博物馆-外文翻译-外文文献-英文文献
外文翻译外文文献英文文献国际建设工程风险分析
外文文献：This analysis used a case study methodology to analyze the issues surrounding the partial collapse of the roof of a building housing the headquarters of the Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ). In particular, it examined the prior roles played by the team of construction professionals. The analysis revealed that the SAZ’s traditional construction project was generally characterized by high risk. There was a clear indication of the failure of a contractor and architects in preventing and/or mitigating potential construction problems as alleged by the plaintiff. It was reasonable to conclude that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It appeared justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects. The risk analysis facilitated, through its multi-dimensional approach to a critical examination of a construction problem, the identification of an effective risk management strategy for future construction prject and riskThe structural design of the reinforced concrete elements was done by consulting engineers Knight Piesold (KP). Quantity surveying services were provided by Hawkins, Leshnick & Bath (HLB). The contract was awarded to Central African Building Corporation (CABCO) who was also responsible for the provision of a specialist roof structure using patented “gang nail” roof trusses. The building construction proceeded to completion and was handed over to the owners on Sept. 12, 1991. The SAZ took effective occupation of the headquarters building without a certificate of occupation. Also, the defects liability period was only three months .The roof structure was in place 10 years At first the SAZ decided to go to arbitration, but this failed to yield an immediate solution. The SAZ then decided toproceed to litigate in court and to bring a negligence claim against CABCO. The preparation for arbitration was reused for litigation. The SAZ’s quantified losses stood at approximately $ 6 million in Zimbabwe dollars (US $1.2m) .After all parties had examined the facts and evidence before them, it became clear that there was a great probability that the courts might rule that both the architects and the contractor were lia ble. It was at this stage that the defendants’ lawyers requested that the matter be settled out of court. The plaintiff agreed to this suxamined the prior roles played by the project management function and construction professionals in preventing/mitigating potential construction problems. It further assessed the extent to which the employer/client and parties to a construction contract are able to recover damages under that contract. The main objective of this critical analysis was to identify an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. The importance of this study is its multidimensional examination approach.Experience sugge be misleading. All construction projects are prototypes to some extent and imply change. Change in the construction industry itself suggests that past experience is unlikely to be sufficient on its own. A structured approach is required. Such a structure can not and must not replace the experience and expertise of the participant. Rather, it brings additional benefits that assist to clarify objectives, identify the nature of the uncertainties, introduces effective communication systems, improves decision-making, introduces effective risk control measures, protects the project objectives and provides knowledge of the risk history .Construction professionals need to know how to balance the contingencies of risk with their specific contractual, financial, operational and organizational requirements. Many construction professionals look at risks in dividually with a myopic lens and donot realize the potential impact that other associated risks may have on their business operations. Using a holistic risk management approach will enable a firm to identify all of the organization’s business risks. This will increas e the probability of risk mitigation, with the ultimate goal of total risk elimination .Recommended key construction and risk management strategies for future construction projects have been considered and their explanation follows. J.W. Hinchey stated th at there is and can be no ‘best practice’ standard for risk allocation on a high-profile project or for that matter, any project. He said, instead, successful risk management is a mind-set and a process. According to Hinchey, the ideal mind-set is for the parties and their representatives to, first, be intentional about identifying project risks and then to proceed to develop a systematic and comprehensive process for avoiding, mitigat and its location. This is said to be necessary not only to allow alternative responses to be explored. But also to ensure that the right questions are asked and the major risks identified. Heads of sources of risk are said to be a convenient way of providing a structure for identifying risks to completion of a participant’s pa rt of the project. Effective risk management is said to require a multi-disciplinary approach. Inevitably risk management requires examination of engineering, legal and insurance related solutions .It is stated that the use of analytical techniques based on a statistical approach could be of enormous use in decision making . Many of these techniques are said to be relevant to estimation of the consequences of risk events, and not how allocation of risk is to be achieved. In addition, at the present stage of the development of risk management, Atkinson states that it must be recognized that major decisions will be made that can not be based solely on mathematical analysis. The complexity ofconstruction projects means that the project definition in terms of both physical form and organizational structure will be based on consideration of only a relatively small number of risks . This is said to then allow a general structured approach that can be applied to any construction project to increase the awareness of participants .The new, simplified Construction Design and Management Regulations (CDM Regulations) which came in to f 1996, into a single regulatory package.The new CDM regulations offer an opportunity for a step change in health and safety performance and are used to reemphasize the health, safety and broader business benefits of a well-managed and co-ordinated approach to the management of health and safety in construction. I believe that the development of these skills is imperative to provide the client with the most effective services available, delivering the best value project possible.Construction Management at Risk (CM at Risk), similar to established private sector methods of construction contracting, is gaining popularity in the public sector. It is a process that allows a client to select a construction manager (CM) based on qualifications; make the CM a member of a collaborative project team; centralize responsibility for construction under a single contract; obtain a bonded guaranteed maximum price; produce a more manageable, predictable project; save time and money; and reduce risk for the client, the architect and the CM.CM at Risk, a more professional approach to construction, is taking its place along with design-build, bridging and the more traditional process of design-bid-build as an established method of project delivery.The AE can review to get the projec. Competition in the community is more equitable: all subcontractors have a fair shot at the work .A contingency within the GMP covers unexpected but justifiable costs, and a contingency above the GMP allows for client changes. As long as the subcontractors are within the GMP they are reimbursed to the CM, so the CM represents the client in negotiating inevitable changes with subcontractors.There can be similar problems where each party in a project is separately insured. For this reason a move towards project insurance is recommended. The traditional approach reinforces adversarial attitudes, and even provides incentives for people to overlook or conceal risks in an attempt to avoid or transfer responsibility.A contingency within the GMP covers unexpected but justifiable costs, and a contingency above the GMP allows for client changes. As long as the subcontractors are within the GMP they are reimbursed to the CM, so the CM represents the client in negotiating inevitable changes with subcontractors.There can be similar problems where each party in a project is separately insured. For this reason a move towards project insurance is recommended. The traditional approach reinforces adversarial attitudes, and even provides incentives for people to overlook or conceal risks in an attempt to avoid or transfer responsibility.It was reasonable to assume that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It did appear justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects.In many projects clients do not understand the importance of their role in facilitating cooperation and coordination; the desi recompense. They do not want surprises, and are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong.中文译文：国际建设工程风险分析索赔看来是合乎情理的。
金属合金 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 铁类金属
附录5Ferrous MetalsMetals are divided into two general groups: ferrous metals and nonferrous metals. Ferrous metals are those metals whose major element is iron. The major types of ferrous metals arc irons, carbon steels, alloy steels and tool steels.IronThe iron ore which we find in the earth is not pure. It contains some impurities which we must remove by smelting. The process of smelting consists of heating the ore in a blast furnace with coke and limestone, and reducing it to metal. Blasts of hot air enter the furnace from the bottom and provide the oxygen which is necessary for the reduction of the ore, The ore becomes mohen, and its oxide combines with carbon kom the coke. The non-metallic constituents of there combine with the limestone to form a liquid slag. This floats on top of the molten iron, and passes out of the furnace through a tap. The metal which remains is pig-iron, and consists of approximately 93 percent iron, 5 percent carbon, and 2 percent impurities.Remehing pig iron and scrap iron in a furnace to remove some of the impurities produces cast iron. The type, or grade, of cast iron is determined by the extent of refining, the amounts of pig iron and scrap iron, and the methods used to cast and cool the metal.The three primary types of cast iron are gray cast iron, white cast iron, and malleable iron.Gray cast iron is primarily used for cast frames, automobile engine blocks, handwheel, and east housings. White cast iron is hard and wear resistant and is used for parts such as train wheels. Malleable cast iron is a tough material used for tools such as pipes and wrenches. Generally, cast irons have very good compressive strength, corrosion resistance, and good machinability. The main disadvantage of cast iron is its natural brittleness.Carbon SteelCarbon steel is made from pig iron that has been refined and cleaned of most impurities. Most of the original carbon in the metal is burned out during the refining process. Measured amounts of carbon are then added to the molten metal to produce the exact grade of carbon steel desired. After the steel is poured into ingots and allowed to cool, it is usually sent to a rolling mill to be rolled and formed into specific shapes.The three principal types of carbon steel used in industry are low, medium, and high carbon steel. The percentage of carbon :is the most important factor in determining the mechanical properties of each type of carbon steel. :Low carbon contains between 0. 05% and O. 30% carbon and is primarily used for parts that do not require great strength. Typical uses of low carbonsteel include chains, bolts, screws, washers, nuts, pins, wire, shafting, and pipes. This metal is also known as machine steel, mild steel, and cold-rolled steel. Low carbon steel is tough, ductile material that is easily machined and welded. It is useful for parts that must be stamped or formed.Containing between 0. 30 and 0.50% carbon, medium carbon steel is used for parts that required great strength than is possible with low carbon steel, such as gears, crankshafts, machine parts and axles. Because this steel has higher carbon content, it can be heat-treated to increase both hardness and wear resistance. Medium carbon steel is a tough, hardenable metal that has good machinability and is easily welded.Containing between 0.50 and 1.70% carbon, high carbon steel is used for parts that require hardness and strength, such as files, knives, drills, razors, and woodworking tools. Due to their increased carbon content, high carbon steels can be heat-treated to make them harder and more wear resistant than low or medium carbon steels. Due to their great hardness, high carbon steels are often brittle.Alloy SteelsAlloy steels are basically carbon steels with elements added to modify of change the mechanical properties of the steel. All steels are alloy steels because each is a combination of elements, including carbon steel, a mixture of iron and carbon. To identify the two groups, one is called carbon or plain steel and the other is referred to as alloy steel.Alloying elements are added to the molten steel in measured amounts. The desired end product determines the elements and amounts added. The primary alloying elements and their effect on the steel are as follows: Boron —The hardenability of an alloy is increased by boron. Only very small amounts of boron are needed to increase the hardenability characteristics of the other elements in the alloy.Chromium — When used in small amount, chromium increases the depth hardness of the metal. The more chromium used, the better the alloy resists corrosion. Chromium is a principal element in stainless steels.Cobalt —Cobalt is added to an alloy to increase wear resistance and increase red hardness, which is the ability of a metal to maintain a cutting edge at elevated temperature. Cobalt is a valuable addition to some high-speed tool steels.Lead —By reducing the cutting friction, lead improves machinability. Leaded steels also have good weldability and formability.Manganese —Impurities in alloy steels are controlled by using manganese as a purifier and scavenger. When added in larger amount ( 1 to 15 percent) , manganese produces good hardness and wear resistance.Molybdenum — A tough alloy suitable for a wide range of high-strength applications, molybdenum steel permits good depth hardness and strength at elevated temperatures.Nickel —High-strength alloys resistant to both elevated temperaturesand corrosion are produced by nickel. When alloyed with molybdenum, nickel steel becomes a very tough alloy, which is often used for many aircraft parts. Larger amounts of nickel greatly add to the corrosion resistance of stainless steels.Phosphorus and Sulfur —Free-machining carbon steels are produced with phosphorus and sulfur. When alloyed with carbon steels, phosphorus and suffer produce alloys with excellent machining characteristics.Tungsten —When alloyed with steel, tungsten produces a variety of high-speed tool steels and adds hardenability and strength at elevated temperatures as well as high resistance to wear.Vanadium —A tough, fine-grained steel that acts as a cleanser and purifier to eliminate many of the impurities of steel is produced by vanadium.Tool SteelsTool steels are a special grade of alloy steels used for making a wide variety of tools. Depending on their composition, tool steels are highly resistant to wear, shocks, and heat. These alloys gener ally contain more carbon, tungsten, and cobalt than do the standard alloy steels, i41 Another principal difference between most alloy steels and tool steels is the control with which elements are added.Tool steels are made with much closer quality controls than are other alloy steels.铁类金属金属材料分为两种类型：铁类金属和非铁金属。
博物馆文物展品的英译——以洛阳博物馆为例
收稿日期: 2012 － 09 － 29
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Kwan-yin。其 实， 菩 萨 的 本 名 在 梵 文 中 是 Avalokitesvara，至于“观音、观世音”的说法，其实是对 原文的意译理解。西天取经归来的唐玄奘认为若将 Avalokitesvara（ 读音类似“阿娃罗其特斯娃拉”） 音译 的话太拗口，于是将其意译为“观自在”以便中国读者 掌握，又作观世音菩萨、光世音菩萨等，从字面解释就 是“观察（ 世间民众的） 声音”的菩萨，是四大菩萨之 一，性别也从原来的男性转变成今天为国人所熟知的 女性。可以说，观音崇拜是印度佛教中国化的结果，也 与中国传统 文 化 有 着 密 切 的 联 系。 因 此，将“观 音 造 像”直接译为 Figure of Guan Yin 是符合翻译规律的， 便于目的语读者接触独特的中国文化。
博物馆英文作文
博物馆英文作文英文回答：A museum serves as a repository for significant artifacts, artworks, and historical records. It preserves and displays these objects for public appreciation, education, and research. Museums can vary greatly in size and scope, from small local institutions to vast national museums. However, they all share the common goal of preserving and interpreting cultural heritage.Museums play a vital role in preserving our collective memory and promoting cultural diversity. They provide a space where people can encounter different perspectives, learn about the past, and appreciate the beauty of human creativity. By safeguarding and showcasing cultural artifacts, museums contribute to the preservation of our shared history and collective identity.In addition to their role as guardians of culturalheritage, museums also serve as educational institutions. They offer a wide range of educational programs, exhibitions, and resources that cater to diverse audiences. Museums provide opportunities for visitors to engage with history, art, and science in a hands-on and interactive way. School groups, families, and lifelong learners can explore museum collections, participate in workshops, and attend lectures to deepen their understanding of various subjects.Museums are also important centers for research. They offer scholars and researchers access to valuable collections, libraries, and archives. Museums collaborate with universities and research institutions to conduct groundbreaking research that contributes to the advancement of knowledge in fields such as history, archaeology, andart history.Moreover, museums play a significant role in fostering community engagement and cultural dialogue. They hostpublic events, workshops, and performances that bringpeople together to share ideas, engage with artists, and celebrate cultural diversity. Museums also provideopportunities for local communities to participate in the preservation and interpretation of their own cultural heritage.In conclusion, museums are institutions that play a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage, providing educational opportunities, fostering research, andpromoting community engagement. They serve as guardians of our collective memory and catalysts for cultural understanding and appreciation.中文回答：博物馆是一个收藏重要文物、艺术品和历史记录的地方。
谈文博领域的外文翻译工作
目录
01 关键词分析
03
一、博物馆外文翻译 的重要性
02 内容构思 04 二、博物馆外文翻译
的基本要求和技巧
目录
05 三、博物馆外文翻译 的具体实践策略
07 参考内容
06 结论
随着全球化的推进和文化的繁荣发展，博物馆领域的外文翻译工作逐渐受到人 们的。外文翻译在博物馆领域具有重要意义，它不仅有助于推动文化交流，还 能提升博物馆的国际影响力。本次演示将探讨文博领域的外文翻译工作，分析 关键词的含义和基本要求，并简述撰写技巧。
中国戏曲的剧目通常分为传统剧目和现代剧目两类，其中传统剧目最为著名。 传统剧目通常包括历史故事、民间传说和神话故事等题材，而现代剧目则更注 重现实生活的描写和社会问题的反映。此外，中国戏曲的角色也分为生、旦、 净、末、丑等几个行当，每个行当都有其独特的表演特点。因此，在翻译中需 要准确地表达这些剧目和人物角色的特点。
1、推动文化交流
博物馆作为人类文化遗产的重要载体，是各国间文化交流的重要桥梁。通过外 文翻译，国际观众可以更好地了解不同国家和民族的历史和文化，从而增进相 互之间的了解与友谊。
2、提升博物馆的国际影响力
准确、生动的外文翻译可以提高博物馆的国际知名度，吸引更多国际观众前来 参观，从而提升博物馆的国际影响力。
在博物馆领域，外文翻译的主要对象是展品、文物和相关文献资料的说明与介 绍。这些展品和文物代表了各个国家和民族的历史和文化，因此外文翻译的准 确性对于传达正确的信息至关重要。此外，外文翻译还涉及到展厅的国际化和 本土化问题，如何在保持本土特色的同时满足国际观众的需求，是对外文翻译 的一大挑战。
关键词分析
综上所述，中国戏曲的外文翻译需要考虑到其历史、文化和社会背景，以及其 表演形式和技巧的特殊性，同时也需要准确地表达剧目和人物角色的特点。为 了使翻译更加准确和全面，建议在翻译中使用一些辅助词汇或者加上注释来进 一步解释和补充相关信息。例如，“中国传统戏剧”可以翻译为 “Traditional Chinese Opera”，而“京剧”则可以翻译为“Peking Opera”。也可以在文章中加入相关的背景介绍和文化解释，以便读者更好地 理解和欣赏中国戏曲这一独特的艺术形式。
图书馆的英语单词
图书馆的英语单词图书馆有保存人类文化遗产、开发信息资源、参与社会教育等职能。
那样你知道图书馆的英语单词是什么吗?目前跟我们一起学习关于图书馆的英语常识吧。
图书馆的英语单词librarybibliotheca图书馆的英语例句暴乱者放火烧了当地的图书馆。
The rioters torched the local library.图书馆搬迁的艰巨任务The mammoth task of relocating the library这个图书馆藏书10万卷。
This library has 100000 volumes.那城市有自身的公用图书馆和公园。
The town has its own public library and public gardens.那个图书馆从上午9点到下午6点开放。
The library is open from 9 to 6.我喜爱在图书馆学习。
I like to study in the library.我要去图书馆还这些书。
Im just going to check in these books at the library.还有一些则需要需要亲自光顾图书馆分支机构。
Some others require visiting the library branch in person.那个图书馆吸引了成千上万的学者和研?a href='http:///yangsheng/kesou/' target='_blank'>咳嗽薄?/p> The library attracts thousands of scholars and researchers.我在去图书馆的路上经过了那家商店。
I passed the store on my way to the library.图书馆的英语句子带翻译我经常到图书馆，包括学校图书馆或公共图书馆借阅书籍。
博物馆英语介绍作文带翻译
博物馆英语介绍作文带翻译Museum Introduction。
As one of the most popular tourist attractions in the city, the museum has been attracting visitors from all over the world for many years. It is a place where visitors can learn about the history, art, and culture of the region, and it is also a place where they can appreciate the beauty of the exhibits.The museum is located in the heart of the city, and it is easily accessible by public transportation. The building itself is a work of art, with its modern design and stunning architecture. The interior of the museum is just as impressive, with its spacious galleries and well-lit exhibits.One of the highlights of the museum is its collection of ancient artifacts. Visitors can see everything from pottery and sculptures to jewelry and weapons, all of whichprovide a glimpse into the lives of the people who lived in the region thousands of years ago.Another popular exhibit is the art collection, which includes works by some of the most famous artists of the region. Visitors can see everything from traditional paintings and sculptures to modern installations and multimedia displays.The museum also has a number of interactive exhibits that are designed to engage visitors of all ages. There are hands-on displays that allow visitors to touch and explore the exhibits, as well as multimedia presentations that provide a deeper understanding of the history and culture of the region.Overall, the museum is a must-see attraction for anyone visiting the city. With its impressive collection of artifacts, stunning architecture, and engaging exhibits, it is a place that visitors will want to return to again and again.博物馆介绍。
外文文献
英文文献资料外文文献一：Food safety: the shocking truth about the food industrySource: Author: Marion Nestle、Refrigeration technology, pasteurization, pesticides, disease control, these technologies so that safe food into the 20th century, public health's greatest achievements. This book view is that food safety problems also depend on politics. September 2001 events to dispel this view of the doubts about aviation aircraft used by terrorists as a destruction of weapons to civilians and public figures have anthrax spores sent folder of letters, the consequences of these events shows, food, water can easily become a a tool for terrorists, it has also become the federal government for food safety control problem.This chapter will sum up this book referred to in the various food safety problems. Some of them threatened to keep animals healthy, very few will lead to a number of human diseases. Even so, these issues impact on human well-being is deep; large-scale destruction of breeding animals, affecting the livelihood of many people, limiting personal freedom. The 20th century, 90's and early 21st century, an outbreak of mad cow disease and foot and mouth disease Although this is only because of errors caused by the production process, but still brings a lot of destructive. In contrast, bio-terrorism is the deliberate use of biological and chemical substances to achieve their political objectives. For food safety issues,Bio-terrorism extends food safety issues and political outreach; deliberate destruction, excluding any consequences of innocent injury.In this chapter, we will discuss how the rise of bio-terrorism, food safety issues and extend the extension of food safety issues. In the United States, food safety, usually refers to the family food supply reliability. E-mail from the anthrax incident, the food safety issues, also includes safety from biological terrorism. Our discussion will be the beginning of some zoonotic diseases: such as mad cow disease, foot and mouth disease, anthrax. In recent years, these zoonotic diseases harmful to humans is relatively small. Today, for these zoonotic diseases, we are concerned that they may give rise to disease, destruction of food supply system,To become a tool for bio-terrorism aspect. This chapter summarizes the discussion of this book, fromsociety and from a personal point of view what action should be taken to face these issues, as well as food safety issues present and future.The political animal diseasesOne of the consequences of globalization is that of food cross-border long-distance rapid transit, affecting food supply all kinds of disease can easily spread from one country to another country. Animal diseases have a commercial impact, if a country has come to infectious diseases of animals, other countries will refuse to import the kinds of animal meat. The impact of business at the same time there are political consequences.Britain's mad cow disease and foot and mouth disease occurred as a result of beef in the production process caused by mismanagement, compared to the U.S. anthrax letters is a result of vandalism. However, this three kinds of threatening to cause great panic, they are difficult to detect control, can cause severe disease. Moreover, these three kinds of threats against people for the food supply, as well as confidence in the Government.Mad cow is the mid-20th century, 90 of the most popular of a food security crisis, the epidemic is mainly limited to the United Kingdom. With regard to BSE-related issues and our discussion, mainly because of political issues and scientific issues intertwined Among them, public confidence had a great impact. For example, the British Government in the BSE crisis in the practice is also considered to result in distrust of genetically modified food one of the reasons. The beginning of the 20th century, 80 years, no one had heard of the disease, but in 1999, this disease affects at least 175,000 British cattle. The consequences are very serious: 400 million head of livestock were slaughtered, the loss of 70 billion U.S. dollars,Spread to 18 countries worldwide national boycott of British beef. By 2001 only, although "only" 120 people died of the human variant of mad cow disease, it is estimated the death toll will reach 10 million people. Because mad cow disease revealed the modern politics of food safety issues, it is worth detailing.英文文献中文翻译06013618 胡冬敏外文翻译一：作者：玛丽恩·内斯特尔出版时间：2004年11月食品安全：令人震惊的食品行业真相（美）玛丽恩·内斯特尔冷藏技术，巴氏消毒，杀虫剂，疾病控制，这些技术使安全食品成为20世纪公众健康最伟大的成就之一。
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第一篇：航空博物馆与航空展示公园巴特罗米耶杰·基谢列夫斯基飞翔的概念、场所的精神、老机场的建筑---克拉科夫新航空博物馆理性地吸取了这些元素，并将它们整合到一座建筑当中。
Rakowice-Czyzyny机场之前的旧飞机修理库为新建筑的平面和高度设定了模数比例。
在此基本形态上进一步发展，如同裁切和折叠一架纸飞机，生成了一座巨大的建筑。
其三角形机翼是由混凝土制成，却如同风动螺旋桨一样轻盈。
这个机翼宽大通透，向各个方向开敞。
它们的形态与组织都是依据内部功能来设计的。
机翼部分为3个不平衡的平面，使内外景观在不断变化中形成空间的延续性，并且联系了建筑内的视觉焦点和室外的展览区。
新航空展示公园的设计连接了博物馆的8栋建筑和户外展览区，并与历史体验建立联系。
从前的视觉轴线与通道得到尊重，旧的道路得到了完善，朝向飞机场和跑道的空间被限定出来。
每栋建筑展示了一个主题或是一段飞行史。
建筑周围伸展出巨大的平台，为特殊主题的室外展览提供了空间。
博物馆容纳了超过150架飞机、引擎、飞行复制品、成套的技术档案和历史图片。
这里的特色收藏是飞机起源开始的各种飞行器，如Jatho1903、Grade1909、莱特兄弟1909年的飞机模型和1911年的鸽式单翼机。
The first passage:Museum for aviation and aviation exhibition parkBartiomiej KislelewskiThe idea of flying, the spirit of place, the structure of the historic airfield – the new Museum of Aviation in Krakow takes up these references intellectually and synthesizes them into a building. The old hangars of the former airport Rakowice Czyzyny set the modular scale for the footprint and the height of the new building. Developed from this basic shape, as if cut out and folded like a paper airplane, a large structure has been generated, with triangular wings made of concrete and yet as light as a wind-vane propeller. The wings are generously glazed and open in all directions. Their form andarrangement depend on the interior uses. In the floor plans of the wings, the three offset floor layers generate a spatial continuum of varying insights and outlooks, to focal points within the building and to exhibition areas outside.The design of the new aviation park links the eight buildings of the museum and open-air exhibition areas in a joint historical experience. Former view axes and paths are respected, old alleys are completed and spaces towards the airfield and taxiway are defined. Each building exhibits one topic or episode of aviation, with a large base platform extending around it giving spaces for open-air exhibition of the particular themes. The museum contains more than 150 planes, engines, aviation artefacts, sets of technical construction documents and historical pictures. A special feature is the collection of aircraft from the beginning of aviation, such as the Jatho 1903, the Grade 1909, a Wright Brothers model from 1909, and the Etrivh Taube from 1911.第二篇:华沙现代艺术博物馆克里斯蒂安·克雷兹此建筑正逐步向综合性展览与多功能空间的方向发展。
建筑东侧的画廊空间由街道层开始，就在力求营造艺术的可见性与可及性。
展厅容纳的功能定位于更广泛的大众----波兰和国际艺术界的“知名人士”将在这里展示他们的作品。
首层空间服务于多种功能----一个大型报告厅和电影院将设置在这里，同时还有一个大型书店、南向观景餐厅、中心广场、以及一个名为“华沙画廊”的附加展示空间----目的是要将当地艺术的气氛、各项目间有趣的互动纳入外界视觉艺术的构架。
博物馆的主要门厅朝向Marszalkowska大街和未来的中心广场，并与博物馆上面各层相连。
巨大的、如圆形剧场般的楼梯将参观者引导上来，宽敞的接待大厅将整个楼层分两个部分：巨大的东侧展厅和西侧的画廊。
展厅高达16m，具有大教堂般的空间体验，并将容纳大尺度的雕塑类和放置特定的展览项目。
建筑西翼将容纳博物馆的核心部分，即永久展厅，是按照20世纪与21世纪波兰与国际艺术发展史分区设置的展览。
附加空间用于对艺术档案与文件的探索与研究。
正如开幕展上博物馆临时馆长所说的，“我一睁开眼睛，就会看到一部电影，是那些1960年代、1970年代前南斯拉夫的实验艺术。
”在博物馆系列画廊后面是图书馆和阅览室，通过独立的楼梯和街道层入口与首层相连。
通过整合两个楼层的功能、人性化的展览布局、教育区与娱乐区，以及将结构与立面结合的屋顶构件理念，这些措施使该项目达到了最大程度的和谐与统一的效果。
The second passage:Museum of modern art in warsawChristian KerezThe building is gradually evolving towards the full integration of exhibition and multi-function spaces. The art will be visible- and reachable- from the street level at the gallery space in the east wing of the building .That exhibition hall will host a program aimed at the wide public –“big names” in both Polish and international art will be shown here.The spaces on the ground floor will offer a varied program-both the large auditorium and the cinema hall will be located here, together with a large bookshop, restaurant overlooking the southern, central plaza, and an additional exhibition space, called “The Warsaw Gallery” –aimed at the local artistic milieu, interesting debuts as well interdisciplinary projects, reaching outside the visual arts framework.The main lobby of the Museum will be opened towards both Marszalkowska street and the future central plaza, and it will also connect to the upper floor of the Museum. Wide, amphitheatre-like stairs will lead visitors up, where a roomy reception lobby bisects the whole floor, dividing the vast east exhibition room, reaching 16 meters in height, will give a cathedral-like experience and will host large-scale sculptural and site specific projects.The western wing will house the core of the Museum, i.e. its permanent collection halls, followed by rooms for historical exhibitions of Polish and international art of the 20th and 21st centuries. Additional space will host research projects, aimed at exploration of artistic archives and documentation, such as the inaugural exhibition “As soon as Iopen my eyes, I see a film. Experiment in the art of Yugoslavia in the 1960’s and 1970’s.” held at Museum temporary HQ. Behind that set of galleries the museum library and reading rooms will be located, connected to the ground floor through independent staircases and entrance from the street level.The integration of the functional program on two floors, visitor-friendly layout of exhibition, educational and leisure areas, as well as the architectonic concept of the roof which combines both the construction and façade of the building-all those steps lead towards a maximum of coherence and unity of the project.第三篇:波兰犹太人历史博物馆拉赫戴尔玛马赫兰姆基2005年春举办了波兰犹太历史博物馆的国际设计竞赛。