东华大学211翻译硕士英语2016真题
2016年国际关系学院翻译硕士英语真题试卷
2016年国际关系学院翻译硕士英语真题试卷(总分：132.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 Vocabulary(总题数：30，分数：60.00)1.The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things______to teach you the art of learning.（分数：2.00）A.butB.norC.as √D.like解析：解析：本题考查固定结构。
not so much…as…为固定结构，意为“与其说……，不如说……”。
句意：学校教育的重要作用与其说是教授你知识，不如说是教授你学习之道。
2.All flights______, we decided to take a greyhound.（分数：2.00）A.were canceledB.had been canceledC.having canceledD.having been canceled √解析：解析：本题考查独立主格结构。
逗号后没有连词提示，本空应填非谓语动词，故首先排除[A]项和[B]项。
空所在部分的逻辑主语为All nights，而句子的主语是we，因此是考查独立主格结构。
nights与cancel 之间为被动关系，故选[D]项，因而排除[C]项。
3.This company has now introduced a policy______pay rises are related to performance at work. （分数：2.00）A.whichB.where √C.whetherD.what解析：解析：本题考查定语从句。
分析空前后句子结构可知，主要成分均完整，中间也没有连词，故本空所填词应引导定语从句，所以首先排除[C]项和[D]项。
which虽引导定语从句时，句中作主语、宾语或表语，故也排除。
题干中，company为定语从句的先行词，定语从句关系副词用where，故答案为[B]项。
考研英语二翻译真题及答案
2016考研英语二翻译真题及答案46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. 15 pointsThe supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple:The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,00 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally - which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.超市设计的目的就是为了使消费者花尽可能多的时间在店内逛;理由很简单：你在店里待的时间越长,你看到的东西就越多；你看到的东西越多,你买的东西就越多;超市中有各种各样的商品;根据食品营销研究所的调查,平均每个超市约有4400种不同种类的商品,有的超市甚至有成千上万种商品;琳琅满目的商品足以让顾客眼花缭乱;根据脑部扫描实验,迅速做出决定对我们来说实在太难;40分钟的购物经历后,大多数人已不再是理性选择,而开始感性消费;这就是为什么购物车里的商品会有50%是我们本不打算买的;。
2016年考研英语一真题及答案(翻译)
2016年考研英语一真题及答案（翻译）2017考研已开始复习，为了帮助广大考生能更好地备考2017考研英语考试，yjbys网小编为大家提供了2016年考研英语一翻译的真题及答案详解。
TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Mental health is our birthright. (46) We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy ;it it built into us that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like the immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don't understand the value of mental health and we don't know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem - confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives - the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles ,with kindness if they are in pain,and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for soving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful,managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience while driving,catching a fish,working on our car,or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature,in culture,in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives,it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong,good from bad,friend from foe.Mental health has commonly been called conscience,instinct,wisdom,common sense,or the inner voice.We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought .(50) As you will come to see ,knowing that mental heath is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.46.We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone.[句子结构]分号连接的两个并列句，第一个并列句主干是 We don’t have to learn ，how引导宾语从句做learn的宾语，第二个并列句主干是it is built into us in the same way，that引导定语从句修饰先行词way，that定语从句中主干是our bodies know，how引导宾语从句做know的宾语。
考研英语历年真题及答案解析
5.[A]Although [B]Lest [C]After [D]Unless
6.[A]into [B]within [C]from [D]through
7.[A]since [B]but [C]or [D]so
In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each familyinvestigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.
1.[A]by way of [B]on behalf of [C]as well as [D]with regard to
考研真题2016考研英语一真题(含答案解析)
2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In Cambodia the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends,１those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations. or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotto n threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists ,and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a flew house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14 ,but not common .Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly –acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up .The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait the months.1. [A] by way of [B] as well as [C] on behalf of [D] with regard to2. [A] adapt to [B] provide for [C]compete with [D] decide on3. [A] close [B] renew [C]arrange [D] postpone4. [A] In theory [B] Above all [C] In time [D] For example5. [A] Although [B] Lest [C] After [D] Unless6. [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through7. [A] sine [B] or [C] but [D] so8. [A] test [B]copy [C]recite [D] create9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying10. [A] lighting [B] passing [C] hiding [D] serving11. [A] meeting [B] association [C] collection [D]union12. [A] grow [B] part [C] deal [D]live13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if14. [A] obtain [B] follow [C] challenge [ D]avoid15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed16. [A]wherever [B] however [C] whenever [D]whatever17. [A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed18. [A] divided [B] invested [C] donated [D] withdrawn19. [A]clears [B] warms [C] shows [D] breaks20. [A]while [B] so what [C]once [D] in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that” incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starring themselves to health –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it move take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape –measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced ,would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be orbiters of their beauty .And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to sine zero or wasp-waist physiques .The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet agovernment-defined index of body mess could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images there rely more on pear pressure for enforcement. In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. The charter’s main toll o fenforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion week, which is men by the Danish Fashion Institute .But in general it relies on a name-and –shame method of compliance. Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined[B] New runways would be constructed[C] Websites about dieting would thrive[D] The fashion industry would decline22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line2 Para2) is closest in mea ning to[A] heightening the value of[B] indicating the state of[C] losing faith in[D] doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry[A] The French measures have already failed[B] New standards are being set in Denmark[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting perfect physical conditions[B] caring too much about models’ character[C] showing little concern for health factors[D] pursuing a high age threshold for models25. Which of the following maybe the best title of the text?[A] A challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals[B] A Dilemma for the starving models in France[C] Just Another Round of struggle for beauty[D] The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons ra te “the countryside” alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the NationalHealth Service (NHS) as what make them proudest of their country, this has limited political support. A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue styli sh houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”. It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air”. Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it .It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,even authorizing “off–plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent only u sensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its campaign to protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses factories and offices is where people are in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the Landon area alone with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside[A] is not well reflected in politics[B] is fully backed by the royal family[C] didn’t start fill the Shakespearean age[D] has brought much benefit to the NHS27. According to paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A] largely overshadowed[B] properly protected[C] effectively reinforced[D] gradually destroyed28. Which of the following can be offered from paragraph 3[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development[B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building[C] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation[D] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. The author holds that George Osbornes’s preference[A] shows his disregard for the character of rural area[B] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis[C] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph the author show his appreciation of[A] the size of population in Britain[B] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain[C] the town-and-country planning in Britain[D] the political life in today’s BritainText 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’s money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect” whereby its good deeds earn it greater con sideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act（FCPA）.It arg ues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part oftheir investigations，they could be influenced only by the halo effect. The study found that，among prosecuted firms，those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’s political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantiallabour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials.” says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question at how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A]uncertainty[B]skepticism[C]approval[D]tolerance32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by[A]guarding it against malpractices[B]protecting it from consumers[C]winning trust from consumers.[D]raising the quality of its products33. The expression “more lenient”(line 2,Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A]less controversial[B]more lasting[C]more effective[D]less severe34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record[A]comes across as reliable evidence[B]has an impact on their decision[C]increases the chance of being penalized[D]constitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?[A] The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknown[B] Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated[C] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked[D]It has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of deb ate. ”Sometime in the future,” the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper – printing presses, delivery trucks –isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online –only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going have your most loyal customers really upset with you.” Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? ”I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” he said“I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.” The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,” Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year – more than twice as much as a digital – only subscription. “It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive that less aggressive.”36. The New York Ti mes is considering ending it’s print edition partly due to[A] the increasing online and sales[B] the pressure from its investors[C] the complaints from its readers[D] the high cost of operation37. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should[A] make strategic adjustments[B] end the print sedition for good[C] seek new sources of leadership[D] aim for efficient management38. It can be inferred from paragraphs 5and 6 that a ” legacy product”[A] helps restore the glory of former times[B] is meant for the most loyal customers[C] will have the cost of printing reduced[D] expands the popularity of the paper39. Peretti believes that in a changing world[A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges[D] legacy businesses are becoming out dated40. which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] shift to online newspapers all at once[B] Cherish the Newspapers still in Your Hand[C] keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion[D] Make Your print Newspapers a luxury GoodPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSER SHEET. (10 point)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Decide if the time is right[C] Have confidence in yourself[D]Understand the context[E]Work with professionals[F]Make it efficient[G]Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in the first impressions. According to research from Princeton University , people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success” era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in other not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one than enhances our goals? Here are some tips:41_________________________As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particular h elpful during transitions-when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest fee dback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK42________________________Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.” (It’s OK to use characterizations like that )43 ________________________Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44 _______________________Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.45 ________________________The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Mental health is our birthright. (46) we don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend, a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn’t go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem –confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves. And toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child.It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice, we think of it simply as a health and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about 100 words. Providing thenewly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures In your essay, you should1) describe the pictures briefly2) interpret the meaning , and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)2016考研英语一答案解析1、【答案】[B] as well as【解析】根据空格所在句子的内容可以判断，“择偶涉及男方的亲朋好友，_____女方的亲朋好友”显然前后是并列关系，选项中只有B选项as well as 表示并列关系。
[考研类试卷]2016年国际关系学院翻译硕士英语真题试卷.doc
![[考研类试卷]2016年国际关系学院翻译硕士英语真题试卷.doc](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/842c790471fe910ef12df8ce.png)
[考研类试卷]2016年国际关系学院翻译硕士英语真题试卷一、Vocabulary1 The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things______to teach you the art of learning.（A）but（B）nor（C）as（D）like2 All flights______, we decided to take a greyhound.（A）were canceled（B）had been canceled（C）having canceled（D）having been canceled3 This company has now introduced a policy______pay rises are related to performance at work.（A）which（B）where（C）whether（D）what4 The American businessman had difficulty at times working with his local counterparts in Guangdong Province, for he could speak______Cantonese than Mandarin.（A）no more（B）not more（C）no less（D）not less5 He came into the manager's office______ that he was dismissed.（A）only to be told（B）being told（C）in order to be told（D）telling6 The new director made it clear that his staff were not to accept gifts from clients,______.（A）be they jewelry or football tickets（B）they are jewelry or football tickets（C）whether are jewelry or football tickets（D）no matter are jewelry or football tickets7 The terrible disease is said ______the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region.（A）being（B）to be（C）to have been（D）having been8 ______your timely advice, I would never have known how to go about the work. （A）Unless（B）But for（C）Except for（D）Not for9 The doctor ______a medicine for the child's stomach pains.（A）described（B）subscribed（C）prescribed（D）inscribed10 The ______family in Chinese cities now spends more money on housing than before. （A）normal（B）average（C）usual（D）general11 Prices are ______to variation without notice.（A）possible（B）trendy（C）likely（D）subject12 Be careful when you talk to your boss. He is in a very bad ______today. （A）motive（B）mood（C）mind（D）notion13 The government has allocated ten million pounds to the tsunami-______area. （A）sticken（B）stricken（C）stuck（D）striked14 The branches could hardly ______the weight of the fruit.（A）retain（B）sustain（C）maintain（D）remain15 Her speeches are full of ______wit and warmth.（A）captivating（B）captivated（C）captive（D）captured16 After the terrorist attacks in Europe, he ______the idea of going to Spain for a holiday.（A）gave in（B）dismissed（C）missed（D）struck17 He asked for $ 5, 000 in ______for the injury he suffered in the accident.（A）damages（B）losses（C）damage（D）loss18 Unfortunately, most public places are simply not geared ______the needs of people with disabilities.（A）with（B）for（C）to（D）at19 A solar cell takes radiation from the sun and ______it into electricity.（A）alters（B）modifies（C）shapes（D）converts20 His constructive proposal for improving the program is ______of our attention. （A）worth（B）worthy（C）worthwhile（D）worthless21 A good English learner is supposed to ______a large vocabulary.（A）command（B）order（C）control（D）lead22 The government has launched several campaigns to crack ______on pirating.（A）up（B）in（C）down（D）for23 Traditionally people believed that obesity resulted from overeating only. Today, however, many doctors believe that it is a (n) ______of genes.（A）affair（B）matter（C）thing（D）object24 We were so poor in those days that the whole family had only one ______and were ashamed of being seen.（A）clothes（B）clothing（C）garment（D）costume25 Everybody says that he takes ______his grandfather, with his big fleshy nose that takes ______too much space on his face.（A）to; up（B）after; up（C）of; off（D）from; away26 Seeing the closet on fire, he made a <u>futile</u> attempt to save the paintings from the flames. The underlined word probably means______.（A）prompt（B）frenzied（C）frantic（D）useless27 Her parents keep her on a short______, although she has turned 20.（A）leash（B）lash（C）blush（D）lush28 This is a widely ______book owing to its insightful understanding of the subject. （A）exclaimed（B）claimed（C）reclaimed（D）acclaimed29 Doctors recommend Vitamin C for keeping colds ______bay.（A）to（B）for（C）in（D）at30 Normally he is rather______, but sometimes he talks freely about himself.（A）reserved（B）informal（C）peaceful（D）sociable二、Reading Comprehension30 The temperature of the sun is over 5, 000 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the center. The sun is so much hotter than the earth that matter can exist only as a gas, except at the core. In the core of the sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a small solid core. However, no one really knows, since the center of the sun can never be directly observed.Solar astronomers do know that the sun is divided into five layers or zones. Starting at the outside and going down into the sun, the zones are the corona, chromosphere, photosphere, convection zone and finally the core. The first three zones are regarded as the sun's atmosphere. But since the sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the atmosphere ends and the main body of the sun begins.The sun's outermost layer begins about 10, 000 miles above the visible surface and goes outward for millions of miles. This is the only part of the sun that can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At any other time, the corona can be seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to shut out the glare of the sun's rays.The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light, about as bright as the full moon. Its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona's rays flash out in a brilliant fan that has wispy spikelike rays near the sun's north and south poles. The corona is thickest at the sun's equator.The corona rays are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching a temperature of more than 2 million degrees Fahrenheit. The rays of gas thin out as they reach the space around the planets. By the time the sun's corona rays reach the Earth, they are weak and invisible.31 Matter on the sun can exist only in the form of gas because of the sun's______. （A）size（B）age（C）location（D）temperature32 The second paragraph is mainly concerned with______.（A）how the sun evolved（B）the structure of the sun（C）why scientists study the sun（D）the distance of the sun from the planets33 All of the following are parts of the sun's atmosphere EXCEPT the______.（A）corona（B）chromosphere（C）photosphere（D）core34 The word "glare" in the passage probably means______.（A）strong heat（B）harmful effect（C）bright unpleasant light（D）endless warmth35 According to the passage, as the corona rays reach the planets, they become______. （A）hotter（B）clearer（C）thinner（D）stronger36 Which of the following do the paragraphs following the passage most likely discuss? （A）The remaining layers of the sun.（B）The evolution of the sun to its present form.（C）The eclipse of February 1979.（D）The scientists who study astronomy.36 Seeing the wreck for the first time, under the great arc of a sunny sky on that level shore, I was initially impressed by its remoteness. Here was the focus of those weeks of discussion, of seemingly endless careful planning: a slightly projecting, elongated outline. The warmth of the day meant that many holiday-makers were about, and our equipment rapidly attracted them to the site, unmistakable with its brilliant orange marker, each attached to a steel post. These posts marked off the four corners of our working area, and were linked by a rope to keep it clear of curious sightseers.Many structural features of the wreck which would normally have been visible were obscured by the sand, which was not only right up to but even above the upper gun deck. We went to work immediately when the first low tide made a start possible, and set up our basic survey line running down the middle of the wreck from bow to stern. As we set about measuring the sides of the ship in their relation to survey line, the "Amsterdam" emerged as a vessel of substance, and more so when the members of the team had scoured her aged timbers free from mussel shells and seaweed.All this activity attracted an increasing number of sightseers, whose interest was natural and welcome, since the more people who were moved to understand what we were about, the better it was for archaeology in general and for the future preservation of the " Amsterdam" in particular. However, there were also predatory souvenir hunters who were most disappointed by our merely taking elaborate measurements, with no apparent intention of digging up more objects.37 Seeing the wreck of the "Amsterdam", the author was impressed by______.（A）its apparent isolation（B）its accessibility from the shore（C）the crowds of people round it（D）the effect of its outline against the sky38 According to the passage, the holiday-makers on the beach were______.（A）confined within a roped-off area（B）confined to the upper part of the wreck（C）kept well away from the orange markers（D）discouraged from entering the roped-off area39 The word "obscured" in the passage probably means______.（A）made clearer（B）made less clear（C）obtained（D）filled40 We are told that work on the wreck was made difficult by______. （A）the slope of the beach（B）the height of the ship（C）the number of holiday-makers（D）the volume of the sand41 The passage suggests that the "Amsterdam" had been a______. （A）submarine（B）warship（C）fishing boat（D）passenger liner42 The passage suggests that "I" was most likely a (n) ______. （A）reporter（B）archaeologist（C）tourist（D）beach keeper42 Nineteenth-century associationist theories assumed that the mind functions in terms of association, forming sets of concepts and experiences. Associationists argued that mental contents could be studied by noting the links of similarity, contrast and proximity which exist in an individual's thought and behavior patterns. Pavlov's notion of conditioning is itself base on the associationist theory that one stimulus becomes associated with another. If a bell is rung each time a dog is given food, the dog will become conditioned to salivate on hearing the bell ring, despite the absence of food.First used to investigate the differences in cognitive styles, word-association tests became a sensitive instrument for the detection of emotional concerns.In a word-association test, a subject is presented with a list of about 100 words as stimuli. Each word is chosen by the tester and the subject is required to respond with the first word that comes into his or her mind on hearing the stimulus word. The tester notes the subject's response time for each of the words with the use of a chronometer.It is argued that if the subject is emotionally indifferent to a stimulus word, the response time for the reaction is very short. If, on the other hand, the stimulus word carries emotional significance for the subject, the response time is likely to be significantly longer. In addition, reactions to significant words may also include hesitation, stuttering, involuntary movement or other symptoms of disturbance.Jung, who used word-association tests in the early part of his career, showed that family members, in particular mothers and daughters and husbands and wives, exhibited similar responses to the same stimulus words. He argued that this indicated a failure to achieve individuation and was indicative of the potentially negative dynamics that exist in family relationships.In a test carried out by Donald D. Jaffe, a pioneer of word-association tests, a subject was observed to exhibit delay and disturbance in response to the words "friend", "bottle", and "fight". Jaffe suggested that the subject had been involved in a drunken fight with a friend in which a window had been broken. The subject admitted that such an experience had, indeed, taken place and that the friend had asked the subject to pay for the damages resulting from injuries he had received.43 Associationist theories______.（A）were useful only for studying how people think（B）were first used by Jung in word-association tests（C）formed the basis for Pavlov's notion of conditioning（D）were used to assess a person's vocabulary44 According to the passage, a chronometer is a device to measure______.（A）time（B）facial expressions（C）voice（D）association between words45 In a word-association test, ______can be significant.（A）the time of response（B）the word provided by a subject（C）facial expressions of the subject on hearing the word（D）all of the above46 According to Jung, ______.（A）the father and the daughter in a family responded quite differently to a word stimulus（B）the similarity of the responses in a family indicated that the family members got on well with each other（C）the similarity of the responses in a family indicated that children in the family were not capable of individual thinking（D）if members in a family responded similarly to a word stimulus, the family was going to break up47 Jaffe's experiment shows that______.（A）the word-association test is very powerful（B）word-association tests can be used only for assessing unpleasant experiences （C）the subject was an aggressive man（D）the friend was right in asking the subject to pay for the injuries48 The passage mainly talks about the significance of word-association tests in assessing______.（A）people's cognitive styles（B）people's emotional concerns（C）people's potentials for a task（D）family relationships48 When we feel stressed, our adrenal glands release a peptide called Cortisol. Our body responds with Cortisol whether it faces physical, environmental, academic, or emotional danger. This triggers a string of physical reactions including depression of the immune system, tensing of the large muscles, blood-clotting, and increasing blood pressure. It's the perfect response to the unexpected presence of a sable-toothed tiger. But in school, that kind of response leads to problems. Chronically high Cortisol levels lead to the death of brain cells in the hippocampus, which is critical to explicit memory formation.These physical changes are significant. Stanford scientist Robert Sapolsky found that atrophy levels in the hippocampus of Vietnam veterans with PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) ranged from 8 to 24 percent above the control group. Chronic stress also impairs a student's ability to sort out what's important and what's not. Jacobs and Nadel (1985) suggest that thinking and memory are affected under stress. The brain's short-term memory and ability to form long-term memories are inhibited.There are other problems. Chronic stress makes students more susceptible to illness. In one study, students showed a depressed immune system at test time; they had lower levels of an important antibody for fighting infection. This may explain the vicious academic cycle; more test stress means more sickness, which means poor health and missed classes, which contribute to lower test scores.A stressful physical environment is linked to student failure. Crowded conditions, poor student relationships, and even lighting can matter. Optometrist Ray Gottlieb says thatschool stress causes vision problems. That in turn impairs academic achievement and self-esteem. He says that, typically, a stressed child will constrict breathing and change how he or she focuses to adapt to the stress. This pattern hurts learning in the short and long run. Under stress, the eyes become more attentive to peripheral areas as a natural way to spot predators first. This makes it nearly impossible to track across a page of print, staying focused on small areas of print.49 What does NOT Cortisol do?（A）It leads to the death of brain cell.（B）It causes the release of adrenal glandsblood-clotting.（C）It prepares one for the attack of saber-toothed tigers.（D）It affects one's immune system.50 Stress does NOT usually result in______.（A）lower atrophy levels（B）impaired ability to distinguish what is important and what is not（C）weakened thinking（D）inhibited ability to form short and long-term memories51 Which of the following statements is very possibly wrong?（A）People under chronic stress get ill easily.（B）People under chronic stress have more antibody than an average person.（C）The more test stress you have, the lower test scores you might have.（D）Test stress may produce better test scores.52 When would one very possibly NOT feel stressful?（A）When there are few people around.（B）When you do not have many friends.（C）When you are in very bright light.（D）When you read a book of small print.53 Ray Gottlieb is specialized in______.（A）stress studies（B）light studies（C）studies of human eyes（D）education studies54 When Ray Gottlieb says that school stress causes vision problems, he meansthat______.（A）stress leads to short-sightedness of students（B）stress affects students' breathing（C）stress leads to failure to spot predators（D）stress deviates students' focus of attention54 What is happening in the United States today is truly astonishing. In a society that prides itself on its preference for facts over hearsay, on its openness to research, and on its respect for "expert" opinion, parents, educators, administrators, and legislators are ignoring the facts, the research, and the expert opinion about how young children learn and how best to teach them.All across the country, educational programs intended for school-aged children are being appropriated for the education of young children. In some states (for example, New York, Connecticut, and Illinois) educational administrators are advocating that childrenenter school at age four. Many kindergarten programs have become full-day kindergartens, and nursery-school programs have become pre-kindergartens. Moreover, many of these kindergartens have introduced curricula, including work papers, once reserved for first-grade children. And in books addressed to parents a number of writers are encouraging parents to teach infants and young children reading, math, and science. When we instruct children in academic subjects, or in swimming, gymnastics, or ballet, at too early an age, we miseducate them; we put them at risk for short-term stress and long-term personality damage for no useful purpose. There is no evidence that such early instruction has lasting benefits, and considerable evidence that it can do lasting harm.Why, then, are we engaging in such unhealthy practices on so vast a scale? Like all social phenomena, the contemporary miseducation of large numbers of infants and young children derives from the coming together of multiple and complex social forces that both generate and justify these practices. One thing is sure: miseducation does not grow out of established knowledge about what is good pedagogy for infants and young children. Rather, the reasons must be sought in the changing values, size, structure, and style of American families, in the residue of the 1960s efforts to ensure equality of education for all groups, and in the new status, competitive, and computer pressures experienced by parents and educators in the eighties.While miseducation has always been with us — we have always had pushy parents —today it has become a societal norm. If we do not wake up to the potential danger of these harmful practices, we may do serious damage to a large segment of the next generation.55 What is happening in the United States today is truly astonishing because______. （A）people prefer facts over hearsay（B）the Americans are open to research（C）the Americans respect expert opinions（D）many people are blind to facts, research and expert opinions56 Which of the following statements is right according to the text?（A）Educational programs are adopted for young children.（B）Children enter school at age four in the US.（C）Nursery school are becoming more like kindergartens in the US.（D）Parents teach infants and young children reading, math, and science in the US.57 We should not instruct children in academic subjects, or in swimming, gymnastics, or ballet, at too early an age because______.（A）there are short-term stress and long-term personality damages（B）it is not useful（C）it brings too many benefits to be useful（D）we miseducate them58 Which of the following statements is wrong?（A）We educate our children wrongly because social forces make us to do so.（B）We educate our children wrongly because we believe it is good for infants and young children.（C）We educate our children wrongly because our values, size, structure, and style of American families have changed.（D）We educate our children wrongly because we did it to ensure better education of our children.59 The term "miseducation" means______in the passage.（A）educating children wrongly（B）educating children at too early an age（C）educating children according to wrong theories（D）educating children wrong types of knowledge60 Which of the following best sums up the arguments of the text?（A）Education and misdeucation.（B）Parents and education.（C）Kindergartens, nurseries and schools in the US.（D）Health of US education.61 What do you think of the word-association tests as discussed in Passage 3?62 Do you think our, body's response with Cortisol is harmful to our health? Why? (This question is based on Passage 4)63 Please explain in your own words why stress can cause a vicious academic cycle. ( This question is based on Passage 4)64 Many Americans think that very early education is important because they find support from recent educational studies. Do you agree with the statement? (This question is based on Passage 5)65 Why has miseducation become a societal norm? (This question is based on Passage 5)三、Writing66 Directions: Please write a paper of no fewer than 300 words about the following question: Do you think, with growing power of China, Chinese will become an international language in the future? Why?答案见麦多课文库。
2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)真题及答案
2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）真题及答案（完整版）（注：以下选项标红加粗为正确答案）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Happy people work differently. They're more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence 1 firms work, too.Companies located in place with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper. 2 , firms in happy places spend more on R&D(research and development).That's because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investment for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities' average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.7 enough, firms' investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were 8. But it is really happiness that's linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities 9 why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researches controlled for various 10 that might make firms more likely to invest like size, industry , and sales-and-and for indicators that a place was 11 to live in, like growth in wages or population. They link between happiness and investment generally 12 even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors 13 to "less confined decision making process" and the possible presence of younger and less 14 managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.'' The relationship was 15 stronger in places wherehappiness was spread more 16. Firms seem to invest more in places.17 this doesn't prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility. It's not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help 19 how executives think about the future. It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward -thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the average," said one researcher.1. [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion3. [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary4. [A] individualism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism5. [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed7. [A] sure [B] odd [C] unfortunate [D] often8. [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered9.[A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize10. [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable12. [A] resumed [B] held [C] emerged [D] broke13. [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D] compare14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D]experienced15. [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never16. [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally17. [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since18. [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes19. [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send actSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1It's true that high-school coding classes aren't essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon's School of Computer Science.However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it's not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers - but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It's not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving morechildren this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that's become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but "we try to gear lessons toward things they're interested in," said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.The students in the Flatiron class probably won't drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the "Ruby on Rails" language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn - how to think logically through a problem and organize the results - apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computers-in their pockets ,in their offices, in their homes -for the rest of their lives, The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want -the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that -the better.21.Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to _______[A] complete future job training[B] remodel the way of thinking[C] formulate logical hypotheses[D] perfect artwork production22.In delivering lessons for high - schoolers , Flatiron has considered their________[A] experience[B] interest[C] career prospects[D] academic backgrounds23.Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will ________[A] help students learn other computer languages[B] have to be upgraded when new technologies come[C] need improving when students look for jobs[D] enable students to make big quick money24.According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to ______[A] bring forth innovative computer technologies[B] stay longer in the information technology industry[C] become better prepared for the digitalized world[D] compete with a future army of programmers25.The word "coax"(Line4,Para.6) is closest in meaning to ________[A] persuade[B] frighten[C] misguide[D] challengeText 2Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands-once lent red to the often grey landscape of the midwestern and southwestern UnitedStates. But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species 'historic range.The crash was a major reason the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)decided to formally list the bird as threatened ."The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation ," said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed. They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as "endangered," a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats .But Ashe and others argued that the" threatened" tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action. and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken's habitat.Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat .The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat , USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years .And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let "states" remain in the driver 's seat for managing the species," Ashe said.Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric. Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states,and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court. Not surprisingly, doesn't go far enough. "The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction, " says biologist Jay Lininger.26.The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____.[A]its drastically decreased population[B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage[C]a desperate appeal from some biologists[D]the insistence of private landowners27.The "threatened" tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____.[A]was a give-in to governmental pressure[B]would involve fewer agencies in action[C]granted less federal regulatory power[D]went against conservation policies28.It can be learned from Paragraph3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_____.[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation[B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job[D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations29.According to Ashe, the leading role in managing the speciesin______.[A]the federal government[B]the wildlife agencies[C]the landowners[D]the states30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_______.[A]industry groups[B]the win-win rhetoric[C]environmental groups[D]the plan under challenge各院校2020考研招生简章汇总全国历年考研分数线及趋势图全国研究生导师数据查询系统考研百科|最全考研名词解释全国研究生院高校名单汇总研究生考试专业院校数据库Text 3That everyone's too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: There's never any time to read.What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don't seem sufficient. The web's full of articles offering tips on making time to read: "Give up TV" or "Carry a book with you at all times." But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn't work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning-or else you're so exhausted that a challenging book's the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, "is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption." Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which can't be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.In fact, "becoming more efficient" is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally,judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you'll manage only goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. "The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt," writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and "we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes) as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them." No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You'd think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us "step outside time's flow" into "soul time." You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers. "Carry a book with you at all times" can actually work, too-providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you're "making time to read," but just reading, and making time for everything else.31. The usual time-management techniques don't work because .[A] what they can offer does not ease the modern mind[B] what challenging books demand is repetitive reading[C] what people often forget is carrying a book with them[D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed32. The "empty bottles" metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to .[A] update their to-do lists[B] make passing time fulfilling[C] carry their plans through[D] pursue carefree reading33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps .[A] encourage the efficiency mind-set[B] develop online reading habits[C] promote ritualistic reading[D] achieve immersive reading34. "Carry a book with you at all times" can work if .[A] reading becomes your primary business of the day[B] all the daily business has been promptly dealt with[C] you are able to drop back to business after reading[D] time can be evenly split for reading and business35. The best title for this text could be .[A] How to Enjoy Easy Reading[B] How to Find Time to Read[C] How to Set Reading Goals[D] How to Read ExtensivelyText 4Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found.From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. Whlie younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those "just getting started in life" face a tougher a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing.Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadily, he said." I can't afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen." Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young."I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn't have college degrees,"Schneider said."I don't think people are capable of that anymore. "36. One cross-generation mark of a successful life is .[A] trying out different lifestyles[B] having a family with children[C] working beyond retirement age[D] setting up a profitable business37. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to .[A] favor a slower life pace[B] hold an occupation longer[C] attach importance to pre-marital finance[D] give priority to childcare outside the home38. The priorities and expectations defined by the young will .[A] become increasingly clear[B] focus on materialistic issues[C] depend largely on political preferences[D] reach almost all aspects of American life39. Both young and old agree that .[A] good-paying jobs are less available[B] the old made more life achievements[C] housing loans today are easy to obtain[D] getting established is harder for the young40. Which of the following is true about Schneider?[A] He found a dream job after graduating from college[B] His parents believe working steadily is a must for success[C] His parents' good life has little to do with a college degree[D] He thinks his job as a technician quite challengingPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs (41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Be silly[B] Have fun[C] Ask for help[D] Express your emotions.[E] Don't overthink it[F] Be easily pleased[G] Notice thingsAct Your Shoe Size, Not Your Age.(1) As adults, it seems that we're constantly pursuing happiness, often with mixed results. Yet children appear to have it down to an art-and for the most part they don't need self-help books or therapy. Instead, they look after their wellbeing instinctively and usually more effectively than we do as grownups. Perhaps it's time to learn a few lessons from them.41_____ [D] Express your emotions(2) What does a child do when he's sad? He cries. When he's angry? He shouts. Scared? Probably a bit of both. As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don't dictate our behaviours, which is in many ways a good thing. But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions, especially negative ones. That's about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill. What we feel appropriately and then-again, like children-move on.42______[F] Be easily pleasedA couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was 9 years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed, and couldn't bigger house or better carwill be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content, but the reality is these things have little lasting impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.43_______[A] Be sillyHave you ever noticed how much children laugh? If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies, increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and ever have a greater chance of fighting off infection. All of which would, of course, have a positive effect on our happiness levels.44______ [B] Have funThe problem with being a grownup is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with-work, mortgage payments, figuring out what to cook for dinner. But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the thing we love. Those things might be social, sporting, creative or completely random (dancing around the living room, anyone?)-it doesn't matter, so long as they're enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects, such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you're on a tight budget.45______ [E] Don't overthink itHaving said all of the above, it's important to add that we shouldn't try too hard to be happy. Scientists tell us this can back fire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said: "Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness." And in that, once more, we need to look to the example of our children, to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural byproduct of the way they live.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead began shopping emotionally-which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.【参考译文】超市旨在吸引顾客在自己店内停留尽量长的时间。
翻译硕士英语样题
全国211翻译硕士英语样题I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)Multiple choiceDirections: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.1. Thousan ds of people turned out into the streets to _________ against the local authorities’ decision to build a highway across the field.A. contradictB. reformC. counterD. protest2. The majority of nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a _________.A. minorityB. scarcityC. rarityD. minimum3. Professor Johnson’s retirement ________ from next January.A. carries into effectB. takes effectC. has effectD. puts into effect4. The president explained that the purpose of taxation was to ________ government spending.A. financeB. expandC. enlargeD. budget5. The heat in summer is no less _________ here in this mountain region.A. concentratedB. extensiveC. intenseD. intensive6. Taking photographs is strictly ________ here, as it may damage the precious cave paintings.A. forbiddenB. rejectedC. excludedD. denied7. Mr. Brown’s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will _________.A. pull backB. pull upC. pull throughD. pull out8. Since the early nineties, the trend in most businesses has been toward on-demand, always-available products and services that suit the custo mer’s _________ rather than the company’s.A. benefitB. availabilityC. suitabilityD. convenience9. The priest made the ________ of the cross when he entered the church.A. markB. signalC. signD. gesture10. This spacious room is ________ furnished with just a few articles in it.A. lightlyB. sparselyC. hardlyD. rarely11. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he ________ able to advise you much better than I can.A. would beB. will have beenC. wasD. were12. With some men dressing down and some other men flaunting their looks, it is really hard to tell they are gay or _________.A. straightB. homosexualC. beautifulD. sad13. His remarks were ________ annoy everybody at the meeting.A. so as toB. such as toC. such toD. as much as to14. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he _________ until yesterday.A. will comeB. was comingC. had been comingD. came15. _________ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.A. I was and always will beB. I have to be and always will beC. I had been and always will beD. I have been and always will be16. Because fuel supplies are finite and many people are wasteful, we will have to install _________ solar heating device in our home.A. some type ofB. some types of aC. some type of aD. some types of17. I went there in 1984, and that was the only occasion when I ________ the journey in exactly two days.A. must takeB. must have madeC. was able to makeD. could make18. I know he failed his last test, but really he’s _________ stupid.A. something butB. anything butC. nothing butD. not but19. Do you know Tim’s brother? He is _________ than Tim.A. much more sportsmanB. more of a sportsmanC. more of sportsmanD. more a sportsman20. That was not the first time he ________ us. I think it’s high time we ________ strong actions against him.A. betrayed…takeB. had betrayed… tookC. has betrayed…tookD. has betrayed… takeII. Reading comprehension (40’)Section 1 Multiple choice (20’)Directions: In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage AThe Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx, once widely spoken on the Isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning, however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the club—Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe—only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airline, Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of compatriots”, is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol since the time of K ing Arthur, is everywhere—on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front ofus echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfa n continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago. “We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s changing.”1. According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant toA. maintain the present status among the nations.B. reduce legislative powers of England.C. create a better state of equality among the nations.D. grant more say to all the nations in the union.2. The word “centrifugal” in the second paragraph meansA. separatist.B. conventional.C. feudal.D. political3. Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPTA. people’s desire for devolution.B. locals’ turnout for the voting.C. powers of the legislative body.D. status of the national language.4. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identity?A. Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.B. Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.C. A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.D. The national symbol has become a familiar sight.5. According to Dyfan Jones what has changed isA. people’s mentality.B. pop culture.C. town’s appearance.D. possibilities for the people.Passage BThe miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again. This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens again may not be possible, because thesudden impoverishment of those Enron workers represents something even larger than it seems. It’s the latest turn in the unwinding of one of the most audacious promise s of the 20th century. The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the 19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food, warmth, shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in need and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in the U.S.). Labour unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant corporations came into being and offered the possibility—in some cases the promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions? The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. For millennia the average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been. Ultimately I’m on my own. Now it became, ultimately I’ll be taken care of.The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the 1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands, many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also in decline. Labour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To make costs easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to defined contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). the significance of t he 401(k) is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on the employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s worth when the employee retires.Which brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement savings went in employees’ 401(k) acco unts. That is, the employees chose how much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron matched a certain proportion of each employee’s 401(k) contribution with company stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron case. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the company’s problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold. Second, Enron’s 401(k) accounts were locked while the company changed plan administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have closed their accounts if they wanted to. But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their 401(k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment op tions they were offered. Of course that wasn’t prudent, but it’s what some of them did.The Enron employees’ retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from guaranteed economic security. That’s why preventing such a thing from ever happening agai n may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won’t be complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a 20th-century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like most people in most times and places, they’re on their own.6. Why does the author say at the beginning “The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history…”?A. Because the company has gone bankrupt.B. Because such events would never happen again.C. Because many Enron workers lost their retirement savings.D. Because it signifies a turning point in economic security.7. According to the passage, the combined efforts by governments, layout unions and big corporations to guarantee economic comfort have led to a significant change inA. people’s outlook on life.B. people’s life styles.C. people’s living standard.D. people’s social values.8. Changes in pension schemes were also part ofA. the corporate lay-offs.B. the government cuts in welfare spending.C. the economic restructuring.D. the warning power of labors unions.9. Thousands of employees chose Enron as their sole investment option mainly becauseA. the 401(k) made them responsible for their own future.B. Enron offered to add company stock to their investment.C. their employers intended to cut back on pension spending.D. Enron’s offer was similar to a defined-benefit plan.10. Which is NOT seen as a lesson drawn from the Enron disaster?A. The 401(k) assets should be placed in more than one investment option.B. Employees have to take up responsibilities for themselves.C. Such events could happen again as it is not easy to change people’s mind.D. Economic security won’t be taken for granted by future young workers.Section 2 Answering questions (20’)Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your answer sheet.Questions 1～3For 40 years the sight of thousands of youngsters striding across the open moorland has been as much an annual fixture as spring itself. But the 2,400 school pupils who join the grueling Dartmoor Ten Tors Challenge next Saturday may be among the last to take part in the May tradition. The trek faces growing criticism from environmentalists who fear that the presence of so many walkers on on e weekend threatens the survival of some of Dartmoor’s internationally rare bird species.The Ten Tors Challenge takes place in the middle of the breeding season, when the slightest disturbance can jeopardize birds’ chances of reproducing successfully. Experts at the RSPB and the Dartmoor National Park Authority fear that the walkers could frighten birds and even crush eggs. They are now calling for the event to be moved to the autumn, when the breeding season is over and chicks should be well established. Organisers of the event, which is led by about 400 Territorial Army volunteers, say moving it would be impractical for several reasons and would mean pupils could not train properly for the 55-mile trek. Dartmoor is home to 10 rare species of ground-nesting birds, including golden plovers, dunlins and lapwings. In some cases, species are either down to their last two pairs on the moor or are facing a nationwide decline.Emma Parkin, South-west spokeswoman for the PASPB, took part in the challenge as a schoolgirl. She said the society had no objections to the event itself but simply wanted it moved to another time of year. “It is a wonderful activity for the children who take part but, having thousands of people walking past in one weekend when birds are breeding is hardly ideal,” she said. “We would prefer it to take place after the breeding and nesting season is over. There is a risk of destruction and disturbance. If the walkers put a foot in the wrong place they can crush the eggs and if there is sufficient disturbance the birds might abandon the nest.” Helen Booker, an RSPB upland conservation officer, said there was no research into the scale of the damage but there was little doubt the walk was detrimental. “If people are tramping past continual ly it can harm the chances of successful nesting. There is also the fear of direct trampling of eggs.” A spokesman for the Dartmoor National Park Authority said the breeding season on the moor lasted from early March to mid-July, and the Ten Tors Challenge created the potential for disturbance for March, when participants start training.To move the event to the autumn was difficult because children would be on holiday during the training period. There was a possibility that some schools in the Southwest move to a four-term year in 2004, “but until then any change was unlikely. The authority last surveyed bird life on Dartmoor two year ago and if the next survey showed any further decline, it would increase pressure to move the C hallenge,” he said.Major Mike Pether, secretary of the army committee that organises the Challenge, said the event could be moved if there was the popular will. “The Ten Tors has been running for 42 years and it has always been at this time of the year. It is almost in table ts of stone but that’s not to say we won’t consider moving if there is a consensus in favour. However, although the RSPB would like it moved, 75 per cent of the people who take part want it to stay as it is,” he said. Major Pether said the trek could not be moved to earlier in the year because it would conflict with the lambing season, most of the children were on holiday in the summer, and the winter weather was too harsh.Datmoor National Park occupies some 54 sq km of hills topped by granite outcrops knownas “Tors” with the highest Tor-capped hill reaching 621m. The valleys and dips between the hills are often sites of bogs to snare the unwary hiker. The moor has long been used by the British Army as a training and firing range. The origin of the event stretches back to 1959 when three Army officers exercising on the moor thought it would provide a challenge for civilians as well as soldiers. In the first year 203 youngsters took up the challenges. Since then teams, depending on age and ability, face hikes of 35, 45 or 55 miles between 10 nominated Tors over two days. They are expected to carry everything they need to survive.1. What is the Ten Tors Challenge? Give a brief introduction of its location and history.2. Why is it suggested that the event be moved to the autumn or other seasons?3. What are the difficulties if the event is moved to the autumn or other seasons?Questions 4～5Mike and Adam Hurewitz grew up together on Long Island, in the suburbs of New York City. They were very close, even for brothers. So when Adam’s liver started failing, Mike offered to give him half of his. The operation saved Adam’s life. But Mike, who went into the hospital in seemingly excellent health, developed a complication—perhaps a blood colt—and died last week. He was 57. Mike Hurewitz’s death has prompted a lot of soul searching in the transplant community. Was it a tragic fluke or a sign that transplant surgery has reached some kind of ethical limit? The Mount Sinai Medical Center, the New York City hospital where the complex double operation was performed, has put on hold its adult living donor liver transplant program, pending a review of Hu rewitz’s death. Mount Sinai has performed about 100 such operations in the past three years.A 1-in-100 risk of dyi ng may not seem like bad odds, but there’s more to this ethical dilemma than a simple ratio. The first and most sacred rule of medicine is to do no harm. “For a normal healthy person a mortality rate 1% is hard to justify,” says Dr. John Fung, chief of tra nsplantation at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. “If the rate stays at 1%, it’s just not going to be accepted.” On the other hand, there’s an acute shortage of traditional donor organs from people who have died in accidents or suffered fatal heart attacks. If family members fully understand the risks and are willing to proceed, is there any reason to stand in their way? Indeed, a recent survey showed that most people will accept a mortality rate for living organ donors as high as 20%. The odds, thankfully, aren’t nearly that bad. For kidney donors, for example, the risk ranges from 1 in 2, 500 to 1 in 4, 000 for a healthy volunteer. That helps explain why nearly 40% of kidney transplants in the U.S. come from living donors.The operation to transplant a liver, however, is a lot trickier than one to transplant a kidney. Not only is the liver packed with blood vessels, but it also makes lots of proteins that need to be produced in the right ratios for the body to survive. When organs from the recently deceased are used, the surgeon gets to pick which part of the donated liver looks the best and to take as much of it as needed. Assuming all goes well, a healthy liver can grow back whatever portion of the organ is missing, sometimes within a month.A living-donor transplant works particularly well when an adult donates a modest portion of the liver to a child. Usually only the left lobe of the organ is required, leading to a mortality rate for living-donors in the neighborhood of 1 in 500 to 1 in 1, 000. But when the recipient is another adult, as much as 60% of the donor’s liver has to be removed. “There really is very little marginfor error,” says Dr. Fung. By way of analogy, he suggests, think of a tree. “An adult-to-child living-donor transplant is like cutting off a limb. With an adult-to-adult transplant, you’re splitting the trunk in half and trying to keep both halves alive.”Even if a potential donor understand and accepts these risks, that doesn’t necessarily mean the operation should proceed. All sorts of subtle pressures can be brought to bear on such a decision, says Dr. Mark Siegler, director of the MacLean for Clinical Medical Ethics at the University of Chicago. “Sometimes the sicker the patient, the greater the pressure and the more willing the donor will be to accept risks.” If you feel you can’t say no, is your decision truly voluntary? And if not, is it the medical community’s responsibility to save you from your own best intentions?Transplant centers have developed screening programs to ensure that living donors fully understand the nature of their decision. But unexamined, for the most part, is the larger issue of just how much a volunteer should be allowed to sacrifice to save another human being. So far, we seem to be sa ying some risk is acceptable, although we’re still vaguer about where the cutoff should be. There will always be family members like Mike Hurewitz who are heroically prepared to make the ultimate sacrifice for a loved one. What the medical profession and society must decide is if it’s appropriate to let them do so.4. Describe in your own words the liver transplant between the two brothers Mike and Adam.5. What is the major issue raised in the article?III. Writing (30’)Some people see education simply as going to school or college, or as a means to secure good jobs; other people view education as a lifelong process. In your opinion, how important is education to people in the modern society?Write a composition of about 400 words on your view of the topic.。