园艺专业英语课件 Lesson 1 new
新版英语2Gardening with Mary-课件
Exercises
I. 根据汉语或首字母提示，完成下列句子。
1. Be careful! There was a big __h_o_le__ (洞) on the road. 2. What a p__re_t_t_y_ garden! There are so
many beautiful flowers. 3.E_v_e_r_y_w_h_e_r_e(到处) is covered with snow. 4. The cat is washing __i_t_s__ (它的) ears.
谢谢观赏
You made my day!
我们，还在路上……
2. favourite, you, a, do, song, have
__D_o__yo_u__h_a_v_e_a__fa_v_o_u_r_i_te__so_n_g_____?
3. around, every, all, means, place, in
__A_l_l _a_ro_u_n__d_m__ea_n_s__in__e_v_er_y__p_la_c_e__.
Lesson 9: Gardening with Mary
I. Learning aims:
Master the new words and phrases: channel, gardener
II. Learning important and difficult points:
园艺专业英语课文.doc.docx
Lesson 1The History and the Development of Protected CultivationSelected and rewritten from u The History and Geography of the Greenhouse by Il・ Zvi Enoch and Yaeln Enoch, in Greenhouse Ecosyslems20, echled by G・ Stanhill and H・ Zvi Enoch, a series book of Ecosystems ofthc World (Li Yaling, Shanxi Agricuhural University)This lesson briefly describes the development of the greenhouse from antiquity to the present day. Il includes a discussion of p「o(ec(ed cropping in cokband ho(・f¥ames, glass cloches, lean-to houses, winter gardens» orangeries, conservatories and glasshouses in their varied forms, and plastic-clad plant enclosures of all sizes ranging from low tunnels • walk-in tunnels, to large plastic houses・For the purpose of this lesson, the greenhouse is defined as a transparent enclosure designed to grow or temporarily protect plants ・ Thus the definition does not include enclosures for growing mushrooms or tissue cultures・In antiquity, however» there were probably no greenhouses in the sense defined here> but there were various practices adopted to provide out-of-secison flowers and vegetables・The cultivation of out-of-season plants was intensely studied in ancient Athens and Rome・ This Can be seen for instance in the work of Theophrastus [who lived from 372 to 287 BCE (before the common era)]. He mentioned moving plants into the peristyle (verandah iii a dosed courtyard of a Greek house) at night and heating soil by mixing it with decaying manure or compost.Growers in China> Mesopotamia« Egypt, Israeh Greece and Rome grew valuable plants in pots and placed them indoors at night or during cold periods to protect them ・ Sometimes» plants were grown on wheelbarrdws that could easily be brought into a grotto» cellar or room at night. Chinese plant culture may have included greenhouses that» xcording to tradition, go back to antiquity. A Chinese greenhouse(Fig. 1-1 in the text book ) consisted of a brick wall oriented east-west. On its southernside, a transparent surface consisting of bamboo sticks covered with oiled paper was placed at an angle 30 ・40 to the horizontal. During the day, the brick wall became heated by the sun and at night it released its heat ・ In add it ion> at n ight the paper window was covered by rush mats which acted as thermal insulation. Similar simple greenhouses are in use today♦ and it is claimed that they increase the night temperature by up to 69C ・In the 20th century > in both northwestern Europe and North America > there was a development from smaller to larger greenhouse units 9 usually even・span or ridge・ and furrow multi-span houses・The Use of small electrical motors allowed automated climate control, including the opening of vents ・Heating by thermsiphon hot water circulation was replaced by forced circulation・ Electrical putnps were used for irrigation and to operate shading systems, etc.Lean-to glasshouse slowly became obsolete and heating by smoke flues disappeared in the first decades of the 20thcentury・However> these changes all occurred very gradual!y・An example of thisdevelopment in the Netherlands is outlined below・Simple over-winter sheds were used in Aalsmeer, the Netherlands, up to the 1920% and storc-framcst placed against the walls to protect vines in the Westland region were photographed in 1928.At the beginning of the 20th century, 90 % of the area used for protected cultivation in the Netherlands consisted of cold frames or hotbeds (heated by decomposition of manure and compost)・ By 1950, the area was still about 30%, and in 1964 it was 10% ・The use of Dutch lights was introduced at the beginning of the 20th century. Initially, only single-span frames were used； double -light frames date from about 1920・ Comparing the building practices in the Netherlands with those in the more advanced United States» one sees that in 1904, 90 % of the glass-covered area in the Netherlands con sisted of light frames ・ while 25 % of the glass・covered area in the US A in the year 1900 was of proper glasshouses ・ The area under glass in the Netherlands increased from 1.6 km2 in 1904 to 4.0 km2 in 1912, to 32. 9 km2 in 1950, reaching 60.2 knf in 1964.Heating and carbon-dioxide fertilization of hotbed through the decomposition of mixtures of horse manure and plant residues was widely used in the Netherlands at the beginning of the last century, and remained the com IT Ion way for growing cucumbers and melons until horses were replaced by tractors in the years after the Second World War.Claassen and Haze loop (1933)mentioned that at that time flue heaters were only used by a few growen; in the Netherlands♦ whereas in Belgium* most of the 4.40 kirT used for fruit-growing in 1939 was heated by flues. Dutch greenhouses suitable tor a variety of crops were developed gradually over half a century. In 1900, at Loosduinen» a steel-framed greenhouse was built which became the forerunner for the “\Enlo Warenhuis\ a house that could be used for different crops ・ This glasshouse» first built in 1937, consists of large sheets of glass held within the grooves of the two sides of a separating narrow steel bar, permitting the maxinium transmission of light・V?nlo-typc structures (Fig・1・2) were becoming popular ill Westland of the Netherlands iii the 1950's ・ Burning natural gas for the supply of carbon dioxide to greenhouse crops began in the Netherlands in 1961» following work done by J・ Stender from the Institute of Horticultural Engineering in Wageningen, and became globally applied over the next decade・ Glossary 1.glass cloche园艺用钟形玻璃西(E钟形玻璃罩，一种通常呈钟状的罩子，主耍用丁保护植物避免严寒冻害)2.cold-and hot-frame 阳畦和温床3.Ican-to house 一面坡温室，单屋面温室4.winter garden冬季花园(或菜园)5.orangery 柑橘温室，橘园,养橘温室(a sheltered placet especially a greenhouse»used for the cultivation of orange trees in cool climates)6・ conscrvatoiy 话人室(a greenhouse。
植物学及园艺学英文版 botany and horticulture (52)
Single-Seeded, Dry Fruits: Achene
Single-Ovuled, Single Carpellate Ovary
Achene: Testa attached to Pericarp only via Persistent Funiculus
Utricle: An Achene with the Pericarp inflated away from the Testa Sometimes used to describe an inflated fruit of other types
Multi-Ovuled (usually), Single Carpellate Ovary; Dispersal Unit is a Seed Follicle: Single Carpellate, Dehiscing along One Suture [Asclepiaceae: Milkweed]
Walters and Keil marginal axial parietal free central apical
A Taxonomy of Fruits 1a. From a Single Ovary 2a. Dry 3a. Indehiscent 4a. One Single-Ovuled Carpel 5a. Testa and Pericarp Not Fused Achene [Rosaceae]: Persistent Funiculus 4b. Two (Three) Single-Ovuled Fused Carpels, One Locule, One Seed 6a. Testa and Pericarp Not Fused 7a. Thin, Flexus Pericarp Cypsella [Asteraceae only]: Persistent Funiculus, Persistent Sepals. Often called an Achene. Sunflower Samara [Ulmaceae]: Winged Pericarp. Maple, Ash, Elm 7b. Thick, Hard Pericarp Nut [Fagaceae, Polygonacae]: Oak 6b. Testa and Pericarp Fused 8a. Thin, Flexus Pericarp Caryopsis [Poaceae]: Often called a Grain. Corn, Wheat 8b. Thick, Hard Pericarp Nutlet (First Sense) [Cyperaceae]
农业大学 专业英语园艺方面 复习资料
Chapte 1Moving to SustainabilityOVERVIEWHorticulture is old , tracing its beginnings back some 10,000 years ago to the dawn of agriculture . Horticulture was reasonably sustainable until the American Civil War . Pesticides and fertilizers were natural products and little energy other than human and horse or mule sweat was used . Sustainability decreased after the Civil War with the advent of chemical fertilizers and even more in the 1940s with the advent of synthetic pesticides and the introduction of ever more diesel-and gasoline-dependent machinery to replace human and animal labor . Monocultures and less replacement of organic matter dealt sustainability was not out , in that it survived on the fringe as organic sustainability , driven in part by the loss of environmental quality and diminishing resources resulting from unsustainable practicesChapter 2Plant NamesOVERVIEWPlant nomenclature , or the naming of plants , has two approaches : common names are useful in everyday conversation . Fellowgardeners can talk about the merits of their tomatoes or the beauty of their roses . Homeowners can talk about their grass problems or decide between a rhododendron and a mountain laurel at the local nurserv . The apartment dweller might wax eloquently about his or her African violets . At the supermarket , we try to decide which lettuce is best for our salad : leaf , romaine , or iceberg.However , common names have their limitations in that they are not always ideal terms for purposes of identification or serious communication . Scientific names convey exact identification when used correctly , but are not likely to be part of a normal conversation involving plants . Both types of names serve useful roles in horticulture.Horticulturists also like to group or classify plants based on their use . Growth habits , or even how plants are related in the evolutionary sense . The functional approach based on use and from is called Horticultural classification . Such terminology is very useful when the Horticulturists or consumer selects plants for landscape and garden uses . Relationship based on evolution are central to plant(scientific)classification . As with common versus scientific names , horticultureal classification is the “working language”and plant classification is the “intellectual language .”The landscaper , gardener , and homeowner are more interested in the former , whilethe horticultural scientist or the botanist needs the latter . Both types of classification have their applications in horticulture.Chapter 3Plant Parts and FunctionsOVERVIEWAt first glance there would appear to be few essential similarities among the plants that horticulturists favor . Variety and diversity would seem to be the obvious descriptive factor . But however diverse they may look , all of these plants carry out the same basic internal processes and possess great similarity in the construction of their seemingly diverse structures .Generally , the plant body has two basic parts . The part below the ground is called the root and the aboveground part , the shoot . Roots anchor the plant . Absorb minerals and water from the soil , and conduct the absorbed materials to the stem base . Some roots also serve as food storage structures .The shoot functions include support , food manufacture , reproduction , conduction , and sometimes food storage . Stems , leaves , buds , and sometimes reproductive structures collectively form the shoot . The joint where a leaf may be borne or is borne on the stem is called a node . The space between the nodes is known asthe internode . Lateral buds are usually located at the leaf base between the leaf and stem angle . A terminal but is present at the stem apex(tip) . Buds are capable of growing into either branches that duplicate the existing shoot structures , or flowers , or both . Reproductive structures include flowers , fruits , and seeds on flowering plants and seeds on conifersThe whole plant can be broken down into smaller and smaller units , as we go from observing with the human eye to using a light microscope and finally to using an electron microscope . In order of decreasing size , these morphological structures and anatomical features are organs , tissue systems , tissues , and the cell with its cellular components . Roots , shoots , buds , leaves , flowers , fruits ,cones , and seeds can be broken down into tissue systems , then tissues , and finally cells .Chapter 4Plant ProcessesThe life of a plant from sexual or asexual propagation through maturity is a complex process . Growth occurs by cell division and enlargement that increases plant size . Simultaneously with growth , the plant develops its mature from using cellular differentiation to produce organs such as stems , leaves , roots , flowers , fruits , andseeds . Both of these steps are dependent on genes that direct a series of complex and well-intergrated biochemical changes . These metabolic and other biochemical processes are reasonably understood through the conyinuing efforts of plant physiologists and biochemists . A basic understanding of essential plant processes—photosynthesis , respiration , photorespiration , transpiration ,and other metabolic processes-will heighten the horticulturist’s knowledge of crops and provide a better understanding of the basis for specific horticultural practices .Chapter 5Plant DevelopmentOVERVIEWThe collective processes of growth ahd differentiation over time form the mature plant.Growth is defined as an irreversible increase in size,caused by a combination of cell division and enlargement. Growth alone cannot lead to the formation of an organized plant body.Differentiation denotes the procrsses involved in the establishment of distinctive differences in the structures and functions of various cells and tissues and organs.The combined,integrated activities of cellular plant growth and differentiation are defined as plant development.Genes control development by regulating a complex array ofbiochemical events that are mediated by hormones.Understanding the functions of genes in development is critical to improving plants through genetic engineering.The focus here is to understand development on the macro level and the influence of genes and hormones.Chapter 6Plants and Their EnvironmentalOVERVIEWPlants,like living organisms,have environmental needs.These requirements must be satisfied if plants are to thrive and be productive.Environmental parameters influencing plants include climate,water,temperature,light,and soil.All play a major role in the development and productivity of plants.A thorough understanding of these relationships is needed before we can appreciate horticultural practices designed for,at best,management of these environmental parameters,In some cases we must be satisfied with practices that help us make the best of what are sometimes less than perfect or unconyrollable environments.Knowledge of environmental parameters also helps us with our attempts to sustain soil and water resources and to minimize pollution of on-farm environmentsChapter 7Plant PropagationOVERVIEWThe propagation of plants and ultimately their improvement are fundamental to the horticulturist.Success in both areas requires a basic knowledge of the science behind plant propagation.This science includes plant structure,development,and metabolism,all of which were covered in Section One.Knowledge of technical propagation skills is even more essential.These techniques,once mastered,must be matched with the appropriate plant materials.Issues of sustainability with propagation are concerned witn environmental and inputs and resources.Basic resources include the materials in propagation media,such as vermiculite and peat moss,and inputs include fertilizers,pesticides,and fungicides.Environmental management of propagation resources and inputs is coeverd here.Propogation resources and inputs in the greenhouse and field are covered later in chapter 13 and 11,respectively.Chapter 8Conventional Horticultural Crop BreedingOVERVIEWHorticultural productivity and quality have continuously improved ever since the cultivation of horticultural crops by humans began.Much of this improvement was a result of deliberate,artificial selection overmany years,essentially saving seeds from the best field plants for use next season.The genotypes of our current food crops owe their heritage to farmers seed-saving choices over thousands of years.With the advent of plant genetics in the early 1900s,a scientific basis for plant improvement was estsblished(see Chapter 5).The resulting technology allowed the plant breeder to manipulate plants.Knowledge about genetics brought about the more rapid production of plants with a directed selection for better characteristics.Crop improvement was no longer dependent on the random appearance of different individuals with desirable features.The only drawback to conventional plant breeding was the limitation of sexual compatility and the slowness of the process.Some 10 to 20 years of work are needed to bring new cultivars into production and market availability.The advent of molecular biology techniques,especially tissue culture and recombinant DNA technology,ushered in a new era of plant improvement possibilities.Neither sexual compatibility nor growouts and selection limited choices of traits any longer.Production times were reduced to aboult 5 years.These more advanced techniques for plant improvement.Chapter 9BiotechnoligyOVERVIEWAdvancing technology has the potential to play a major role in sustainable agriculture.Its ultimate value depends from these advances.Biotechnoligy offers considerable promise,especially in its ability to transfer genes into plants (transgenic plants).Sustainable agriculture can benefit if transgenic and fertilizers.This scenario is possible through the incorporation of insect and disease resistance and the addition of nitrogen fixation grnes,respectively.If the plant is instead made herbicide resistant such that broad-spectrum herbicodes can not the grower,thus contributing little to sustainable agriculture.The overuse of Bt transgenic plants might also bring about increased pest resistance to Bt applications and reduce Bt’s usefulness to organic farmers and home gardeners.Still,many exciting possibilities exist for the future.Chapter 10Energy and the Food SystemOVERVIEWThe horticultural industry provides a large and varied array of fresh and processed vegetables,fruits.and nuts for our enjoyment.A similar situation exists for ornamentals.This abundance comes at a price--a considerable usage of energy to reduce labor—to provide chemical inputs for production and to provide processed food in markets andrestaurants,and ornamentals at florists and nurseries.Of the total energy utilized in the United States,the food industry consumes about 17%.When we look at a per capita basis,we use three times as much energr for food production in the United States than is used for all energy-consuming activities in developing countries.This usage is a major factor in our consumption of 25% of the world’s resources,even though we have only 5% of its population.A number of reasons exist as to why we should be concerned aboult energy consumption in sustainable horticulture.One is clearly a moral issue that is beyond the scope of this book.Other reasons have to do with resources and sustainability.Much of the energy consumed in horticulture production and subsequent processing and distribution of products derives from fossil fuel energy,such as oil,natural gas,and given the geological conditions and periods of time needed to produce them in nature.Based on current consumption,we will run out of economically accessible oil and natural gas at some future point(see later discussion about oil depemdency).Coal will last for another 100 years or more bryond that time.Granted,any projected dates are educated guesses and new technology or discoveries might extend the lifetimes of fossil fuels. new technology bring about much more efficient usage of fossil fuels .It might also lead to new ways to discover unknown reserves or economicalmethods to extract fuels from oil shales and sands or from the deep ocean floors.Unknown variables also cloud the picture.Energy demands from rising Second and Third World nations might exhaust energy supplies faster than predicted.Still,an end to these fuels is inevitable.Two approaches toward energy sustainability exist.One is to buy time with ing more energy-efficient farm machinery,switching to conservation tillage,and using fewer inputs can postpone the day of reckoning.Energy conservation in horticulture has been ter in this chapter we look at conservation and examine how it worked with Florida vegetable production.Another,longer range effort is to switch to renewable and alternative sources,such as solar energy,wind power,geothermal power,hydroelectric power,and biomass fuels.Chapter 11Sustaining Soil,Water,and the EnvironmentQVERVIEWSustaining soil,water,and the environment lies at the heart of sustainable horticulture.No nation will endure for long without proper maintenance of these critical farming and societal resources.The industrialization of horticuiture has moved us away from this goal.Returning to resource sustainability need not mean the end of theproductivity achieved with our highly mechanized systems.These changes need not affect profitability anic farming has already made these changes and is profitable.These changes need not totally convert conventional horticulture to organic horticulture.Systems in between can be reached in gradual increments.For example,a farmer could elect to increase soil organic matter,but decide to rely on IPM methods for pest control.These changes involve practices from the past.but also newer ones,such as precision farmingChapter12Home Horticulture BasicsOVERVIEWThe homeowner has more latitude than the commercial horticulturist does in that business success is not the homeowner's wns and home landscapes arre creatived and maintained for esthetic reasons ang to privide pleasurable areas for outdoor activities. The only monetary profit derived from these horticultural activities is an enhanced sales price when the home is sold.Gardening is a hobby done for joy,recreation,and health.The rewards are frresh vegetables,fruits,cut flowers,or herbs,not necessarily profits.The gardener can grow crops in marginal locations and focus on improving soil in areas.He or she can try new cultivarsshrug off the vagaries of weather or the unexpected insects anddiseases,take horticultural chances,experiment with techniques,and speng as much or little as desired in gardening activities.Even within this context,the gardener is wisely advised to refer back to Chapter 11 and the discussion about climate, microclkimate,site selection,and soil tests.Much of the information of importance to commercial producers is useful to homeowner involved with landscsping,lawns,and gardens,and complements the discussion of similar topics in this chapter.Basic information for your local area can be gleaned from established gardeners in your neighborhood.Local extension offices in your state,your state university,and your state agricultural experiment station are alsi good sources of information for the homeowner and gardener.Their locations and telephone numbers are found in the goverment listings in your telephone book.Some states have a Master Gardener progrram available through extension offices.Master Gardeners are volunteer,trained gardeners who can answer most gardening,landscsping,or lawn care questions and concerns and are a source of considerable information.Much information is also available from books,Web chat rooms for gardeners,and certain Web sites(see listing at end of chapter).Garden clubs are also a good information source and offer the chance to enjoy the company of other gardeners.Don't forget your local nursery or garden center;these vendors often provide usefulinformation to their customers.Finally,a number of good horticultural magazines offer information and creative ideas.A few basics are all you need to enjoy a lifetime of gardening activity.Chapter 13Managing Enclosed Plant EnvironmentsOVERVIEWHorticulturists use several enclosed plant environments , mostly for conventional propagation and , to a lesser extent , for frost protection , growth enhancement , hardening of plants , and plant display . Some depend totally to partially on natural conditions , while others are entirely dependent on controlled environments . All involve enclosed structures requiring energy inputs . Sometimes solar energy suffices , but fossil fuel inputs are usually needed . Alternative environments are an important part of horticulture and will be considered here . Examples include cloches , cold frames , greenhouses , hotbeds , lathhouses , row covers , sun-heated pits , and tunnels . Facilities for micropropagation , high-technology laboratories ,were covered in Chapter 10Chapter 14Controlling Growth by Physical , Biological , and Chemical Means OVERVIEWThe horticulturist uses indirect practices to control plant developmentthrough the manipulation of the plant’s outdoor environment . However , more direct control of plane development through physical ,biological , and chemical means is both feasible and highly satisfactory . Physical and biological techniques are among the oldest forms of control , and are still indispensable today , especially from a sustainability perspective . Chemical controls are relatively newer and will become increasingly sophisticated as our understanding of the molecular biology and biochemistry behind plant development expands . The control of plant development is an important tool of the horticulturist , which , if properly mastered , will pay worth-while dividends .The importance of the relationship of basic horticultural practices to the success of physical , chemical , and biological control cannot be stressed enough . Plants must have good vigor for best results . Vigor depends on proper identification of all environment conditions in a site(site analysis) . Once these conditions are known , the horticulturist can better select plants suited to that environment , whether the site is to be left natural or modified where possible to maximize plant development . After the planting are established , cultural practices are directed toward maintaining sound plant development . With good cultural conditions , the physical , biological , and chemical practices of controlling plant development can be expected to yield their best results .Chapter 15Plant ProtectionOVERVIEWHorticulturists are faced with a number of plant pests that coexist in the horticultural ecosystem . Failure to control these pests can result in consequences that vary in severity . These consequences might only be minor plant damage and some distress for the horticulturist or ,worse , loss of plants . A horticulturist responsible for a vegetable crop or a landscape planting that suffers from pest damage because of failure to control pests could quickly lose his or her professional standing . Control of plant pests , or plant protection , involves a number of steps . First , the horticulturist must recognize the possibility or existence of a problem . In this regard it is important to be knowledgeable with redpect to plant susceptibility to attacks by plant pests and under what environmental conditions and during which time window a plant is most susceptible . The horticulturist must also be capable of recognizing the presence of a plant pest at its initial appearance ,Or after it causes a plant response or symptom , and be able to identify the pest once it is discovered . Some pests can only the identified when they are considered in conjunction with the symptoms . Identification is followed by an assessment to determine if control is needed , the control required to eliminate the pest , the method ofapplication , timing of application(s) , how much is needed , phytotoxicity and off-site environmental impact(with chemical controls) , and effects of control on population balance between beneficial organisms and pests .Chapter 16Ornamental HorticultureOVERVIEWThe ornamental horticultural industry (crop production , not services) had gross sales of ＄9.3billion in 1998 . Commercial production activities involve the propagation , production , and marketing of floricultural , garden , nursery , turf , and miscellaneous crops . The service is involved with landscape design and the selection , installation , and maintenance of ornamental plant in the landscape . Although outdoor landscaping services dominate the market , considerable maintenance of interiorscapes in offices , malls , and businesses occurs . The ornamental horticultural industry can be broken down into several specialized sectors . Some are involved with crop production : floriculture , nursery , unfinished plants and propagation materials , seeds , bulbs , Christmas trees , and turf crops . Others are involved with service aspects : landscape design industry , landscape maintenance industry , and interior plantscaping industryEach area is considered here on its own merit as a viable , working concept , but the blurred distinction sometimes introduced by commercial consolidation should be kept in mind . For example , bedding plant producers often produce both flowering annuals and vegetables , such as tomatoes and peppers . Production nurseries can sell fruit and nut trees in addition to woody landscape plants . The underlying concept is still the plants propagated , grown , and sold . Data for ornamental crop sales and rank are shown in Table 16-1Chapter 17Vegetables and HerbsOVERVIEWOlericulture is the branch of horticulture that deals with the production , storage , processing , and marketing of vegetables . What amount of vegetables and herbs are grown in a sustainable manner is unknown , because current statistics from the USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service do not differentiate among differing systems of vegetable and herb production . Part of the problem is that the exact limits of what constitutes sustainable horticulture have not been clearly defined . Only one part of sustainable horticulture , organic farming , has been clearly defined such that a certification process exists . Individual states and recent federal government standards allow for thetracking of organic crops and products . According to the latest data released in 2000 by the Economic Research Service of the USDA ,certified organic cropland doubled in the 1992-1997 period .The number of certified organic farmers in the United States jumped to 7,800 for an increase of 18% over 1999 . The organic market(all aspects and crops) is now at ＄7.7 billion . The aver age U.S certified organic vegetable farm is roughly 12 acres as opposed to 70 acres for the conventional vegetable farm . Trends in Agriculture 2000 indicates that roughly one-fourth of U.S farmers believe that they are operating as sustainable farmers . About 10% of vegetable farmers thought their practices were sustainable .Chapter 18Fruits and NutsOVERVIEWPomology is the branch of horticulture that deals with the production , storage , processing , and marketing of fruit . What percentage of fruits is grown in a sustainable manner is unknown . Current statistics from the USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service do not differentiate among differing systems of fruit production . Part of the problem is that the exact limits of what constitutes sustainable horticulture have not been clearly defined . Only one part of sustainable horticulture , organic farming , has been clearly described such that a certification processexists . Individual states and federal government standards allow for the tracking of organic crops and products .The acreage devoted to the organic production of fruits and nuts in the United States totaled 40,000 acres in 1997 . Trends in Agriculture 2000 , a survey conducted by the Gallup Organization , indicates that roughly one-fourth of U.S. farmers believe that are operating as sustainable farmers . About 33% of tree crop producers(tree fruits and nuts) though their practices were sustainable .。
园艺学总论chapterPPT课件
CHENLI
根芹菜 21
美洲防风
CHENLI
22
白菜类
CHENLI
23
CHENLI
24
绿叶蔬菜
CHENLI
25
CHENLI
26
CHENLI
27
CHENLI
28
CHENLI
29
CHENLI
30
葱蒜类
CHENLI
31
CHENLI
32
CHENLI
33
CHENLI
34
CHENLI
35
茄果类
CHENLI
36
CHENLI
樱桃番茄37
CHENLI
38
CHENLI
39
CHENLI
40
瓜类
CHENLI
41
CHENLI
42
CHENLI
43
CHENLI
44
CHENLI
45
CHENLI
46
CHENLI
47
网纹甜瓜
CHENLI
48
CHENLI
49
佛手瓜
CHENLI
CHENLI
11
3. 绿叶蔬菜：如莴苣、芹菜、菠菜、茼蒿、 苋菜、蕹菜等。
以其幼嫩的绿叶或嫩茎为食用器官
4．葱蒜类：包括洋葱、大蒜、大葱、韭菜等 叶鞘基部能膨大而形成鳞茎，所以也叫做 “鳞茎类”。
5．茄果类：包括茄子、番茄及辣椒。 同属茄科，在生物学特性和栽培技术上都 很相似。
CHENLI
12
6．瓜类：包括南瓜、黄瓜、西瓜、甜瓜、瓠 瓜、冬瓜、丝瓜、苦瓜等。
8
果菜类
苦瓜
佛手瓜
专业英语课件
1
An oxbow 'loop' of the Meander Wall creates a reflecting basin that extends into the spray Plaza. The Plaza has quickly become one of Citygarden's most popular gathering places.
1
பைடு நூலகம்
1
Sustainable site design strategies include rain gardens, porous pavement, and green roofs.
Six rain gardens covers over 5,000 square feet of area that collect and infiltrate stormwater from over two-thirds of the site. Rain gardens are planted with native grasses and wildflowers — in this case, with Switchgrass (Panicum) and Bee Balm (Monarda).
1
1
Evening reveals different attributes of Citygarden as the Spray Plaza becomes a stage for light and water choreographies.
谢谢！
景观1012 柯璐 1020122223
Citygarden
2011ASLA获奖作品
Citygarden
园艺专业英语Flower arranging basics
Flower Arranging BasicsFlower arrangements include many types such as bouquets, corsages, vase arrangements and basket arrangements; they can be used as decoration for all kinds of social occasions as well as everyday occasions. Beginners should be knowledgeable in all kinds of containers, tools and materials, the classification of flowers materials, the familiar geometric forms and the principles of design.Containers, tools and other materialsContainersContainers must be capable of holding water for most floral design uses; containers that do not hold water can be used with permanent materials. Customarily containers are made of glass, glazed pottery, metal porcelain or plastic. Metal is unsuitable for directly holding flowers because floral preservatives react with most metals.Containers come in many shapes and sizes. The most commonly used types include vases, bowls, baskets, dishes, bowls and many more creative containers.Cutting toolsFloral knife: This is used for cleanly cutting flower stems. The blade should be rigid and unbending.Florist shears: These are used for cutting light wire, cord, paper and ribbon.Pruning shears: These are used to cut heavy, hard woody plant materials that are difficult to cut with knives.Materials for anchoringPin holders: These are made up of staggered, closely spaced pins anchored to a heavy base, usually lead. They are usually attached to the container with floral clay, with stems being pressed on to the pins.Foams: These are kinds of sponge like material. There are two categories: moisture holding foams and non-moisture holding foams. Moisture holding foams are used for a variety of fresh floral arrangement, while non-moisture holding foams are used for arrangement with dry flowers or artificial materials. They are manufactured in various shapes, such as cones, balls, wreaths, hearts, etc.Styrofoam: This closed-cell plastic foam material does not absorb water. It functions as an anchor for stems of dry flowers or artificial flowers, to prevent them from moving around.Chicken wire: This type of wire can be rolled into a ball and placed into a container. Stems are then inserted into the folded mesh. This is usually utilized only with larger containers.Other tools and materialsFlorist tape and waterproof tape: florist tape is used for wrapping stems when wire is neededto support them, while waterproof tape is commonly used for binding and fixing wet foam to containers.Florist wire: It varies in thickness (gauge) with number 18 being the heaviest and number 32 being the finest, with the gauges in between being 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, and 30. Heavy wire used to support large floral stems or heavy flowers such as lilies and gladiolus; medium-weight wire used to support such flowers as roses, carnations and chrysanthemums; lightweight wire used for replacing flowers stems in corsages and wedding bouquets.Electric glue gun: The gun is electrically heated and the glue is dispensed in a liquid form that cools and hardens quickly. It is used to glue pinecones, ribbons, and accessories to wreaths and door swags, and dry flowers to baskets, etc.Ribbon: Most florist ribbon is sold in ‘bolts’ on cardboard spools. Ribbon is made of many materials such as satin, velvet, cotton, burlap, etc. Some ribbon is double-faced, but most are single-faced, and have only one desirable side.Classification of flowers using in flower arrangementThere are four basic categories of floral materials: line materials, mass materials, form materials, spray and fillers.Line materials are those in which the florets, the individual blossoms, grow along the main stem to create a line. Some examples of these flowers are: gladiolus, snapdragon, cattails, delphinium and lupine. Besides, Branching types that have a linear effect such as curly willow and eucalyptus are also under this category.Mass materials may be single stems with one solid flower head-like carnation; a single stem with a cluster of ball-shaped florets-like thistle; or a compact spray-like lilac. Other examples of mass flowers include: roses, chrysanthemums, gerbera, tulip, dahlia, daisy, camellia, geranium, peony and hydrangea.Form materials include those that have a precise and distinctive form, and are usually used at the focal point (center of interest) in an arrangement. Examples of form materials include bird-of-paradise, anthurium, orchids, iris and protea.Spray and fillers include those loose flowers that grow with a cluster of florets. They are used to fill in arrangements and give them solidity. Examples of filler materials include baby’s breath, aster, ageratum and limonium.No matter how many of the categories of flowers are used, the materials should be placed in appropriate way according to their role in the arrangement. (1) Line materials are used to establish the main lines, to form the silhouette, and to determine the size of the composition; (2) Mass materials give the arrangement body and weight. Note: Buds and smallest flowers should be placed at the outer edges, and growing larger as they approach the focal point;(3)Form materials are the ‘eye-catchers’, generally used to help create a focal point. Each form flower should be handled in such a way as to display its individual form; (4)Spray and fillers are useful in thetransition area between the silhouette and the focal point, with care taken not to spoil or overpower the design that has been created by the line, mass, and form material.Geometric formsAccording to the shapes and outlines of the arrangements, there are two categories of forms: symmetrical and asymmetrical.Symmetrical: These designs are created so that both sides of the design are equal. If a line were drawn down the center of the arrangement, both sides would have a similar look. The most commonly used shapes in flower arrangement are: even triangle, round, oblong, column, and radiating fan.These arrangements are usually quite formal; they are often utilized in all kinds of ceremonial occasions.Asymmetrical: arrangements containing different design elements on each side are considered to be asymmetrical. This type of arrangement must still have the correct weight on both sides to be visually pleasing. Uneven triangular shape, crescent, L-pattern, and S-pattern (Hogarth curve) are the commonly seen shapes.These forms are somewhat more informal than the symmetrical arrangements; they fit in well with all kinds of exhibitions and almost every informal room settings.Basic principles of floral arrangingBalance: Balance is one of the most important visual design principles. There are two kinds of balance: symmetrical balance and asymmetrical balance. Symmetrical balance can be obtained by placing similar flowers in each side of imaginary line down the center of a design. Asymmetrical balance is more dynamic than formal balance and normally keeps the learner’s attention focused on the visual message. Asymmetrical balance can be achieved by skillfully manipulating different shape, color, value, texture and position of plant materials.Scale and proportion: They are generally considered together or as synonyms in floral arrangement. Scale specifically evaluates the size of all the parts of an arrangement, including the container, the flowers, the foliages, the accessories and the base, while proportion specifically evaluates the relative size of parts of the design in relation to each other and to the arrangement as a whole. Whichever term selected, these size relationships are critical to effective arrangement. A size mismatch among the flowers, foliages, container, accessories, as well as the setting will detract from appreciation of the arrangement and composition.Since they are so many elements are involved together, most decisions are based on visual sense and there are few guidelines to help. However, some scale problems are obvious, such as trying to use large chrysanthemum flowers with miniature roses, or large calla leaves with small violet foliage.Harmony: Harmony means all component parts of the arrangement relate to and complementeach other, for example, the daisies, asters, calendulas and single chrysanthemums, furnishes many varieties similar in form. In addition, a successful arrangement must also in harmony with its surroundings.Rhythm: Rhythm refers to ‘flow’ in a floral arrangement. Repetition of a particular shape or the combination of related colors creates a flowing line or rhythm that is aesthetically appealing. Besides, rhythm can also be achieved by graduation and radiation.Graduation can be accomplished by placing the smaller buds and blooms toward the periphery of the arrangement and the largest blooms at the bottom or in the area of prominence. Parallel relationships may be seen for gradation from weaker to stronger lines and forms lighter to heavier color values and softer to coarser textures.In radiation, all lines appear to originate at a common (hidden) point behind the center of interest. Alternation, all the lines from the flower and foliage stems to converge at the visual center. As the eye falls on any of these lines, it is then led to the focus.。
电气自动化专业英语lesson 1.1_new
济南大学控制科学与工程学院
自动化专业英语
7
• This general diagram can represent (代表， 说明) a wide variety of control systems.
• The system to be controlled might be an aircraft ( 飞 行 器 ), a large electric power generation (发电站) and distribution system ( 传 输 系 统 ), an industrial process, a head positioner (磁头定位器) for a computer disk
methods to solve these optimal control
problems.
• 实际上，我们将现代控制理论分为两个阶段，一是从 60年代到80年代，线性系统理论、最优控制、系统辨 识、状态估计为基础的现代控制理论。二是80年代以
后发展的多种现代控制算法：非线性控制、鲁棒控制、 自适应、模型预测、人工智能…
• Control objective(s)
• Input variables – manipulated or disturbance variables.
• Output variables – measured or unmeasured variables.
• Constraints – classify these as hard or soft.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. Control processors(s)
.
.
.
sensors