英语词类 classification of English words
英语词汇学(1)
英语词汇学
英语词汇学发展历史与现状： 20世纪80年代中期以后，西方语言学家开始 承认词汇学在现代语言学中的合法地位。我国于 20世纪80年代中期开始出现英语词汇学专著。20 世纪末至21世纪初，英语词汇学作为一门独立学 科、实用学科和交叉学科的地位得以巩固。
英语词汇学
Nature and domain of English lexicology:
英语词汇学
They are small in number but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language. Therefore, native words have the same characteristics as those of the basic word stock. Apart from these, in contrast to borrowed words ,native words have two other features.
英语词汇学
专家： 1、陆国强：1934年生，复旦大学首席教授、外 文系英语语言文学博士生导师。出版专著：《现代 英语构词》、《现代英语联想与搭配》、《现代英 语词汇学》（新版）、《英汉和汉英语义结构对比 》。 2、汪榕培：1942年出生，1985年6月到2001年9 月担任大连外国语学院院长。现任大连大学特聘教 授，兼任苏州大学、大连理工大学等校博士生导师 。 1983年出版的《实用英语词汇学》是我国在这 一学术领域中的第一部专著，后来出版的《英语词
英语词汇学
Methods of study ： 1.synchronic approach From a synchronic point of view，words can be studied at point in time，disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. 2.diachronic approach From a diachronic perspective，words can be considered historically and be looked into: the origins and changes in form and meaning.
Week-2-classification-of-English-vocabularyPPT课件
Week 2 Classification of English Vocabulary
Contents I. Classified by origin: native words, loan words II. Classified by level of usage: common, literary (archaic古代的，古老的 and poetical), colloquial, slang, technical jargon III. Classified by notion: function (or structural) words and content (or full) words
9. Active in collocation, e.g. at first hand; hand in hand (Nearly 90 set phrases with ‘hand’ in them are found in a dictionary.)
08词汇学week 2 Classification of English lary
Other words: aught (anything), betwixt (between), naught (nothing), main (mainland), vale (valley), yon (over there)
08词汇学week 2 Classification of English vocab.ulary
英语本科-英语词汇(考试重点)
英语本科英语词汇学Chapter1—Basic concepts of words and vocabularyWord(词的定义)：A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.(1)a minimal free form of a language(2)a sound unity(3)a unit of meaning(4)a form that can function alone in sentenceSound and meaning(声音与意义)：almost arbitrary“no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”.Sound and form(读音和形式)：不统一的四个原因（1）t he English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each other;（2）T he pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years;（3）S ome of the difference were creates by the early scribes;（4）T he borrowing is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary; Vocabulary(词汇)：all the words in a language make up its vocabularyClassification of English Words:By use frequency: basic word stocking & nonbasic vocabularyBy notion: content words& functional wordsBy origin: native words& borrowed wordsThe basic word stock(基本词汇)：is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary.The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征)：1）All- National character(全民通用性most important)2)Stability(相对稳定性) 3)Productivity(多产性)4)Polysemy(多义性) 5)Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语)(2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang(语)(4)Argot(暗语)(5) Dialectal words(方言)(6)Archaisms(古语)(7)Neologisms(新词语)：Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meaning.(email)Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of and, be, but)Native Words and Borrowed Words（外来词语）：Native words（本族词语）：known as Anglo-Saxon words(50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basicword-stocks). Two other features:(1)neutral in style;（2）frequent in use;Borrowed words/Loan words(外来词语)：Words taken over from foreign languages (80% of modern EV) .4 Types of loan words:1)denizens(同化词)：（shirt form skyrta(ON)）2)aliens(非同化词、外来词)：are borrowed words which have retained their originalpronunciation and spelling(kowtow(CH)磕头)3)translation loans(译借词)：按其他语言方式组成英语long time no see(From China)4)Semantic loans(借义词)：they are not borrow with reference to the form, but theirmeaning are borrowed.Chapter 2 the development of the English VocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系)The Threes Stage of Development of the English Vocabulary:1.Old English (450-1100)(vocabulary50,000 to 60,000): was I high inflected language.2.Middle English (1150-1500): remains much fewer inflections.3.Modern English (1500-up to now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words comealmost directly from classical language. In Modern E, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English ) to the present analytic language.Modes of Vocabulary Development(词汇的发展模式)1)creation创造新词：the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namelytoots, affixes and other elements(最重要的方式)。
Classification of English vowels
through the larynx and oral cavity. Letters that are not vowels are consonants.
Spoken English has approximately 20 distinct vowel sounds, though there are dialectal variations.
Covering / ɔ: / / ɒ / / u: / / ʊ / / ɑ: /
The openness of the mouth
(1).Close vowels:/ i: / / i / / u: / / ʊ /
(2).Semi-close vowels:/ e / / ɜ: /
(3).Semi-open vowels:/ ə / / ɔ: /
Classification of English vowels
第七组：李淑珍，李蓉，陈迷
Definition of Vowels
(1)Vowel is used to refer to either the speech sound in which the mouth is open and the tongue is not touching the mouth, the teeth, etc, or to the letter that represents such a sound.
(4).Open vowels:/ æ / / ɑ / / ʌ / / he lips
(1).Unround: all the front vowels and the central vowals , without
rounding the lips
classification of words
2.4 Slang words
Slang words: language, words or phrase of a vigorous, colorful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary." freshness and novelty. e.g. Buzz, A telephone call: knockout, 引人注目的人或物 nuthouse, 精神病院 to play hooky to play truant cut it out, pussyfoot 住手[口] 谨言慎行 Colloquial and slang words may overlap. It is unusual to find slang outside colloquial speech. Yet, a slang is not generally used in informal conversation unless the speakers are on intimate terms. A slang can become "respectable". e.g. flunk – colloquial stand somebody up, pussyfoot
(a) Archaic words: words no longer in common use, although retained for special purpose. e.g. abed ; behold; belike ; natheless; perchance (by chance; possibly); "To die, to sleep; To sleep: perchance to dream." (Shakespeare: Hamlet) arch. (aic) in dictionaries. obsolete words: words completely out of current use. e.g. horse-drawn vehicles-- chaise, landau, victories, curricles, coupe, gig obs. (olete) or dated in dictionaries. (b) Poetical words: words that are traditionally used only in poetry. e.g. array ; the deep ; stead ; morn poet.(tical) in standard dictionaries
英语词汇学
2. Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary
- three sources for neologisms:
Marked progress of modern science and technology
e.g. atomic technology, computer, space, bio-chemistry,
What is lexicology?
–
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage.
1. Historical development of English vocabulary
- three periods: Old English Middle English Modern English
1) Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon, 449-1100)
before 449, First Settler: Celts spoke Celtic 449-1100, conquerors three Germanic tribes: Angles, Saxons
and Jutes spoke Anglo-Saxon, which had 50,000-60,000 words
2) Middle English (1100- 1500)
单词分类（Wordclassification）
单词分类（Word classification）苹果联合国苹果梨联合国梨杏联合国杏桃联合国桃葡萄联合国葡萄香蕉联合国香蕉菠萝联合国菠萝梅子联合国李子西瓜联合国西瓜橙色联合国橙，桔子柠檬联合国柠檬芒果联合国芒果草莓联合国草莓枇杷联合国枇杷桑联合国桑椹樱桃联合国樱桃石榴联合国石榴图联合国无花果柿子联合国柿子核桃联合国胡桃榛子联合国榛子花生联合国花生枣联合国枣椰子联合国可可番石榴联合国番石榴甘蔗联合国甘蔗松木联合国松落叶松联合国落叶松柏树联合国柏树竹联合国竹杨树联合国白杨柳联合国柳树桦木联合国白桦枫联合国枫树冷杉联合国枞树桉树联合国桉树蝗虫联合国洋槐香樟树联合国樟树檀香联合国檀香木榆树联合国榆木树橡树联合国橡树银杏联合国银杏树霍莉联合国冬青可可联合国椰树日期联合国枣椰树山核桃联合国山核桃树山毛榉联合国山毛榉猴面包树联合国猴面包树棕榈联合国棕榈树月桂树联合国月桂树常春藤联合国常春藤橄榄联合国橄榄树番茄联合国番茄，西红柿芦笋联合国芦笋黄瓜联合国黄瓜茄子联合国茄子豆联合国菜豆甜菜根联合国甜菜根辣椒联合国胡椒马铃薯联合国马铃薯胡萝卜联合国胡萝卜菜花联合国花菜南瓜联合国南瓜甘蓝联合国圆白菜，卷心菜辣椒联合国红辣椒辣椒联合国辣椒大蒜联合国蒜茴香联合国茴香甜瓜联合国香瓜，甜瓜芹菜联合国芹菜洋葱联合国葱韭菜联合国韭菜萝卜联合国萝卜蘑菇联合国蘑菇生菜联合国莴苣，生菜豌豆联合国豌豆菠菜联合国菠菜婊子联合国雌狗马联合国马母马联合国母马小马联合国马驹骡子联合国骡驴联合国驴公牛联合国牛水牛联合国水牛公牛联合国公牛奶牛联合国母牛小牛联合国小牛，牛犊小母牛联合国小母牛猪联合国猪猪联合国猪仔猪联合国猪崽羊联合国羊山羊联合国山羊羔羊联合国羊羔，羔羊狗联合国狗猫联合国猫凯蒂联合国小猫兔子联合国兔子鼠标联合国家鼠公鸡联合国公鸡母鸡联合国母鸡鸡联合国鸡，雏鸡火鸡联合国火鸡鹅联合国鹅公鸡联合国公鸡Tomcat联合国雄猫斑马联合国斑马羚羊联合国羚羊瞪羚联合国小羚羊鹿联合国鹿驯鹿联合国驯鹿长颈鹿联合国长颈鹿狒狒联合国狒狒骆驼联合国骆驼大象联合国象犀牛联合国犀牛河马联合国河马熊猫联合国熊猫狮子联合国狮天猫联合国猞猁黑豹联合国豹彪马联合国美洲豹豹联合国豹老虎联合国虎野猫联合国野猫野牛联合国美洲野牛牦牛联合国牦牛獾联合国獾黄鼠狼联合国鼬，黄鼠狼水獭联合国水獭狐狸联合国狐鬣狗联合国鬣狗狼联合国狼松鼠联合国松鼠海狸联合国河狸土拨鼠联合国土拨鼠熊联合国熊野兔联合国野兔老鼠联合国鼠鼹鼠联合国鼹鼠猴子联合国猴子黑猩猩联合国黑猩猩大猩猩联合国大猩猩猩猩联合国猩猩长臂猿联合国长臂猿食蚁兽联合国食蚁兽鸭嘴兽联合国鸭嘴兽袋鼠联合国袋鼠考拉联合国考拉，树袋熊刺猬联合国刺猬豪猪联合国箭猪，豪猪蝙蝠联合国蝙蝠鲸鱼联合国鲸海豚联合国海豚密封联合国海豹海象联合国海象凤凰联合国凤凰鹰联合国鹰秃鹰联合国秃鹰鹰联合国鹰猎鹰联合国隼苍鹭联合国苍鹰风筝联合国鹞秃鹫联合国秃鹫孔雀联合国孔雀鸭子联合国鸭鹈鹕联合国鹈鹕鸬鹚联合国鸬鹚天鹅联合国天鹅雁联合国雁鸽子联合国鸽子野鸡联合国雉，野鸡鹌鹑联合国鹌鹑鸵鸟联合国鸵鸟鹳联合国鹳海鸥联合国海鸥信天翁联合国信天翁翠鸟联合国翠鸟啄木鸟联合国啄木鸟鹦鹉联合国鹦鹉布谷鸟联合国杜鹃，布谷鸟乌鸦联合国乌鸦喜鹊n.喜鹊吞联合国燕子麻雀联合国麻雀夜莺联合国夜莺金丝雀联合国金丝雀八哥联合国八哥鹅口疮联合国画眉罗宾联合国知更鸟云雀联合国云雀企鹅联合国企鹅猫头鹰联合国枭，猫头鹰画眉鸟联合国画眉鸟金鱼联合国金鱼精子联合国巨头鲸挑剔联合国鲤鱼鲫鱼联合国鲫鱼鲢鱼联合国鲢鱼鳗鱼联合国鳗鱼鲱鱼联合国青鱼，鲱鱼乌鱼联合国黑鱼鲈鱼联合国鲈鱼鲑鱼联合国鲑鱼鳟鱼联合国鳟鱼鳀鱼联合国凤尾鱼鳕鱼联合国鳕鱼沙丁鱼联合国沙丁鱼旗鱼联合国旗鱼海的马联合国海马鲨鱼联合国鲨鱼金枪鱼联合国金枪鱼对虾联合国明虾虾联合国虾小龙虾联合国小龙虾，喇蛄龙虾联合国龙虾蟹联合国蟹蚂蚁联合国蚂蚁白蚁联合国白蚁蜜蜂联合国蜜蜂蜜蜂联合国蜜蜂黄蜂联合国黄蜂，胡蜂甲虫联合国甲壳虫联合国苍蝇马蝇联合国厩蝇，牛虻跳蚤联合国跳蚤虱联合国虱子，白虱蜘蛛联合国蜘蛛蚊子联合国蚊摇摆联合国孑孓瓢虫联合国瓢虫萤火虫联合国萤火虫蝉联合国蝉蜻蜓联合国蜻蜓板球联合国蟋蟀蝗虫联合国蝗虫蚱蜢联合国蚱蜢螳螂联合国螳螂卡特彼勒联合国毛虫蜈蚣联合国蜈蚣蝴蝶联合国蝴蝶飞蛾联合国蛾缺陷联合国臭虫蟑螂联合国蟑螂蝎子联合国蝎子蚯蚓联合国蚯蚓蚯蚓联合国蚯蚓水蛭联合国蚂蝗，水蛭蛔虫联合国蛔虫蛇联合国蛇眼镜蛇联合国眼镜蛇蟒蛇联合国蟒蛇响尾蛇联合国响尾蛇蜥蜴联合国蜥蜴变色龙联合国变色龙，避役壁虎联合国壁虎鳄鱼联合国鳄鱼，非洲鳄乌龟联合国海龟乌龟联合国龟青蛙联合国青蛙蝌蚪联合国蝌蚪蟾蜍联合国蟾蜍蜗牛联合国蜗牛墨鱼联合国乌贼鱿鱼联合国枪乌贼，鱿鱼章鱼联合国章鱼蛤联合国蚌贻贝联合国淡菜，贻贝牡蛎联合国牡蛎扇贝联合国扇贝海胆联合国海胆营养联合国营养食欲联合国胃口饥饿联合国饥饿口渴联合国口渴的饥饿的A.饥饿的口渴的A.口渴的贪吃的人联合国暴食者，大肚汉暴饮暴食联合国暴食贪婪联合国贪嘴过量的食物联合国吃得过多饮食联合国食谱宴会联合国宴会早餐联合国早餐午餐联合国午餐晚餐联合国正餐晚饭联合国晚饭汤联合国汤主菜联合国主菜甜点联合国甜点小吃联合国点心，小吃可以联合国罐头锡联合国听水果联合国水果蔬菜联合国蔬菜豆腐联合国豆腐脆联合国炸土豆片炸薯条联合国炸薯条牛奶联合国奶鸡蛋联合国蛋肉联合国肉牛肉联合国牛肉小牛肉联合国小牛肉羔羊联合国羊肉羊肉联合国羊肉牛排联合国牛排砍联合国排骨肉片联合国肉条炖联合国炖肉烤联合国烤肉猪肉联合国猪肉火腿联合国火腿培根联合国咸肉香肠联合国香肠鸡联合国鸡肉火鸡联合国火鸡鸭子联合国鸭鱼联合国鱼肉汤联合国肉汤香料联合国调料盐联合国盐醋联合国醋酱联合国酱油油联合国油色拉油联合国色拉油辣椒联合国辣椒芥末联合国芥末丁香联合国丁香奶酪联合国奶酪黄油联合国奶油面条联合国面条，挂面大米联合国米饭一条面包联合国长面包饼干n.（英）饼干，（美）小面包披萨联合国比萨饼面包联合国面包地壳联合国面包皮蛋糕联合国蛋糕饼干联合国小甜饼月饼联合国月饼馅饼联合国馅饼汉堡包联合国汉堡包煎饼联合国薄煎饼三明治联合国三明治，夹肉面包茶联合国茶咖啡联合国咖啡果汁联合国果汁葡萄酒联合国葡萄酒喝联合国饮料矿泉水联合国矿泉水柠檬水联合国柠檬水啤酒联合国啤酒红葡萄酒联合国波尔多红葡萄酒苹果汁联合国苹果酒香槟联合国香槟酒鸡尾酒联合国鸡尾酒伏特加联合国伏特加威士忌酒联合国威士忌白兰地n.Brandy MartiniN. Martini HoneyN. honey SugarN. sugarChocolate N. chocolate CandyN. candy CompoteN. preserves JamN. jamSourA. acid SweetA. sweet BitterA. bitter HotA. hotSaltyA. salty Delicious A. delicious。
2023年自考00832英语词汇学考试重点精华整理
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学意在调查和研究英语单词和单词旳等价物旳形态构造,其语义构造、关系、历史发展、形成和使用方法。
2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.Word（词旳定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence词语是语言最小旳自由形式，拥有固定旳声音和意义以及句法作用。
2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一旳四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary （5）printing、standardization、dictionary—Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than itis today. 古代英语中旳口语比今天更忠实旳代表书面语—The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Micro blog 微博
Flesh search 人肉搜索
Second kill 秒杀 House-husband 家庭主男
Nanotechnology
Tour pal 驴友 BRICS 金砖五国
纳米技术
Closed-class words: membership is comparatively limited, such as pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions. For example, there are about 286 prepositions in English vocabulary, and the number has little possibility of changing.
stand up 站起来 speed up 加速 write down 写下 pour down 倾盆而下 carry on 坚持 take off 脱掉 knock over 撞倒
noun
verb adjective adverb numeral
名词
动词 形容词 副词 数词
pro-form
preposition
Classification of words by origin
Native words & Loan words Native words (本族词) are words of AngloSaxon origin or of Old English. Loan words or borrowed words are words borrowed from other languages.
代词
介词
汉 英 词 类 对 比
conjunction
interjection article
连词
感叹词 量词
English word classes
汉语词类
The relationship between content words and functional words is like that between the bricks and mud. They make the language cohesive as a complete whole.
Later, nine word classes were established: they were noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection, and article. Today, a few more word classes have been introduced into grammar. Particles 语助词/小品词 Auxiliaries 助动词 Pro-form 代词形式 Determiners 限定词
Open-class words & Closed-class words
Open-class words: membership is unlimited, such as nouns and verbs (economic words, scientific words).
Smuggled goods 水货
70% of the English vocabulary consists of loan words. 30% are native words.
Classification of words by notion
Content words & Functional words
Functional words (grammatical words) do not have notions of their own. They serve to express the relations between notions, the relations between words as well as between sentences. Determiners 限定词 Pronouns 代词 Prepositions 介词 Conjunction 连词 Auxiliaries 助动词 Interjections 感叹词
Classification of Words
By Group No.2
Classification of words by variability
Variable words & Invariable words
Variable words are words whose form is changeable, words which might appear in different inflective and derivative forms, such as verbs & nouns. go-→went-→ gone-→ going-→ goes
Invariable
words are words whose form is unchangeable, words which usually occur in the same form such as since, in, fossification of words by membership
语助词/小品词
英语中形似介词的副词小品词是一类比较特殊的 词.它既有副词的某些特征,又具有介词的词形.它往 往与前面的动词形成修饰和补充说明的语义关系, 本身不能单独充当句子成分;它形似介词,又没有实 体意义,却不能独自带宾语,与动词构成的是只有一 个论元的单位述谓结构. 在英语中，有动词和小品词（up, down, in, out, on, off, over, away）构成的动词短语很多 。小品词在 英语中的频率是极高的。据统计，十个最常用的 英文单词中，就有三个是小品词。
Word class
Word class is close to the notion of parts of speech in traditional grammar. The classification is a detailed way to classify words, either based on their grammatical, semantic, phonological properties or on their formal familiarities. The classification was first based on classical Latin and Greek analyses, but only into two classes, something like today’s subject and predicate.
Content words (lexical words) denote clear notions, e.g. objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quality, etc. Nouns 名词 Verbs 动词 Adjectives 形容词 Adverbs 副词 Numerals 数词