(全英文论文)跨文化非语言交际的差异对比研究
非语言交际的跨文化对比分析
非语言交际的跨文化对比分析【摘要】本文对非语言交际行为进行分类并着重从非语言交际中的体态语、副语言、客体语和环境语等方面进行跨文化的对比分析，指出非语言交际行为在不同的社会文化背景中所体现的文化差异，说明非语言交际在跨文化交际活动中是非常重要的。
【关键词】非语言交际文化差异跨文化对比人类交际包括两个方面:语言交际(verbal communication)和非语言交际(non-verbal communication)。
但是，人们往往只重视语言交际行为，却忽略非语言交际行为在交际活动中所起的作用。
其实非语言交际是整个交际过程中必不可少的组成部分，具有言语不可替代的交际功能。
因此，要想成功地进行跨文化交际，就必须对非语言的差异有所了解。
一、非语言行为的种类及其与文化的关系关于非语言行为的分类，学者们仁者见人，智者见智。
根据美国社会心理K. W. Back的观点，非语言行为可分作三类:动态无声的，静态无声的和有声的。
从跨文化交际的角度出发，借鉴西方学者相对统一的结论，将非语言交际行为分为以下几类:体态语(Body Language);副语言(Paralanguage);客体语(Object language);环境语(Environment Language)。
在跨文化交际中，必须认识到非语言交际与文化之间的关系。
文化和非语言交际行为都是经过长期的历史和文化积淀而形成的某一社会共同的习惯。
文化与非语言交际不可分割，人的非语言行为的形成和效果往往都由一定的文化环境所决定。
一般情况下，非语言交际行为对语言交际行为起到的是辅助作用，通过重复、否定、代替、补充、强调、调节等配合，甚至代替语言交际行为。
二、几种非语言交际行为的跨文化对比分析在跨文化交际领域中，人们会对同一国家，同一民族的非语言交际行为加以综合和概括，归纳出一些有代表性的非语言交际行为，然而，在实际交往中，同一国家、同一民族的人的非语言交际行为并不是完全一致的，甚至在同一地区不同职业，不同年龄的人之间都有差别。
跨文化沟通中的非语言交际研究
跨文化沟通中的非语言交际研究在全球化的今天，跨文化沟通已经成为人们生活和工作中的重要组成部分。
不同国家和地区的人们具有不同的语言、文化和习俗，这给跨文化交流带来了很大的挑战。
除了语言以外，对非语言交际的研究变得尤为重要。
非语言交际是指除了语言以外，通过动作、表情、姿势、目光等方式进行的交际行为。
本文将从非语言交际的定义、重要性和研究方法三个方面来探讨跨文化沟通中的非语言交际。
一、非语言交际的定义非语言交际是人们在交流过程中通过非语言方式传递信息的行为，它包含了身体语言、眼神交流、面部表情、身体接触等多种形式。
在跨文化沟通中，由于不同文化中非语言交际的差异，正确理解和运用非语言交际变得尤为重要。
二、非语言交际的重要性非语言交际在跨文化沟通中起着重要的作用。
首先，非语言交际可以弥补语言交流的不足。
语言只是跨文化交流中的一种工具，在语言无法准确表达的情况下，非语言交际可以起到补充和解释的作用。
其次，非语言交际可以传递更加直观和真实的信息。
有时候，通过肢体语言和面部表情，人们能够更准确地表达自己的情感和意图。
最后，非语言交际可以加强交流双方的互动和理解。
在跨文化交流中，如果能够准确理解对方的非语言行为，可以增加双方之间的互信和友好，有利于建立良好的人际关系。
三、非语言交际的研究方法非语言交际的研究方法主要包括实地观察、实验研究和文化分析三种。
实地观察是指研究者亲自去观察和体验不同文化背景下的非语言交际行为，通过记录和分析来了解其特点和含义。
实验研究是通过实验室的控制条件对非语言交际进行研究，可以更加精确地分析和比较不同文化间的非语言交际差异。
文化分析是从文化的角度来解读非语言交际，通过比较不同文化背景下的非语言行为，揭示其背后的文化因素和意义。
综上所述，跨文化沟通中的非语言交际是不可忽视的重要因素。
它不仅可以弥补语言交流的不足，还可以传递更准确、直观的信息，促进交流双方的互动和理解。
为了更好地进行跨文化交流，我们需要加强对非语言交际的研究和理解，提高自身的非语言交际能力。
英语论文 浅析中美非语言交际差异
Analysis of Differences of Nonverbal Communication between Chinese and AmericanI.IntroductionHuman communication is usually divided first into verbal and nonverbal systems. We communicate more than we say. Actually, in everyday life, we spend a considerable amount of time on nonverbal communication. In addition, we receive much of our emotional meanings through nonverbal elements.Mehrabian, observing how feeling is transmitted in messages, found that as much as 93 percent of emotional meaning is transmitted nonverbally (Hickson & Stacks, 1989: 6). Most researchers believe that Mehrabian's 93 percent figure may be a little high, but at the same time, they do accept the relatively high impact of nonverbal communication. Another statistic figured out by Birdwhistell's and Philpott's approximations, said that nonverbal communication accounts for 60 to 70 percent of what we communicate to one another (Tubbs & Moss, 1991:137). It should be noted that this statistic has been widely accepted and reported by most contemporary nonverbal communication books.Since only about 30% of what is communicated in a conversation is verbal, nonverbal communication is of great significance. Whether we are truly successful communicators or not depends a lot on our awareness of the role that nonverbal communication played and our ability to use nonverbal skills appropriately.We should note that although many cultures share some nonverbal behaviors, nonverbal codes are influenced by culture. Cultural differences in nonverbal communication sometimes can lead to misunderstandings. With increasing contact between China and America, a better understanding between both cultures is of growing importance. Nonverbal communication influences how individuals from these two cultures interact and understand or misunderstand each other. Therefore, an understanding of the differences is vital for building harmonious relationships. The thesis is designed to help readers understand and appreciate the differences in nonverbal communication that Chinese and Americans discover when they intercourse in daily situations.II.Foundations of Nonverbal Communication2.1 Definition of Nonverbal Communication海量英语论文尽在英语论文网，免费下载网址：/需要其他类型英语论文可以咨询QQ 253771735Just like culture, there are numerous definitions for nonverbal communication. To theorize about nonverbal communication has been complicated not only by its multimodal and multifunctional nature, but also because our knowledge emanates from disparate disciplines with differing assumptions and methodologies.In its broadest definition, Devito, and Guerrero defines nonverbal communication as “all the messages other than words that people exchange in interactive contexts”(Guerrero, DeVito & Hecht, 1999:56).To further define what qualifies as nonverbal communication, experts have identified several perspectives, including those that assume all human behavior is potentially communicative, communicative only if intentionally sent, and communicative if behaviors reasonably function as messages within a given speech community (see Burgoon & Hoobler). Defined as such, nonverbal communication includes those behaviors that are mutually recognized and socially shared codes and patterns with a focus on message meaning. For example, an unintended frown when reading a memo may function as a message because most people regard it as a sign of displeasure. A frown in response to a stubbed toe is less likely to be regarded as a message because it is a more spontaneous, involuntary reaction.Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages. Such messages can be communicated through gesture; body language or posture; facial expression and eye contact; object communication such as clothing, hairstyles or even architecture; symbols and infographics.Speech may also contain nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, emotion and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the use of emoticons. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, the physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction. Nonverbal communication can occur through any sensory channel – sight, sound, smell, touch or taste.Nonverbal communication is important as: “when we speak (or listen), our attention is focused on words rather than body language. But our judgment includes both. An audience is simultaneously processing both verbal and nonverbal cues. Body movements are not usually positive or negative in and of themselves; rather, the situation and the message will determine the appraisal." (Givens, 2000, p. 4) Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.”(Samovar & Porter, 2000:56)It not only marks the boundaries of nonverbal communication, but also reflects how the process actually works. Both intentional and unintentional behaviors are included in the communication event.2.2 Functions of Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication often performs one of several functions in relationship to verbal communication. These functions help us to understand and use communication more effectively. Nonverbal messages serve six major functions: repetition, contradiction, substitution, accentuation, supplementation or modification and regulation. (Gibson & Hanna, 1992: 98)(1) Repetition is defined as the process of reinforcing verbal messages through redundancy. People often use nonverbal messages to repeat a point they are trying to make. For example, we might hold up our hand in the gesture that signifies a person to stop at the same time we actually use the word "stop". Generally speaking, the gestures and words have a similar meaning and reinforce one another.(2) Contradiction is the opposite of repetition; it negates the verbal messages. On some occasions, our nonverbal actions send signals opposite from the literal messages contained in our verbal messages. For instance, you tell someone you are relaxed and at ease, yet your voice quavers and your hands shake.(3) Substitution is a function of inserting nonverbal messages for a verbal massage. We use substitution in nonverbal communication when we perform some action instead of speaking.(4) Accentuation is the result of nonverbal messages used to strengthen words. We sometimes use nonverbal messages to accentuate our sentences, e.g. You may have noticed how some people tap the desktop with each word of an important message.(5) Supplementation or modification results when nonverbal messages slightlychange the words they accompany. For example, when you are answering the phone, your friend just enters your room, so you nod to your friend or make a gesture showing "please sit down" at the same time. Nonverbal messages add to or modify the words as surely as tears add meaning to the sentence “sorry”.(6) Regulation occurs when nonverbal messages help to control the flow of verbal messages. We often regulate and manage communication by using certain form of nonverbal behavior. We nod our head in agreement to indicate to our communication partner that we agree and that he or she should continue talking or we have direct eye contact with someone to let him or her know the channels are open.Thus, nonverbal messages function in six ways. Sometimes the functions occur separately, and sometimes they occur in combinations. They occur through multiple channels, and often they occur at the same moment. Without them, we should have a very difficult time communicating.2.3 Characteristics of Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication is a form of human communication, and that the nonverbal form of communication is more complex than the term denotes. It has several important characteristics:(1)Unintentional. The sender may be unaware that he or she is sending anonverbal message and, consequently, may not be aware of the impact thatmessage may have.(2)Reliable. Since the message may be transmitted unconsciously, the senderwill not have planned it. That is why when receivers caught between twodiscrepant messages; they are more inclines to believe the nonverbal one.(3)Present. Neither oral nor written communication exists without nonverbalcommunication. Nonverbal communication may be shared between people orwithin a person.(4)Less precise but more elusive, intangible. There are no dictionaries or formalsets of rules to provide a systematic list of the meanings of a culture’snonverbal message.(5)Subtle and convert. Nonverbal communication messages function as a “silentlanguage”. Therefore, people process nonverbal messages, both the sendingand receiving of them, with less awareness than they process verbal message.(6)Continuous and natural. They tend to blur into one another. Nonverbalcommunication is ongoing and does not need a verbal component to havemeaning. Even the absence of nonverbal behaviors can send a message.2.4 Classification of Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication covers a wide scope and consists of abundant subcodes- those different component parts of the overall nonverbal code- including touch and space, physical appearance, gestures, vocalic, and covert body/temporal communication (Hickson & Stacks, 1989: 19). Accordingly, researchers may adopt various means to classify it. For conducting contrastive study, this thesis divides nonverbal communication into five categories2.4.1 Body LanguageBody language, also called body movements, body behavior and so on, refers to all expressions and movement that send communication message. The study of body language or how movement communicates is called “Kinestics”, which includes gesture (such as head gesture, facial expressions, eye contact, arm gesture, hand gesture, leg movement, etc.), posture (such as standing posture, sitting posture, walking posture, etc.), and touch (such as hand shake, kiss, hug, etc.);2.4.2 ParalanguageParalanguage also called paralinguistic features, which involves the linguistic elements of speech, is how something is said and not the actual meaning of the spoken words. Paralanguage cues assist us in drawing conclusions about an individual’s emotional state, socioeconomic states, height, weight, age, intelligence, race, regional background, and educational level.Paralanguage has two components. One is voice qualities, such as pitch, range, resonance, lip control. Another is vocalizations, which involves three kinds: vocal characterizers; vocal qualifiers, and vocal segregates.2.4.3 Time LanguageTime language, which refers to how we give meaning to time communicates to others, is a powerful element of nonverbal communication. The study of time language is call “Chronemics”, which concerns concepts of time and the rules that govern its use.There are many cultural variations regarding how people understand and use time. Besides, a culture’s use of time can also provide valuable clues to how members of that culture value and respond to time. In America, people usually say; “Time is money” and “He who hesitates is lost”. All Chinese know the Confucian proverb “Think three timesbefore you act”. There sayings reflects how differently each of there cultures perceives time.2.4.4 Space LanguageSpace language is also called interpersonal distance, or proxemics. Edward Hall coined the term “proxemics”to refer to the study of how we use space in the communication process and the way that we use space to govern the personal actions and behavior of others.All cultures are organizes in some spatial pattern, which can reveal the character of the people in that culture. There are three important aspects of space language: personal space, territoriality, and spatial orientations.2.4.5 Object LanguageObject language generally refers to various kinds of artifacts with communicative functions, such as dress, cosmetics, ornament, furniture, olfactory messages etc, which can send nonverbal messages and display the user’s personality and cultural characteristic. In accordance with Tubbs and Moss, objectics is concerned with every kind of physical object from clothing we wear to the food we serve to our dinner guests.III.Differences of Nonverbal Communication between Chinese and AmericanDifferent people have different ways of making nonverbal communication. “Body language”, like our verbal language, is also a part of our culture. But not all body language means the same thing in different cultures. For example: different people have different ideas about the proper distance between people conversing; the appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures; one could draw up quite a list of “rules” about eye contact: to look or not to look; when to look and how long to look; who and who not to look at; smiles and laughter usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasure, joy and merriment, and, this is generally true in China as well as the English-speaking countries, however, there are situations when some Chinese will laugh that will cause negative reactions by westerners; gestures can be particularly troublesome, for a slight difference in making the gesture itself can mean something quite different from that intended, and, a wrong interpretation of a gesture can arouse quite unexpected reactions and so on. So in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language, one should know also the gestures, body movements,mannerisms and etc. that accompany a particular language.Here, we research into three elements of body language: gesture (head gesture, facial expressions, eye contact, hand gesture and smile and laughter), posture (walking posture, standing posture, and sitting posture), and touch (ten distinctions concerning touching behaviors).3.1 GestureGesture refers to the use of movement of the body (our arms, legs, torsos and especially hands) to express a certain message. It is estimated that the human body can produce over 270,000 discrete gestures (Du et. al, 2004: 223).Care should be taken in using gestures because different cultures interpret gestures in different ways. Understanding human behavior is tricky stuff. No two people behave in precisely the same way. Nor do people from the same culture all perform exactly the same gestures and body language uniformly.As researchers have studied this field extensively in recent years and have developed body language dictionaries such as A Dictionary of Gestures, The Nonverbal Dictionary of Gestures, signs & Body Language Cues and so on, here this paper just probes into the distinctive Chinese and American gestures in common daily use.3.1.1 Head GestureChinese and American head gesture shares a number of similarities. For example: nodding the head up and down means "yes", "I agree"; shaking the head side to side means "no"; heading forward shows an interest in the conversation; heading backward shows lack of interest and so on.As to the differences, a nod of the head in China can function as greeting and beckoning someone to come here, while the same function performed by the Americans is a raise of the head. Patting on head means differently in these two cultures. Occasionally, Chinese adults may pat the head of children to show affection; patting the head of a teenager or an adult would cause displeasure and can be insulting. Americans' patting on other's head is just for giving comfort, consolation or encouragement; and also for showing affection.A unique head gesture in China – tip the head backward and audibly suck air in through the teeth –means “no”or “something is very difficult”and has function of pausing to rethink. Also there are some head gestures used in America but seldom seen in China: scratching the head means thinking or confused or skeptical; chin stroke,tapping the head with forefinger shows contemplation; hand cutting across the top of the head shows impatience; head switching to one side with rush or chin pointing to a certain direction functions as beckoning someone to come here or pointing direction.3.1.2 Facial ExpressionsWe constantly read expressions from people's face. In fact, facial cues are the single most important source of nonverbal communication. (Tubbs & Moss, 1991:151) Facial expressions have some own features: they are innate and universal. Therefore, the expressions for happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, anger, and surprise (the six basic emotions) are recognized by most cultural groups as having the same meaning. However, some variations also exist. Some facial expressions and their interpretations may vary from one culture to another.Generally speaking, Chinese people are more self-controlled, especially in formal, public occasions, and when communicate with strangers and foreigners, they tend to control their emotions. When in down spirits (sad, angry, contemptuous and so on), Chinese people usually try to sustain a neutral expression. The whole face is on a loose state, forehead and eyebrow are equable, lips close naturally, and eyes open looking forward-such kind of looks is considered to be a neutral expression. Differently, the Americans may show in their expressions immediately when they are in the same spirits. Controlling one's bad mood properly is considered mature and well-educated in China. Therefore, they think the Americans' lack of control their emotions as an illustration of puerility and philistinism; whereas the Americans may consider the Chinese to be wooden and slow.When expressing some positive emotions, such as compliment and sympathy, Chinese people sometimes have less sense of propriety in their expressions than the Americans do. They think the more exaggerated the better. American people regard this as dishonest.In daily communication and daily behaviors, some differences caused by Chines’s humility and Americans’self-esteem are worth mentioning. When receiving honest praise from others, Chinese people usually send an expression showing “I do not believe”, “no”, “I do not deserve such praise”, and sometimes even give an anxious looks. American people think that such response is dishonest and hypocritical. On the contrary, they may smile to the person who praise them, accept the compliment and usually say “thank you”. In the Chinese point of view, such response is a kind of prideand conceited.3.1.3 Eye ContactThe most important channel for receiving and sending nonverbal messages is our eyes. At present, most of the studies of eye movements have been concerned with eye contact. Eye contact is an important element of body language. The number of messages we can send with our eyes is almost limitless. One research estimated that in group communication we spend 30 to 60 percent of our time in eye contact with others (Tubbs & Moss, 1991:154). The study of eye contact mainly includes: to look or not to look; when to look and how long to look; who and who not to look at.In conversation with people who know each other, American custom demands that there should be eye contact. This applies to both the speaker and the listener. The duration of their eye contact is longer than Chinese people's. In the US, the lack of eye contact is considered being not sincere, genuine, and honest, as well as implies fear, contempt, uneasiness, guilt, indifference. For showing politeness, respect or obedience, Chinese people frequently avoid direct eye contact with others.The two countries have a different way of retracting the look- the way they stop eye contact: the Americans, especially women, tend to look aside. It seems to give the Chinese a feeling of indifference, apartness and dissatisfaction. In China, people are accustomed to looking down. It is common that Chinese women always look down; the same is true of the underling before the superior, and the young before the old. In Chinese culture, looking down represents a modest, reverent and deferential attitude. It may be difficult for Americans to understand it. They would think that Chinese women's looking down illustrates the androcentrism of Chinese men.In China, some people never seem to get over their curiosity about the foreigners. The fact that they can not communicate with foreigners make them even more curious. And their curiosity shows in the way they stare at the foreigners. For the Chinese, the staring may be nothing more than curiosity, or sometimes surprise; but for the Americans, the feeling aroused by this staring can be so strong that makes them feel they are not just a minority but even an object of curiosity. They may become embarrassed and self-conscious. In a word, this kind of impolite behavior usually causes antipathy and misunderstanding by Americans. Therefore, Chinese people should avoid staring at the overseas.America and China share some similar eye movements with the same meanings.For instance, winking with one eye implies sharing a secret or flirtatious; raising the eyebrows is a flirtatious gesture by men, etc. Some eye movement are common in America but seldom seen in China: rolling the eye shows incredulity or amazement; winking eyes may shows several feeling – understanding, approval, encouragement, try to get across a message, solidarity.To sum up, America, along with other English- speaking countries, values the function of eye contact. They usually associate eye contact and eye movement, trust, frankness and self-esteem. Generally, they have much more eye contact and eye movement than the Chinese due to their recognition of equality. With a long history of modesty and humility, Chinese people may be shy about direct eye contact and may have less changeful eye movement. In fact, it is a sign of showing respect and kindness. Both countries should keep in mind these differences when communication with each other.3.1.4 Hand GestureAs a mode of nonverbal communication, hand gestures rank second in importance only to facial cues. Though facial cues enjoy a larger potential of communicating, with a low visibility, they cannot function adequately. Only in a short distance can facial expressions be seen; whereas hand gestures can be identified in a long distance. Leger Brosnahan said that hand gesture is, as a matter of fact, the core of body language. (Bi, 1991:115)Hands are so flexible and freely that can show clear and vivid meanings. Hand gestures sometimes substitute for verbal communication. Deaf-mutes use a system of hand signals so comprehensive that it literally replaces spoken language. The signals themselves are arbitrary. Many of our hand movements are culturally determined. Thus the same gesture can convey different things to members of different cultures; and different cultures may have particular hand gestures that are rare in other cultures. For example:(1) Same gesture in two cultures, but with different meaning. Hand gesture: extend the forefinger and make a circular motion near the temple or ear. In China, it means urging someone to use his or her brain; or thinking deeply, while in America, something or someone is “crazy”(2) Same meaning, but with different gesture. “It is me”. In China, touching or pointing to tip of one’s own nose with raised forefinger, while in America touching orpointing to one’s own bosom with raised forefinger or thumb.(3) Gesture and meaning in China, no equivalent in America. Using an open hand to cover one’s mouth while speaking in China, it means to show confidentiality and secrecy.(4) Gesture and meaning in America, no equivalent in China. Chewing one’s fingernails in America, it means emotional stress, worried, does not know what to do.3.1.5 Smile and LaughterWhen it comes to smile and laughter, the most common facial expressions, they may cause some misunderstandings between Chinese and American culture. Thus it is necessary to explore them further in this point. Smile and laughter usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasure, joy, merriment. This is generally true in China as well as in America. However, there are situations when some Chinese smile or laugh that will cause negative reactions by Americans.It may be difficult for Americans to believe that smiling for the Chinese not only means that someone is happy, but also that he or she is sorry. It is desirable for a Chinese to apologize with a smile, which indicates humbleness and embarrassment. For Chen Jun, smile is an important part of the apology. However, Peter might take the smile as smirking, a sign of disrespect. An American in the same situation would probably keep his eyes lowed, especially during the time he or she is apologizing. In this case, the mistaken perception of a smile made an awkward situation worse.Chinese people resort to laugh or smile when they feel embarrassed. The person caught in embarrassing situation would also laugh or make a joke, to ease the embarrassment. Such laughter, of course, is not at the person or his misfortune –whether he be a foreigner or a Chinese. It can convey a number of feelings: do not take it so seriously; laugh it off, it is nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. However, if someone gets hurt seriously, it will not be a laughing matter any more. People will help him or her instead.Generally speaking, Chinese people do not smile at strangers. A lot of people do not start communication without a good reason or without someone introducing them. Being friendly by nature is not enough of a reason for most people to smile at each other. However, Americans do not always smile at strangers, but when in a corridor, elevator, or other confined space, and when there are few or no other people around, they are likely to exchange a brief smile or nod, or maybe even a quiet “good morning” or othergreeting.3.2 PosturePosture is the general way of holding the body, especially the back, shoulders and head when standing, walking and sitting. It is essential to distinguish between posture and gesture. Generally speaking, posture relates to the whole body; while gesture limits to different parts of the body. According to Brosnahan, it's more appropriate to distinguish them by time span. Posture refers to a comparatively steady state; gesture is the sign of impermanent movements (Bi, 1991:88). In addition, it is far more difficult to control our gestures, like eye contact, facial expressions and hand gesture, etc. Posture, on the contrary, can be controlled consciously to a certain extent.Researchers divided posture into three categories: standing, bent-knee positions (such as sitting, squatting, kneeling down and so on) and lying (Bi, 1998: 17). Although the basic posture of human being is much alike or similar, there are many cultural differences in posture. People of different cultures have their own characteristics of running, walking, standing, squatting, sitting and lying. In cross-cultural communication, these various characteristics sometimes may cause communication obstacles and misunderstandings. Here we will lay emphasis on four important aspects of posture: walking posture, standing posture, squatting posture, and sitting posture.3.2.1 Walking PostureThe Chinese and Americans differ obviously in walking posture. Both countries have their own standard walking posture: Americans regard the posture of athlete and soldier to be the standard posture, whereas the Chinese take the posture of scholar and civilian for their standard. Imagine how widely different when a drillmaster walking with a scholar.When Americans walk outside, they feel the surrounding scope widely and open. Therefore, they usually swing along the street highly and mighty, straighten up their abdomen and chest, free themselves from any control, as if the world belongs to them. Chinese people are critical of such walking way, because it displays a conceited feeling, and it can be marked by arrogance; haughty and overbearing.The walking way in China is quite contrary; people limit themselves to a confined walking scope, lower the head, and bend knees slightly. The U.S and other English-speaking countries may have no opinion on such walking posture. They are familiar with Chinese people's humility and wariness. A few of them may perceive it as。
跨文化交际中中英非语言交际礼仪的差异比较
跨文化交际中中英非语言交际礼仪的差异比较一、本文概述在全球化的时代背景下，跨文化交际已经成为日常生活和工作中不可或缺的一部分。
在跨文化交际中，语言交际固然重要，但非语言交际同样占据着举足轻重的地位。
本文旨在探讨中英非语言交际礼仪在跨文化交际中的差异，并分析这些差异对双方交流的影响。
通过对中英非语言交际礼仪的深入比较，我们可以更好地理解两种文化背景下的交际习惯，从而提高跨文化交际的效果，减少误解和冲突。
本文将首先介绍非语言交际礼仪的基本概念及其在跨文化交际中的重要性，然后分别阐述中英两国在非语言交际礼仪方面的主要特点。
接着，通过对比分析，揭示中英非语言交际礼仪在面部表情、肢体语言、空间距离、时间观念以及服饰礼仪等方面的显著差异。
在此基础上，本文将探讨这些差异对跨文化交际可能产生的正面和负面影响，并提出相应的应对策略。
通过本文的研究，我们期望能够帮助读者更加深入地了解中英非语言交际礼仪的差异，提高跨文化交际能力，以适应日益频繁的跨文化交流需求。
本文也希望能为跨文化交际学的研究提供新的视角和参考。
二、非语言交际概述非语言交际是指通过语言之外的各种符号和方式来传达信息、情感、态度和关系的过程。
在跨文化交际中，非语言交际扮演着至关重要的角色，有时甚至超越了语言本身的重要性。
非语言交际包括面部表情、肢体语言、空间距离、触摸行为、时间观念、服饰打扮等诸多方面。
这些元素在不同的文化中有着不同的含义和解读，因此，了解和掌握中英非语言交际礼仪的差异，对于促进两国人民的友好交往和有效沟通具有重要意义。
在中国文化中，非语言交际往往承载着丰富的文化内涵和社会价值观。
例如，面部表情和肢体语言在表达情感、态度和尊重方面扮演着重要角色。
在交流过程中，中国人倾向于保持适度的空间距离，避免过于亲密或疏远的举动。
同时，中国人重视礼貌和谦逊，常常通过点头或微笑来表示认同和尊重。
相比之下，英国文化中的非语言交际方式则有其独特之处。
英国人注重个人空间和隐私，因此在交流时更倾向于保持一定的距离。
非语言交际的跨文化对比分析
非语言交际的跨文化对比分析作者：施振华来源：《商情》2009年第26期【摘要】本文对非语言交际行为进行分类并着重从非语言交际中的体态语、副语言、客体语和环境语等方面进行跨文化的对比分析,指出非语言交际行为在不同的社会文化背景中所体现的文化差异,说明非语言交际在跨文化交际活动中是非常重要的。
【关键词】非语言交际文化差异跨文化对比人类交际包括两个方面:语言交际(verbal communication)和非语言交际(non-verbal communication)。
但是,人们往往只重视语言交际行为,却忽略非语言交际行为在交际活动中所起的作用。
其实非语言交际是整个交际过程中必不可少的组成部分,具有言语不可替代的交际功能。
因此,要想成功地进行跨文化交际,就必须对非语言的差异有所了解。
一、非语言行为的种类及其与文化的关系关于非语言行为的分类,学者们仁者见人,智者见智。
根据美国社会心理K. W. Back的观点,非语言行为可分作三类:动态无声的,静态无声的和有声的。
从跨文化交际的角度出发,借鉴西方学者相对统一的结论,将非语言交际行为分为以下几类:体态语(Body Language);副语言(Paralanguage);客体语(Object language);环境语(Environment Language)。
在跨文化交际中,必须认识到非语言交际与文化之间的关系。
文化和非语言交际行为都是经过长期的历史和文化积淀而形成的某一社会共同的习惯。
文化与非语言交际不可分割,人的非语言行为的形成和效果往往都由一定的文化环境所决定。
一般情况下,非语言交际行为对语言交际行为起到的是辅助作用,通过重复、否定、代替、补充、强调、调节等配合,甚至代替语言交际行为。
二、几种非语言交际行为的跨文化对比分析在跨文化交际领域中,人们会对同一国家,同一民族的非语言交际行为加以综合和概括,归纳出一些有代表性的非语言交际行为,然而,在实际交往中,同一国家、同一民族的人的非语言交际行为并不是完全一致的,甚至在同一地区不同职业,不同年龄的人之间都有差别。
跨文化非语言交际中的中西文化对比免费范文
跨文化非语言交际中的中西文化对比引言美国哲学家Henry David Thoreau曾经说过：在人类的交流中，悲剧产生常是因为话语误解而非沉默。
显然，他的意思就是说，许多误解是因为非语言交际而产生。
研究表明，人与人之间的信息传递大约有35%是通过语言交流来进行的，而另外的65%则是通过非语言交流来进行的。
甚至有学者认为，人们只有3%的情感信息传递是由语言交流来进行，而其他的97%的传递都是依赖于非语言交际来进行。
从这组数据，我们不难看出，超过一半的信息传递都是通过非语言交流来实现的。
因此，如果我们能关注隐藏在跨文化非语言交际活动背后的文化内涵，我们的交流就更加有效了，彼此之间的误解也会随之减少。
因此，这篇文章目的在于通过比较不同的文化和跨文化交流行为，来提升人们跨文化非语言交流的能力，进而提高人们跨文化非语言交流效果。
一、文化大部分的学者认为文化也是一种交流。
他们认为交流就是文化，或者文化就是交流，这都表明交流和文化之间有着密切的联系。
事实上，文化包含三个方面：物质文化（与人们有关的物质如建筑、服装、食物、工具等）；体制和风俗文化（包括体制、法规和风俗等）；精神文化（包括价值观，思维模式，审美观，道德观和宗教信仰等）。
根据以上概念，下面的六个文化的特点对跨文化非语言交际有着重要影响：文化是习得的、可以传达的、动态的、可以选择的、相互联系的、有民族特点的。
二、跨文化非语言交际非语言交际不是凭借语言，而是凭借包含交流场景的所有的非语言刺激物。
其中，包含的一些微妙的非语言行为，常常通过人们的潜意识外的行为所体现。
不像语言交流那样，非语言交际没有字典或正式的规则来为一种文化的非语言现象提供一个系统含义。
美国学者Bean Barnlund强调了非语言交流对跨文化交际研究的重要，他给出的原因有四个：第一，人们总会有意与无意地，做出一些關于别人的非语言的内在状态的判断或评论；第二，人们会通过别人的行为来了解他们的情感状态；第三，非语言交际常常影响着人们的第一印象；第四，许多非语言行为常常不容易被有意识的控制。
跨文化交际中的非语言交际行为研究
跨文化交际中的非语言交际行为研究引言：在跨文化交际中，语言交际是人们最常用的沟通方式之一，然而非语言交际同样具有重要的作用。
不同文化背景下的非语言行为可能会造成误解和冲突，因此研究跨文化交际中的非语言交际行为是十分必要的。
本文将探讨非语言交际行为在跨文化交际中的重要性，分析不同文化间的非语言交际行为差异，并提出跨文化交际中非语言交际行为的应对策略。
一、非语言交际行为的重要性1.1 非语言交际行为的定义非语言交际行为指的是除了语言之外的其他交际方式，包括身体语言、面部表情、眼神交流、姿势动作等。
在跨文化交际中，由于语言障碍或文化差异，非语言交际行为往往比语言更加直观和明确。
1.2 非语言交际行为的重要作用非语言交际行为具有以下重要作用：（1）补充语言信息：非语言交际行为可以弥补语言的表达不足，增加交流的准确性和清晰度。
（2）表达情感与意图：人们常常通过面部表情、眼神交流和姿势动作来表达自己的情感和意图，非语言交际行为更加直接和真实。
（3）传递文化信息：不同文化中非语言交际行为的差异往往反映了文化的特点和价值观，通过非语言交际行为可以更好地理解对方文化的背景和内涵。
二、不同文化间的非语言交际行为差异2.1 面部表情的差异面部表情是非语言交际中最常用的方式之一，但不同文化对于面部表情的理解和使用方式存在差异。
比如，在西方国家，笑容通常表示友好和愉快；而在一些东方国家，笑容被认为是不尊重和不礼貌的行为。
2.2 眼神交流的差异眼神交流在跨文化交际中具有不同的含义。
在西方文化中，直视对方的眼神通常被认为表示诚实和自信；而在一些亚洲文化中，直视他人的眼神被视为挑衅和不礼貌。
2.3 姿势动作的差异姿势动作也是非语言交际中重要的一部分，但不同文化对于姿势动作的理解和使用方式有所不同。
比如，在某些非洲国家，交叉双臂被视为亵渎神灵的行为；而在西方文化中，交叉双臂通常表示沮丧或防御。
三、跨文化交际中的非语言交际行为应对策略3.1 研究文化差异了解不同文化间的非语言交际行为差异是有效应对的基础。
文化毕业论文中西方文化中非言语交际的差异
中西方文化中非言语交际的差异人类的交际体系在结构上可分为言语交际(verbal communication)和非言语交际(non-verbal communication)。
根据一项调查显示，在人们的交际行为中，“言语交际所传达的信息仅占35%，而65%的信息则是通过非言语交际来传递的”。
在跨文化交际中，只有把握了各种非言语形式的不同含义，把它们放置在恰当的文化背景下，才能达到我们交际的目的。
本文拟对非言语交际在不同文化中表现的差异进行研究，探讨非言语交际的重要性及如何在我们的日常学习中培养这种能力。
一、非言语交际的内涵对于非言语交际的含义，许多学者都进行了研究。
美国著名学者萨默瓦(samovar)认为“非言语行为指的是在一定交际环境中语言因素以外的，对接收者或输出者含有信息价值的那些因素。
这些因素既可以人为的生成，也可以由环境造就”。
在本文中，非言语交际指的是一个人不张口说话，不动笔书写的一切行为，它主要伴随在口头交际中，通过交际者的面部表情、身体姿势等来更真实地表达感情和态度。
从跨文化交际的角度出发，非言语交际粗略地分为四大类：(1)体态语。
包括基本姿势，基本礼节动作，以及人体各部分动作所提供的交际信息。
(2)副语言。
包括沉默，话轮转换和各种非语义声音。
(3)客体语。
包括衣着和化妆，个人用品的交际作用，家具和车辆所提供的交际信息。
(4)环境语。
包括空间信息，时间信息，声音、灯光、颜色标识等等。
本文主要对其中一些常见的非言语交际进行研究。
二、中西方文化中非言语交际的差异人们在语言交流过程中，会时不时的伴随有各种各样的“小动作”，这些小动作其实也是对交际的一种补充。
它的作用也是不容忽视的。
1，体态语。
非言语交际中最常见的就是体态语的运用。
体态语是指人们利用姿态、动作，包括身体动作和面部表情，来传达信息的非言语行为。
下面就手势、面部表情、目光语等等来分析一下这种差异性。
一、手势上的差异性。
不同的文化下，人们利用手势所表现出来的意义也是不同的。
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Rewriting（开题报告+论文+文献综述）38、(英语毕业论文)NBA和CBA的文化差异分析（开题报告+论文）39、(英语毕业论文)从跨文化交际看中西方时间观差异（开题报告+论文）40、(英语毕业论文)从海尔的品牌成功探讨中国企业在全球化环境下的品牌战略41、(英语毕业论文)独立学院英语专业大一学生阅读策略使用情况调查与分析42、(英语毕业论文)《小妇人》中乔的形象分析43、(英语毕业论文)论世纪年代以来美国文化冲击对中国青少年的影响及教育策略改革的应对措施（开题报告+论文+文献综述）44、(英语毕业论文)浅析《格列佛游记》中的乌托邦主题（开题报告+论文）45、(英语毕业论文)爱与孤独的互生——舍伍德安德森《曾经沧海》与戴维劳伦斯《马贩子的女儿》对比研究46、(英语毕业论文)从《时时刻刻》看三种不同身份的女性与现实的抗争（开题报告+论文+文献综述）47、(英语毕业论文)解读托尼•莫瑞森《最蓝的眼睛》中的成长主题（开题报告+论文）48、(英语毕业论文)现代汉语量词英译研究49、(英语毕业论文)从三美原则看中国古诗词中酒意象的英译（开题报告+论文+文献综述）50、(英语毕业论文)非英语专业大学生英语学习动机调查（开题报告+论文）51、(英语毕业论文)《失乐园》中撒旦的艺术形象解读(开题报告+论文)52、(英语毕业论文)弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫《达洛维夫人》中印象主义创作手法探讨53、(英语毕业论文)鲁滨逊荒岛生存技能的分析（开题报告+论文+文献综述）54、(英语毕业论文)《名利场》的女性主义解读（开题报告+论文）55、(英语毕业论文)从核辐射报道看英国报纸行文的语言特征56、(英语毕业论文)美国基督新教与中国儒家的伦理道德的比较57、(英语毕业论文)中外大学校训对比研究（开题报告+论文+文献综述）58、(英语毕业论文)浅析《两个新嫁娘》中的不同婚姻观59、(英语毕业论文)灰姑娘文学形象在西方文化中的发展和演变研究60、(英语毕业论文)Feminine Consciousness in Wives and Daughters and North and South by Elizabeth Gaskell（开题报告+论文+文献综述）61、(英语毕业论文)《蝴蝶君》中两位主角的心理冲突62、(英语毕业论文)《祝福》两个英译本翻译中文化缺失现象的对比研究（开题报告+论文）63、(英语毕业论文)Doomed Tragedy out of Desire-Driven Morbid Personalities in Nabokov’s Lolita64、(英语毕业论文)论中美婚礼习俗的差异与融合(开题报告+论文)65、(英语毕业论文)中西方跨文化交际中非语言行为的文化差异66、(英语毕业论文)The Translation of English Film Title67、(英语毕业论文)从功能翻译理论谈美剧字幕翻译（开题报告+论文）68、(英语毕业论文)浅析《愤怒的葡萄》中主要人物的性格特征（开题报告+论文+文献综述）69、(英语毕业论文)分析埃里森《隐形人》中美国的种族歧视70、(英语毕业论文)试分析《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的爱情模式（开题报告+论文）71、(英语毕业论文)Approaching English V ocabulary Teaching—a Lexicological Perspective72、(英语毕业论文)主位推进模式在语篇翻译中的应用（开题报告+论文）73、(英语毕业论文)论《杀死一只知更鸟》中的象征74、(英语毕业论文)从《印度之行》看东西方文化冲突(开题报告+论文)75、(英语毕业论文)《夜访吸血鬼》中的模糊性别观（开题报告+论文）76、(英语毕业论文)A Brief Study of the Causes of Emily’s Tragedy in A Rose for Emily77、(英语毕业论文)《女勇士》中的文化冲突与文化融合78、(英语毕业论文)简论爱伦•坡的建筑意象（开题报告+论文）79、(英语毕业论文)浅析《最蓝的眼睛》中的创伤和治愈（开题报告+论文）80、(英语毕业论文)从合作原则违反角度分析《破产姐妹》中的幽默话语（开题报告+论文）81、(英语毕业论文)A Comparative Study of American and Chinese Spatial Language in Business Negotiation82、(英语毕业论文)英语系动词语义属性及句法行为研究（开题报告+论文+文献综述+外文翻译）83、(英语毕业论文)从生态女性主义角度解读《苔丝》（开题报告+论文）84、(英语毕业论文)论《愤怒的葡萄》中的生态批评思想（开题报告+论文）85、(英语毕业论文)简与林黛玉性格及命运对比86、(英语毕业论文)影响二语习得的因素－－案例研究87、(英语毕业论文)电影《功夫熊猫》中美文化融合现象分析(开题报告+论文)88、(英语毕业论文)从文化差异视角论旅游文本翻译中的词汇空缺89、(英语毕业论文)欧洲余烬里飞起的凤凰－－Geoffrey Hill诗歌主题与艺术风格90、(英语毕业论文)从唐诗不同译本看数字词汇翻译得与失91、(英语毕业论文)浅析《汤姆叔叔的小屋》写作技巧（开题报告+论文+文献综述）92、(英语毕业论文)论《简•爱》中伯莎•梅森的疯癫（开题报告+论文）93、(英语毕业论文)关于英语课堂中教师体态语的研究94、(英语毕业论文)Language Features and Translation Skills of Business English Contract95、(英语毕业论文)英语国家姓氏文化研究96、(英语毕业论文)论约翰•多恩诗歌中的张力(开题报告+论文)97、(英语毕业论文)从大学校训看中西方大学文化差异（开题报告+论文+文献综述）98、(英语毕业论文)爱伦坡短片小说“美女之死”主题研究99、(英语毕业论文)旅游景点名翻译的异化与归化（开题报告+论文）100、(英语毕业论文)论《黑夜中的旅人》中主人公的信仰冲突与融合（开题报告+论文）101、(英语毕业论文)英汉色彩词的语用对比研究（开题报告+论文）102、(英语毕业论文)从目的论角度研究法国香水网络广告语的汉译本的语言特征103、(英语毕业论文)从萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说看中英谚语的文化意象104、(英语毕业论文)从文化差异角度研究英文新闻标题翻译的策略（开题报告+论文+文献综述）105、(英语毕业论文)卡森•麦卡勒斯《心是孤独的猎手》福柯式解读（开题报告+论文）106、(英语毕业论文)高中生英语学习成败归因现状调查及对策（开题报告+论文）107、(英语毕业论文)小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》中的精神力量分析108、(英语毕业论文)《喜福会》中的中美文化冲突（开题报告+论文）109、(英语毕业论文)对抗还是和谐——论《白鲸》人与自然的关系（开题报告+论文）110、(英语毕业论文)《紫色》中“家”的解读（开题报告+论文+文献综述）111、(英语毕业论文)英文电影字幕翻译的原则和技巧（开题报告+论文）112、(英语毕业论文)从弗洛伊德精神分析视角解读爱伦•坡的《黑猫》（开题报告+论文+文献综述）113、(英语毕业论文)从寂寞到超然—索尔•贝娄的《赫索格》中书信体的内心独白（开题报告+论文+文献综述）114、(英语毕业论文)从《推手》看中美文化差异对家庭关系的影响（开题报告+论文+文献综述）115、(英语毕业论文)应对写作逻辑乱象的对策116、(英语毕业论文)性格、学习策略和英语学习成绩的关系研究117、(英语系经贸英语)电子商务bc运营模式——以亚马逊为例118、(英语毕业论文)《紫色》中的女性主义解读（开题报告+论文+文献综述）119、(英语毕业论文)The Study of Chinese Body Language120、(英语毕业论文)中西跨文化交际中的礼貌问题之比较分析（开题报告+论文）121、(英语毕业论文)An Analysis of 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Theory141、(英语毕业论文)浅析《飘》中女主人公的性格特征142、(英语毕业论文)从成长小说角度解读《马丁•伊登》143、(英语毕业论文)《二十二条军规》中关于军规的控制及反控制144、(英语毕业论文)浅析托尼.莫瑞森《最蓝的眼睛》中皮克拉悲剧命运的根源(开题报告+论文)145、(英语毕业论文)大学英语电影教学现状及对策分析（开题报告+论文+文献综述）146、(英语毕业论文)《哈姆雷特》与《夜宴》中人物塑造的比较研究（开题报告+论文）147、(英语毕业论文)英语演讲语篇中的parallelism及其汉译策略—以奥巴马就职演说稿为例（开题报告+论文+文献综述+外文翻译）148、(英语毕业论文)论《西游记》中文化因素的翻译策略——以詹纳尔和余国藩的英译本为例149、(英语毕业论文)浅谈汉语成语的英译150、(英语毕业论文)从商业广告看文化因素对广告翻译的影响(开题报告+论文) 151、(英语毕业论文)从文化角度看英语习语的翻译（开题报告+论文+文献综述）152、(英语毕业论文)从《喜福会》母女冲突看中美家庭教育差异（开题报告+论文）153、(英语毕业论文)用陌生化理论阐述《红色手推车》的悲剧色彩（开题报告+论文+文献综述+外文翻译）154、(英语毕业论文)英汉恭维语的对比研究（开题报告+论文+文献综述）155、(英语毕业论文)General Principles and Features of Legal English Translation156、(英语毕业论文)对《老人与海》中圣地亚哥的性格分析157、(英语毕业论文)An Analysis of F. 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