园艺专业英语
园艺专业英语课件 Lesson 1 new
• What are the three major areas of horticulture? • What is the history of horticulture? • Why is horticulture popular?
Why is horticulture a science, a technology, and an industry?
• Ornamental Horticulture- growing and using plants for their beauty inside and outside our homes.
• Food Crop Production- growing crops for use as food.
It also includes maintenance and care of vegetable crops as well commercial and non-traditional vegetable crop production including organic gardening and organic farming; sustainable agriculture and horticulture; hydroponics; and biotechnology.
园艺专业英语(课后翻译)资料讲解
园艺专业英语(课后翻译)园艺专业英语翻译（中→英）Lesson1 part A1、protected (structure) horticulture is defined as a cultivation method taking use of heatkeeping ,chilling prevention or cooling and rainproof facilities to prevent the crops production from being influenced or seriously done by natural seasons and to artificially create a microclimateenvironment suitable for growing horticultural crops in cold or hot weather hat actually unfavorable to the crop development .it is also termed as out-of-season culture ,season-off culture or forcingculture .because of the season in which horticultural crops are planted is hand for their growing inopen field.2、Windbreak、cold –frame 、hot-frame、 plastic-clad tunnel and greenhouse could provide a varietyof vegetable seeding for open field or protected culture or protect seeding of cold tolerant vegetable living through the winter ,for early planting and acquirement of early mature products.3、In respect of structure type, the largest horticultural structure area in our country consists of plastictunnels and lean to houses, especially the energy-sawing solar greenhouse, which has become thedominant greenhouse type in the country. Presently the development of large greenhouse or multi-span house has been initiated.Lesson2 part A4、In horticultural crop cultivation under structure the key point of environment management forgrowers is to create optimal complex of environmental conditions for crop growth and development, as possibly as they can, according to properties and environmental demand of crop.Lesson3 part ALesson4 part A1、most soil amendments are consisted of the increasing of organic matters ,addition of specificnutritional elements and ph adjustment2、the soil is an important constitute of the land loamy soil must consist of soul particles with properratio ,with equilibrium of nutrients ,in which contains some organic matter ,and with considerablemoistureLesson5 part ALesson6 part A1、sink demand of horticultural crops extremely affects photosynthetic ,for example ,leaf photosynthesisnoticeably decrease when potato tubers are removed during their growth short-term response may be stomato close effect ,but this cannot explain common continuous effects ,sometime when the source-sink ratio increases significantly ,some old leaves can renew their photosynthesis functions ,on the other hand ,rapidly growing sinks sometimes compete with leaves for mobilizable nitrogen and this results in abscission of leaves and lower photosynthesis capacity.2、It is not clear yet that how the sink demand affect photosynthesis of leaves .the simplest explanationis that photosynthesis accumulated in leaves restrain photosynthesis . however trials for examiningthis hypothesis usually obtained the opposite results .furthermore ,in practice ,photosynthates seemly not accumulate beside chloroplasts in mesophyll cells .thus ,more research work should be done on source-sink relationship to improve yields of horticultural cropsLesson7 part A1、the development of horticultural crops product organs consist of maturity 、full ripeness andsenescence stages .maturity includes physiological ripeness and horticultural ripeness the formermeans that in the last growth stage ,mature organs become full ripening and the later means the best growth stage of horticultural crops for harvest ,such as leaf vegetables ,when they are reaped ,they are not physiological ripe ,and flower crops are harvested when thy flower.Full ripeness is the develop stage after fruit mature some fruits can get full ripeness in trees ,while some must ripen after separated from trees .after full ripen the flesh mealiness aroma strength proper acidity and sugar ,senescence is a stopping terminating process of living activity. In this stage,product organs quality of horticultural crops become bad and completely leaves their economicalvalue in the endLesson8 part A1、hormone produced by seed influence fruit setting ,fruit growth and the balance of hormones in plant2、Stone fruits can no t set their fruits when their embryos develop abnormally. pome fruits can setwithout seeds ,but flesh cells grow slowly3、Gibberellins was produced after pollination with seed development gibberellins promotes synthesisof auxin , therefore ,promotes fruit setting .the fruit set and fruit growth is similar between the ovule not pollinated treated by gibberellins and those which has seed4、Gibberellins produced by apple seeds apparently restrain flower differentiation and result in alternatefruiting .alternate fruiting is not normal in pear and many stone fruits .it is because the earlyoccurrence of gibberellins synthesis peak which is not concurrent with flower differentiationinitiation.Lesson13 part A1、pruning of fruit trees is a practice involves the heading back cuts and the thinning cuts of branchesfor good framework ,for regulating contradiction between growth and fruiting ,for maintaining the equilibrium between vegetative growth and propagative growth and for good sunlight exposure, to fruit early to achieve high yield and to get commodity with high quality2、the pruning methods are best determined by the characteristics of fruit species and cultivars ,theclimate the soil condition and the crop developing stages and growth status .in order to get the best result ,it is useful to combine pruning with other cultural practices like fertilization ,irrigation, etc 3、Reinvigoration of trees is better performed annually, which can keep fruit from stimulating excessivesprouts .remove dead branches, sprouts and some crossing shoots. Secondly, large branches should be thinned out gradually to open tree chamber and to improve distribution of sunlight in order tosimulate fruiting.Lesson15 part A1、temperature is an critical element in biological ,chemical and physiological processes of all plantspecies2、Temperature regulates the rate of chemical reactions ,leading to the adjustment of plant growth rate.3、As a important contributing factor to climate .temperature play an important role in adaptability andgrowth ,date of plant thus the horticultural crop types which can be cultured in a specific area rely on temperature4、Most plants can live and grow in the range of 0 to 50℃ .however low-temperature sensitivity limitthe successful cultivated regions of plantsLesson16 part A1、sprinkler irrigation is often used in maintaining and flower beds which has the specialty the uniformwater amount in its coverage .however, water waste occur when sprinkler is not limited in the area need irrigation .in addition ,evaporation result in some water loss too。
园艺专业词汇
园艺专业英语（a－k）园艺专业英语（a－k） A alternate bearing 大小年结果amendment 调理剂ample 充足的anatomical 解剖的aneuploid 非整倍性（的）anion 阴离子annual 一年生植物，一季生植物anther 花粉囊，花药anthocyanin [植]炭疽病antibiotic 抗生素anti-drop film 无滴膜antiviral 抗过滤性病原体的，抗病毒的apex 尖，顶端aphid 蚜虫apomixis 单性生殖，孤雌生殖apendix n. 附录，附属品，[解]阑尾apricot 杏aquifer 含水土层，蓄水层aroma 芳香，香气，香味arsenate n.[化]砷酸盐arsenic n.[化]砷，砒霜artificial intelligence（AI）人工智能asphalt-coated wood 涂上一层沥青的木头assimilate 合成代谢产物assimilation 同化，同化作用，吸收associated yield 相关的产量aster 紫菀astringency 涩味astringent 收敛性的，严酷的，涩的asymmetrical 不对称的at normal atmospheric pressure 在标准大气压下atomize 使雾化attached in-line emitter 在制作过程中胶合或焊接在滴灌带（或软管）上的内置式喷头（滴头）attainable yield 可得到的产量attendant 伴随的auxin 生长素avenue 林荫道avocado 油梨axil 叶腋axillary 腋窝的，叶腋的，腋生的园艺专业英语2（L-Z）Llabour-intensive production process 劳动密集型生产过程laid （lay的过去式）产（卵）landfill 垃圾掩埋法，垃圾landscape designer 园林设计师large plastic house 塑料大棚larva [复] larvae 幼虫latent heat 潜热lateral branch 侧枝lattice girder 支撑桁架lay-flat bag 平放的种植袋lay-flat duct 平铺管layout n. 规划，设计，（书刊等）编排，版面设计，（工厂等）布局图leaf area ratio 叶面积比leaf cutting 叶插leaf epidermis 叶表皮，叶上皮leaf mold 腐殖土；叶霉病leaf variegation 叶杂色性，叶色变异leaf : fruit ratio 叶果比leaf-miner 潜叶蝇leak 渗漏lean-to house 一面坡温室，单屋面温室legend 图例lepidopterous 鳞翅目的light intensity 光强light transmission 光的透射light transmissivity 透光率lightweight medium 质地较轻的基质likelihood n. 可能，可能性lily 百合，百合花limb 枝limestone 石灰石line graph 直线图，折线图，曲线图linoleic acid 亚油酸lipid 类脂，脂类，类脂化合物liquid plastic mulch 液体塑料膜load 负荷lobe 圆片locule [生物]小腔，小室，心室，室（指子房，花药等）longitudinal angel 纵向角度looper 尺蠖Loosduinen 荷兰的一个地名low tunnel 小拱棚lycopene [生物]番茄红素。
园艺专业英语：Lesson 5 Plant Biotechnology and GMOs
• Causes the death of fish and disruption to the whole ecosystem of the lake.
• International regulations has led to a reduction in the occurrences of these blooms.
Chemical pest control
• Each year, 30% of crops are lost to insects and other crop pests. • The insects leave larva, which damage the plants further. • Fungi damage or kill a further 25% of crop plants each year. • Any substance that kills organisms that we consider undesirable
• Fertilizers - are compounds to
promote growth; usually applied either via the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by uptake through leaves. Can be organic or inorganic
园艺专业英语(课后翻译)教学文稿
园艺专业英语翻译（中→英）Lesson1 part A1、protected (structure) horticulture is defined as a cultivation method taking use of heat keeping ,chillingprevention or cooling and rainproof facilities to prevent the crops production from being influenced or seriously done by natural seasons and to artificially create a microclimate environment suitable for growing horticultural crops in cold or hot weather hat actually unfavorable to the cropdevelopment .it is also termed as out-of-season culture ,season-off culture or forcing culture .because of the season in which horticultural crops are planted is hand for their growing in open field.2、Windbreak、cold –frame 、hot-frame、plastic-clad tunnel and greenhouse could provide a variety ofvegetable seeding for open field or protected culture or protect seeding of cold tolerant vegetableliving through the winter ,for early planting and acquirement of early mature products.3、In respect of structure type, the largest horticultural structure area in our country consists of plastictunnels and lean to houses, especially the energy-sawing solar greenhouse, which has become thedominant greenhouse type in the country. Presently the development of large greenhouse ormulti-span house has been initiated.Lesson2 part A4、In horticultural crop cultivation under structure the key point of environment management for growersis to create optimal complex of environmental conditions for crop growth and development, aspossibly as they can, according to properties and environmental demand of crop.Lesson3 part ALesson4 part A1、most soil amendments are consisted of the increasing of organic matters ,addition of specific nutritionalelements and ph adjustment2、the soil is an important constitute of the land loamy soil must consist of soul particles with properratio ,with equilibrium of nutrients ,in which contains some organic matter ,and with considerablemoistureLesson5 part ALesson6 part A1、sink demand of horticultural crops extremely affects photosynthetic ,for example ,leaf photosynthesisnoticeably decrease when potato tubers are removed during their growth short-term response may be stomato close effect ,but this cannot explain common continuous effects ,sometime when thesource-sink ratio increases significantly ,some old leaves can renew their photosynthesisfunctions ,on the other hand ,rapidly growing sinks sometimes compete with leaves for mobilizable nitrogen and this results in abscission of leaves and lower photosynthesis capacity.2、It is not clear yet that how the sink demand affect photosynthesis of leaves .the simplest explanation isthat photosynthesis accumulated in leaves restrain photosynthesis . however trials for examining this hypothesis usually obtained the opposite results .furthermore ,in practice ,photosynthates seemly notaccumulate beside chloroplasts in mesophyll cells .thus ,more research work should be done onsource-sink relationship to improve yields of horticultural cropsLesson7 part A1、the development of horticultural crops product organs consist of maturity 、full ripeness and senescencestages .maturity includes physiological ripeness and horticultural ripeness the former means that in the last growth stage ,mature organs become full ripening and the later means the best growth stage of horticultural crops for harvest ,such as leaf vegetables ,when they are reaped ,they are notphysiological ripe ,and flower crops are harvested when thy flower.Full ripeness is the develop stage after fruit mature some fruits can get full ripeness in trees ,whilesome must ripen after separated from trees .after full ripen the flesh mealiness aroma strength proper acidity and sugar ,senescence is a stopping terminating process of living activity. In this stage,product organs quality of horticultural crops become bad and completely leaves their economicalvalue in the endLesson8 part A1、hormone produced by seed influence fruit setting ,fruit growth and the balance of hormones in plant2、Stone fruits can no t set their fruits when their embryos develop abnormally. pome fruits can set withoutseeds ,but flesh cells grow slowly3、Gibberellins was produced after pollination with seed development gibberellins promotes synthesis ofauxin , therefore ,promotes fruit setting .the fruit set and fruit growth is similar between the ovule not pollinated treated by gibberellins and those which has seed4、Gibberellins produced by apple seeds apparently restrain flower differentiation and result in alternatefruiting .alternate fruiting is not normal in pear and many stone fruits .it is because the earlyoccurrence of gibberellins synthesis peak which is not concurrent with flower differentiationinitiation.Lesson13 part A1、pruning of fruit trees is a practice involves the heading back cuts and the thinning cuts of branches forgood framework ,for regulating contradiction between growth and fruiting ,for maintaining theequilibrium between vegetative growth and propagative growth and for good sunlight exposure, to fruit early to achieve high yield and to get commodity with high quality2、the pruning methods are best determined by the characteristics of fruit species and cultivars ,the climatethe soil condition and the crop developing stages and growth status .in order to get the best result ,it is useful to combine pruning with other cultural practices like fertilization ,irrigation, etc3、Reinvigoration of trees is better performed annually, which can keep fruit from stimulating excessivesprouts .remove dead branches, sprouts and some crossing shoots. Secondly, large branches should be thinned out gradually to open tree chamber and to improve distribution of sunlight in order tosimulate fruiting.Lesson15 part A1、temperature is an critical element in biological ,chemical and physiological processes of all plant species2、Temperature regulates the rate of chemical reactions ,leading to the adjustment of plant growth rate.3、As a important contributing factor to climate .temperature play an important role in adaptability andgrowth ,date of plant thus the horticultural crop types which can be cultured in a specific area rely on temperature4、Most plants can live and grow in the range of 0 to 50℃ .however low-temperature sensitivity limit thesuccessful cultivated regions of plantsLesson16 part A1、sprinkler irrigation is often used in maintaining and flower beds which has the specialty the uniformwater amount in its coverage .however, water waste occur when sprinkler is not limited in the area need irrigation .in addition ,evaporation result in some water loss too。
园艺专业英语第二版答案
园艺专业英语第二版答案1、I do not have my own room,_____. [单选题] *A. neither does Tom(正确答案)B. neither has TomC. so does TomD. so has Tom2、The more he tried to please her, _____she seemed to appreciate it. [单选题] *A.lessB.lesserC.the less(正确答案)D.the lesser3、A good teacher is able to_____a complicated idea in very simple terms. [单选题] *A.put across(正确答案)B.break upC.work outD.bring out4、He _______ getting up early. [单选题] *A. used toB. is used to(正确答案)C. is usedD. is used for5、I got caught in the rain and my suit____. [单选题] *A. has ruinedB. had ruinedC. has been ruined(正确答案)D. had been ruined6、We all wondered（）Tom broke up with his girlfriend. [单选题] *A. thatB. whatC. whoD. why(正确答案)7、_______ your parents at home last week? [单选题] *A. IsC. AreD. Were(正确答案)8、77．–Hey! Any idea about learning abroad? --You （)google the College Board to learn the names of college you ____ be interested in [单选题] *A. may;needB. can; might (正确答案)C. will; shouldD. shall; must9、--_______ do you have to do after school?--Do my homework, of course. [单选题] *A. What(正确答案)B. WhenC. WhereD. How10、She passed me in the street, but took no（）of me. [单选题] *Attention (正确答案)B. watchC. care11、---Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?---Just a minute. I’ll have Bob ____you to your room. [单选题] *A. show(正确答案)B. showsC. to showD. showing12、--Could you please tell me _______ to get to the nearest supermarket?--Sorry, I am a stranger here. [单选题] *A. whatB. how(正确答案)C. whenD. why13、Nowadays schools should care for the full _______ of a student’s talents. [单选题] *A. satisfactionB. development(正确答案)C. communicationD. preparation14、—Whose book is it? Is it yours?—No, ask John. Maybe it’s ______.（）[单选题] *A. hersB. his(正确答案)C. he’sD. her15、My home is about _______ away from the school. [单选题] *A. three hundred metreB. three hundreds metresC. three hundred metres(正确答案)D. three hundreds metre16、I’d like to know the _______ of the club. [单选题] *A. schedule(正确答案)B. schoolC. menuD. subject17、The old woman doesn’t feel _______ though she lives _______. [单选题] *A. alone; lonelyB. alone; aloneC. lonely; lonelyD. lonely; alone(正确答案)18、58．—How much is Lucy's skirt?—She________320 yuan for it. I think it's a little dear. [单选题] *A．tookB．paid(正确答案)C．spentD．bought19、On Mother’s Day, Cathy made a beautiful card as a ______ for her mother. [单选题] *A. taskB. secretC. gift(正确答案)D. work20、She’s _______ with her present _______ job. [单选题] *A. boring; boringB. bored; boredC. boring; boredD. bored; boring(正确答案)21、--What are the young people doing there？--They are discussing how to _______?the pollution in the river. [单选题] *A. come up withB. talk withC. deal with(正确答案)D. get on with22、Where have you _______ these days? [单选题] *A. been(正确答案)B. beC. isD. are23、They will hold the party if they _____ the project on time. [单选题] *A. will completeB. complete(正确答案)C．completedD. had completed24、--Henry treats his secretary badly.--Yes. He seems to think that she is the _______ important person in the office. [单选题] *A. littleB. least(正确答案)C. lessD. most25、—I can’t always get good grades. What should I do?—The more ______ you are under, the worse grades you may get. So take it easy!（）[单选题] *A. wasteB. interestC. stress(正确答案)D. fairness26、—Where are you going, Tom? —To Bill's workshop. The engine of my car needs _____. [单选题] *A. repairing(正确答案)B. repairedC. repairD. to repair27、Be careful when you _______ the street. [单选题] *A. are crossingB. is crossingC. cross(正确答案)D. is cross28、Li Jing often helps me ______ my geography.（）[单选题] *A. atB. inC. ofD. with(正确答案)29、Ships can carry more goods than _____ means of transport. [单选题] *A. the otherB. anotherC. any other(正确答案)D. any30、The early Americans wanted the King to respect their rights. [单选题] *A. 统治B. 满足C. 尊重(正确答案)D. 知道。
《园艺专业英语》课程教学大纲
《园艺专业英语》课程教学大纲课程名称：园艺专业英语课程类别：专业选修课适用专业：园艺考核方式：考查总学时、学分：32学时2学分其中实验学时：学时一、课程教学目的园艺专业英语是为园艺专业学生开设的选修课程，主要讲授园艺学英语的基本知识，旨在帮助学生提高阅读英文专业资料的能力，并具备查阅英文专业资料的能力。
通过本课程学习，学生可参加英语科技讲座、会议，撰写简单英语科技论文，以培养高素质的、符合国际化标准的人才，使学生毕业后能很快适应社会的要求，能够进行国际交流与合作，参与国际竞争。
二、课程教学要求1.可阅读理解园艺专业英文文献及资料；2.掌握基本园艺学知识的英文口头、书面表达。
三、先修课程大学英语及园艺学专业课程。
四、课程教学重、难点重点：阅读并理解园艺专业英文文献资料。
难点：翻译及撰写英语科技论文。
五、课程教学方法与教学手段本课程主要以专业英文文献为基础，利用多媒体课件，听力材料等手段，扩大视野，增大信息量。
课堂讲授和讨论相结合。
通过阅读讲解教材章节、专题讨论外文文献等方式掌握该学科的发展动态。
六、课程教学内容注：专业英语选取教材的部分章节讲授，可根据学生具体情况略作调整。
Lesson 1 The History and the Development of Protected Cultivation（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Materials：The History and the Development of Protected Cultivation(2) Early Development and Status of Plasticulture2．重、难点提示(1) Protected cropping(2) Structure of GreenhousesLesson 2 Soil Properties of Horticultural Crop Cultivation（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Orchard Soil Management and Deciduous Fruit Tree Nutrition(2) Plant-growing Media2．重、难点提示(1) Soil Properties；(2) Plant-growing Media；Lesson 3 Soilless Cultivation（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material：Soilless Culture(2) Soilless Culture Technique2．重、难点提示(1) Re-circulated hydroponics system(2) Nutrient-film technique (NFT) 营养液膜技术；Lesson 4 Drip Irrigation Technology（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material：Drip Irrigation Technology(2) NMSU Scientist Studies Latest Drip Irrigation Technology 2．重、难点提示(1) Drip irrigation(2) Precision agricultureLesson 5 Plasticulture（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material：Plasticulture(2) The Future of Plasticulture: Challenges and Opportunities 2．重、难点提示(1) Plasticulture(2) Controlled environment agricultureLesson 6 Biotechnology and Horticulture（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Haploids and Anther Culture(2) Gene Transfer2．重、难点提示(1) What is biotechnology?(2) Gene TransferLesson 7 Crop Production Situation（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material：Crop Production Situation(2) CO2 Enrichment in Practice2．重、难点提示(1) Production situation 1 — potential yield as defined by CO2, radiation and temperature(2) Production situation 2a — attainable yield as limited by water(3) Production situation 2b — attainable yields as limited by nutrients(4) Production situation 3 — actual yields as reduced by effects of weeds, pests, diseases and pollutantsLesson 8 Dry Matter Production and Distribution（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Dry Matter Production and Distribution(2) The Growth and Yield Responses of strawberry to Elevated CO2 and N Supply 2．重、难点提示(1) Carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis(2) The breakdown of carbohydrates to yield energy for growth and cell activities.Lesson 9 Plant Biological Control and Natural Pollination（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Plant Biological Control and Natural Pollination(2) Insect Biology and Ecology: A Primer2．重、难点提示(1) Natural Pollination(2) Plant Biological ControlLesson 10 Plant Disease（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Plant Disease(2) Chemical Control in Integrated Pest Management (IPM)2．重、难点提示(1) Plant Disease(2) Integrated Pest ManagementLesson 11 Quality and Harvest of Horticultural Products（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Hand Harvesting of Fruit Crops(2) Postharvest Handling of Nine Specialty Cut Flower Species2．重、难点提示(1) Quality of Horticultural Produce(2) Harvesting of Horticultural ProduceLesson 12 Greenhouse Tomatoes（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Greenhouse Tomatoes(2) Botany of Tomato2．重、难点提示(1) Scheduling the Crop(2) Pest ManagementLesson 13 Pruning Fruit Trees（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Pruning Fruit Trees(2) The Jujube Fruit2．重、难点提示(1) Central leader system(2) Open-center systemLesson 14 Assortment of Ornamental Crops（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Assortment of Ornamental Crops(2) Static flowers and dynamic flowers2．重、难点提示(1) Cut flowers and pot plants(2) The main factors determining the quality of ornamental crops Lesson 15 Propagation of Horticultural Crops（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Propagation of Horticultural Crops(2) Selection Programmes in China2．重、难点提示(1) Propagation of Horticultural Crops(2) Kiwifruit Breeding Programmes in New ZealandLesson 16 Writing A Research Report（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Writing A Research Report(2)The Application of Tables and Figures on Writing a Scientific Paper 2．重、难点提示(1) Layout of a research report(2) Tenses of verbs七、学时分配八、课程考核方式1.考核方式笔试；开卷。
园艺专业英语Flower arranging basics
Flower Arranging BasicsFlower arrangements include many types such as bouquets, corsages, vase arrangements and basket arrangements; they can be used as decoration for all kinds of social occasions as well as everyday occasions. Beginners should be knowledgeable in all kinds of containers, tools and materials, the classification of flowers materials, the familiar geometric forms and the principles of design.Containers, tools and other materialsContainersContainers must be capable of holding water for most floral design uses; containers that do not hold water can be used with permanent materials. Customarily containers are made of glass, glazed pottery, metal porcelain or plastic. Metal is unsuitable for directly holding flowers because floral preservatives react with most metals.Containers come in many shapes and sizes. The most commonly used types include vases, bowls, baskets, dishes, bowls and many more creative containers.Cutting toolsFloral knife: This is used for cleanly cutting flower stems. The blade should be rigid and unbending.Florist shears: These are used for cutting light wire, cord, paper and ribbon.Pruning shears: These are used to cut heavy, hard woody plant materials that are difficult to cut with knives.Materials for anchoringPin holders: These are made up of staggered, closely spaced pins anchored to a heavy base, usually lead. They are usually attached to the container with floral clay, with stems being pressed on to the pins.Foams: These are kinds of sponge like material. There are two categories: moisture holding foams and non-moisture holding foams. Moisture holding foams are used for a variety of fresh floral arrangement, while non-moisture holding foams are used for arrangement with dry flowers or artificial materials. They are manufactured in various shapes, such as cones, balls, wreaths, hearts, etc.Styrofoam: This closed-cell plastic foam material does not absorb water. It functions as an anchor for stems of dry flowers or artificial flowers, to prevent them from moving around.Chicken wire: This type of wire can be rolled into a ball and placed into a container. Stems are then inserted into the folded mesh. This is usually utilized only with larger containers.Other tools and materialsFlorist tape and waterproof tape: florist tape is used for wrapping stems when wire is neededto support them, while waterproof tape is commonly used for binding and fixing wet foam to containers.Florist wire: It varies in thickness (gauge) with number 18 being the heaviest and number 32 being the finest, with the gauges in between being 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, and 30. Heavy wire used to support large floral stems or heavy flowers such as lilies and gladiolus; medium-weight wire used to support such flowers as roses, carnations and chrysanthemums; lightweight wire used for replacing flowers stems in corsages and wedding bouquets.Electric glue gun: The gun is electrically heated and the glue is dispensed in a liquid form that cools and hardens quickly. It is used to glue pinecones, ribbons, and accessories to wreaths and door swags, and dry flowers to baskets, etc.Ribbon: Most florist ribbon is sold in ‘bolts’ on cardboard spools. Ribbon is made of many materials such as satin, velvet, cotton, burlap, etc. Some ribbon is double-faced, but most are single-faced, and have only one desirable side.Classification of flowers using in flower arrangementThere are four basic categories of floral materials: line materials, mass materials, form materials, spray and fillers.Line materials are those in which the florets, the individual blossoms, grow along the main stem to create a line. Some examples of these flowers are: gladiolus, snapdragon, cattails, delphinium and lupine. Besides, Branching types that have a linear effect such as curly willow and eucalyptus are also under this category.Mass materials may be single stems with one solid flower head-like carnation; a single stem with a cluster of ball-shaped florets-like thistle; or a compact spray-like lilac. Other examples of mass flowers include: roses, chrysanthemums, gerbera, tulip, dahlia, daisy, camellia, geranium, peony and hydrangea.Form materials include those that have a precise and distinctive form, and are usually used at the focal point (center of interest) in an arrangement. Examples of form materials include bird-of-paradise, anthurium, orchids, iris and protea.Spray and fillers include those loose flowers that grow with a cluster of florets. They are used to fill in arrangements and give them solidity. Examples of filler materials include baby’s breath, aster, ageratum and limonium.No matter how many of the categories of flowers are used, the materials should be placed in appropriate way according to their role in the arrangement. (1) Line materials are used to establish the main lines, to form the silhouette, and to determine the size of the composition; (2) Mass materials give the arrangement body and weight. Note: Buds and smallest flowers should be placed at the outer edges, and growing larger as they approach the focal point;(3)Form materials are the ‘eye-catchers’, generally used to help create a focal point. Each form flower should be handled in such a way as to display its individual form; (4)Spray and fillers are useful in thetransition area between the silhouette and the focal point, with care taken not to spoil or overpower the design that has been created by the line, mass, and form material.Geometric formsAccording to the shapes and outlines of the arrangements, there are two categories of forms: symmetrical and asymmetrical.Symmetrical: These designs are created so that both sides of the design are equal. If a line were drawn down the center of the arrangement, both sides would have a similar look. The most commonly used shapes in flower arrangement are: even triangle, round, oblong, column, and radiating fan.These arrangements are usually quite formal; they are often utilized in all kinds of ceremonial occasions.Asymmetrical: arrangements containing different design elements on each side are considered to be asymmetrical. This type of arrangement must still have the correct weight on both sides to be visually pleasing. Uneven triangular shape, crescent, L-pattern, and S-pattern (Hogarth curve) are the commonly seen shapes.These forms are somewhat more informal than the symmetrical arrangements; they fit in well with all kinds of exhibitions and almost every informal room settings.Basic principles of floral arrangingBalance: Balance is one of the most important visual design principles. There are two kinds of balance: symmetrical balance and asymmetrical balance. Symmetrical balance can be obtained by placing similar flowers in each side of imaginary line down the center of a design. Asymmetrical balance is more dynamic than formal balance and normally keeps the learner’s attention focused on the visual message. Asymmetrical balance can be achieved by skillfully manipulating different shape, color, value, texture and position of plant materials.Scale and proportion: They are generally considered together or as synonyms in floral arrangement. Scale specifically evaluates the size of all the parts of an arrangement, including the container, the flowers, the foliages, the accessories and the base, while proportion specifically evaluates the relative size of parts of the design in relation to each other and to the arrangement as a whole. Whichever term selected, these size relationships are critical to effective arrangement. A size mismatch among the flowers, foliages, container, accessories, as well as the setting will detract from appreciation of the arrangement and composition.Since they are so many elements are involved together, most decisions are based on visual sense and there are few guidelines to help. However, some scale problems are obvious, such as trying to use large chrysanthemum flowers with miniature roses, or large calla leaves with small violet foliage.Harmony: Harmony means all component parts of the arrangement relate to and complementeach other, for example, the daisies, asters, calendulas and single chrysanthemums, furnishes many varieties similar in form. In addition, a successful arrangement must also in harmony with its surroundings.Rhythm: Rhythm refers to ‘flow’ in a floral arrangement. Repetition of a particular shape or the combination of related colors creates a flowing line or rhythm that is aesthetically appealing. Besides, rhythm can also be achieved by graduation and radiation.Graduation can be accomplished by placing the smaller buds and blooms toward the periphery of the arrangement and the largest blooms at the bottom or in the area of prominence. Parallel relationships may be seen for gradation from weaker to stronger lines and forms lighter to heavier color values and softer to coarser textures.In radiation, all lines appear to originate at a common (hidden) point behind the center of interest. Alternation, all the lines from the flower and foliage stems to converge at the visual center. As the eye falls on any of these lines, it is then led to the focus.。
园艺专业英语
园艺专业英语Document number：WTWYT-WYWY-BTGTT-YTTYU-2018GT萼片 sepal花瓣 petal雄蕊 stamen心皮 carpel转化 transform突变体 mutant花的 floral繁殖的reproductive草坪dormant 休眠turfgrass 草坪草lawn 草坪草mower 割草机mulch覆盖，覆盖物（n）；覆盖树根(vt) mulch applicator 覆膜机Lolium 黑麦草属tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) 高羊茅perennial 多年生的annual 一年生植物（n）；一年生的（adj）ryegrass (Lolium perenne) 黑麦草productive高产的productivity 生产力cultivate栽培，耕作cultivar 品种cultivation under cover保护地栽培cultural practice栽培措施，栽培技术，栽培实践culture system栽培系统forage 草料翻译Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is widely planted in many regions ofthe world and is closely related to a lot of Lolium species including perennialr yegrass (Lolium perenne) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). The Festuca-Lolium complex possesses well-adapted, highly productive grass species. Thesecultivated forage grasses provide invaluable economic and social benefits as forage and turf grasses per year.tiller n. 耕种者, 分蘖 vi. 分蘖apical dominance 顶端优势agronomic traits 农艺性状agronomist农艺学家，农学家density 密度plant stature （height）株高mow用镰刀或割草机割草Increasing tiller number and reducing the apical dominance in turfgrass are one of the most important agronomic traits for turfgrass industry because tiller number per plant determines lawn density and plant stature reduced lessens the mowing, which could make a significant contribution to future improvement of turfgrass qualitycytokinin 细胞分裂素auxin 生长素bud 芽（n）；发芽，萌芽（vi）axil 叶腋axillary 腋窝的，叶腋的，腋生的deterioration 腐烂，变坏，退化，堕落Cytokinin and auxin contribute to apical dominance through an antagonistic mechanism.Auxin from the terminal bud restrains axillary bud growth causing the shoot to lengthen.Cytokinin (from the roots) stimulates axillary bud growth.Auxin cannot suppress axillary bud growth once it has begun.fungicide 杀真菌剂photosynthesis 光合作用photosynthate 光合产物senescence 衰老mass质量，大量green up in the spring 春季返青tolerant to drought (salinity/ heat)耐旱（盐、热）resistant to drought (salinity/ heat)抗旱（盐、热）Benzyladenine（苄基腺嘌呤） (synthetic cytokinin) and triazole （三唑）fungicides stimulate the growth of turfgrasses. Various studies with cool season turfgrass have shown that auxin can improve photosynthesis, reduce senescence, increase leaf and shoot numbers, and enhance shoot and root mass.creep爬行，蔓延habit习性stolon 匍匐枝indeterminate不确定的，无限的determinate确定的，有限的Japanese lawn grass shows quite uncommon creeping habits; the development and expansion of its stolon is unusually vigorous and entirely indeterminate.wilting; wilt（使）萎蔫，（使）枯萎；枯萎（n）withering 使干枯的，进行干燥处理的（adj）adversity; adverse situation;unfavorable conditions逆境brown patch褐斑病Kentucky bluegrass草地早熟禾pathogen病原，病原体，致病菌This paper mainly introduces the host, symptoms, harmfulness and pathogen of brown patch disease of Kentucky bluegrass.sprinkler irrigation 喷灌drip irrigation滴灌furrow irrigation沟灌，畦灌osmotic渗透的，渗透性的osmotic adjustment渗透调节osmotic potential 渗透势osmotic pressure 渗透压dehydrin 脱水素dehydration 脱水abscisic acid脱落酸stomatal气孔的stomata气孔carbohydrate碳水化合物，糖类antioxidant抗氧化剂heat shock 热激It has been identified that among various mechanisms, osmotic adjustment and dehydrin proteins induced may confer drought tolerance, while abscisic acid may contribute to drought avoidance by closing the stomata in turfgrass. Alternation of carbonhydrate and antioxidant metabolism, induction of heat shock proteins, and cytokinin synthesis are involved in protecting cool-season turfgrasses from heat stress injuries.Flower differentiation, pollination and fruit setexternal 外部的, 客观的, [医]外用的, 外国的, 表面的n.外部, 外面internal内在的, 国内的hormonal 荷尔蒙的，激素的inflorescence 花序Both external and internal requirements for floral initiation vary with species. The first step is floral induction, involving hormonal and possibly other biochemical changes that cause cells within a bud to begin organizing a flower or inflorescence.deciduous 每年落叶的、脱落的perennial 多年生的annual 一年生植物，一季生植物Deciduous perennials usually initiate flowers just after shoot growth ceases and when leaves are mature. Presumably the interaction of specific physiologic and environmental factors provides the proper balance of endogenous hormones to cause initiation.endogenous 内生的，内源的graft 嫁接（v/n）girdling 环剥prune 剪除florigen 成花（激）素phloem 韧皮部defoliate 除叶，使…落叶herbaceous 草本的fig 无花果cherry 樱桃，樱桃树apricot杏，杏树Most deciduous fruits start to initiate flowers at the end of the grand growth period for shoots, when the leaves near the buds are mature. Exceptions are the nonwoody strawberry, the fig (无花果), and to some degree the peach, which continue shoot growth late in the summer.primordia 原基differentiate 分化pollen花粉；传花粉给pollinate 对…授粉pollination授粉anthesis开花，开花期deficiency 缺乏，不足deficientdeficency symptom 缺素症boron 硼reproduction繁殖(a)sexual reproduction（无）有性繁殖nut坚果stigma柱头style花柱embryo sac胚囊Sexual reproduction and seed development in fruits and nuts hinge on pollination. After reaching the stigma, the pollen grain germinates and the pollen tube grows down the style and into the embryo sac, where fertilization takes place. After this, a seed may develop along with the fruit.embryo 胚endosperm 胚乳xenia 种子直感，异粉性metaxenia 果实直感astringent 收敛性的，严酷的，涩的fruit set 坐果plum李树almond 扁桃树malus苹果属parthenocarpy 单性结实gibberellin赤霉素raspberry 悬钩子blackberry黑莓currant 黑醋栗gooseberry 醋栗kiwi 猕猴桃blueberry越橘cranberry大果酸果蔓，蔓越橘Fruit set 坐果micropyle (珠孔，卵孔)ovary 子房synergid助细胞anther 花粉囊dioecious 雌雄异株的calyx花萼Pruning Fruit Treespruning 修枝，剪枝，修剪cultural practice 栽培措施，栽培技术，栽培实践sprout 长出来，出现，发芽，萌芽；苗，芽，嫩枝，徒长枝branch分枝Pruning is an important cultural practice used to maintain the size of fruit trees. It involves the removal of plant parts, which stimulates vegetative growth, and reduces fruitfulness.heading-back cut短截thinning-out cut 疏剪training 整形，整枝shoot 新梢Framework 骨架seedling 小树scaffold branches主枝formative years形成期reinvigoration 更新Central leader 中心领导枝Graftingcut n.伤口, 切口grafting n.嫁接法bud n.芽，蓓蕾scion n.幼芽cleft n.裂缝，隙口navel orange 脐橙rootstock 砧木budding 芽接法stenting 片断接法，平接，断根嫁接root grafting根接法propagation繁殖root collar 根颈。
园林专业英语
景观专业英语2.0001 园林学 landscape architecture, garden ar-chitecture 2.0002 造园学 garden making, landscape garden-ing2.0003 环境园艺学environmental horticulture2.0004 观赏园艺学ornamental horticulture2.0005 园林艺术 garden art2.0006 园林美学 garden aesthetics2.0007 园林建筑学garden architecture2.0008 园林建筑 garden building2.0009 园林工程 garden engineering2.0010 园林植物 landscape plant02 园林学02.1 总论2.0001 园林学 landscape architecture, garden ar-chitecture 2.0002 造园学 garden making, landscape garden-ing2.0003 环境园艺学environmental horticulture2.0004 观赏园艺学ornamental horticulture2.0005 园林艺术 garden art2.0006 园林美学 garden aesthetics2.0007 园林建筑学garden architecture2.0008 园林建筑 garden building2.0009 园林工程 garden engineering2.0010 园林植物 landscape plant2.0011 观赏植物 ornamental plant2.0012 盆景miniature landscape, penjing2.0013 园林garden and park2.0014 园林学史 history of garden architecture2.0015 园林规划 garden planning, landscaping planning2.0016 园林设计 garden design2.0017 园林机具设备gardening machine2.0018 园林管理 garden management2.0019 园林生态 landscape ecology2.0020 绿化greening, planting2.0021 环境绿化 environmental greening2.0022 绿地面积 green area2.0023 绿地率 ratio of green space2.0024 城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage2.0025 工厂绿化 factory greening, factory garden-ing2.0026 街道绿化 street greening, street planting2.0027 车行道绿化driveway greening2.0028 分车带绿化dividing stripe greening2.0029 人行道绿化sidewalk greening2.0030 群众绿化 mass planting movement2.0031 郊区绿化 suburban greening2.0032 公路绿化 highway g reening2.0033 铁路绿化 railway g reening, railway planting 2.0034 堤岸种植 bank planting2.0035 阳台绿化 balcony greening2.0036 窗台绿化 window-sill greening2.0037 屋顶绿化 roof greening2.0038 垂直绿化 vertical greening2.0039 攀缘绿化 climber greening2.0040 桥头绿化 bridgehead greening2.0041 花园garden2.0042 专类花园 specified flower garden2.0043 花园村 garden village2.0044 园林城市 landscape garden city2.0045 蔷薇园 rose garden2.0046 松柏园 conifer garden2.0047 球根园 bulb garden2.0048 宿根园 perennial garden2.0049 假山园 rock garden, Chinese rockery2.0050 狩猎场 hunting ground2.0051 街心花园 street crossing center garden2.0052 小游园 petty street garden2.0053 水景园 water garden2.0054 铺地园 paved garden2.0055 野趣园 wild plants botanical garden2.0056 野生植物园wild plants garden2.0057 乡趣园 rustic garden2.0058 盆景园 penjing garden, miniature land-scape 2.0059 动物园zoo, zoological garden2.0060 墓园cemetery garden2.0061 沼泽园 bog and marsh garden2.0062 水生植物园aquatic plants garden2.0063 学校园 school garden2.0064 室内花园 indoor garden2.0065 芳香花园 fragrant garden2.0066 盲人花园 garden for the blind2.0067 公园park, public park2.0068 城市公园 city park, urban park2.0069 区公园 regional park2.0070 儿童公园 children park2.0071 体育公园 sports park2.0072 森林公园 forest park2.0073 纪念公园 memorial park2.0074 烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park2.0075 综合公园 comprehensive park2.0076 文化公园 cultural park2.0077 文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park2.0078 中央公园 central park2.0079 天然公园 natural park2.0080 海滨公园 seaside park, seabeach park2.0081 古迹公园 historic site park2.0082 河滨公园 riverside park2.0083 湖滨公园 lakeside park2.0084 路边公园 roadside park, street park2.0085 娱乐公园 amusement park2.0086 雕塑公园 sculpture park2.0087 休憩公园 recreation park2.0088 疗养公园 sanatorium park2.0089 国家公园 national park2.0090 邻里公园 neighborhood park2.0091 特种公园 special park2.0092 植物园 botanical garden2.0093 植物公园abeled plants park2.0094 高山植物园 alpine garden2.0095 热带植物园 tropical plants garden2.0096 药用植物园 medical plants garden, herb garden 2.0097 绿地 green space2.0098 公共绿地 public green space2.0099 单位绿地 unit green area2.0100 城市绿地 urban green space2.0101 街道广场绿地street and square green area2.0102 居住区绿地residential quarter green area2.0103 防护绿地 green area for environmental protection 2.0104 郊区绿地 suburban green space2.0105 街坊绿地 residential block green belt2.0106 附属绿地 attached green space2.0107 生产绿地 productive plantation area2.0108 苗圃nursery2.0109 风景landscape, scenery2.0110 自然景观 natural landscape2.0111 人文景观 human landscape, scenery of humanities 2.0112 草原景观 prairie landscape2.0113 山岳景观 mountain landscape, alpine landscape 2.0114 地理景观 geographical landscape2.0115 湖泊景观 lake view2.0116 郊区景观 suburban landscape2.0117 地质景观 geological landscape2.0118 喀斯特景观karst landscape2.0119 植物景观 plants landscape, flora landscape02.2 园林史02.2.1 中国园林史2.0120 中国古典园林classical Chinese garden2.0121 中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden2.0122 中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden2.0123 中国山水园 Chinese mountain and water garden2.0124 帝王宫苑 imperial palace garden2.0125 皇家园林 royal garden2.0126 私家园林 private garden2.0127 江南园林 garden on the Yangtze Delta02.2.2 西方园林史2.0128 西方古典园林western classical garden2.0129 英国式园林 English style garden2.0130 中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden2.0131 意大利式园林Italian style garden2.0132 西班牙式园林Spanish style garden2.0133 法兰西式园林French style garden2.0134 勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre's style garden2.0135 文艺复兴庄园Renaissance style villa2.0136 洛可可式园林Rococo style garden2.0137 巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden2.0138 庄园manor, villa garden2.0139 廊柱园 peristyle garden, patio2.0140 绿廊xystus2.0141 迷阵maze, labyrinth02.2.3 典型中西园林2.0142 灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden2.0143 灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden2.0144 灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden2.0145 阿房宫 E-Pang Palace2.0146 上林苑 Shang-Lin Yuan2.0147 未央宫 Wei-Yang Palace2.0148 洛阳宫 Luoyang Palace2.0149 华清官 Hua-Qing Palace2.0150 艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden2.0151 圆明园 Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden2.0152 颐和园 Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace 2.0153 承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort2.0154 苏州园林 Suzhou traditional garden2.0155 悬园Hanging Garden2.0156 英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden2.0157 凡尔赛宫苑Versailles Palace Park2.0158 枫丹白露宫园Fontainebleau Palace Garden02.3 园林艺术2.0159 景 view, scenery, feature2.0160 远景distant view2.0161 近景nearby view2.0162 障景obstructive scenery, blocking view2.0163 借景borrowed scenery, view borrowing2.0164 对景opposite scenery, view in opposite place 2.0165 缩景miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery 2.0166 漏景leaking through scenery2.0167 框景enframed scenery2.0168 尾景terminal feature2.0169 主景main feature2.0170 副景secondary feature2.0171 配景objective view2.0172 夹景vista line, vista2.0173 前景front view2.0174 背景background2.0175 景序order of sceneries2.0176 景点feature spot, view spot2.0177 仰视景观 upward landscape2.0178 俯视景观 downward landscape2.0179 季相景观 seasonal phenomena2.0180 气象景观 meteorological diversity scenery2.0181 视野visual field2.0182 秋色fall color, autumn color2.0183 园林空间 garden space2.0184 开敞空间 wide open space, wide space2.0185 封闭空间 enclosure space2.0186 意境 artistic conception, poetic imagery 2.0187 苍古antiquity2.0188 空灵spaciousness, airiness2.0189 动观in-motion viewing2.0190 静观 in-position viewing2.0191 视错觉 visual illusion2.0192 园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden2.0193 对称平衡 symmetrical balance2.0194 不对称平衡asymmetrical balance2.0195 左右对称 bilateral symmetry2.0196 辐射对称 radial symmetry2.0197 透景线 perspective line2.0198 轴线axis, axial line2.0199 主轴main axis2.0200 副轴auxiliary axis2.0201 暗轴hidden axis, invisible axis2.0202 树冠线 skyline2.0203 园林色彩艺术art of garden colors2.0204 单色谐调 monochromatic harmony2.0205 复色谐调 compound chromatic harmony2.0206 对比色突出contrast colors accent2.0207 近似色谐调approximate colors harmony2.0208 暖色warm color2.0209 冷色cool color2.0210 色感color sense2.0211 城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning 2.0212 绿地系统 green space system2.0213 公共绿地定额public green space quota2.0214 公共绿地指标public green space norm2.0215 绿地布局 green space layout2.0216 吸引圈 attractive circle2.0217 吸引距离 attractive distance2.0218 有效半径 effective radius2.0219 绿地资源 green space resource2.0220 绿地效果 green space effect2.0221 绿地规划程序planning procedure of the green space 2.0222 空间规划 space planning2.0223 形象规划 image plan2.0224 实施规划 implementary plan2.0225 必要生活空间necessary living space2.0226 余暇生活空间leisure time living space2.0227 利用频度 usage frequency2.0228 树种规划 planning of trees and shrubs2.0229 绿地类型 type of green space2.0230 环状绿型 annular green space2.0231 块状绿地 green plot2.0232 点状绿地 green spot2.0233 放射状绿地radiate green space2.0234 楔状绿地 wedge-shaped green space2.0235 缓冲绿地 buffer green space2.0236 防音绿地 noiseproof green space2.0237 科学景观论scientific landscape theory2.0238 园林保留地reserve garden2.0239 公园规划 park planning2.0240 园林总体规划garden master planning2.0241 总平面规划site planning2.0242 园林分区 garden zoning2.0243 安静休息区tranquil rest area2.0244 儿童活动区children playing space2.0245 儿童游戏场children playground, playlot2.0246 体育运动区sports activities area2.0247 野餐区 picnic place2.0248 散步区 pedestrian space2.0249 群众集会区mass meeting square2.0250 观赏植物区ornamental plants area2.0251 观赏温室区display greenhouse area, display conservatory area 2.0252 草坪区 lawn space2.0253 绿荫区 shade tree section2.0254 历史古迹区historical relics area2.0255 青少年活动区youngsters activities area2.0256 诱鸟区 bird sanctuary area2.0257 钓鱼区 fishing center2.0258 野营区 camp site2.0259 游人中心 visitors center2.0260 服务中心 service center2.0261 探险游乐场adventure ground2.0262 文化活动区cultural activities area2.0263 道路系统 approach system, road system2.0264 环形道路系统circular road system2.0265 方格形道路系统latticed road system2.0266 放射形道路系统radiate road system2.0267 自然式道路系统informal road system2.0268 规整式道路系统formal road system2.0269 混合式道路系统mixed style road system2.0270 园林规划图garden planning map2.0271 园林规划说明书garden planning direction2.0272 城市公园系统urban park system2.0273 公园分布 distribution of parks2.0274 公园类型 park type, park category2.0275 公园间距 distance between parks2.0276 公园形式 park styles2.0277 游览区 excursion area, open-to-public area2.0278 非游览区 no-admittance area2.0279 办公区 administrative area2.0280 服务区 service center2.0281 动休息区 dynamic rest space2.0282 静休息区 static rest space2.0283 娱乐演出区entertaining performance place2.0284 主要入口 main entrance2.0285 次要入口 secondary entrance2.0286 人流量 visitors flowrate2.0287 车流量 vehicle flowrate2.0288 公园道路 park road2.0289 公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio2.0290 游人容纳量visitors capacity2.0291 风景资源调查landscape resource evaluation2.0292 风景学 scenicology2.0293 风景规划 landscape plan2.0294 风景设计 landscape design2.0295 游览路线 touring route2.0296 旅游资源 tourism resource2.0297 旅游地理 tourism geography2.0298 旅游地质 tourism geology2.0299 历史名城 famous historical city2.0300 文化名城 famous cultural city2.0301 文化遗址 ancient cultural relic2.0302 天然博物馆natural open museum2.0303 风景地貌 natural geomorphology2.0304 造型地貌 imaginative geomorphologic figuration2.0305 风景区 scenic spot, scenic area2.0306 风景名胜 famous scenery, famous scenic site2.0307 特异景观风景区specific natural scenes area2.0308 民族风俗风景区scenic spot of minority customs2.0309 高山风景区alpine scenic spot2.0310 海滨风景区seabeach scenic spot2.0311 森林风景区forest scenic spot2.0312 高山草甸风景区alpine tundra landscape spot2.0313 峡谷风景区valley scenic spot2.0314 江河风景区river landscape district2.0315 湖泊风景区lake round scenic spot2.0316 温泉风景区hot spring scenic spot2.0317 瀑布风景区waterfall scenic spot2.0318 禁伐禁猎区region forbidden to tree cutting and hunting 2.0319 封山育林区region closed for afforestation2.0320 天池风景区crater lake scenic spot2.0321 自然保护区nature protection area2.0322 科学保护区protection area for scientific research2.0323 天然纪念物natural monument2.0324 生物圈保护区biosphere protection area02.5 园林设计2.0325 园林设计师landscape architect, garden designer2.0326 园址测量图garden site survey map2.0327 地形图 topographic map, contour map2.0328 种植设计 planting design2.0329 地形改造设计topographical reform design2.0330 种植大样图detail planting design2.0331 造价分析 cost analysis2.0332 园林形式 garden style2.0333 规整式园林formal garden style2.0334 非规整园林informal garden style2.0335 几何式园林geometric garden style2.0336 自然式园林natural garden style2.0337 混合式园林mixed garden style2.0338 近代巴洛克式园林modern Baroque style2.0339 马克斯抽象园林R.B. Marx abstract garden2.0340 园林区划 garden area division2.0341 园林分区规划garden block planning2.0342 庭院花园 courtyard garden2.0343 前庭front yard, forecourt2.0344 后庭back yard, rear yard2.0345 中庭patio2.0346 厨园kitchen yard2.0347 沉[床]园 sunken garden2.0348 窗园window garden2.0349 墙园wall garden2.0350 宅园home garden2.0351 台地园 terrace garden2.0352 冬园winter garden2.0353 切花园 cut flower garden2.0354 屋顶花园 roof garden2.0355 后花园 back yard garden2.0356 园林地形改造topographical reform of garden 2.0357 土山earth piled hill, artificial mound2.0358 假山rockery, artificial rockwork2.0359 太湖石 Taihu Lake stone, water modelled stone 2.0360 黄石yellowish brown stone2.0361 人造假山石artificial stone, man-made stone2.0362 孤赏石 monolith, standing stone2.0363 掇山piled stone hill, hill making2.0364 叠石stones laying2.0365 板石flag stone2.0366 散点石 scattered stone2.0367 抱角石 corner stone2.0368 屋基石 foundation stone2.0369 排衙石 guard stone2.0370 屏石screen stone2.0371 石岸rock bank2.0372 石阶stone steps2.0373 汀步stepping stone on water surface 2.0374 附壁石 stone appended to wall2.0375 石花台 stone flower bed2.0376 石凳stone bench2.0377 假山石挡土墙rock retaining wall2.0378 干砌石 dry stone wall2.0379 假山石楼梯rock stairway2.0380 石亭stone pavilion2.0381 石洞stone cavern2.0382 石窟grotto2.0383 置石stone arrangement, stone layout 2.0384 拱石arch stone2.0385 拱顶石 key stone2.0386 园林水景 water scenes of garden2.0387 水体water body2.0388 水面water surface2.0389 水池pool2.0390 水塘pond2.0391 喷泉fountain2.0392 喷水池 fountain pool2.0393 涉水池 wading pool2.0394 倒影池 mirror pool, reflecting pool2.0395 睡莲池 water-lily pool2.0396 喷水管布置piping schema2.0397 钓鱼塘 fishing pond2.0398 高水位池塘high water table pond2.0399 池边坐人矮墙seat wall surrounded pool 2.0400 隐头喷泉 secret fountain2.0401 岛园Island garden2.0402 半岛园 peninsula garden2.0403 小岛isle2.0404 瀑布waterfall2.0405 小瀑布 cascade2.0406 湖 lake2.0407 矶 rock projecting over water2.0408 水帘洞 water curtain cave2.0409 园桥garden bridge2.0410 拱桥arch bridge2.0411 石板桥 stone slab bridge2.0412 木板桥 plank bridge2.0413 圆木桥 log bridge2.0414 亭桥pavilion bridge2.0415 曲桥zigzag bridge2.0416 壁泉wall fountain2.0417 饮水喷头 drinking fountain2.0418 植物配植 plant arrangement2.0419 树木配植 arrangement of trees and shrubs 2.0420 群植group planting, mass planting2.0421 孤植specimen planting, isolated planting 2.0422 丛植clump planting2.0423 组植group planting2.0424 林植forest planting2.0425 列植linear planting2.0426 对植opposite planting, coupled planting 2.0427 环植circular planting2.0428 带植belt planting2.0429 散植scattered planting, loose planting 2.0430 边缘种植 edge planting2.0431 边界种植 boundary planting2.0432 整形种植 architectural planting2.0433 基础种植 foundation planting2.0434 角隅种植 corner planting2.0435 景框种植 planting as enframent2.0436 门卫种植 guard planting2.0437 篱恒种植 fence planting2.0438 障景种植 screen planting2.0439 背景种植 background planting2.0440 林下种植 underwood planting2.0441 路边种植 roadside planting2.0442 绿篱hedge2.0443 树墙espalier2.0444 庭荫树 shade tree2.0445 园景树 specimen tree2.0446 风景林 amenity forest, ornamental forest 2.0447 行道树 avenue tree, street tree2.0448 纪念林 memorial forest2.0449 整型树 topiary tree2.0450 花篱flower hedge'2.0451 刺篱thorny plants hedge2.0452 常绿绿篱 evergreen hedge2.0453 落叶绿篱 deciduous hedge2.0454 高篱high hedge2.0455 沟中边篱 hah-hah fence2.0456 图案矮篱 pattern dwarf hedge2.0457 迷宫绿篱 labyrinth hedge2.0458 整剪绿篱 clipped hedge2.0459 自然式花篱natural flowering hedge2.0460 边篱boundary fence2.0461 园篱garden fence, garden hedge2.0462 纯林pure forest2.0463 混交林mixed forest2.0464 林间隙地 open space in woodland2.0465 杂木林spinney2.0466 树冠覆盖面 tree canopy2.0467 草坪 lawn2.0468 整形草坪 formal lawn2.0469 开花草坪 flowering lawn2.0470 牧场草坪 meadowy land2.0471 花坛 flower bed2.0472 路边花坛 roadside flower bed2.0473 带状花坛 ribbon flower bed2.0474 时钟花坛 flower clock2.0475 盆栽花坛 potted flower bed, basined flower bed 2.0476 高设花台 raised flower bed2.0477 毛毡花坛 carpet bed2.0478 镶嵌花坛 mosaic bed2.0479 铺石花坛 paved bed2.0480 灌木花坛 shrub bed2.0481 图案花坛群 parterre2.0482 草药花坛 herbaceous flower bed2.0483 花结花坛 knot bed2.0484 整形花坛 formal flower bed2.0485 花境 flower border2.0486 花桶flower tub2.0487 植树箱 planting box2.0488 活动花坛 movable flower bed2.0489 瓶饰garden vase2.0490 灌木花境 shrub border2.0491 混合花境 mixed border2.0492 园林道路设计garden road design, garden path design 2.0493 漫步路 trail, footway2.0494 小径alley, path2.0495 川草坪岛 lawn island2.0496 安全岛 traffic island, refuge island2.0497 转弯曲度 turning curvature2.0498 转弯半径 turning radius2.0499 踏面landing pitch2.0500 步石stepping stone2.0501 涉水踏步 wading step2.0502 错铺路 crazy paving path2.0503 随意组合方石板路flag stone path paved at random2.0504 花纹路 pattern path2.0505 林荫路 mall2.0506 林荫大道 boulevard2.0507 花园路 parkway2.0508 林间小道 path in woodland2.0509 种植池 planting bed2.0510 树池保护格栅tree grate2.0511 树干保护套栏tree guard2.0512 树池坐凳矮墙seatwall-surrounded planting 2.0513 路面线纹 score line2.0514 传统园林建筑traditional garden building 2.0515 凉亭 summer shelter2.0516 活树亭 arbor, tent arbor2.0517 蘑菇亭 mushroom pavilion2.0518 茅亭 thatched pavilion2.0519 竹亭 bamboo pavilion2.0520茶亭tea booth, tea kiosk2.0521回廊cloister2.0522 水廊 corridor on water2.0523 曲廊 zigzag veranda2.0524 扒山廊 sloping gallery2.0525 楼廊 two-storied gallery2.0526 画舫 painted pleasure boat2.0527 石舫 stone boat2.0528 不击舟 immovable pleasure boat 2.0529 诗条石 poem-engraved stone slab 2.0530 月洞门 moon gate2.0531 扶手栏杆 handrail2.0532 坐凳栏杆 seat rail2.0533 石碑stone tablet, stele2.0534 园林露天剧场 open garden theater2.0535 园林露天舞池 open garden dancing place 2.0536 露天音乐台outdoor music stand2.0537 眺望台 prospect deck2.0538 繁殖温室 plant propagation greenhouse 2.0539 展览温室 public conservatory2.0540 月池 new-moon pool2.0541 园林小品 small garden ornaments2.0542 磁砖壁画 painted tile mural tablet2.0543 园椅 garden chair, garden seat 2.0544 园凳 garden bench2.0545 园桌 garden table2.0546 园灯 garden lamp2.0547 日规 sundial2.0548 鸟浴 bird bath2.0549 鸟舍 bird cottage, nestle box2.0550 鸟笼 bird cage, bird coop2.0551 悬篮 hanging basket2.0552 野鸟喂食器bird feeder2.0553 额匾 horizontal inscribed board2.0554 楹联 couplet written on scroll, couplet on pillar2.0555 引露天烤炉open barbecue2.0556 树棚 living-tree pergola2.0557 花架 pergola2.0558 花格架 trellis, treillage2.0559 点景牌楼 naming pailou, decorated archway2.0560 园林施工 garden layout, garden construction2.0561 种植工程 planting engineering2.0562 大树移植 big tree transplanting2.0563 裸根移植 bare root transplanting2.0564 土球移植 ball transplanting2.0565 沟植 trench planting2.0566 假植 heeling in, temporary planting2.0567 播种草坪 seeding lawn2.0568 铺草皮块草坪sodding lawn2.0569 假山工程 rockery engineering2.0570 掇山五法 five methods" of rock piling2.0571 等分平衡法method of making the rock equa-tional and balanced2.0572 前轻后重法method of making the front part of rock lighter than the back part2.0573 上轻下重法method of lowering the center ofgravity of rocks2.0574 纹理统一法method of unifying the rock veins2.0575 石料统一法method of unifying the rock mate-rials2.0576 观赏树木 ornamental tree and shrub2.0577 观叶植物 foliage plant2.0578 观果植物 fruit-effect plant2.0579 观枝干植物plants with ornamental trunks and branches2.0580 指示植物 indicating plant2.0581 主景植物 accent plant2.0582 耐湿植物 damp tolerant plant2.0583 抗风植物 wind-resistant plant2.0584 耐盐碱植物saline-alkali tolerant plant2.0585 市花 city flower2.0586 市树 city tree2.0587 国花 national flower2.0588 国树 national tree2.0589 芳香植物 fragrant plant2.0590 抗污染植物pollution resistant plant2.0591 环保植物 environment protecting plant2.0592 高山植物 alpine plant2.0593 岩生植物 rock plant2.0594 攀缘植物 climbing plant, climber2.0595 地被植物 ground cover plant2.0596 阴生植物 shade plant2.0597 装饰植物 decorative plant2.0598 装缘植物 edging plant2.0599 绿蓠植物 hedge plant2.0600 草坪植物 lawn plant, lawn grass2.0601 花坛植物 bedding plant2.0602 球根植物 bulbous plant2.0603 宿根植物 perennial plant, perennial2.0604 水生植物 aquatic plant, hydrophyte2.0605 旱生植物 xerophyte2.0606 沼泽植物 bog plant, swamp plant2.0607 室内装饰植物indoor decorative plant, house plant 2.0608 切花cut flower2.0609 垂枝植物 pendulous plant, weeping plant2.0610 缠绕植物 twiner, twinning plant2.0611 针叶植物 needle-leaved plant2.0612 阔叶植物 broad-leaved plant2.0613 斑叶植物 variegate-leaved plant2.0614 松柏植物 conifer2.0615 常绿植物 evergreen plant2.0616 半常绿植物semi-evergreen plant2.0617 不耐寒植物tender plant2.0618 半耐寒植物half-hardy plant2.0619 耐寒植物 hardy plant2.0620 耐旱植物 drought enduring plant2.0621 山石材料 stone material2.0622 昆山石 Kunshan stone2.0623 钟乳石 stalactite2.0624 灵壁石 Lingbi stone2.0625 英德石 Yingde stone2.0626青石Qing stone2.0627 宣石 Xuan stone2.0628 房山石 Fangshan stone2.0629 观赏动物 ornamental animal2.0630 观赏鸟类 ornamental bird2.0631 观赏兽类 ornamental beast2.0632 观赏昆虫类ornamental insect02.8 园林机具设备2.0633 园林机械 garden machine2.0634 园林工具 garden instrument, garden implement2.0635 园林设备 garden equipment2.0636 花坛分界隔板plastic bed divider2.0637 种植容器 planting container2.0638 圆木桩 log peg2.0639 喷射装置 jet bubbler2.0640 滴灌trickle irrigator, drip irrigator2.0641 环动喷灌器circle sprinkler2.0642 圆筒喷灌器rotor sprinkler2.0643 自控器 automatic controller2.0644 管端喷灌器hose end sprinkler2.0645 固定喷灌器stationary sprinkler2.0646 喷雾喷灌器mist sprinkler, spray head sprinkler2.0647 喷灌覆盖面sprinkler coverage2.0648 草坪加肥器lawn feeder2.0649 施肥喷灌器combined feeder and sprinkler2.0650 液肥混合调配器liquid fertilizer mixer-proportioner2.0651 滴水喷头 emitter, dripper2.0652 水土保持塑料网erosion control plastic net2.0653苗木包装材料nursery stock package material 2.0654 麻布袋 burlap bag2.0655 铁丝篮 wire basket2.0656 篮状种植器basket container2.0657 塑料苗木桶plastic nurserican2.0658 播种盘 seed tray2.0659 网孔盆 mesh pot2.0660 含肥泥炭盆fertile peat pot2.0661 盆栽机 potting machine2.0662 换盆机 repotting machine2.0663 再生纸种植器reclaimed paper container2.0664 纤维育苗器wood fiber plant grower2.0665 泥炭压制播种饼peat seeding pellet, peat seeding starter 2.0666 松土除草机cultivator2.0667 旋转锄 rotary hoe2.0668 切叶机 foliage cutter2.0669 翻地犁 uncovering plough2.0670 盖土机 mounted spreader2.0671 前悬装土机front mounted loader2.0672 后缀装土机rear mounted loader2.0673 旋轴剪草机spindle mower2.0674 栽植机 planting machine2.0675 植物覆盖 plant mulching2.0676 覆盖物分散机 mulch spreader2.0677 种子液肥喷洒机hydro seeder2.0678 修枝剪 pruning shear2.0679 播种器 garden seeder2.0680 球根种植器bulb planter2.0681 土壤酸度探测器pH-value computer2.0682 巴效分析器fertilizer analyzer2.0683 嫁接刀 grafting knife2.0684 温室设备 greenhouse equipment2.0685 盆栽灌水系统pot watering system2.0686 温室气候控制器greenhouse climate controller2.0687 温室覆盖 greenhouse covering2.0688 喷雾自控系统automatic mist control system2.0689 二氧化碳发生器C02 generator2.0690 温度报警钟temperature alarm2.0691 游览车 park sightseeing bus2.0692 引剪草机 lawn mower2.0693 动力剪草机power lawnmower2.0694 畜力剪草机horse lawnmower2.0695 手推剪草机hand lawnmower2.0696 游人调查 visitors investigation2.0697 游人统计 visitors statistics2.0698 游人分析 garden visitors analysis2.0699 游人管理 visitors management2.0700 导游图 tourist map2.0701 导游解说 tour description and direction2.0702 劳动管理 labour management2.0703 物资管理 material handling, goods handling2.0704 设备管理 equipment management, facility management 2.0705 财务管理 financial management2.0706 安全管理 safety management2.0707 环境监测 environmental monitor2.0708 植物养护管理plant maintenance and management2.0709 园林技术管理garden technical management2.0710 质量管理 quality management2.0711 园貌维修 garden feature maintenance2.0712 植物整形修剪plant trimming and pruning2.0713 植物病虫防治disease and insect control2.0714 园林管理规划management plan2.0715 游人意见处理treatment of visitors opinions2.0716 游人规则 visitors regulation2.0717 园内交通管理traffic control in park2.0718 园外交通管理traffic control out of park entrance2.0719 汽车停车规则parking rules2.0720 自行车停放规则bicycle parking rules2.0721 开放时间 opening time2.0722 日常清洁卫生管理daily sanitation and hygiene management 2.0723 人类生态环境human ecological environment2.0724 自然系统 natural system2.0725 自然资源 natural resource2.0726 自然保护 conservation of nature2.0727 自然保存 natural preservation2.0728 环境保护 environmental protection2.0729 环境容量 environment capacity2.0730 环境适宜性environment fitness2.0731 环境空气质量标准ambient air quality2.0732 共生 symbiosis2.0733 互惠共生 mutualism2.0734 公害 public nuisance2.0735 生态绝灭 ecological extinction2.0736 生态系统 ecosystem2.0737 生态圈 ecosphere2.0738 生态灾难 ecological disaster2.0739 环境质量 environmental quality2.0740 环境压力 environment stress2.0741 生命维持系统life-support system2.0742 反馈系统 feedback system2.0743 自养生物 autotroph2.0744 异养生物 heterotroph2.0745 食物链 foodchain2.0746 生物圈 biosphere2.0747 濒危植物 endangered plant, threatened plant2.0748 主体群落 major community2.0749 人工群落 artificial community2.0750 绿色革命 green revolution2.0751 户外娱乐资源outdoor recreation resource2.0752 原始环境系统wilderness environment system2.0753 近代环境系统modern environment system2.0754 乡村生活模式country life-pattern2.0755 烟害 smoke pollution, fume pollution2.0756 雾害 fog pollution2.0757 霜害 frost injury2.0758 水污染 water pollution2.0759 土壤污染 soil pollution, soil contamination2.0760 园林小气候garden microclimate2.0761 环境保护植物environmental conservation plant2.0762 引气候调节climatic regulation2.0763 自动调节机能homeostasis2.0764 生态平衡 ecological homeostasis2.0765 森林生态系统forest ecosystem2.0766 草原生态系统prairie ecosystem2.0767 滞尘植物 dust holding plant园林专业英语景观专业词汇1.主入口大门/岗亭(车行& 人行) main entrance gate/guard house (for vehicle & pedestrian)2.次入口/岗亭(车行& 人行) 2nd entrance gate/guard house (for vehicle & pedestrian)3.商业中心入口entrance to shopping ctr.4.水景water feature5.小型露天剧场mini amphi-theatre6.迎宾景观-1 welcoming feature-17.观景木台timber deck (viewing)8.竹园bamboo garden9.漫步广场walkway plaza10.露天咖啡廊out door cafe11.巨大迎宾水景-2 grand welcoming feature -212.木桥timber bridge13.洞穴grotto14.吊桥hanging bridge15.休憩台地(低处) lounging terrace(lower)16.休憩台地(高处) lounging terrace(upper)17.特色踏步feature stepping stone18.野趣小溪river wild19.儿童乐园children's playground20.旱冰道slide21.羽毛球场badminton court22.旱景dry landscape23.日艺园Japanese garden24.旱喷泉dry fountain25.观景台viewing deck26.游泳池swimming pool27.极可意Jacuzzi28.嬉水池wading pool29.儿童泳池children's pool30.蜿蜒水墙winding wall31.石景雕塑rock sculpture32.中心广场central plaza33.健身广场exercise plaza34.桥bridge35.交流广场meditating plaza36.趣味树阵tree battle formation37.停车场parking area38.特色花架trellis39.雕塑小道sculpture trail40.(高尔夫)轻击区putting green41.高尔夫球会所golf clubhouse42.每栋建筑入口entrance paving to unit43.篮球场basketball court44.网球场tennis court45.阶梯坐台terracing seatwall46.广场main plaza47.森林forest garden48.石景园rockery garden49.旱溪dry stream50.凉亭Pavilion51.户外淋浴outdoor shower52.拉膜结构tensile structure53.台阶stair54.高尔夫球车停车场parking(golf car)55.健身站exercise station56.晨跑小路jogging footpath57.车道/人行道driveway/sidewalk58.人行漫步道promenade59.瀑布及跳舞喷泉(入口广场) water fall and dancing fountain (entry plaza)。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
萼片sepal花瓣petal雄蕊stamen心皮carpel转化transform突变体mutant花的floral繁殖的reproductive草坪dormant 休眠turfgrass 草坪草lawn 草坪草mower 割草机mulch覆盖，覆盖物（n）；覆盖树根(vt)mulch applicator 覆膜机Lolium 黑麦草属tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) 高羊茅perennial 多年生的annual 一年生植物（n）；一年生的（adj）ryegrass (Lolium perenne) 黑麦草productive高产的productivity 生产力cultivate栽培，耕作cultivar 品种cultivation under cover保护地栽培cultural practice栽培措施，栽培技术，栽培实践culture system栽培系统forage 草料翻译Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is widely planted in many regions of theworld and is closely related to a lot of Lolium species including perennial r yegrass (Lolium perenne) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). The Festuca-Lolium complex possesses well-adapted, highly productive grass species. These cultivated forage grassesprovide invaluable economic and social benefits as forage and turf grasses per year.tiller n. 耕种者, 分蘖vi. 分蘖apical dominance 顶端优势agronomic traits 农艺性状agronomist农艺学家，农学家density 密度plant stature （height）株高mow用镰刀或割草机割草Increasing tiller number and reducing the apical dominance in turfgrass are one of the mostimportant agronomic traits for turfgrass industry because tiller number per plant determines lawn density and plant stature reduced lessens the mowing, which could make a significant contribution to future improvement of turfgrass qualitycytokinin 细胞分裂素auxin 生长素bud 芽（n）；发芽，萌芽（vi）axil 叶腋axillary 腋窝的，叶腋的，腋生的deterioration 腐烂，变坏，退化，堕落Cytokinin and auxin contribute to apical dominance through an antagonistic mechanism.Auxin from the terminal bud restrains axillary bud growth causing the shoot to lengthen.Cytokinin (from the roots) stimulates axillary bud growth.Auxin cannot suppress axillary bud growth once it has begun.fungicide 杀真菌剂photosynthesis 光合作用photosynthate 光合产物senescence 衰老mass质量，大量green up in the spring 春季返青tolerant to drought (salinity/ heat)耐旱（盐、热）resistant to drought (salinity/ heat)抗旱（盐、热）Benzyladenine（苄基腺嘌呤）(synthetic cytokinin) and triazole （三唑）fungicides stimulate the growth of turfgrasses. Various studies with cool season turfgrass have shown that auxin can improve photosynthesis, reduce senescence, increase leaf and shoot numbers, and enhance shoot and root mass.creep爬行，蔓延habit习性stolon 匍匐枝indeterminate不确定的，无限的determinate确定的，有限的Japanese lawn grass shows quite uncommon creeping habits; the development and expansion of its stolon is unusually vigorous and entirely indeterminate.wilting; wilt（使）萎蔫，（使）枯萎；枯萎（n）withering 使干枯的，进行干燥处理的（adj）adversity; adverse situation;unfavorable conditions逆境brown patch褐斑病Kentucky bluegrass草地早熟禾pathogen病原，病原体，致病菌This paper mainly introduces the host, symptoms, harmfulness and pathogen of brown patch disease of Kentucky bluegrass.sprinkler irrigation 喷灌drip irrigation滴灌furrow irrigation沟灌，畦灌osmotic渗透的，渗透性的osmotic adjustment渗透调节osmotic potential 渗透势osmotic pressure 渗透压dehydrin 脱水素dehydration 脱水abscisic acid脱落酸stomatal气孔的stomata气孔carbohydrate碳水化合物，糖类antioxidant抗氧化剂heat shock 热激It has been identified that among various mechanisms, osmotic adjustment and dehydrin proteins induced may confer drought tolerance, while abscisic acid may contribute to drought avoidance by closing the stomata in turfgrass. Alternation of carbonhydrate and antioxidant metabolism, induction of heat shock proteins, and cytokinin synthesis are involved in protecting cool-season turfgrasses from heat stress injuries.Flower differentiation, pollination and fruit setexternal 外部的, 客观的, [医]外用的, 外国的, 表面的n.外部, 外面internal内在的, 国内的hormonal 荷尔蒙的，激素的inflorescence 花序Both external and internal requirements for floral initiation vary with species. The first step is floral induction, involving hormonal and possibly other biochemical changes that cause cells within a bud to begin organizing a flower or inflorescence.deciduous 每年落叶的、脱落的perennial 多年生的annual 一年生植物，一季生植物Deciduous perennials usually initiate flowers just after shoot growth ceases and when leaves are mature. Presumably the interaction of specific physiologic and environmental factors provides the proper balance of endogenous hormones to cause initiation.endogenous 内生的，内源的graft 嫁接（v/n）girdling 环剥prune 剪除florigen 成花（激）素phloem 韧皮部defoliate 除叶，使…落叶herbaceous 草本的fig 无花果cherry 樱桃，樱桃树apricot杏，杏树Most deciduous fruits start to initiate flowers at the end of the grand growth period for shoots, when the leaves near the buds are mature. Exceptions are the nonwoody strawberry, the fig (无花果), and to some degree the peach, which continue shoot growth late in the summer.primordia 原基differentiate 分化pollen花粉；传花粉给pollinate 对…授粉pollination授粉anthesis开花，开花期deficiency 缺乏，不足deficientdeficency symptom 缺素症boron 硼reproduction繁殖(a)sexual reproduction（无）有性繁殖nut坚果stigma柱头style花柱embryo sac胚囊Sexual reproduction and seed development in fruits and nuts hinge on pollination. After reaching the stigma, the pollen grain germinates and the pollen tube grows down the style and into the embryo sac, where fertilization takes place. After this, a seed may develop along with the fruit.embryo 胚endosperm 胚乳xenia 种子直感，异粉性metaxenia 果实直感astringent 收敛性的，严酷的，涩的fruit set 坐果plum李树almond 扁桃树malus苹果属parthenocarpy 单性结实gibberellin赤霉素raspberry 悬钩子blackberry黑莓currant 黑醋栗gooseberry 醋栗kiwi 猕猴桃blueberry越橘cranberry大果酸果蔓，蔓越橘Fruit set 坐果micropyle (珠孔，卵孔)ovary 子房synergid助细胞anther 花粉囊dioecious 雌雄异株的calyx花萼Pruning Fruit Treespruning 修枝，剪枝，修剪cultural practice 栽培措施，栽培技术，栽培实践sprout 长出来，出现，发芽，萌芽；苗，芽，嫩枝，徒长枝branch分枝Pruning is an important cultural practice used to maintain the size of fruit trees. It involves the removal of plant parts, which stimulates vegetative growth, and reduces fruitfulness. heading-back cut短截thinning-out cut 疏剪training 整形，整枝shoot 新梢Framework 骨架seedling 小树scaffold branches主枝formative years形成期reinvigoration 更新Central leader 中心领导枝Graftingcut n.伤口, 切口grafting n.嫁接法bud n.芽，蓓蕾scion n.幼芽cleft n.裂缝，隙口navel orange 脐橙rootstock 砧木budding 芽接法stenting 片断接法，平接，断根嫁接root grafting根接法propagation繁殖root collar 根颈。