尊重(正确答案)D. 知道。
《园艺专业英语》课程教学大纲
《园艺专业英语》课程教学大纲课程名称：园艺专业英语课程类别：专业选修课适用专业：园艺考核方式：考查总学时、学分：32学时2学分其中实验学时：学时一、课程教学目的园艺专业英语是为园艺专业学生开设的选修课程，主要讲授园艺学英语的基本知识，旨在帮助学生提高阅读英文专业资料的能力，并具备查阅英文专业资料的能力。
通过本课程学习，学生可参加英语科技讲座、会议，撰写简单英语科技论文，以培养高素质的、符合国际化标准的人才，使学生毕业后能很快适应社会的要求，能够进行国际交流与合作，参与国际竞争。
二、课程教学要求1.可阅读理解园艺专业英文文献及资料；2.掌握基本园艺学知识的英文口头、书面表达。
三、先修课程大学英语及园艺学专业课程。
四、课程教学重、难点重点：阅读并理解园艺专业英文文献资料。
难点：翻译及撰写英语科技论文。
五、课程教学方法与教学手段本课程主要以专业英文文献为基础，利用多媒体课件，听力材料等手段，扩大视野，增大信息量。
课堂讲授和讨论相结合。
通过阅读讲解教材章节、专题讨论外文文献等方式掌握该学科的发展动态。
六、课程教学内容注：专业英语选取教材的部分章节讲授，可根据学生具体情况略作调整。
Lesson 1 The History and the Development of Protected Cultivation（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Materials：The History and the Development of Protected Cultivation(2) Early Development and Status of Plasticulture2．重、难点提示(1) Protected cropping(2) Structure of GreenhousesLesson 2 Soil Properties of Horticultural Crop Cultivation（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Orchard Soil Management and Deciduous Fruit Tree Nutrition(2) Plant-growing Media2．重、难点提示(1) Soil Properties；(2) Plant-growing Media；Lesson 3 Soilless Cultivation（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material：Soilless Culture(2) Soilless Culture Technique2．重、难点提示(1) Re-circulated hydroponics system(2) Nutrient-film technique (NFT) 营养液膜技术；Lesson 4 Drip Irrigation Technology（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material：Drip Irrigation Technology(2) NMSU Scientist Studies Latest Drip Irrigation Technology 2．重、难点提示(1) Drip irrigation(2) Precision agricultureLesson 5 Plasticulture（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material：Plasticulture(2) The Future of Plasticulture: Challenges and Opportunities 2．重、难点提示(1) Plasticulture(2) Controlled environment agricultureLesson 6 Biotechnology and Horticulture（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Haploids and Anther Culture(2) Gene Transfer2．重、难点提示(1) What is biotechnology?(2) Gene TransferLesson 7 Crop Production Situation（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material：Crop Production Situation(2) CO2 Enrichment in Practice2．重、难点提示(1) Production situation 1 — potential yield as defined by CO2, radiation and temperature(2) Production situation 2a — attainable yield as limited by water(3) Production situation 2b — attainable yields as limited by nutrients(4) Production situation 3 — actual yields as reduced by effects of weeds, pests, diseases and pollutantsLesson 8 Dry Matter Production and Distribution（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Dry Matter Production and Distribution(2) The Growth and Yield Responses of strawberry to Elevated CO2 and N Supply 2．重、难点提示(1) Carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis(2) The breakdown of carbohydrates to yield energy for growth and cell activities.Lesson 9 Plant Biological Control and Natural Pollination（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Plant Biological Control and Natural Pollination(2) Insect Biology and Ecology: A Primer2．重、难点提示(1) Natural Pollination(2) Plant Biological ControlLesson 10 Plant Disease（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Plant Disease(2) Chemical Control in Integrated Pest Management (IPM)2．重、难点提示(1) Plant Disease(2) Integrated Pest ManagementLesson 11 Quality and Harvest of Horticultural Products（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Hand Harvesting of Fruit Crops(2) Postharvest Handling of Nine Specialty Cut Flower Species2．重、难点提示(1) Quality of Horticultural Produce(2) Harvesting of Horticultural ProduceLesson 12 Greenhouse Tomatoes（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Greenhouse Tomatoes(2) Botany of Tomato2．重、难点提示(1) Scheduling the Crop(2) Pest ManagementLesson 13 Pruning Fruit Trees（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Pruning Fruit Trees(2) The Jujube Fruit2．重、难点提示(1) Central leader system(2) Open-center systemLesson 14 Assortment of Ornamental Crops（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Assortment of Ornamental Crops(2) Static flowers and dynamic flowers2．重、难点提示(1) Cut flowers and pot plants(2) The main factors determining the quality of ornamental crops Lesson 15 Propagation of Horticultural Crops（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Propagation of Horticultural Crops(2) Selection Programmes in China2．重、难点提示(1) Propagation of Horticultural Crops(2) Kiwifruit Breeding Programmes in New ZealandLesson 16 Writing A Research Report（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Writing A Research Report(2)The Application of Tables and Figures on Writing a Scientific Paper 2．重、难点提示(1) Layout of a research report(2) Tenses of verbs七、学时分配八、课程考核方式1.考核方式笔试；开卷。
园艺专业英语Flower arranging basics
Flower Arranging BasicsFlower arrangements include many types such as bouquets, corsages, vase arrangements and basket arrangements; they can be used as decoration for all kinds of social occasions as well as everyday occasions. Beginners should be knowledgeable in all kinds of containers, tools and materials, the classification of flowers materials, the familiar geometric forms and the principles of design.Containers, tools and other materialsContainersContainers must be capable of holding water for most floral design uses; containers that do not hold water can be used with permanent materials. Customarily containers are made of glass, glazed pottery, metal porcelain or plastic. Metal is unsuitable for directly holding flowers because floral preservatives react with most metals.Containers come in many shapes and sizes. The most commonly used types include vases, bowls, baskets, dishes, bowls and many more creative containers.Cutting toolsFloral knife: This is used for cleanly cutting flower stems. The blade should be rigid and unbending.Florist shears: These are used for cutting light wire, cord, paper and ribbon.Pruning shears: These are used to cut heavy, hard woody plant materials that are difficult to cut with knives.Materials for anchoringPin holders: These are made up of staggered, closely spaced pins anchored to a heavy base, usually lead. They are usually attached to the container with floral clay, with stems being pressed on to the pins.Foams: These are kinds of sponge like material. There are two categories: moisture holding foams and non-moisture holding foams. Moisture holding foams are used for a variety of fresh floral arrangement, while non-moisture holding foams are used for arrangement with dry flowers or artificial materials. They are manufactured in various shapes, such as cones, balls, wreaths, hearts, etc.Styrofoam: This closed-cell plastic foam material does not absorb water. It functions as an anchor for stems of dry flowers or artificial flowers, to prevent them from moving around.Chicken wire: This type of wire can be rolled into a ball and placed into a container. Stems are then inserted into the folded mesh. This is usually utilized only with larger containers.Other tools and materialsFlorist tape and waterproof tape: florist tape is used for wrapping stems when wire is neededto support them, while waterproof tape is commonly used for binding and fixing wet foam to containers.Florist wire: It varies in thickness (gauge) with number 18 being the heaviest and number 32 being the finest, with the gauges in between being 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, and 30. Heavy wire used to support large floral stems or heavy flowers such as lilies and gladiolus; medium-weight wire used to support such flowers as roses, carnations and chrysanthemums; lightweight wire used for replacing flowers stems in corsages and wedding bouquets.Electric glue gun: The gun is electrically heated and the glue is dispensed in a liquid form that cools and hardens quickly. It is used to glue pinecones, ribbons, and accessories to wreaths and door swags, and dry flowers to baskets, etc.Ribbon: Most florist ribbon is sold in ‘bolts’ on cardboard spools. Ribbon is made of many materials such as satin, velvet, cotton, burlap, etc. Some ribbon is double-faced, but most are single-faced, and have only one desirable side.Classification of flowers using in flower arrangementThere are four basic categories of floral materials: line materials, mass materials, form materials, spray and fillers.Line materials are those in which the florets, the individual blossoms, grow along the main stem to create a line. Some examples of these flowers are: gladiolus, snapdragon, cattails, delphinium and lupine. Besides, Branching types that have a linear effect such as curly willow and eucalyptus are also under this category.Mass materials may be single stems with one solid flower head-like carnation; a single stem with a cluster of ball-shaped florets-like thistle; or a compact spray-like lilac. Other examples of mass flowers include: roses, chrysanthemums, gerbera, tulip, dahlia, daisy, camellia, geranium, peony and hydrangea.Form materials include those that have a precise and distinctive form, and are usually used at the focal point (center of interest) in an arrangement. Examples of form materials include bird-of-paradise, anthurium, orchids, iris and protea.Spray and fillers include those loose flowers that grow with a cluster of florets. They are used to fill in arrangements and give them solidity. Examples of filler materials include baby’s breath, aster, ageratum and limonium.No matter how many of the categories of flowers are used, the materials should be placed in appropriate way according to their role in the arrangement. (1) Line materials are used to establish the main lines, to form the silhouette, and to determine the size of the composition; (2) Mass materials give the arrangement body and weight. Note: Buds and smallest flowers should be placed at the outer edges, and growing larger as they approach the focal point;(3)Form materials are the ‘eye-catchers’, generally used to help create a focal point. Each form flower should be handled in such a way as to display its individual form; (4)Spray and fillers are useful in thetransition area between the silhouette and the focal point, with care taken not to spoil or overpower the design that has been created by the line, mass, and form material.Geometric formsAccording to the shapes and outlines of the arrangements, there are two categories of forms: symmetrical and asymmetrical.Symmetrical: These designs are created so that both sides of the design are equal. If a line were drawn down the center of the arrangement, both sides would have a similar look. The most commonly used shapes in flower arrangement are: even triangle, round, oblong, column, and radiating fan.These arrangements are usually quite formal; they are often utilized in all kinds of ceremonial occasions.Asymmetrical: arrangements containing different design elements on each side are considered to be asymmetrical. This type of arrangement must still have the correct weight on both sides to be visually pleasing. Uneven triangular shape, crescent, L-pattern, and S-pattern (Hogarth curve) are the commonly seen shapes.These forms are somewhat more informal than the symmetrical arrangements; they fit in well with all kinds of exhibitions and almost every informal room settings.Basic principles of floral arrangingBalance: Balance is one of the most important visual design principles. There are two kinds of balance: symmetrical balance and asymmetrical balance. Symmetrical balance can be obtained by placing similar flowers in each side of imaginary line down the center of a design. Asymmetrical balance is more dynamic than formal balance and normally keeps the learner’s attention focused on the visual message. Asymmetrical balance can be achieved by skillfully manipulating different shape, color, value, texture and position of plant materials.Scale and proportion: They are generally considered together or as synonyms in floral arrangement. Scale specifically evaluates the size of all the parts of an arrangement, including the container, the flowers, the foliages, the accessories and the base, while proportion specifically evaluates the relative size of parts of the design in relation to each other and to the arrangement as a whole. Whichever term selected, these size relationships are critical to effective arrangement. A size mismatch among the flowers, foliages, container, accessories, as well as the setting will detract from appreciation of the arrangement and composition.Since they are so many elements are involved together, most decisions are based on visual sense and there are few guidelines to help. However, some scale problems are obvious, such as trying to use large chrysanthemum flowers with miniature roses, or large calla leaves with small violet foliage.Harmony: Harmony means all component parts of the arrangement relate to and complementeach other, for example, the daisies, asters, calendulas and single chrysanthemums, furnishes many varieties similar in form. In addition, a successful arrangement must also in harmony with its surroundings.Rhythm: Rhythm refers to ‘flow’ in a floral arrangement. Repetition of a particular shape or the combination of related colors creates a flowing line or rhythm that is aesthetically appealing. Besides, rhythm can also be achieved by graduation and radiation.Graduation can be accomplished by placing the smaller buds and blooms toward the periphery of the arrangement and the largest blooms at the bottom or in the area of prominence. Parallel relationships may be seen for gradation from weaker to stronger lines and forms lighter to heavier color values and softer to coarser textures.In radiation, all lines appear to originate at a common (hidden) point behind the center of interest. Alternation, all the lines from the flower and foliage stems to converge at the visual center. As the eye falls on any of these lines, it is then led to the focus.。
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萼片sepal花瓣petal雄蕊stamen心皮carpel转化transform突变体mutant花的floral繁殖的reproductive草坪dormant 休眠turfgrass 草坪草lawn 草坪草mower 割草机mulch覆盖，覆盖物（n）；覆盖树根(vt)mulch applicator 覆膜机Lolium 黑麦草属tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) 高羊茅perennial 多年生的annual 一年生植物（n）；一年生的（adj）ryegrass (Lolium perenne) 黑麦草productive高产的productivity 生产力cultivate栽培，耕作cultivar 品种cultivation under cover保护地栽培cultural practice栽培措施，栽培技术，栽培实践culture system栽培系统forage 草料翻译Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is widely planted in many regions of theworld and is closely related to a lot of Lolium species including perennial r yegrass (Lolium perenne) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). The Festuca-Lolium complex possesses well-adapted, highly productive grass species. These cultivated forage grassesprovide invaluable economic and social benefits as forage and turf grasses per year.tiller n. 耕种者, 分蘖vi. 分蘖apical dominance 顶端优势agronomic traits 农艺性状agronomist农艺学家，农学家density 密度plant stature （height）株高mow用镰刀或割草机割草Increasing tiller number and reducing the apical dominance in turfgrass are one of the mostimportant agronomic traits for turfgrass industry because tiller number per plant determines lawn density and plant stature reduced lessens the mowing, which could make a significant contribution to future improvement of turfgrass qualitycytokinin 细胞分裂素auxin 生长素bud 芽（n）；发芽，萌芽（vi）axil 叶腋axillary 腋窝的，叶腋的，腋生的deterioration 腐烂，变坏，退化，堕落Cytokinin and auxin contribute to apical dominance through an antagonistic mechanism.Auxin from the terminal bud restrains axillary bud growth causing the shoot to lengthen.Cytokinin (from the roots) stimulates axillary bud growth.Auxin cannot suppress axillary bud growth once it has begun.fungicide 杀真菌剂photosynthesis 光合作用photosynthate 光合产物senescence 衰老mass质量，大量green up in the spring 春季返青tolerant to drought (salinity/ heat)耐旱（盐、热）resistant to drought (salinity/ heat)抗旱（盐、热）Benzyladenine（苄基腺嘌呤）(synthetic cytokinin) and triazole （三唑）fungicides stimulate the growth of turfgrasses. Various studies with cool season turfgrass have shown that auxin can improve photosynthesis, reduce senescence, increase leaf and shoot numbers, and enhance shoot and root mass.creep爬行，蔓延habit习性stolon 匍匐枝indeterminate不确定的，无限的determinate确定的，有限的Japanese lawn grass shows quite uncommon creeping habits; the development and expansion of its stolon is unusually vigorous and entirely indeterminate.wilting; wilt（使）萎蔫，（使）枯萎；枯萎（n）withering 使干枯的，进行干燥处理的（adj）adversity; adverse situation;unfavorable conditions逆境brown patch褐斑病Kentucky bluegrass草地早熟禾pathogen病原，病原体，致病菌This paper mainly introduces the host, symptoms, harmfulness and pathogen of brown patch disease of Kentucky bluegrass.sprinkler irrigation 喷灌drip irrigation滴灌furrow irrigation沟灌，畦灌osmotic渗透的，渗透性的osmotic adjustment渗透调节osmotic potential 渗透势osmotic pressure 渗透压dehydrin 脱水素dehydration 脱水abscisic acid脱落酸stomatal气孔的stomata气孔carbohydrate碳水化合物，糖类antioxidant抗氧化剂heat shock 热激It has been identified that among various mechanisms, osmotic adjustment and dehydrin proteins induced may confer drought tolerance, while abscisic acid may contribute to drought avoidance by closing the stomata in turfgrass. Alternation of carbonhydrate and antioxidant metabolism, induction of heat shock proteins, and cytokinin synthesis are involved in protecting cool-season turfgrasses from heat stress injuries.Flower differentiation, pollination and fruit setexternal 外部的, 客观的, [医]外用的, 外国的, 表面的n.外部, 外面internal内在的, 国内的hormonal 荷尔蒙的，激素的inflorescence 花序Both external and internal requirements for floral initiation vary with species. The first step is floral induction, involving hormonal and possibly other biochemical changes that cause cells within a bud to begin organizing a flower or inflorescence.deciduous 每年落叶的、脱落的perennial 多年生的annual 一年生植物，一季生植物Deciduous perennials usually initiate flowers just after shoot growth ceases and when leaves are mature. Presumably the interaction of specific physiologic and environmental factors provides the proper balance of endogenous hormones to cause initiation.endogenous 内生的，内源的graft 嫁接（v/n）girdling 环剥prune 剪除florigen 成花（激）素phloem 韧皮部defoliate 除叶，使…落叶herbaceous 草本的fig 无花果cherry 樱桃，樱桃树apricot杏，杏树Most deciduous fruits start to initiate flowers at the end of the grand growth period for shoots, when the leaves near the buds are mature. Exceptions are the nonwoody strawberry, the fig (无花果), and to some degree the peach, which continue shoot growth late in the summer.primordia 原基differentiate 分化pollen花粉；传花粉给pollinate 对…授粉pollination授粉anthesis开花，开花期deficiency 缺乏，不足deficientdeficency symptom 缺素症boron 硼reproduction繁殖(a)sexual reproduction（无）有性繁殖nut坚果stigma柱头style花柱embryo sac胚囊Sexual reproduction and seed development in fruits and nuts hinge on pollination. After reaching the stigma, the pollen grain germinates and the pollen tube grows down the style and into the embryo sac, where fertilization takes place. After this, a seed may develop along with the fruit.embryo 胚endosperm 胚乳xenia 种子直感，异粉性metaxenia 果实直感astringent 收敛性的，严酷的，涩的fruit set 坐果plum李树almond 扁桃树malus苹果属parthenocarpy 单性结实gibberellin赤霉素raspberry 悬钩子blackberry黑莓currant 黑醋栗gooseberry 醋栗kiwi 猕猴桃blueberry越橘cranberry大果酸果蔓，蔓越橘Fruit set 坐果micropyle (珠孔，卵孔)ovary 子房synergid助细胞anther 花粉囊dioecious 雌雄异株的calyx花萼Pruning Fruit Treespruning 修枝，剪枝，修剪cultural practice 栽培措施，栽培技术，栽培实践sprout 长出来，出现，发芽，萌芽；苗，芽，嫩枝，徒长枝branch分枝Pruning is an important cultural practice used to maintain the size of fruit trees. It involves the removal of plant parts, which stimulates vegetative growth, and reduces fruitfulness. heading-back cut短截thinning-out cut 疏剪training 整形，整枝shoot 新梢Framework 骨架seedling 小树scaffold branches主枝formative years形成期reinvigoration 更新Central leader 中心领导枝Graftingcut n.伤口, 切口grafting n.嫁接法bud n.芽，蓓蕾scion n.幼芽cleft n.裂缝，隙口navel orange 脐橙rootstock 砧木budding 芽接法stenting 片断接法，平接，断根嫁接root grafting根接法propagation繁殖root collar 根颈。