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北师大版英语必修一-Unit-1-Lesson-1专业课件PPT

北师大版英语必修一-Unit-1-Lesson-1专业课件PPT

Bob’s morning is very busy with very little time to get dressed and have breakfast and he has all kinds of urgent matters. His evening is not easy, either. He has documents to read and never goes to sleep until mid-night.
最新课件
24
2. What do you think “You’ve got the world at
your feet” means?
It means you are in a position where you
can have the chance to become successful.
1. Is Brian a lazy person? Can you find two examples of his lazy behavior?
2. What do you think “You’ve got the world at your feet” means?
最新课件
22
3. How does Bob spend his morning and evening?
switch on=turn on 接通, 打开(电器) switch off =turn off 切断(电流等)
At weekends, he often switches on the computer
early in the morning and doesn’t switch it off
until midnight.

中等职业教育园林园艺专业系列教材(12种)

中等职业教育园林园艺专业系列教材(12种)

即将出版中等职业教育机电设备安装与维修专业系列教材（理工分社）中等职业教育城市轨道交通专业系列教材（理工分社）中等职业教育酒店服务与管理专业项目课程系列教材（经管分社）重点推荐中等职业教育园林园艺专业系列教材（经管分社）城镇燃气职业教育培训教材（科技分社）职业技能培训系列教材（理工分社）中等职业学校服装专业教材（社文分社）全国中等职业教育模具设计与制造专业系列教材（理工分社）公共课、基础课类中职计算机系列教材（科技分社）丛书特色：本系列教材自1992年开始出版，是全国首套成系列的计算机中职教材，多次改版，不断完善，迄今为止，各地累计用书已超过100万册，口碑良好。

系列教材具有以下特点：●任务驱动，服务学生，突出学生主体性●互动性强，吸引学生，培养学生探究能力●内容跟新，案例实用，与行业需求相结合●体例新颖，栏目丰富，易受中职学生喜爱中职电类专业系列教材（科技、理工分社）丛书特色：●本系列教材注重基本知识的传授，为学习电类专业的其他课程打下良好的基础。

在内容的深浅上，注意了与初中物理课程之间的衔接，由浅入深，可读性很强。

●突出实用性，除了让学生掌握必须的专业基础知识外，还注重与市场结合，按市场的需要选择内容，做到所学内容与实际岗位需要相一致。

●充分考虑了国家相关专业中级人才标准，适应“双证制”考核的需要，在知识技能要求的深度和广度上，以国家技能鉴定中心颁发的相关专业中级人才技能鉴定要求为依据，使学生能顺利通过本专业技术等级证书考试。

●采用模块结构，充分体现教材使用的弹性，教材内容分“必学模块”和“选学模块”两部分，供不同层次的学生和不同条件的学校选用。

●注意了对新知识、新技术、新工艺和新产品的介绍，在每章末用“阅读，应用”专题介绍上述四个方面的内容，开阔学生的眼界。

教育部职业教育与成人教育司推荐教材中职工民建专业系列教材（科技分社）丛书特色：●系列教材充分吸收澳大利亚职业教育先进思想，体现现代职业教育先进理念。

园艺专业英语(课后翻译)教学文稿

园艺专业英语(课后翻译)教学文稿

园艺专业英语翻译（中→英）Lesson1 part A1、protected (structure) horticulture is defined as a cultivation method taking use of heat keeping ,chillingprevention or cooling and rainproof facilities to prevent the crops production from being influenced or seriously done by natural seasons and to artificially create a microclimate environment suitable for growing horticultural crops in cold or hot weather hat actually unfavorable to the cropdevelopment .it is also termed as out-of-season culture ,season-off culture or forcing culture .because of the season in which horticultural crops are planted is hand for their growing in open field.2、Windbreak、cold –frame 、hot-frame、plastic-clad tunnel and greenhouse could provide a variety ofvegetable seeding for open field or protected culture or protect seeding of cold tolerant vegetableliving through the winter ,for early planting and acquirement of early mature products.3、In respect of structure type, the largest horticultural structure area in our country consists of plastictunnels and lean to houses, especially the energy-sawing solar greenhouse, which has become thedominant greenhouse type in the country. Presently the development of large greenhouse ormulti-span house has been initiated.Lesson2 part A4、In horticultural crop cultivation under structure the key point of environment management for growersis to create optimal complex of environmental conditions for crop growth and development, aspossibly as they can, according to properties and environmental demand of crop.Lesson3 part ALesson4 part A1、most soil amendments are consisted of the increasing of organic matters ,addition of specific nutritionalelements and ph adjustment2、the soil is an important constitute of the land loamy soil must consist of soul particles with properratio ,with equilibrium of nutrients ,in which contains some organic matter ,and with considerablemoistureLesson5 part ALesson6 part A1、sink demand of horticultural crops extremely affects photosynthetic ,for example ,leaf photosynthesisnoticeably decrease when potato tubers are removed during their growth short-term response may be stomato close effect ,but this cannot explain common continuous effects ,sometime when thesource-sink ratio increases significantly ,some old leaves can renew their photosynthesisfunctions ,on the other hand ,rapidly growing sinks sometimes compete with leaves for mobilizable nitrogen and this results in abscission of leaves and lower photosynthesis capacity.2、It is not clear yet that how the sink demand affect photosynthesis of leaves .the simplest explanation isthat photosynthesis accumulated in leaves restrain photosynthesis . however trials for examining this hypothesis usually obtained the opposite results .furthermore ,in practice ,photosynthates seemly notaccumulate beside chloroplasts in mesophyll cells .thus ,more research work should be done onsource-sink relationship to improve yields of horticultural cropsLesson7 part A1、the development of horticultural crops product organs consist of maturity 、full ripeness and senescencestages .maturity includes physiological ripeness and horticultural ripeness the former means that in the last growth stage ,mature organs become full ripening and the later means the best growth stage of horticultural crops for harvest ,such as leaf vegetables ,when they are reaped ,they are notphysiological ripe ,and flower crops are harvested when thy flower.Full ripeness is the develop stage after fruit mature some fruits can get full ripeness in trees ,whilesome must ripen after separated from trees .after full ripen the flesh mealiness aroma strength proper acidity and sugar ,senescence is a stopping terminating process of living activity. In this stage,product organs quality of horticultural crops become bad and completely leaves their economicalvalue in the endLesson8 part A1、hormone produced by seed influence fruit setting ,fruit growth and the balance of hormones in plant2、Stone fruits can no t set their fruits when their embryos develop abnormally. pome fruits can set withoutseeds ,but flesh cells grow slowly3、Gibberellins was produced after pollination with seed development gibberellins promotes synthesis ofauxin , therefore ,promotes fruit setting .the fruit set and fruit growth is similar between the ovule not pollinated treated by gibberellins and those which has seed4、Gibberellins produced by apple seeds apparently restrain flower differentiation and result in alternatefruiting .alternate fruiting is not normal in pear and many stone fruits .it is because the earlyoccurrence of gibberellins synthesis peak which is not concurrent with flower differentiationinitiation.Lesson13 part A1、pruning of fruit trees is a practice involves the heading back cuts and the thinning cuts of branches forgood framework ,for regulating contradiction between growth and fruiting ,for maintaining theequilibrium between vegetative growth and propagative growth and for good sunlight exposure, to fruit early to achieve high yield and to get commodity with high quality2、the pruning methods are best determined by the characteristics of fruit species and cultivars ,the climatethe soil condition and the crop developing stages and growth status .in order to get the best result ,it is useful to combine pruning with other cultural practices like fertilization ,irrigation, etc3、Reinvigoration of trees is better performed annually, which can keep fruit from stimulating excessivesprouts .remove dead branches, sprouts and some crossing shoots. Secondly, large branches should be thinned out gradually to open tree chamber and to improve distribution of sunlight in order tosimulate fruiting.Lesson15 part A1、temperature is an critical element in biological ,chemical and physiological processes of all plant species2、Temperature regulates the rate of chemical reactions ,leading to the adjustment of plant growth rate.3、As a important contributing factor to climate .temperature play an important role in adaptability andgrowth ,date of plant thus the horticultural crop types which can be cultured in a specific area rely on temperature4、Most plants can live and grow in the range of 0 to 50℃ .however low-temperature sensitivity limit thesuccessful cultivated regions of plantsLesson16 part A1、sprinkler irrigation is often used in maintaining and flower beds which has the specialty the uniformwater amount in its coverage .however, water waste occur when sprinkler is not limited in the area need irrigation .in addition ,evaporation result in some water loss too。

艺术类专业英语课件.

艺术类专业英语课件.
2.animation[‘æni’mei n] 动画片；动画片制作
3.animator [‘æni’meitər] 漫画制作者
4.It's hard to say 很难说 A: Will John win the election? B: I don't think so. His chances are slim. A: It's hard to say. He who laughs last laughs best. A: 约翰能在竞选中取胜吗？ B: 我想不会。他的机会很小。 A: 很难说。笑到最后的是笑得最好的。
fashion --- 流行，风尚 design --- 设计
collect things --- 收集东西 play cards --- 玩牌
cate ---美食，佳肴 Chinese food --- 中餐 coffee --- 咖啡 Coca-Cola --- 可口可乐 pizza --- 比萨饼 fast food --- 快餐
3. Words and Expressions
1.hear of :learn about; gain information about 听说 How did you hear of our goods? Was it through our announcements? 你是怎么知道我们产品的？是通过我们的广告吗？
travel --- 旅行 skating --- 溜冰
camping --- 露营，野营 climbing --- 攀登
riding --- 马术，骑术
shopping --- 买东西，购物
go for walks --- 散步 fishing --- 钓鱼

园艺专业英语第二版答案

园艺专业英语第二版答案

园艺专业英语第二版答案1、I do not have my own room,_____. [单选题] *A. neither does Tom(正确答案)B. neither has TomC. so does TomD. so has Tom2、The more he tried to please her, _____she seemed to appreciate it. [单选题] *A.lessB.lesserC.the less(正确答案)D.the lesser3、A good teacher is able to_____a complicated idea in very simple terms. [单选题] *A.put across(正确答案)B.break upC.work outD.bring out4、He _______ getting up early. [单选题] *A. used toB. is used to(正确答案)C. is usedD. is used for5、I got caught in the rain and my suit____. [单选题] *A. has ruinedB. had ruinedC. has been ruined(正确答案)D. had been ruined6、We all wondered（）Tom broke up with his girlfriend. [单选题] *A. thatB. whatC. whoD. why(正确答案)7、_______ your parents at home last week? [单选题] *A. IsC. AreD. Were(正确答案)8、77．–Hey! Any idea about learning abroad? --You （)google the College Board to learn the names of college you ____ be interested in [单选题] *A. may;needB. can; might (正确答案)C. will; shouldD. shall; must9、--_______ do you have to do after school?--Do my homework, of course. [单选题] *A. What(正确答案)B. WhenC. WhereD. How10、She passed me in the street, but took no（）of me. [单选题] *Attention (正确答案)B. watchC. care11、---Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?---Just a minute. I’ll have Bob ____you to your room. [单选题] *A. show(正确答案)B. showsC. to showD. showing12、--Could you please tell me _______ to get to the nearest supermarket?--Sorry, I am a stranger here. [单选题] *A. whatB. how(正确答案)C. whenD. why13、Nowadays schools should care for the full _______ of a student’s talents. [单选题] *A. satisfactionB. development(正确答案)C. communicationD. preparation14、—Whose book is it? Is it yours?—No, ask John. Maybe it’s ______.（）[单选题] *A. hersB. his(正确答案)C. he’sD. her15、My home is about _______ away from the school. [单选题] *A. three hundred metreB. three hundreds metresC. three hundred metres(正确答案)D. three hundreds metre16、I’d like to know the _______ of the club. [单选题] *A. schedule(正确答案)B. schoolC. menuD. subject17、The old woman doesn’t feel _______ though she lives _______. [单选题] *A. alone; lonelyB. alone; aloneC. lonely; lonelyD. lonely; alone(正确答案)18、58．—How much is Lucy's skirt?—She________320 yuan for it. I think it's a little dear. [单选题] *A．tookB．paid(正确答案)C．spentD．bought19、On Mother’s Day, Cathy made a beautiful card as a ______ for her mother. [单选题] *A. taskB. secretC. gift(正确答案)D. work20、She’s _______ with her present _______ job. [单选题] *A. boring; boringB. bored; boredC. boring; boredD. bored; boring(正确答案)21、--What are the young people doing there？--They are discussing how to _______?the pollution in the river. [单选题] *A. come up withB. talk withC. deal with(正确答案)D. get on with22、Where have you _______ these days? [单选题] *A. been(正确答案)B. beC. isD. are23、They will hold the party if they _____ the project on time. [单选题] *A. will completeB. complete(正确答案)C．completedD. had completed24、--Henry treats his secretary badly.--Yes. He seems to think that she is the _______ important person in the office. [单选题] *A. littleB. least(正确答案)C. lessD. most25、—I can’t always get good grades. What should I do?—The more ______ you are under, the worse grades you may get. So take it easy!（）[单选题] *A. wasteB. interestC. stress(正确答案)D. fairness26、—Where are you going, Tom? —To Bill's workshop. The engine of my car needs _____. [单选题] *A. repairing(正确答案)B. repairedC. repairD. to repair27、Be careful when you _______ the street. [单选题] *A. are crossingB. is crossingC. cross(正确答案)D. is cross28、Li Jing often helps me ______ my geography.（）[单选题] *A. atB. inC. ofD. with(正确答案)29、Ships can carry more goods than _____ means of transport. [单选题] *A. the otherB. anotherC. any other(正确答案)D. any30、The early Americans wanted the King to respect their rights. [单选题] *A. 统治B. 满足C. 尊重(正确答案)D. 知道。

《园艺专业英语》课程教学大纲

《园艺专业英语》课程教学大纲

《园艺专业英语》课程教学大纲课程名称：园艺专业英语课程类别：专业选修课适用专业：园艺考核方式：考查总学时、学分：32学时2学分其中实验学时：学时一、课程教学目的园艺专业英语是为园艺专业学生开设的选修课程，主要讲授园艺学英语的基本知识，旨在帮助学生提高阅读英文专业资料的能力，并具备查阅英文专业资料的能力。

通过本课程学习，学生可参加英语科技讲座、会议，撰写简单英语科技论文，以培养高素质的、符合国际化标准的人才，使学生毕业后能很快适应社会的要求，能够进行国际交流与合作，参与国际竞争。

二、课程教学要求1.可阅读理解园艺专业英文文献及资料；2.掌握基本园艺学知识的英文口头、书面表达。

三、先修课程大学英语及园艺学专业课程。

四、课程教学重、难点重点：阅读并理解园艺专业英文文献资料。

难点：翻译及撰写英语科技论文。

五、课程教学方法与教学手段本课程主要以专业英文文献为基础，利用多媒体课件，听力材料等手段，扩大视野，增大信息量。

课堂讲授和讨论相结合。

通过阅读讲解教材章节、专题讨论外文文献等方式掌握该学科的发展动态。

六、课程教学内容注：专业英语选取教材的部分章节讲授，可根据学生具体情况略作调整。

Lesson 1 The History and the Development of Protected Cultivation（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Materials：The History and the Development of Protected Cultivation(2) Early Development and Status of Plasticulture2．重、难点提示(1) Protected cropping(2) Structure of GreenhousesLesson 2 Soil Properties of Horticultural Crop Cultivation（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Orchard Soil Management and Deciduous Fruit Tree Nutrition(2) Plant-growing Media2．重、难点提示(1) Soil Properties；(2) Plant-growing Media；Lesson 3 Soilless Cultivation（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material：Soilless Culture(2) Soilless Culture Technique2．重、难点提示(1) Re-circulated hydroponics system(2) Nutrient-film technique (NFT) 营养液膜技术；Lesson 4 Drip Irrigation Technology（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material：Drip Irrigation Technology(2) NMSU Scientist Studies Latest Drip Irrigation Technology 2．重、难点提示(1) Drip irrigation(2) Precision agricultureLesson 5 Plasticulture（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material：Plasticulture(2) The Future of Plasticulture: Challenges and Opportunities 2．重、难点提示(1) Plasticulture(2) Controlled environment agricultureLesson 6 Biotechnology and Horticulture（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Haploids and Anther Culture(2) Gene Transfer2．重、难点提示(1) What is biotechnology?(2) Gene TransferLesson 7 Crop Production Situation（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material：Crop Production Situation(2) CO2 Enrichment in Practice2．重、难点提示(1) Production situation 1 — potential yield as defined by CO2, radiation and temperature(2) Production situation 2a — attainable yield as limited by water(3) Production situation 2b — attainable yields as limited by nutrients(4) Production situation 3 — actual yields as reduced by effects of weeds, pests, diseases and pollutantsLesson 8 Dry Matter Production and Distribution（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Dry Matter Production and Distribution(2) The Growth and Yield Responses of strawberry to Elevated CO2 and N Supply 2．重、难点提示(1) Carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis(2) The breakdown of carbohydrates to yield energy for growth and cell activities.Lesson 9 Plant Biological Control and Natural Pollination（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Plant Biological Control and Natural Pollination(2) Insect Biology and Ecology: A Primer2．重、难点提示(1) Natural Pollination(2) Plant Biological ControlLesson 10 Plant Disease（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Plant Disease(2) Chemical Control in Integrated Pest Management (IPM)2．重、难点提示(1) Plant Disease(2) Integrated Pest ManagementLesson 11 Quality and Harvest of Horticultural Products（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Hand Harvesting of Fruit Crops(2) Postharvest Handling of Nine Specialty Cut Flower Species2．重、难点提示(1) Quality of Horticultural Produce(2) Harvesting of Horticultural ProduceLesson 12 Greenhouse Tomatoes（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Greenhouse Tomatoes(2) Botany of Tomato2．重、难点提示(1) Scheduling the Crop(2) Pest ManagementLesson 13 Pruning Fruit Trees（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Pruning Fruit Trees(2) The Jujube Fruit2．重、难点提示(1) Central leader system(2) Open-center systemLesson 14 Assortment of Ornamental Crops（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Assortment of Ornamental Crops(2) Static flowers and dynamic flowers2．重、难点提示(1) Cut flowers and pot plants(2) The main factors determining the quality of ornamental crops Lesson 15 Propagation of Horticultural Crops（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Propagation of Horticultural Crops(2) Selection Programmes in China2．重、难点提示(1) Propagation of Horticultural Crops(2) Kiwifruit Breeding Programmes in New ZealandLesson 16 Writing A Research Report（2学时）1．教学内容(1) Reading Material: Writing A Research Report(2)The Application of Tables and Figures on Writing a Scientific Paper 2．重、难点提示(1) Layout of a research report(2) Tenses of verbs七、学时分配八、课程考核方式1.考核方式笔试；开卷。

园艺专业英语Flower arranging basics

Flower Arranging BasicsFlower arrangements include many types such as bouquets, corsages, vase arrangements and basket arrangements; they can be used as decoration for all kinds of social occasions as well as everyday occasions. Beginners should be knowledgeable in all kinds of containers, tools and materials, the classification of flowers materials, the familiar geometric forms and the principles of design.Containers, tools and other materialsContainersContainers must be capable of holding water for most floral design uses; containers that do not hold water can be used with permanent materials. Customarily containers are made of glass, glazed pottery, metal porcelain or plastic. Metal is unsuitable for directly holding flowers because floral preservatives react with most metals.Containers come in many shapes and sizes. The most commonly used types include vases, bowls, baskets, dishes, bowls and many more creative containers.Cutting toolsFloral knife: This is used for cleanly cutting flower stems. The blade should be rigid and unbending.Florist shears: These are used for cutting light wire, cord, paper and ribbon.Pruning shears: These are used to cut heavy, hard woody plant materials that are difficult to cut with knives.Materials for anchoringPin holders: These are made up of staggered, closely spaced pins anchored to a heavy base, usually lead. They are usually attached to the container with floral clay, with stems being pressed on to the pins.Foams: These are kinds of sponge like material. There are two categories: moisture holding foams and non-moisture holding foams. Moisture holding foams are used for a variety of fresh floral arrangement, while non-moisture holding foams are used for arrangement with dry flowers or artificial materials. They are manufactured in various shapes, such as cones, balls, wreaths, hearts, etc.Styrofoam: This closed-cell plastic foam material does not absorb water. It functions as an anchor for stems of dry flowers or artificial flowers, to prevent them from moving around.Chicken wire: This type of wire can be rolled into a ball and placed into a container. Stems are then inserted into the folded mesh. This is usually utilized only with larger containers.Other tools and materialsFlorist tape and waterproof tape: florist tape is used for wrapping stems when wire is neededto support them, while waterproof tape is commonly used for binding and fixing wet foam to containers.Florist wire: It varies in thickness (gauge) with number 18 being the heaviest and number 32 being the finest, with the gauges in between being 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, and 30. Heavy wire used to support large floral stems or heavy flowers such as lilies and gladiolus; medium-weight wire used to support such flowers as roses, carnations and chrysanthemums; lightweight wire used for replacing flowers stems in corsages and wedding bouquets.Electric glue gun: The gun is electrically heated and the glue is dispensed in a liquid form that cools and hardens quickly. It is used to glue pinecones, ribbons, and accessories to wreaths and door swags, and dry flowers to baskets, etc.Ribbon: Most florist ribbon is sold in ‘bolts’ on cardboard spools. Ribbon is made of many materials such as satin, velvet, cotton, burlap, etc. Some ribbon is double-faced, but most are single-faced, and have only one desirable side.Classification of flowers using in flower arrangementThere are four basic categories of floral materials: line materials, mass materials, form materials, spray and fillers.Line materials are those in which the florets, the individual blossoms, grow along the main stem to create a line. Some examples of these flowers are: gladiolus, snapdragon, cattails, delphinium and lupine. Besides, Branching types that have a linear effect such as curly willow and eucalyptus are also under this category.Mass materials may be single stems with one solid flower head-like carnation; a single stem with a cluster of ball-shaped florets-like thistle; or a compact spray-like lilac. Other examples of mass flowers include: roses, chrysanthemums, gerbera, tulip, dahlia, daisy, camellia, geranium, peony and hydrangea.Form materials include those that have a precise and distinctive form, and are usually used at the focal point (center of interest) in an arrangement. Examples of form materials include bird-of-paradise, anthurium, orchids, iris and protea.Spray and fillers include those loose flowers that grow with a cluster of florets. They are used to fill in arrangements and give them solidity. Examples of filler materials include baby’s breath, aster, ageratum and limonium.No matter how many of the categories of flowers are used, the materials should be placed in appropriate way according to their role in the arrangement. (1) Line materials are used to establish the main lines, to form the silhouette, and to determine the size of the composition; (2) Mass materials give the arrangement body and weight. Note: Buds and smallest flowers should be placed at the outer edges, and growing larger as they approach the focal point;(3)Form materials are the ‘eye-catchers’, generally used to help create a focal point. Each form flower should be handled in such a way as to display its individual form; (4)Spray and fillers are useful in thetransition area between the silhouette and the focal point, with care taken not to spoil or overpower the design that has been created by the line, mass, and form material.Geometric formsAccording to the shapes and outlines of the arrangements, there are two categories of forms: symmetrical and asymmetrical.Symmetrical: These designs are created so that both sides of the design are equal. If a line were drawn down the center of the arrangement, both sides would have a similar look. The most commonly used shapes in flower arrangement are: even triangle, round, oblong, column, and radiating fan.These arrangements are usually quite formal; they are often utilized in all kinds of ceremonial occasions.Asymmetrical: arrangements containing different design elements on each side are considered to be asymmetrical. This type of arrangement must still have the correct weight on both sides to be visually pleasing. Uneven triangular shape, crescent, L-pattern, and S-pattern (Hogarth curve) are the commonly seen shapes.These forms are somewhat more informal than the symmetrical arrangements; they fit in well with all kinds of exhibitions and almost every informal room settings.Basic principles of floral arrangingBalance: Balance is one of the most important visual design principles. There are two kinds of balance: symmetrical balance and asymmetrical balance. Symmetrical balance can be obtained by placing similar flowers in each side of imaginary line down the center of a design. Asymmetrical balance is more dynamic than formal balance and normally keeps the learner’s attention focused on the visual message. Asymmetrical balance can be achieved by skillfully manipulating different shape, color, value, texture and position of plant materials.Scale and proportion: They are generally considered together or as synonyms in floral arrangement. Scale specifically evaluates the size of all the parts of an arrangement, including the container, the flowers, the foliages, the accessories and the base, while proportion specifically evaluates the relative size of parts of the design in relation to each other and to the arrangement as a whole. Whichever term selected, these size relationships are critical to effective arrangement. A size mismatch among the flowers, foliages, container, accessories, as well as the setting will detract from appreciation of the arrangement and composition.Since they are so many elements are involved together, most decisions are based on visual sense and there are few guidelines to help. However, some scale problems are obvious, such as trying to use large chrysanthemum flowers with miniature roses, or large calla leaves with small violet foliage.Harmony: Harmony means all component parts of the arrangement relate to and complementeach other, for example, the daisies, asters, calendulas and single chrysanthemums, furnishes many varieties similar in form. In addition, a successful arrangement must also in harmony with its surroundings.Rhythm: Rhythm refers to ‘flow’ in a floral arrangement. Repetition of a particular shape or the combination of related colors creates a flowing line or rhythm that is aesthetically appealing. Besides, rhythm can also be achieved by graduation and radiation.Graduation can be accomplished by placing the smaller buds and blooms toward the periphery of the arrangement and the largest blooms at the bottom or in the area of prominence. Parallel relationships may be seen for gradation from weaker to stronger lines and forms lighter to heavier color values and softer to coarser textures.In radiation, all lines appear to originate at a common (hidden) point behind the center of interest. Alternation, all the lines from the flower and foliage stems to converge at the visual center. As the eye falls on any of these lines, it is then led to the focus.。

园林专业英语

园林专业英语园林学landscape architecture，garden architecture 园林garden and park绿化greening，planting城市绿化urban greening，urban planting城市绿地urban green space公园绿地public park公园park儿童公园children park动物园zoo植物园botanical garden墓园cemetery garden盆景园penjng garden，miniature landscape盲人公园park for the blind花园garden历史名园historical garden and park风景名胜公园famous scenic park纪念公园memorial park街旁绿地roadside green space带状公园linear park专类公园theme park岩石园rock garden社区公园community park生产绿地productive plantation area防护绿地green buffer，green area for environmental protection附属绿地attached green space居住绿地green space attached to housing estate，residential green space 道路绿地green space attached to urban road and square屋顶花园roof garden立体绿化vertical planting风景林地scenic forest land城市绿地系统urban green space system城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning绿化覆盖面积green coverage绿化覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage绿地率greening rate，ratio of green space绿带green belt楔形绿地green wedge城市绿线boundary line of urban green space园林史landscape history，garden history古典园林classical garden囿hunting park苑imperial park皇家园林royal garden私家园林private garden寺庙园林monastery garden园林艺术garden art相地site investigation造景landscaping借景borrowed scencry，view borrowing园林意境poetic imagcry of garden透景线perspective line盆景miniature landscape，penjing插花flower arrangement季相seasonal appearance of plant园林规划garden planning，landscaping planning 园林布局garden layout园林设计garden design公园最大游人量maximum visitors capacity in park 地形设计topographical design园路设计garden path design种植设计planting design孤植specimen planting，isolated planting对植Opposite planting，coupled planting列植linear planting群植group planting，mass planting园林植物landscape plant观赏植物ornamental plant古树名木historical tree and famous wood species 地被植物ground cover plant攀缘植物climbing plant，climber温室植物greenhouse plant花卉flowering plant行道树avenue tree，street tree草坪lawn绿篱hedge花篱flower hedge花境flower border人工植物群落man-made planting habitat园林建筑garden building园林小品small garden ornaments园廊veranda，gallery，colonnade水榭waterside pavilion舫boat house园亭garden pavilion，pavilion园台platform月洞门moon gate花架pergola，trellis园林楹联couplet written on scroll，couplet on pillar园林匾额bian'e in garden园林工程garden engineering绿化工程plant engineering大树移植big tree transplanting假植heeling in，temporary planting基础种植foundation planting种植成活率ratio of living tree适地适树planting according to the environment造型修剪topiary园艺horticulture假山rockwork，artificial hill置石stone arrangement，stone layout掇山piled stone hill，hill making塑山man-made rock work园林理水water system layout in garden驳岸revetment in garden喷泉fountain风景名胜区landscape and famous scenery国家重点风景名胜区national park of China风景名胜区规划landscape and famous scenery planning 风景名胜famous scenery，famous scenic site风景资源scenery resource景物view，feature景点feature spot，view spot景区scenic zone景观landscape，scenery游览线touring route环境容量environmental capacity国家公园national park景观设计园林规划设计专业英语主入口大门/岗亭(车行& 人行) main entrance gate/guard house (for vehicle& pedestrian )2.次入口/岗亭(车行& 人行) 2nd entrance gate/guard house (for vehicle& pedestrian )3.商业中心入口entrance to shopping ctr.4.水景water feature5.小型露天剧场mini amphi-theatre6.迎宾景观-1 welcoming feature-17.观景木台timber deck (viewing)8.竹园bamboo garden9.漫步广场walkway plaza10.露天咖啡廊out door cafe11.巨大迎宾水景-2 grand welcoming feature-212.木桥timber bridge13.石景、水瀑、洞穴、观景台rock'scape waterfall's grotto/ viewing terrace14.吊桥hanging bridge15.休憩台地(低处) lounging terrace (lower )16.休憩台地(高处) lounging terrace (upper )17.特色踏步feature stepping stone18.野趣小溪river wild19.儿童乐园children's playground20.旱冰道slide21.羽毛球场badminton court22.旱景dry landscape23.日艺园japanese garden24.旱喷泉dry fountain25.观景台viewing deck26.游泳池swimming pool27.极可意jacuzzi28.嬉水池wading pool29.儿童泳池children's pool30.蜿蜒水墙winding wall31.石景雕塑rock sculpture32.中心广场central plaza34.桥bridge35.交流广场meditating plaza36.趣味树阵tree battle formation37.停车场paring area38.特色花架trellis39.雕塑小道sculpture trail40.(高尔夫)轻击区putting green41.高尔夫球会所golf clubhouse42.每栋建筑入口entrance paving to unit43.篮球场basketball court44.网球场tennis court45.阶梯***/种植槽terracing seatwall/planter46.广场main plaza47.森林、瀑布forest garden waterfall48.石景园rockery garden49.旱溪dry stream50.凉亭pavilion51.户外淋浴outdoor shower52.拉膜结构tensile structure53.台阶stair54.高尔夫球车停车场parking ( golf car )56.晨跑小路jogging footpath57.车道/人行道driveway /sidewalk58.人行漫步道promenade59.瀑布及跳舞喷泉(入口广场) water fall and dancing fountain ( entry plaza )60.特色入口entry feature 61.石景广场rockery plaza一总论（园林专业英语）001 园林学landscape architecture, garden ar-chitecture002 造园学garden making, landscape garden-ing003 环境园艺学environmental horticulture004 观赏园艺学ornamental horticulture005 园林艺术garden art006 园林美学garden aesthetics007 园林建筑学garden architecture008 园林建筑garden building009 园林工程garden engineering010 园林植物landscape plant011 观赏植物ornamental plant012 盆景miniature landscape, penjing013 园林garden and park014 园林学史history of garden architecture015 园林规划garden planning, landscaping planning 016 园林设计garden design017 园林机具设备gardening machine018 园林管理garden management019 园林生态landscape ecology020 绿化greening, planting021 环境绿化environmental greening022 绿地面积green area023 绿地率ratio of green space024 城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage025 工厂绿化 factory greening, factory garden-ing 026 街道绿化street greening, street planting027 车行道绿化driveway greening028 分车带绿化dividing stripe greening029 人行道绿化sidewalk greening030 群众绿化mass planting movement031 郊区绿化suburban greening032 公路绿化highway greening033 铁路绿化railway greening, railway planting034 堤岸种植bank planting035 阳台绿化balcony greening036 窗台绿化window-sill greening037 屋顶绿化roof greening038 垂直绿化vertical greening039 攀缘绿化climber greening040 桥头绿化bridgehead greening041 花园garden042 专类花园specified flower garden043 花园村garden village044 园林城市landscape garden city045 蔷薇园rose garden046 松柏园conifer garden047 球根园bulb garden048 宿根园perennial garden049 假山园rock garden, chinese rockery050 狩猎场hunting ground051 街心花园street crossing center garden052 小游园petty street garden053 水景园water garden054 铺地园paved garden055 野趣园wild plants botanical garden056 野生植物园wild plants garden057 乡趣园rustic garden058 盆景园penjing garden, miniature land-scape059 动物园zoo, zoological garden060 墓园cemetery garden061 沼泽园bog and marsh garden062 水生植物园aquatic plants garden063 学校园school garden064 室内花园indoor garden065 芳香花园fragrant garden066 盲人花园garden for the blind067 公园park, public park068 城市公园city park, urban park069 区公园regional park070 儿童公园children park071 体育公园sports park072 森林公园forest park073 纪念公园memorial park074 烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park075 综合公园comprehensive park076 文化公园cultural park077 文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park 078 中央公园central park079 天然公园natural park080 海滨公园seaside park, seabeach park081 古迹公园historic site park082 河滨公园riverside park083 湖滨公园lakeside park084 路边公园roadside park, street park085 娱乐公园amusement park086 雕塑公园sculpture park087 休憩公园recreation park088 疗养公园sanatorium park089 国家公园national park090 邻里公园neighborhood park091 特种公园special park092 植物园botanical garden093 植物公园abeled plants park094 高山植物园alpine garden095 热带植物园tropical plants garden096 药用植物园medical plants garden, herb garden 097 绿地green space098 公共绿地public green space099 单位绿地unit green area100 城市绿地urban green space101 街道广场绿地street and square green area 102 居住区绿地residential quarter green area103 防护绿地green area for environmental protection 104 郊区绿地suburban green space105 街坊绿地residential block green belt106 附属绿地attached green space107 生产绿地productive plantation area108 苗圃nursery109 风景landscape, scenery110 自然景观natural landscape111 人文景观human landscape, scenery of humanities 112 草原景观prairie landscape113 山岳景观mountain landscape, alpine landscape 114 地理景观geographical landscape115 湖泊景观lake view116 郊区景观suburban landscape117 地质景观geological landscape118 喀斯特景观karst landscape119 植物景观plants landscape, flora landscape2.1 中国园林史英文对照120 中国古典园林classical chinese garden121 中国传统园林traditional chinese garden122 中国古代园林ancient chinese garden123 中国山水园chinese mountain and water garden 124 帝王宫苑imperial palace garden125 皇家园林royal garden126 私家园林private garden127 江南园林garden on the yangtze delta2.2 西方园林史英文对照128 西方古典园林western classical garden129 英国式园林english style garden130 中英混合式园林anglo-chinese style garden 131 意大利式园林italian style garden132 西班牙式园林spanish style garden133 法兰西式园林french style garden134 勒诺特尔式园林le notre’s style garden135 文艺复兴庄园renaissance style villa136 洛可可式园林rococo style garden137 巴洛克式园林baroque style garden138 庄园manor, villa garden139 廊柱园peristyle garden, patio140 绿廊xystus141 迷阵maze, labyrinth2.3 典型中西园林142 灵囿ling you hunting garden143 灵沼ling zhao water garden144 灵台ling tai platform garden145 阿房宫e-pang palace146 上林苑shang-lin yuan147 未央宫wei-yang palace148 洛阳宫luoyang palace149 华清官hua-qing palace150 艮岳gen yue imperial garden151 圆明园yuan-ming yuan imperial garden152 颐和园yi-he yuan imperial garden,summer palace 153 承德避暑山庄chengde imperial summer resort154 苏州园林suzhou traditional garden155 悬园hanging garden156 英国皇家植物园royal botanical garden, kew garden 157 凡尔赛宫苑versailles palace park158 枫丹白露宫园fontainebleau palace garden2.4 园林艺术类159 景view, scenery, feature160 远景distant view161 近景nearby view162 障景obstructive scenery, blocking view163 借景borrowed scenery, view borrowing164 对景opposite scenery, view in opposite place 165 缩景miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery 166 漏景leaking through scenery167 框景enframed scenery168 尾景terminal feature169 主景main feature170 副景secondary feature171 配景objective view172 夹景vista line, vista173 前景front view174 背景background175 景序order of sceneries176 景点feature spot, view spot177 仰视景观upward landscape178 俯视景观downward landscape179 季相景观seasonal phenomena180 气象景观meteorological diversity scenery 181 视野visual field182 秋色fall color, autumn color183 园林空间garden space184 开敞空间wide open space, wide space 185 封闭空间enclosure space186 意境artistic conception, poetic imagery 187 苍古antiquity188 空灵spaciousness, airiness189 动观in-motion viewing190 静观in-position viewing191 视错觉visual illusion192 园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden 193 对称平衡symmetrical balance194 不对称平衡asymmetrical balance195 左右对称bilateral symmetry196 辐射对称radial symmetry197 透景线perspective line198 轴线axis, axial line199 主轴main axis200 副轴auxiliary axis201 暗轴hidden axis, invisible axis202 树冠线skyline203 园林色彩艺术art of garden colors204 单色谐调monochromatic harmony205 复色谐调compound chromatic harmony206 对比色突出contrast colors accent207 近似色谐调approximate colors harmony208 暖色warm color209 冷色cool color210 色感color sense211 城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning 212 绿地系统green space system213 公共绿地定额public green space quota214 公共绿地指标public green space norm215 绿地布局green space layout216 吸引圈attractive circle217 吸引距离attractive distance218 有效半径effective radius219 绿地资源green space resource220 绿地效果green space effect221 绿地规划程序planning procedure of the green space 222 空间规划space planning223 形象规划image plan224 实施规划implementary plan225 必要生活空间necessary living space226 余暇生活空间leisure time living space 227 利用频度usage frequency228 树种规划planning of trees and shrubs 229 绿地类型type of green space230 环状绿型annular green space231 块状绿地green plot232 点状绿地green spot233 放射状绿地radiate green space234 楔状绿地wedge-shaped green space 235 缓冲绿地buffer green space236 防音绿地noiseproof green space237 科学景观论scientific landscape theory 238 园林保留地reserve garden239 公园规划park planning240 园林总体规划garden master planning 241 总平面规划site planning242 园林分区garden zoning243 安静休息区tranquil rest area244 儿童活动区children playing space245 儿童游戏场children playground, playlot 246 体育运动区sports activities area247 野餐区picnic place248 散步区pedestrian space249 群众集会区mass meeting square250 观赏植物区ornamental plants area251 观赏温室区display greenhouse area, display conservatory area 252 草坪区lawn space253 绿荫区shade tree section254 历史古迹区historical relics area255 青少年活动区youngsters activities area256 诱鸟区bird sanctuary area257 钓鱼区fishing center258 野营区camp site259 游人中心visitors center260 服务中心service center261 探险游乐场adventure ground262 文化活动区cultural activities area263 道路系统approach system, road system264 环形道路系统circular road system265 方格形道路系统latticed road system266 放射形道路系统radiate road system267 自然式道路系统informal road system268 规整式道路系统formal road system269 混合式道路系统mixed style road system270 园林规划图garden planning map271 园林规划说明书garden planning direction272 城市公园系统urban park system273 公园分布distribution of parks274 公园类型park type, park category275 公园间距distance between parks276 公园形式park styles277 游览区 excursion area, open-to-public area 278 非游览区no-admittance area279 办公区administrative area280 服务区service center281 动休息区dynamic rest space282 静休息区static rest space283 娱乐演出区entertaining performance place 284 主要入口main entrance285 次要入口secondary entrance286 人流量visitors flowrate287 车流量vehicle flowrate288 公园道路park road289 公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio290 游人容纳量visitors capacity291 风景资源调查 landscape resource evaluation292 风景学scenicology293 风景规划landscape plan294 风景设计landscape design295 游览路线touring route296 旅游资源tourism resource297 旅游地理tourism geography298 旅游地质tourism geology299 历史名城famous historical city300 文化名城famous cultural city301 文化遗址ancient cultural relic302 天然博物馆natural open museum303 风景地貌natural geomorphology304 造型地貌imaginative geomorphologic figuration 305 风景区scenic spot, scenic area306 风景名胜 famous scenery, famous scenic site 307 特异景观风景区 specific natural scenes area 308 民族风俗风景区scenic spot of minority customs 309 高山风景区alpine scenic spot310 海滨风景区seabeach scenic spot311 森林风景区forest scenic spot312 高山草甸风景区alpine tundra landscape spot 313 峡谷风景区valley scenic spot314 江河风景区river landscape district315 湖泊风景区lake round scenic spot316 温泉风景区hot spring scenic spot317 瀑布风景区waterfall scenic spot318 禁伐禁猎区region forbidden to tree cutting and hunting 319 封山育林区region closed for afforestation320 天池风景区crater lake scenic spot321 自然保护区nature protection area322 科学保护区protection area for scientific research323 天然纪念物natural monument324 生物圈保护区biosphere protection area2.5 园林设计专业英文对照325 园林设计师landscape architect, garden designer326 园址测量图garden site survey map327 地形图topographic map, contour map328 种植设计planting design329 地形改造设计topographical reform design330 种植大样图detail planting design331 造价分析cost analysis332 园林形式garden style333 规整式园林formal garden style334 非规整园林informal garden style335 几何式园林geometric garden style336 自然式园林natural garden style337 混合式园林mixed garden style338 近代巴洛克式园林modern baroque style 339 马克斯抽象园林r.b. marx abstract garden 340 园林区划garden area division341 园林分区规划garden block planning342 庭院花园courtyard garden343 前庭front yard, forecourt344 后庭back yard, rear yard345 中庭patio346 厨园kitchen yard347 沉[床]园sunken garden348 窗园window garden349 墙园wall garden350 宅园home garden351 台地园terrace garden352 冬园winter garden353 切花园cut flower garden354 屋顶花园roof garden355 后花园back yard garden356 园林地形改造topographical reform of garden357 土山earth piled hill, artificial mound358 假山rockery, artificial rockwork359 太湖石taihu lake stone, water modelled stone 360 黄石yellowish brown stone361 人造假山石artificial stone, man-made stone 362 孤赏石monolith, standing stone363 掇山piled stone hill, hill making364 叠石stones laying365 板石flag stone366 散点石scattered stone367 抱角石corner stone368 屋基石foundation stone369 排衙石guard stone370 屏石screen stone371 石岸rock bank372 石阶stone steps373 汀步stepping stone on water surface374 附壁石stone appended to wall375 石花台stone flower bed376 石凳stone bench377 假山石挡土墙rock retaining wall378 干砌石dry stone wall379 假山石楼梯rock stairway380 石亭stone pavilion381 石洞stone cavern382 石窟grotto383 置石stone arrangement, stone layout 384 拱石arch stone385 拱顶石key stone386 园林水景water scenes of garden387 水体water body388 水面water surface389 水池pool390 水塘pond391 喷泉fountain392 喷水池fountain pool393 涉水池wading pool394 倒影池mirror pool, reflecting pool395 睡莲池water-lily pool396 喷水管布置piping schema397 钓鱼塘fishing pond398 高水位池塘high water table pond399 池边坐人矮墙seat wall surrounded pool 400 隐头喷泉secret fountain401 岛园island garden402 半岛园peninsula garden403 小岛isle404 瀑布waterfall405 小瀑布cascade406 湖lake407 矶rock projecting over water408 水帘洞water curtain cave409 园桥garden bridge410 拱桥arch bridge411 石板桥stone slab bridge412 木板桥plank bridge413 圆木桥log bridge414 亭桥pavilion bridge415 曲桥zigzag bridge416 壁泉wall fountain417 饮水喷头drinking fountain418 植物配植plant arrangement419 树木配植arrangement of trees and shrubs 420 群植group planting, mass planting421 孤植specimen planting, isolated planting 422 丛植clump planting423 组植group planting424 林植forest planting425 列植linear planting426 对植opposite planting, coupled planting 427 环植circular planting428 带植belt planting429 散植scattered planting, loose planting 430 边缘种植edge planting431 边界种植boundary planting432 整形种植architectural planting433 基础种植foundation planting434 角隅种植corner planting435 景框种植planting as enframent436 门卫种植guard planting437 篱恒种植fence planting438 障景种植screen planting439 背景种植background planting440 林下种植underwood planting441 路边种植roadside planting442 绿篱hedge443 树墙espalier444 庭荫树shade tree445 园景树specimen tree446 风景林amenity forest, ornamental forest 447 行道树avenue tree, street tree448 纪念林memorial forest449 整型树topiary tree450 花篱flower hedge’451 刺篱thorny plants hedge452 常绿绿篱evergreen hedge453 落叶绿篱deciduous hedge454 高篱high hedge455 沟中边篱hah-hah fence456 图案矮篱pattern dwarf hedge457 迷宫绿篱labyrinth hedge458 整剪绿篱clipped hedge459 自然式花篱natural flowering hedge460 边篱boundary fence461 园篱garden fence, garden hedge462 纯林pure forest463 混交林mixed forest464 林间隙地open space in woodland465 杂木林spinney466 树冠覆盖面tree canopy467 草坪lawn468 整形草坪formal lawn469 开花草坪flowering lawn470 牧场草坪meadowy land471 花坛flower bed472 路边花坛roadside flower bed473 带状花坛ribbon flower bed474 时钟花坛flower clock475 盆栽花坛potted flower bed, basined flower bed 476 高设花台raised flower bed477 毛毡花坛carpet bed478 镶嵌花坛mosaic bed479 铺石花坛paved bed480 灌木花坛shrub bed481 图案花坛群parterre482 草药花坛herbaceous flower bed483 花结花坛knot bed484 整形花坛formal flower bed485 花境flower border486 花桶flower tub487 植树箱planting box488 活动花坛movable flower bed489 瓶饰garden vase490 灌木花境shrub border491 混合花境mixed border492 园林道路设计garden road design, garden path design 493 漫步路trail, footway494 小径alley, path495 川草坪岛lawn island496 安全岛traffic island, refuge island497 转弯曲度turning curvature498 转弯半径turning radius499 踏面landing pitch500 步石stepping stone501 涉水踏步wading step502 错铺路crazy paving path503 随意组合方石板路flag stone path paved at random 504 花纹路pattern path505 林荫路mall506 林荫大道boulevard507 花园路parkway508 林间小道path in woodland509 种植池planting bed510 树池保护格栅tree grate511 树干保护套栏tree guard512 树池坐凳矮墙seatwall-surrounded planting 513 路面线纹score line514 传统园林建筑traditional garden building 515 凉亭summer shelter516 活树亭arbor, tent arbor517 蘑菇亭mushroom pavilion518 茅亭thatched pavilion519 竹亭bamboo pavilion520 茶亭tea booth, tea kiosk521 回廊cloister522 水廊corridor on water523 曲廊zigzag veranda524 扒山廊sloping gallery525 楼廊two-storied gallery526 画舫painted pleasure boat527 石舫stone boat528 不击舟immovable pleasure boat529 诗条石poem-engraved stone slab530 月洞门moon gate531 扶手栏杆handrail532 坐凳栏杆seat rail533 石碑stone tablet, stele534 园林露天剧场open garden theater535 园林露天舞池open garden dancing place 536 露天音乐台outdoor music stand537 眺望台prospect deck538 繁殖温室plant propagation greenhouse539 展览温室public conservatory540 月池new-moon pool541 园林小品small garden ornaments542 磁砖壁画painted tile mural tablet543 园椅garden chair, garden seat544 园凳garden bench545 园桌garden table546 园灯garden lamp547 日规sundial548 鸟浴bird bath549 鸟舍bird cottage, nestle box550 鸟笼bird cage, bird coop551 悬篮hanging basket552 野鸟喂食器bird feeder553 额匾horizontal inscribed board554 楹联couplet written on scroll, couplet on pillar555 引露天烤炉open barbecue556 树棚living-tree pergola557 花架pergola558 花格架trellis, treillage559 点景牌楼 naming pailou, decorated archway560 园林施工garden layout, garden construction561 种植工程planting engineering562 大树移植big tree transplanting563 裸根移植bare root transplanting564 土球移植ball transplanting565 沟植trench planting566 假植heeling in, temporary planting567 播种草坪seeding lawn568 铺草皮块草坪sodding lawn569 假山工程rockery engineering570 掇山五法five methods" of rock piling571 等分平衡法method of making the rock equa-tional and balanced572 前轻后重法method of making the front part of rock lighter than the back part 573 上轻下重法method of lowering the center of gravity of rocks574 纹理统一法method of unifying the rock veins575 石料统一法method of unifying the rock mate-rials576 观赏树木ornamental tree and shrub578 观果植物fruit-effect plant579 观枝干植物plants with ornamental trunks and branches 580 指示植物indicating plant581 主景植物accent plant582 耐湿植物damp tolerant plant583 抗风植物wind-resistant plant584 耐盐碱植物saline-alkali tolerant plant585 市花city flower586 市树city tree587 国花national flower588 国树national tree589 芳香植物fragrant plant590 抗污染植物pollution resistant plant591 环保植物environment protecting plant592 高山植物alpine plant593 岩生植物rock plant594 攀缘植物climbing plant, climber595 地被植物ground cover plant596 阴生植物shade plant597 装饰植物decorative plant598 装缘植物edging plant600 草坪植物lawn plant, lawn grass601 花坛植物bedding plant602 球根植物bulbous plant603 宿根植物perennial plant, perennial604 水生植物aquatic plant, hydrophyte605 旱生植物xerophyte606 沼泽植物bog plant, swamp plant607 室内装饰植物indoor decorative plant, house plant 608 切花cut flower609 垂枝植物pendulous plant, weeping plant610 缠绕植物twiner, twinning plant611 针叶植物needle-leaved plant612 阔叶植物broad-leaved plant613 斑叶植物variegate-leaved plant614 松柏植物conifer615 常绿植物evergreen plant616 半常绿植物semi-evergreen plant617 不耐寒植物tender plant618 半耐寒植物half-hardy plant619 耐寒植物hardy plant620 耐旱植物drought enduring plant621 山石材料stone material622 昆山石kunshan stone623 钟乳石stalactite624 灵壁石lingbi stone625 英德石yingde stone626 青石qing stone627 宣石xuan stone628 房山石fangshan stone629 观赏动物ornamental animal630 观赏鸟类ornamental bird631 观赏兽类ornamental beast632 观赏昆虫类ornamental insect中国古典园林----classical Chinesegarden中国传统园林----traditional Chinese garden中国古代园林----ancient Chinese garden中国山水园----Chinese mountain and water garden 帝王宫苑---- imperial palace garden皇家园林----royal garden私家园林----private garden江南园林----garden on the Yangtze delta西方古典园林----western classical garden英国式园林---- English style garden中英混合式园林----angle Chinese style garden 意大利式园林----Italian style garden西班牙式园林----Spanish style garden法兰西式园林----French style garden勒诺特尔式园林----le notre's style garden文艺复兴庄园----renaissance style garden洛可可式园林----rococo style garden巴洛克式园林----baroque style garden庄园----manor,villa garden廊柱园----peristyle garden,patio绿廊----xystus迷阵----maze,labyrinth灵囿----ling you hunting garden周代术语灵沼----ling zhao water garden周代术语灵台----ling tai platform garden周代术语阿房宫----e-pang palace秦代术语上林苑----shang-lin yuan汉代术语未央宫----wei-yang palace汉代术语洛阳宫----luoyang palace魏代术语华清宫----hua-qing palace唐代术语艮岳----gen yue imperial garden宋代术语圆明园----yuan-ming yuan imperial garden颐和园----yi-he yuan imperial garden承德避暑山庄----chengde imperial summer resort苏州园林----suzhou traditional garden悬园---- hanging garden 又称“悬空园”，“架高园”。

园林专业英语

2.0001 园林学 landscape architecture, garden ar-chitecture 2.0002 造园学 garden making, landscape garden-ing2.0003 环境园艺学 environmental horticulture2.0004 观赏园艺学 ornamental horticulture2.0005 园林艺术 garden art2.0006 园林美学 garden aesthetics2.0007 园林建筑学 garden architecture2.0008 园林建筑 garden building2.0009 园林工程 garden engineering2.0010 园林植物 landscape plant2.0011 观赏植物 ornamental plant2.0012 盆景 miniature landscape, penjing2.0013 园林 garden and park2.0014 园林学史 history of garden architecture2.0015 园林规划 garden planning, landscaping planning2.0016 园林设计 garden design2.0017 园林机具设备gardening machine2.0018 园林管理 garden management2.0019 园林生态 landscape ecology2.0020 绿化 greening, planting2.0021 环境绿化 environmental greening2.0022 绿地面积 green area2.0023 绿地率 ratio of green space2.0024 城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage2.0025 工厂绿化 factory greening, factory garden-ing2.0026 街道绿化 street greening, street planting2.0027 车行道绿化driveway greening2.0028 分车带绿化dividing stripe greening2.0029 人行道绿化sidewalk greening2.0030 群众绿化 mass planting movement2.0031 郊区绿化 suburban greening2.0032 公路绿化 highway greening2.0033 铁路绿化 railway greening, railway planting2.0034 堤岸种植 bank planting2.0035 阳台绿化 balcony greening2.0036 窗台绿化 window-sill greening2.0037 屋顶绿化 roof greening2.0038 垂直绿化 vertical greening2.0039 攀缘绿化 climber greening2.0040 桥头绿化 bridgehead greening2.0041 花园 garden2.0042 专类花园 specified flower garden2.0043 花园村 garden village2.0044 园林城市 landscape garden city2.0045 蔷薇园 rose garden2.0046 松柏园 conifer garden2.0047 球根园 bulb garden2.0048 宿根园 perennial garden2.0049 假山园 rock garden, Chinese rockery2.0050 狩猎场 hunting ground2.0051 街心花园 street crossing center garden2.0052 小游园 petty street garden2.0053 水景园 water garden2.0054 铺地园 paved garden2.0055 野趣园 wild plants botanical garden2.0056 野生植物园wild plants garden2.0057 乡趣园 rustic garden2.0058 盆景园 penjing garden, miniature land-scape 2.0059 动物园 zoo, zoological garden2.0060 墓园 cemetery garden2.0061 沼泽园 bog and marsh garden2.0062 水生植物园aquatic plants garden2.0063 学校园 school garden2.0064 室内花园 indoor garden2.0065 芳香花园 fragrant garden2.0066 盲人花园 garden for the blind2.0067 公园 park, public park2.0068 城市公园 city park, urban park2.0069 区公园 regional park2.0070 儿童公园 children park2.0071 体育公园 sports park2.0072 森林公园 forest park2.0073 纪念公园 memorial park2.0074 烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park2.0075 综合公园 comprehensive park2.0076 文化公园 cultural park2.0077 文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park2.0078 中央公园 central park2.0079 天然公园 natural park2.0080 海滨公园 seaside park, seabeach park2.0081 古迹公园 historic site park2.0082 河滨公园 riverside park2.0083 湖滨公园 lakeside park2.0084 路边公园 roadside park, street park2.0085 娱乐公园 amusement park2.0086 雕塑公园 sculpture park2.0087 休憩公园 recreation park2.0088 疗养公园 sanatorium park2.0089 国家公园 national park2.0090 邻里公园 neighborhood park2.0091 特种公园 special park2.0092 植物园 botanical garden2.0093 植物公园 abeled plants park2.0094 高山植物园 alpine garden2.0095 热带植物园 tropical plants garden2.0096 药用植物园 medical plants garden, herb garden 2.0097 绿地 green space2.0098 公共绿地 public green space2.0099 单位绿地 unit green area2.0100 城市绿地 urban green space2.0101 街道广场绿地street and square green area2.0102 居住区绿地 residential quarter green area2.0103 防护绿地 green area for environmental protection 2.0104 郊区绿地 suburban green space2.0105 街坊绿地 residential block green belt2.0106 附属绿地 attached green space2.0107 生产绿地 productive plantation area2.0108 苗圃 nursery2.0109 风景 landscape, scenery2.0110 自然景观 natural landscape2.0111 人文景观 human landscape, scenery of humanities 2.0112 草原景观 prairie landscape2.0113 山岳景观 mountain landscape, alpine landscape 2.0114 地理景观 geographical landscape2.0115 湖泊景观 lake view2.0116 郊区景观 suburban landscape2.0117 地质景观 geological landscape2.0118 喀斯特景观 karst landscape2.0119 植物景观 plants landscape, flora landscape园林史 02.2.1 中国园林史 2.0120 中国古典园林classical Chinese garden2.0121 中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden2.0122 中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden2.0123 中国山水园 Chinese mountain and water garden 2.0124 帝王宫苑 imperial palace garden2.0125 皇家园林 royal garden2.0126 私家园林 private garden2.0127 江南园林 garden on the Yangtze Delta02.2.2 西方园林史 2.0128 西方古典园林 western classical garden2.0129 英国式园林 English style garden2.0130 中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden2.0131 意大利式园林 Italian style garden2.0132 西班牙式园林 Spanish style garden2.0133 法兰西式园林 French style garden2.0134 勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre's style garden2.0135 文艺复兴庄园 Renaissance style villa2.0136 洛可可式园林 Rococo style garden2.0137 巴洛克式园林 Baroque style garden2.0138 庄园 manor, villa garden2.0139 廊柱园 peristyle garden, patio2.0140 绿廊 xystus2.0141 迷阵 maze, labyrinth02.2.3 典型中西园林 2.0142 灵囿 Ling You Hunting Garden2.0143 灵沼 Ling Zhao Water Garden2.0144 灵台 Ling Tai Platform Garden2.0145 阿房宫 E-Pang Palace2.0146 上林苑 Shang-Lin Yuan2.0147 未央宫 Wei-Yang Palace2.0148 洛阳宫 Luoyang Palace2.0149 华清官 Hua-Qing Palace2.0150 艮岳 Gen Yue Imperial Garden2.0151 圆明园 Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden2.0152 颐和园 Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace 2.0153 承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort2.0154 苏州园林 Suzhou traditional garden2.0155 悬园 Hanging Garden2.0156 英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden 2.0157 凡尔赛宫苑 Versailles Palace Park2.0158 枫丹白露宫园 Fontainebleau Palace Garden02.3 园林艺术 2.0159 景 view, scenery, feature2.0160 远景 distant view2.0161 近景 nearby view2.0162 障景 obstructive scenery, blocking view2.0163 借景 borrowed scenery, view borrowing2.0164 对景 opposite scenery, view in opposite place2.0165 缩景 miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery2.0166 漏景 leaking through scenery2.0167 框景 enframed scenery2.0168 尾景 terminal feature2.0169 主景 main feature2.0170 副景 secondary feature2.0171 配景 objective view2.0172 夹景 vista line, vista2.0173 前景 front view2.0174 背景 background2.0175 景序 order of sceneries2.0176 景点 feature spot, view spot2.0177 仰视景观 upward landscape2.0178 俯视景观 downward landscape2.0179 季相景观 seasonal phenomena2.0180 气象景观 meteorological diversity scenery2.0181 视野 visual field2.0182 秋色fall color, autumn color2.0183 园林空间 garden space2.0184 开敞空间 wide open space, wide space2.0185 封闭空间 enclosure space2.0186 意境 artistic conception, poetic imagery2.0187 苍古 antiquity2.0188 空灵 spaciousness, airiness2.0189 动观 in-motion viewing2.0190 静观 in-position viewing2.0191 视错觉 visual illusion2.0192 园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden2.0193 对称平衡 symmetrical balance2.0194 不对称平衡asymmetrical balance2.0195 左右对称 bilateral symmetry2.0196 辐射对称 radial symmetry2.0197 透景线 perspective line2.0198 轴线 axis, axial line2.0199 主轴 main axis2.0200 副轴 auxiliary axis2.0201 暗轴 hidden axis, invisible axis2.0202 树冠线 skyline2.0203 园林色彩艺术 art of garden colors2.0204 单色谐调 monochromatic harmony2.0205 复色谐调 compound chromatic harmony2.0206 对比色突出 contrast colors accent2.0207 近似色谐调 approximate colors harmony2.0208 暖色 warm color2.0209 冷色 cool color2.0210 色感 color sense2.0211 城市绿地系统规划 urban green space system planning2.0212 绿地系统 green space system2.0213 公共绿地定额 public green space quota2.0214 公共绿地指标 public green space norm2.0215 绿地布局 green space layout2.0216 吸引圈 attractive circle2.0217 吸引距离 attractive distance2.0218 有效半径 effective radius2.0219 绿地资源 green space resource2.0220 绿地效果 green space effect2.0221 绿地规划程序 planning procedure of the green space 2.0222 空间规划 space planning2.0223 形象规划 image plan2.0224 实施规划 implementary plan2.0225 必要生活空间 necessary living space2.0226 余暇生活空间 leisure time living space2.0227 利用频度 usage frequency2.0228 树种规划 planning of trees and shrubs2.0229 绿地类型 type of green space2.0230 环状绿型 annular green space2.0231 块状绿地 green plot2.0232 点状绿地 green spot2.0233 放射状绿地 radiate green space2.0234 楔状绿地 wedge-shaped green space2.0235 缓冲绿地 buffer green space2.0236 防音绿地 noiseproof green space2.0237 科学景观论 scientific landscape theory2.0238 园林保留地 reserve garden2.0239 公园规划 park planning2.0240 园林总体规划 garden master planning2.0241 总平面规划 site planning2.0242 园林分区 garden zoning2.0243 安静休息区 tranquil rest area2.0244 儿童活动区 children playing space2.0245 儿童游戏场 children playground, playlot2.0246 体育运动区 sports activities area2.0247 野餐区 picnic place2.0248 散步区 pedestrian space2.0249 群众集会区mass meeting square2.0250 观赏植物区ornamental plants area2.0251 观赏温室区display greenhouse area, display conservatory area2.0252 草坪区 lawn space2.0253 绿荫区 shade tree section2.0254 历史古迹区 historical relics area2.0255 青少年活动区 youngsters activities area2.0256 诱鸟区 bird sanctuary area2.0257 钓鱼区 fishing center2.0258 野营区 camp site2.0259 游人中心 visitors center2.0260 服务中心 service center2.0261 探险游乐场 adventure ground2.0262 文化活动区 cultural activities area2.0263 道路系统 approach system, road system2.0264 环形道路系统 circular road system2.0265 方格形道路系统 latticed road system2.0266 放射形道路系统 radiate road system2.0267 自然式道路系统 informal road system2.0268 规整式道路系统 formal road system2.0269 混合式道路系统 mixed style road system2.0270 园林规划图 garden planning map2.0271 园林规划说明书 garden planning direction2.0272 城市公园系统 urban park system2.0273 公园分布 distribution of parks2.0274 公园类型 park type, park category2.0275 公园间距 distance between parks2.0276 公园形式 park styles2.0277 游览区 excursion area, open-to-public area2.0278 非游览区 no-admittance area2.0279 办公区 administrative area2.0280 服务区 service center2.0281 动休息区 dynamic rest space2.0282 静休息区 static rest space2.0283 娱乐演出区 entertaining performance place2.0284 主要入口 main entrance2.0285 次要入口 secondary entrance2.0286 人流量 visitors flowrate2.0287 车流量 vehicle flowrate2.0288 公园道路 park road2.0289 公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio2.0290 游人容纳量 visitors capacity2.0291 风景资源调查landscape resource evaluation2.0292 风景学 scenicology2.0293 风景规划 landscape plan2.0294 风景设计 landscape design2.0295 游览路线 touring route2.0296 旅游资源 tourism resource2.0297 旅游地理 tourism geography2.0298 旅游地质 tourism geology2.0299 历史名城 famous historical city2.0300 文化名城 famous cultural city2.0301 文化遗址 ancient cultural relic2.0302 天然博物馆 natural open museum2.0303 风景地貌 natural geomorphology2.0304 造型地貌 imaginative geomorphologic figuration2.0305 风景区 scenic spot, scenic area2.0306 风景名胜 famous scenery, famous scenic site2.0307 特异景观风景区specific natural scenes area2.0308 民族风俗风景区scenic spot of minority customs2.0309 高山风景区 alpine scenic spot2.0310 海滨风景区 seabeach scenic spot2.0311 森林风景区 forest scenic spot2.0312 高山草甸风景区alpine tundra landscape spot2.0313 峡谷风景区 valley scenic spot2.0314 江河风景区 river landscape district2.0315 湖泊风景区 lake round scenic spot2.0316 温泉风景区 hot spring scenic spot2.0317 瀑布风景区 waterfall scenic spot2.0318 禁伐禁猎区region forbidden to tree cutting andhunting2.0319 封山育林区 region closed for afforestation2.0320 天池风景区 crater lake scenic spot2.0321 自然保护区 nature protection area2.0322 科学保护区 protection area for scientific research 2.0323 天然纪念物 natural monument2.0324 生物圈保护区 biosphere protection area02.5 园林设计 2.0325 园林设计师 landscape architect, garden designer 2.0326 园址测量图 garden site survey map2.0327 地形图 topographic map, contour map2.0328 种植设计 planting design2.0329 地形改造设计topographical reform design2.0330 种植大样图detail planting design2.0331 造价分析 cost analysis2.0332 园林形式 garden style2.0333 规整式园林 formal garden style2.0334 非规整园林 informal garden style2.0335 几何式园林 geometric garden style2.0336 自然式园林 natural garden style2.0337 混合式园林 mixed garden style2.0338 近代巴洛克式园林 modern Baroque style2.0339 马克斯抽象园林 R.B. Marx abstract garden2.0340 园林区划 garden area division2.0341 园林分区规划 garden block planning2.0342 庭院花园 courtyard garden2.0343 前庭 front yard, forecourt2.0344 后庭 back yard, rear yard2.0345 中庭 patio2.0346 厨园 kitchen yard2.0347 沉[床]园 sunken garden2.0348 窗园 window garden2.0349 墙园 wall garden2.0350 宅园 home garden2.0351 台地园 terrace garden2.0352 冬园 winter garden2.0353 切花园 cut flower garden2.0354 屋顶花园 roof garden2.0355 后花园 back yard garden2.0356 园林地形改造 topographical reform of garden 2.0357 土山 earth piled hill, artificial mound2.0358 假山 rockery, artificial rockwork2.0359 太湖石 Taihu Lake stone, water modelled stone 2.0360 黄石 yellowish brown stone2.0361 人造假山石 artificial stone, man-made stone 2.0362 孤赏石 monolith, standing stone2.0363 掇山 piled stone hill, hill making2.0364 叠石 stones laying2.0365 板石 flag stone2.0366 散点石 scattered stone2.0367 抱角石 corner stone2.0368 屋基石 foundation stone2.0369 排衙石 guard stone2.0370 屏石 screen stone2.0371 石岸 rock bank2.0372 石阶 stone steps2.0373 汀步 stepping stone on water surface2.0374 附壁石 stone appended to wall2.0375 石花台 stone flower bed2.0376 石凳 stone bench2.0377 假山石挡土墙 rock retaining wall2.0378 干砌石 dry stone wall2.0379 假山石楼梯 rock stairway2.0380 石亭 stone pavilion2.0381 石洞 stone cavern2.0382 石窟 grotto2.0383 置石 stone arrangement, stone layout2.0384 拱石 arch stone2.0385 拱顶石 key stone2.0386 园林水景 water scenes of garden2.0387 水体 water body2.0388 水面 water surface2.0389 水池 pool2.0390 水塘 pond2.0391 喷泉 fountain2.0392 喷水池 fountain pool2.0393 涉水池 wading pool2.0394 倒影池 mirror pool, reflecting pool2.0395 睡莲池 water-lily pool2.0396 喷水管布置 piping schema2.0397 钓鱼塘 fishing pond2.0398 高水位池塘 high water table pond2.0399 池边坐人矮墙 seat wall surrounded pool 2.0400 隐头喷泉 secret fountain2.0401 岛园 Island garden2.0402 半岛园 peninsula garden2.0403 小岛 isle2.0404 瀑布 waterfall2.0405 小瀑布 cascade2.0406 湖 lake2.0407 矶 rock projecting over water2.0408 水帘洞 water curtain cave2.0409 园桥 garden bridge2.0410 拱桥 arch bridge2.0411 石板桥 stone slab bridge2.0412 木板桥 plank bridge2.0413 圆木桥 log bridge2.0414 亭桥 pavilion bridge2.0415 曲桥 zigzag bridge2.0416 壁泉 wall fountain2.0417 饮水喷头 drinking fountain2.0418 植物配植 plant arrangement2.0419 树木配植 arrangement of trees and shrubs 2.0420 群植 group planting, mass planting2.0421 孤植 specimen planting, isolated planting 2.0422 丛植 clump planting2.0423 组植 group planting2.0424 林植 forest planting2.0425 列植 linear planting2.0426 对植 opposite planting, coupled planting 2.0427 环植 circular planting2.0428 带植 belt planting2.0429 散植 scattered planting, loose planting 2.0430 边缘种植 edge planting2.0431 边界种植 boundary planting2.0432 整形种植 architectural planting2.0433 基础种植 foundation planting2.0434 角隅种植 corner planting2.0435 景框种植 planting as enframent2.0436 门卫种植 guard planting2.0437 篱恒种植 fence planting2.0438 障景种植 screen planting2.0439 背景种植 background planting2.0440 林下种植 underwood planting2.0441 路边种植 roadside planting2.0442 绿篱 hedge2.0443 树墙 espalier2.0444 庭荫树 shade tree2.0445 园景树 specimen tree2.0446 风景林 amenity forest, ornamental forest 2.0447 行道树 avenue tree, street tree2.0448 纪念林 memorial forest2.0449 整型树 topiary tree2.0450 花篱 flower hedge'2.0451 刺篱 thorny plants hedge2.0452 常绿绿篱 evergreen hedge2.0453 落叶绿篱 deciduous hedge2.0454 高篱 high hedge2.0455 沟中边篱 hah-hah fence2.0456 图案矮篱 pattern dwarf hedge2.0457 迷宫绿篱 labyrinth hedge2.0458 整剪绿篱 clipped hedge2.0459 自然式花篱 natural flowering hedge2.0460 边篱 boundary fence2.0461 园篱 garden fence, garden hedge2.0462 纯林 pure forest2.0463 混交林 mixed forest2.0464 林间隙地 open space in woodland2.0465 杂木林 spinney2.0466 树冠覆盖面 tree canopy2.0467 草坪 lawn2.0468 整形草坪 formal lawn2.0469 开花草坪 flowering lawn2.0470 牧场草坪 meadowy land2.0471 花坛 flower bed2.0472 路边花坛 roadside flower bed2.0473 带状花坛 ribbon flower bed2.0474 时钟花坛 flower clock2.0475 盆栽花坛 potted flower bed, basined flower bed2.0476 高设花台 raised flower bed2.0477 毛毡花坛 carpet bed2.0478 镶嵌花坛 mosaic bed2.0479 铺石花坛 paved bed2.0480 灌木花坛 shrub bed2.0481 图案花坛群 parterre2.0482 草药花坛 herbaceous flower bed2.0483 花结花坛 knot bed2.0484 整形花坛 formal flower bed2.0485 花境 flower border2.0486 花桶 flower tub2.0487 植树箱 planting box2.0488 活动花坛 movable flower bed2.0489 瓶饰 garden vase2.0490 灌木花境 shrub border2.0491 混合花境 mixed border2.0492 园林道路设计garden road design, garden path design 2.0493 漫步路 trail, footway2.0494 小径 alley, path2.0495 川草坪岛 lawn island2.0496 安全岛 traffic island, refuge island2.0497 转弯曲度 turning curvature2.0498 转弯半径 turning radius2.0499 踏面 landing pitch2.0500 步石 stepping stone2.0501 涉水踏步 wading step2.0502 错铺路 crazy paving path2.0503 随意组合方石板路 flag stone path paved at random 2.0504 花纹路 pattern path2.0505 林荫路 mall2.0506 林荫大道 boulevard2.0507 花园路 parkway2.0508 林间小道 path in woodland2.0509 种植池 planting bed2.0510 树池保护格栅 tree grate2.0511 树干保护套栏 tree guard2.0512 树池坐凳矮墙 seatwall-surrounded planting2.0513 路面线纹 score line2.0514 传统园林建筑 traditional garden building2.0515 凉亭 summer shelter2.0516 活树亭 arbor, tent arbor2.0517 蘑菇亭 mushroom pavilion2.0518 茅亭 thatched pavilion2.0519 竹亭 bamboo pavilion2.0520茶亭 tea booth, tea kiosk2.0521回廊 cloister2.0522 水廊 corridor on water2.0523 曲廊 zigzag veranda2.0524 扒山廊 sloping gallery2.0525 楼廊 two-storied gallery2.0526 画舫 painted pleasure boat2.0527 石舫 stone boat2.0528 不击舟 immovable pleasure boat2.0529 诗条石 poem-engraved stone slab2.0530 月洞门 moon gate2.0531 扶手栏杆 handrail2.0532 坐凳栏杆 seat rail2.0533 石碑 stone tablet, stele2.0534 园林露天剧场 open garden theater2.0535 园林露天舞池 open garden dancing place2.0536 露天音乐台 outdoor music stand2.0537 眺望台 prospect deck2.0538 繁殖温室 plant propagation greenhouse2.0539 展览温室 public conservatory2.0540 月池 new-moon pool2.0541 园林小品 small garden ornaments2.0542 磁砖壁画 painted tile mural tablet2.0543 园椅 garden chair, garden seat2.0544 园凳 garden bench2.0545 园桌 garden table2.0546 园灯 garden lamp2.0547 曰规 sundial2.0548 鸟浴 bird bath2.0549 鸟舍 bird cottage, nestle box2.0550 鸟笼 bird cage, bird coop2.0551 悬篮 hanging basket2.0552 野鸟喂食器 bird feeder2.0553 额匾 horizontal inscribed board2.0554 楹联 couplet written on scroll, couplet on pillar 2.0555 引露天烤炉 open barbecue2.0556 树棚 living-tree pergola2.0557 花架 pergola2.0558 花格架 trellis, treillage2.0559 点景牌楼 naming pailou, decorated archway2.0560 园林施工 garden layout, garden construction2.0561 种植工程 planting engineering2.0562 大树移植 big tree transplanting2.0563 裸根移植 bare root transplanting2.0564 土球移植 ball transplanting2.0565 沟植 trench planting2.0566 假植 heeling in, temporary planting2.0567 播种草坪 seeding lawn2.0568 铺草皮块草坪 sodding lawn2.0569 假山工程 rockery engineering2.0570 掇山五法 five methods" of rock piling2.0571 等分平衡法 method of making the rock equa-tional and balanced2.0572 前轻后重法method of making the front part of rock lighter than the back part2.0573 上轻下重法 method of lowering the center ofgravity of rocks2.0574 纹理统一法 method of unifying the rock veins2.0575 石料统一法 method of unifying the rock mate-rials2.0576 观赏树木 ornamental tree and shrub2.0577 观叶植物 foliage plant2.0578 观果植物 fruit-effect plant2.0579 观枝干植物plants with ornamental trunks and branches2.0580 指示植物 indicating plant2.0581 主景植物 accent plant2.0582 耐湿植物 damp tolerant plant2.0583 抗风植物 wind-resistant plant2.0584 耐盐碱植物 saline-alkali tolerant plant2.0585 市花 city flower2.0586 市树 city tree2.0587 国花 national flower2.0588 国树 national tree2.0589 芳香植物 fragrant plant2.0590 抗污染植物 pollution resistant plant2.0591 环保植物 environment protecting plant2.0592 高山植物 alpine plant2.0593 岩生植物 rock plant2.0594 攀缘植物 climbing plant, climber2.0595 地被植物 ground cover plant2.0596 阴生植物 shade plant2.0597 装饰植物 decorative plant2.0598 装缘植物 edging plant2.0599 绿蓠植物 hedge plant2.0600 草坪植物 lawn plant, lawn grass2.0601 花坛植物 bedding plant2.0602 球根植物 bulbous plant2.0603 宿根植物 perennial plant, perennial2.0604 水生植物 aquatic plant, hydrophyte2.0605 旱生植物 xerophyte2.0606 沼泽植物 bog plant, swamp plant2.0607 室内装饰植物 indoor decorative plant, house plant 2.0608 切花 cut flower2.0609 垂枝植物 pendulous plant, weeping plant2.0610 缠绕植物 twiner, twinning plant2.0611 针叶植物 needle-leaved plant2.0612 阔叶植物 broad-leaved plant2.0613 斑叶植物 variegate-leaved plant2.0614 松柏植物 conifer2.0615 常绿植物 evergreen plant2.0616 半常绿植物 semi-evergreen plant2.0617 不耐寒植物 tender plant2.0618 半耐寒植物 half-hardy plant2.0619 耐寒植物 hardy plant2.0620 耐旱植物 drought enduring plant2.0621 山石材料 stone material2.0622 昆山石 Kunshan stone2.0623 钟乳石 stalactite2.0624 灵壁石 Lingbi stone2.0625 英德石 Yingde stone2.0626青石 Qing stone2.0627 宣石 Xuan stone2.0628 房山石 Fangshan stone2.0629 观赏动物 ornamental animal2.0630 观赏鸟类 ornamental bird2.0631 观赏兽类 ornamental beast2.0632 观赏昆虫类 ornamental insect园林机具设备 2.0633 园林机械 garden machine2.0634 园林工具 garden instrument, garden implement 2.0635 园林设备 garden equipment2.0636 花坛分界隔板 plastic bed divider2.0637 种植容器 planting container2.0638 圆木桩 log peg2.0639 喷射装置 jet bubbler2.0640 滴灌 trickle irrigator, drip irrigator2.0641 环动喷灌器 circle sprinkler2.0642 圆筒喷灌器 rotor sprinkler2.0643 自控器 automatic controller2.0644 管端喷灌器 hose end sprinkler2.0645 固定喷灌器 stationary sprinkler2.0646 喷雾喷灌器 mist sprinkler, spray head sprinkler2.0647 喷灌覆盖面 sprinkler coverage2.0648 草坪加肥器 lawn feeder2.0649 施肥喷灌器 combined feeder and sprinkler2.0650 液肥混合调配器 liquid fertilizer mixer-proportioner2.0651 滴水喷头 emitter, dripper2.0652 水土保持塑料网 erosion control plastic net2.0653苗木包装材料 nursery stock package material2.0654 麻布袋 burlap bag2.0655 铁丝篮 wire basket2.0656 篮状种植器 basket container2.0657 塑料苗木桶 plastic nurserican2.0658 播种盘 seed tray2.0659 网孔盆 mesh pot2.0660 含肥泥炭盆 fertile peat pot2.0661 盆栽机 potting machine2.0662 换盆机 repotting machine2.0663 再生纸种植器 reclaimed paper container2.0664 纤维育苗器 wood fiber plant grower2.0665 泥炭压制播种饼peat seeding pellet, peat seeding starter2.0666 松土除草机 cultivator2.0667 旋转锄 rotary hoe2.0668 切叶机 foliage cutter2.0669 翻地犁 uncovering plough2.0670 盖土机 mounted spreader2.0671 前悬装土机 front mounted loader2.0672 后缀装土机 rear mounted loader2.0673 旋轴剪草机 spindle mower2.0674 栽植机 planting machine2.0675 植物覆盖 plant mulching2.0676 覆盖物分散机 mulch spreader2.0677 种子液肥喷洒机 hydro seeder2.0678 修枝剪 pruning shear2.0679 播种器 garden seeder2.0680 球根种植器 bulb planter2.0681 土壤酸度探测器 pH-value computer2.0682 巴效分析器 fertilizer analyzer2.0683 嫁接刀 grafting knife2.0684 温室设备 greenhouse equipment2.0685 盆栽灌水系统 pot watering system2.0686 温室气候控制器 greenhouse climate controller2.0687 温室覆盖 greenhouse covering2.0688 喷雾自控系统 automatic mist control system2.0689 二氧化碳发生器 C02 generator2.0690 温度报警钟 temperature alarm2.0691 游览车 park sightseeing bus2.0692 引剪草机 lawn mower2.0693 动力剪草机 power lawnmower2.0694 畜力剪草机 horse lawnmower2.0695 手推剪草机 hand lawnmower2.0696 游人调查 visitors investigation2.0697 游人统计 visitors statistics2.0698 游人分析 garden visitors analysis2.0699 游人管理 visitors management2.0700 导游图 tourist map2.0701 导游解说 tour description and direction2.0702 劳动管理 labour management2.0703 物资管理 material handling, goods handling2.0704 设备管理equipment management, facility management2.0705 财务管理 financial management2.0706 安全管理 safety management2.0707 环境监测 environmental monitor2.0708 植物养护管理 plant maintenance and management2.0709 园林技术管理 garden technical management2.0710 质量管理 quality management2.0711 园貌维修 garden feature maintenance2.0712 植物整形修剪 plant trimming and pruning2.0713 植物病虫防治 disease and insect control2.0714 园林管理规划 management plan2.0715 游人意见处理 treatment of visitors opinions2.0716 游人规则 visitors regulation2.0717 园内交通管理 traffic control in park2.0718 园外交通管理 traffic control out of park entrance2.0719 汽车停车规则 parking rules2.0720 自行车停放规则 bicycle parking rules2.0721 开放时间 opening time2.0722 曰常清洁卫生管理daily sanitation and hygiene management2.0723 人类生态环境 human ecological environment2.0724 自然系统 natural system2.0725 自然资源 natural resource2.0726 自然保护 conservation of nature2.0727 自然保存 natural preservation2.0728 环境保护 environmental protection2.0729 环境容量 environment capacity2.0730 环境适宜性 environment fitness2.0731 环境空气质量标准 ambient air quality2.0732 共生 symbiosis2.0733 互惠共生 mutualism2.0734 公害 public nuisance2.0735 生态绝灭 ecological extinction2.0736 生态系统 ecosystem2.0737 生态圈 ecosphere2.0738 生态灾难 ecological disaster2.0739 环境质量 environmental quality2.0740 环境压力 environment stress2.0741 生命维持系统 life-support system2.0742 反馈系统 feedback system2.0743 自养生物 autotroph2.0744 异养生物 heterotroph2.0745 食物链 foodchain2.0746 生物圈 biosphere2.0747 濒危植物 endangered plant, threatened plant 2.0748 主体群落 major community2.0749 人工群落 artificial community2.0750 绿色革命 green revolution2.0751 户外娱乐资源 outdoor recreation resource2.0752 原始环境系统 wilderness environment system 2.0753 近代环境系统 modern environment system2.0754 乡村生活模式 country life-pattern2.0755 烟害 smoke pollution, fume pollution2.0756 雾害 fog pollution2.0757 霜害 frost injury2.0758 水污染 water pollution2.0759 土壤污染 soil pollution, soil contamination2.0760 园林小气候 garden microclimate2.0761 环境保护植物 environmental conservation plant 2.0762 引气候调节 climatic regulation2.0763 自动调节机能 homeostasis2.0764 生态平衡 ecological homeostasis2.0765 森林生态系统 forest ecosystem2.0766 草原生态系统 prairie ecosystem2.0767 滞尘植物 dust holding plant。

园艺专业英语

园艺专业英语翻译（中→英）Lesson1 part A1、protected (structure) horticulture is defined as a cultivation method taking use of heatkeeping ,chilling prevention or cooling and rainproof facilities to prevent the crops production from being influenced or seriously done by natural seasons and toartificially create a microclimate environment suitable for growing horticultural crops in cold or hot weather hat actually unfavorable to the crop development .it is also termed as out-of-season culture ,season-off culture or forcing culture .because of the season in which horticultural crops are planted is hand for their growing in open field.2、Windbreak、cold –frame 、hot-frame、 plastic-clad tunnel and greenhouse could providea variety of vegetable seeding for open field or protected culture or protect seedingof cold tolerant vegetable living through the winter ,for early planting andacquirement of early mature products.3、In respect of structure type, the largest horticultural structure area in our countryconsists of plastic tunnels and lean to houses, especially the energy-sawing solar greenhouse, which has become the dominant greenhouse type in the country. Presently the development of large greenhouse or multi-span house has been initiated. Lesson2 part A4、In horticultural crop cultivation under structure the key point of environment managementfor growers is to create optimal complex of environmental conditions for crop growth and development, as possibly as they can, according to properties and environmental demand of crop.Lesson3 part ALesson4 part A1、most soil amendments are consisted of the increasing of organic matters ,addition ofspecific nutritional elements and ph adjustment2、the soil is an important constitute of the land loamy soil must consist of soul particleswith proper ratio ,with equilibrium of nutrients ,in which contains some organic matter ,and with considerable moistureLesson5 part ALesson6 part A1、sink demand of horticultural crops extremely affects photosynthetic ,for example ,leafphotosynthesis noticeably decrease when potato tubers are removed during their growth short-term response may be stomato close effect ,but this cannot explain common continuous effects ,sometime when the source-sink ratio increases significantly ,some old leaves can renew their photosynthesis functions ,on the other hand ,rapidly growing sinks sometimes compete with leaves for mobilizable nitrogen and this results in abscission of leaves and lower photosynthesis capacity.2、It is not clear yet that how the sink demand affect photosynthesis of leaves .the simplestexplanation is that photosynthesis accumulated in leaves restrain photosynthesis .however trials for examining this hypothesis usually obtained the oppositeresults .furthermore ,in practice ,photosynthates seemly not accumulate besidechloroplasts in mesophyll cells .thus ,more research work should be done on source-sink relationship to improve yields of horticultural cropsLesson7 part A1、the development of horticultural crops product organs consist of maturity 、full ripenessand senescence stages .maturity includes physiological ripeness and horticulturalripeness the former means that in the last growth stage ,mature organs become full ripening and the later means the best growth stage of horticultural crops forharvest ,such as leaf vegetables ,when they are reaped ,they are not physiological ripe ,and flower crops are harvested when thy flower.Full ripeness is the develop stage after fruit mature some fruits can get full ripeness in trees ,while some must ripen after separated from trees .after full ripen the flesh mealiness aroma strength proper acidity and sugar ,senescence is a stoppingterminating process of living activity. In this stage, product organs quality of horticultural crops become bad and completely leaves their economical value in the endLesson8 part A1、hormone produced by seed influence fruit setting ,fruit growth and the balance of hormonesin plant2、Stone fruits can no t set their fruits when their embryos develop abnormally. pome fruitscan set without seeds ,but flesh cells grow slowly3、Gibberellins was produced after pollination with seed development gibberellins promotessynthesis of auxin , therefore ,promotes fruit setting .the fruit set and fruit growth is similar between the ovule not pollinated treated by gibberellins and those which has seed4、Gibberellins produced by apple seeds apparently restrain flower differentiation andresult in alternate fruiting .alternate fruiting is not normal in pear and many stone fruits .it is because the early occurrence of gibberellins synthesis peak which is not concurrent with flower differentiation initiation.Lesson13 part A1、pruning of fruit trees is a practice involves the heading back cuts and the thinningcuts of branches for good framework ,for regulating contradiction between growth and fruiting ,for maintaining the equilibrium between vegetative growth and propagative growth and for good sunlight exposure, to fruit early to achieve high yield and to get commodity with high quality2、the pruning methods are best determined by the characteristics of fruit species andcultivars ,the climate the soil condition and the crop developing stages and growth status .in order to get the best result ,it is useful to combine pruning with other cultural practices like fertilization ,irrigation, etc3、Reinvigoration of trees is better performed annually, which can keep fruit fromstimulating excessive sprouts .remove dead branches, sprouts and some crossing shoots.Secondly, large branches should be thinned out gradually to open tree chamber and to improve distribution of sunlight in order to simulate fruiting.Lesson15 part A1、temperature is an critical element in biological ,chemical and physiological processesof all plant species2、Temperature regulates the rate of chemical reactions ,leading to the adjustment of plantgrowth rate.3、As a important contributing factor to climate .temperature play an important role inadaptability and growth ,date of plant thus the horticultural crop types which can be cultured in a specific area rely on temperature4、Most plants can live and grow in the range of 0 to 50℃ .however low-temperaturesensitivity limit the successful cultivated regions of plantsLesson16 part A1、sprinkler irrigation is often used in maintaining and flower beds which has the specialtythe uniform water amount in its coverage .however, water waste occur when sprinkler is not limited in the area need irrigation .in addition ,evaporation result in some water loss too。

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• Horticulture thus can be defined the branch of agriculture concerned with intensively(集约地) cultured plants directly used by people for food, for medicinal purposes, or for esthetic(美学的) gratification (满足,喜悦).
• What are the three major areas of horticulture? • What is the history of horticulture? • Why is horticulture popular?
Why is horticulture a science, a technology, and an industry?
• Ornamental Horticulture- growing and using plants for their beauty inside and outside our homes.
• Food Crop Production- growing crops for use as food.
It also includes maintenance and care of vegetable crops as well commercial and non-traditional vegetable crop production including organic gardening and organic farming; sustainable agriculture and horticulture; hydroponics; and biotechnology.
Agronomy
•as grain and fiber.
Forestry
• Production of trees for timber
Horticulture
• Horticulture is that part of plant agriculture concerned with so-called “garden crops”, as contrasted with agronomy (field crops, mainly grains, forages(饲料) and fiber) and forestry (forest trees and products).
Vegetable crops can be classified into 9 major categories:
1. Potherbs and greens - spinach and collards 2. Salad crops - lettuce, celery 3. Cole crops - cabbage and cauliflower 4. Root crops (tubers) - potatoes, beets, carrots,
考核内容及方式
• 主要是课件里讲过的内容
• 总成绩
平时成绩20%：作业、出勤、课堂表现等 闭卷考试卷面成绩80%
Lesson 1： Horticulture in daily life
Key Questions
• Why is horticulture a science, technology,, aanndd an industry?
– Landscape operators: design planting plans, install material, and maintain plants
– Lawn and turf maintenance: planting, fertilizing, and mowing turfgrasses
gardens
What is landscape horticulture?
• Producing and using plants to make our outdoor environment more appealing
– Nursery: place where plants, shrubs, and trees are started for transplanting
– Golf course management: maintain all the grass areas of the golf course
What is interiorscaping?
• Use of foliage plants, grown and sold for their beautiful colored leaves and stems, to create pleasing and comfortable areas inside buildings
– Examples
Olericulture
The science of vegetable growing, dealing with the culture of non-woody (herbaceous) plants for food.
The production of plants for use of the edible parts.
• What are the three major areas of horticulture? • What is the history of horticulture? • Why is horticulture popular?
What are the three major areas of horticulture?
What is Food Crop Production?
• Growing crops for food • Olericulture- growing, harvesting, storing,
processing, and marketing vegetables
– Examples
• Pomology- growing, harvesting, storing, processing, and marketing of fruits and nuts
English For Horticulture
Aims
• Listening • Speaking • Reading • writing
References
Reference

/ /pubmed
1. Supply and service to growers 2. Production of crops 3. Processing crops 4. Marketing 5. Distribution
How is horticulture a science?
• Botany
– The study of plants including the life cycle, structure, growth, and classification
from Romance languages (from Latin fructus and cultura) —is also used.
• Production, transportation, and use of flower and foliage plants
– Growing flowers for floral designs – Growing potted plants to sell – Growing bedding plants for transplanting into
Horticulture
• Culture of plants for food, comfort, and beauty 1. The cultivation of a garden, orchard, or nursery;
the cultivation of flowers, fruits, vegetables, or ornamental plants 2. The science and art of cultivating such plants.
• Agriculture- The production of plants and animals to meet basic human needs (food, clothing, shelter).
• Includes three important areas:
– Horticulture – Agronomy – Forestry
• Combines plant science, soil science, & biotechnology
What is horticulture technology?
• Applies science to horticulture production
• Tools used to control and manage plant’s environment
Olericulture deals with the production, storage, processing and marketing of vegetables.
It encompasses crop establishment, including cultivar selection, seedbed preparation and establishment of vegetable crops by seed and transplants.
Where does the word horticulture come from?
• Latin derivative
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