机械设计制造及其自动化外文翻译外文文献英文文献普通钻床改造为多轴钻床复习过程

机械设计制造及其自动化外文翻译外文文献英文文献普通钻床改造为多轴钻床复习过程
机械设计制造及其自动化外文翻译外文文献英文文献普通钻床改造为多轴钻床复习过程

普通钻床改造为多轴钻床

目前,我国中、小型企业的产品质量和生产效率都需要有一个新的提高, 但是加工手段却远远不能满足需要, 许多中小型企业都结合自己的实际对设备的技术状态进行改进,通过强化自身, 以求自我发展普通钻床为单轴机床,但安装上多轴箱就会成为多轴的钻床,改造成多轴钻床后,能大大地缩短加工时间,提高生产效率。

多轴加工应用:据统计,一般在车间中普通机床的平均切削时间很少超过全部工作时间的15%。其余时间是看图、装卸工件、调换刀具、操作机床、测量以及清除铁屑等等。使用

数控机床虽然能提高85%,但购置费用大。某些情况下,即使生产率高,但加工相同的零件,其成本不一定比普通机床低。故必须更多地缩短加工时间。不同的加工方法有不同的特点,就钻削加工而言,多轴加工是一种通过少量投资来提高生产率的有效措施。

多轴加工优势:虽然不可调式多轴头在自动线中早有应用,但只局限于大批量生产。即使采用可调式多轴头扩大了使用范围,仍然远不能满足批量小、孔型复杂的要求。尤其随着工业的发展,大型复杂的多轴加工更是引人注目。例如原子能发电站中大型冷凝器水冷壁管板有15000个“ 20孔,若以摇臂钻床加工,单单钻孔与锪沉头孔就要842.5小时,另外还要

划线工时151.1 小时。但若以数控八轴落地钻床加工,钻锪孔只要171.6 小时,划线也简单,只要1.9 小时。因此,利用数控控制的二个坐标轴,使刀具正确地对准加工位置,结合多轴加工不但可以扩大加工范围,而且在提高精度的基础上还能大大地提高工效,迅速地制造出原来不易加工的零件。有人分析大型高速柴油机30 种箱形与杆形零件的2000 多个钻孔操作中,有40%可以在自动更换主轴箱机床中用二轴、三轴或四轴多轴头加工,平均可减少20%的加工时间。1975年法国巴黎机床展览会也反映了多轴加工的使用愈来愈多这一趋势。

多轴加工的设备:多轴加工是在一次进给中同时加工许多孔或同时在许多相同或不同工件上各加工一个

孔。这不仅缩短切削时间,提高精度,减少装夹或定位时间,并且在数控机

床中不必计算坐标,减少字块数而简化编程。它可以采用以下一些设备进行加工:立钻或摇臂钻上装多轴头、多轴钻床、多轴组合机床心及自动更换主轴箱机床。甚至可以通过二个能

自动调节轴距的主轴或多轴箱,结合数控工作台纵横二个方向的运动,加工各种圆形或椭圆

形孔组的一个或几个工序。现在就这方面的现状作一简介。

多轴头:从传动方式来说主要有齿轮传动与万向联轴节传动二种。这是大家所熟悉的。前者效率较高,结构简单,后者易于调整轴距。从结构来说有不可调式与可调式二种。前者轴距不能改变,多采用齿轮传动,仅适用于大批量生产。为了扩大其赞许适应性,发展了可调式多轴头,在一定范围内可调整轴距。它主要装在有万向. 二种。(1)万向轴式也有二种: 具有对准装置的主轴。主轴装在可调支架中,而可调支架能在壳体的T 形槽中移动,并能在对准的位置以螺栓固定。(2)具有公差的圆柱形主轴套。主轴套固定在与式件孔型相同的模板中。前一种适用于批量小且孔组是规则分布的工件(如孔组分布在不同直径的圆周上)后一种适用于批量较大式中小批量的轮番生产中,刚性较好,孔距精度亦高,但不同孔型需要不同的模板。多轴头可以装在立钻式摇臂钻床上,按钻床本身所具有的各种功能进行工作。这种多轴加工方法,由于钻孔效率、加工范围及精度的关系,使用范围有限。

多轴箱:也象多轴头那样作为标准部件生产。美国Secto 公司标准齿轮箱、多轴箱等设计

的不可调式多轴箱。有32种规格,加工面积从300 X 300毫米到600 X1050毫米,工作轴达60根,动力达22.5千瓦。Romai工厂生产的可调多轴箱调整方便,只要先把齿轮调整到接近孔型的位置,然后把与它联接的可调轴移动到正确的位置。因此,这种结构只要改变模板,就能在一定范围内容易地改变孔型,并且可以达到比普通多轴箱更小的孔距。根据成组加工原理使用多轴箱或多轴头的组合机床很适用于大中批量生产。为了在加工中获得良好的效果,必需考虑以下数点:(1)工件装夹简单,有足够的冷却液冲走铁屑。(2)夹具刚性好,

加工时不形变,分度定位正确。(3)使用二组刀具的可能性,以便一组使用,另一组刃磨与调整,从而缩短换刀停机时间。(4)使用优质刀具,监视刀具是否变钝,钻头要机磨。

(5)尺寸超差时能立即发现。

多轴钻床:这是一种能满足多轴加工要求的钻床。诸如导向、功率、进给、转速与加工范围

等。巴黎展览会中展出的多轴钻床多具液压进给。其整个工作循坏如快进、工进与清除铁屑等都是自动进行。值得注意的是,多数具有单独的变速机构,这样可以适应某一组孔中不同孔径的加工需要。

(1)自动更换主轴机床

自动更换主轴机床顶部是回转式主轴箱库,挂有多个不可调主轴箱。纵横配线盘予先编好工作程序,使相应的主轴箱进入加工工位,定位紧并与动力联接,然后装有工件的工作台转动到主轴箱下面,向上移动进行加工。当变更加工对象时,只要调换悬挂的主轴箱,就能适应不同孔型与不同工序的需要。

(2)多轴转塔机床

转塔上装置多个不可调或万向联轴节主轴箱,转塔能自动转位,并对夹紧在回转工作台的工件作进给运动。通过工作台回转,可以加工工件的多个面。因为转塔不宜过大,故它的工位数一般不超过4—6 个。且主轴箱也不宜过大。当加工对象的工序较多、尺寸较大时,就不如自动更换主轴箱机床合适,但它的结构简单。

(3)自动更换主轴箱组合机床

它由自动线或组合机床中的标准部件组成。不可调多轴箱与动力箱按置在水平底座上,主轴箱库转动时整个装置紧固在进给系统的溜板上。主轴箱库转动与进给动作都按标准子程序工作。换主轴箱时间为几秒钟。工件夹紧于液压分度回转工作台,以便加工工件的各个面。好果回转工作台配以卸料装置,就能合流水生产自动化。在可变生产系统中采用这种装置,并配以相应的控制器可以获得完整的加工系统。

(4) 数控八轴落地钻床

大型冷凝器的水冷壁管板的孔多达15000个,它与支撑板联接在一起加工。孔径为20 毫米,

孔深180 毫米。采用具有内冷却管道的麻花钻,5-7 巴压力的冷却液可直接进入切削区,有利于排屑。钻尖磨成90°供自动定心。它比普通麻花钻耐用,且进给量大。为了缩短加工时间,以8 轴数控落地加工。

多轴加工趋势:多轴加工生产效率高,投资少,生产准备周期短,产品改型时设备损失少。而且随着我国数控技术的发展,多轴加工的范围一定会愈来愈广,加工效率也会不断提高。

生产任务:在一批铸铁连接件上有同一个面上有多个孔加工。在普通立式钻床上进行孔加工,通常是一个孔一个孔的钻削,生产效率低,用非标设备,即组合机床加工,生产效率高,但设备投资大。但把一批普通立式普通单轴钻床改造为立式多轴钻床,改造后的多轴钻床,可以同时完成多个孔的钻、扩、铰、等工序。

红外数据通信技术外文翻译文献

红外数据通信技术外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique, drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos

etc. characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage. Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit customer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish customer’s operation demand. Keywords: Infrared dray;Code;Decoding;LM386;Red outside transceiver 1 Introduction 1.1 research the background and significance Infrared Data Communication Technology is the world wide use of a wireless connection technology, by the many hardware and software platforms supported. Is a data through electrical pulses and infrared optical pulse switch between the wireless data transceiver technology.

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离,该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好,但是其需要消耗大量的时间,并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时,这些问题显得更加突出。近年来,几种制备系统已经进行了改进,能将分离时间减少到1-3h,并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥(使用薄层色谱分析进行分析)。在这些方法中,在我们的实验室中,媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近,我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术,可用于反应产物的常规提纯,我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等(ΔR f≥),而且构建这个系统花费非常低,并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础,专门针对快速分离,介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的,优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本,放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内,使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间(r)和峰宽(w,w/2)的比率进行测定的(Figure 1),结果如图2-4所示,图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

外文翻译 - 英文

The smart grid Smart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advanced control method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently. The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow. China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power. Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communication

中英文文献翻译-加工中心数控技术

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通信工程项目毕业材料外文翻译

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