英汉、汉英翻译
常用生态学词汇(汉英英汉翻译汇编)

常用生态学词汇(汉英-英汉翻译汇编)常用生态学词汇abiotic component,非生物成分absolute reproductive value,绝对生殖价abundance,多度abyssal zone,深海带abyssobenthic zone,深渊带acclimation,驯化accumulation horizon,淀积层Acid precipitation,酸沉降Acid rain,酸雨aestivation,夏眠age structure,年龄结构age-specific life table,特定年龄生命表Agricultural economical zoning,农业经济区位Agricultural resources,农业资源Agroecosystem,农业生态系统Allee’s principle,阿利氏定律alleles,等位基因allelochemic,异种信息素/种间外激素Allelochemicals,他感物质Allelopathy,他感作用Allen’s rule,阿伦法则allopatric speciation,异域种化altruism,利他行为Artificial auxiliary energy,人工辅助能asexual reproduction,无性生殖association,群丛association group,群丛组association table,群丛表association unit theory,群丛单位理论Autecology,个体生态学autogenic succession,自发演替Auxiliary energy,辅助能balancing selection hypothesize,平衡说Bergman’s rule,贝格曼规律bethal zone,半深海带biocoenosis,生物群落bioconcentration,生物浓缩Biogecochemical cycle,生物地球化学循环Biological agriculture,生物农业Biological control,生物防治Biological energy subsidies,生物辅助能biological enrichment,生物富集Biological oxygen demand (BOD),生化需氧量(生化耗氧量)biomagnification,生物放大Biomass,生物量biome,生物带bionomic strategy,生态对策biosphere,生物圈bottle neck,瓶颈CAM plant,CAM植物cannibalism,同种相食carnivores,食肉动物Carrying capacity,环境容纳量catastrophic,灾难性因素chamaephytes (Ch),地上芽植物character displacement,特征替代cheliophytes,阴性植物Chemical ecology,化学生态学Chemical oxygen demand (COD),化学耗氧量climate climax,气候顶级climax,顶级群落climax community,顶级群落cline,渐变群clumped,集群分布co-adapted system,协同适应系统co-dynamics,相互动态co-evolution,协同进化cohort,同生群cohort life table,同群生命表cold desert,冷荒漠colonization,定居, 建群coloration,色泽Commensalisms,偏利作用communities in littoral zone,沿岸生物群落communities in the limnetic zone,湖沼带生物群落communities in the profundal zone,深水带生物群落community,群落Community ecology,群落生态学companion species,伴生种compensatory predation,补偿性捕食Competition,竞争competition coefficient,竞争系数Competition exclusion principle,竞争排斥原理competition hypothesis,竞争假说competitive exclusion,竞争排除competive lottery,抽彩式竞争Components structure,组分结构conservation,保守主义者conspicuousness,显著度constancy,恒有度contest competition,干扰竞争contest type of competition,争夺型竞争continental rise,大陆隆continental shelf,大陆架continental slope,大陆坡convergent adaptation,趋同适应convergent oscillation,趋同波动cost of gene recombination,基因重组价cost of mating,交配价cost of meiosis,减数分裂价courtship behavior,求偶行为coverage,盖度crude density,原始密度cryptophytes(Cr),隐芽植物Decomposer,分解者decomposition,分解作用delayed density dependence,延后密度制约density effect,密度效应density ratio,密度比density-dependent,密度制约density-independent,非密度制约Desertification,土地沙漠化detrital food chain,碎屑食物链detritus feeder,食碎生物Detritus food chain,腐食食物链diagrammatic life table,图解式生命表diapause,滞育diffuse competition,分散竞争directional selection,定向选择discrete generation,离散世代disruptive selection,分裂选择disturbance climax/disclimax,偏途顶级divergent oscillation,趋异波动dominance,优势度dominant species,优势种dominant-submissive,支配—从属关系dry desert,干荒漠dynamic life table,动态生命表dynamic-composite life table,动态混合生命表Eco-economical zoning,生态经济区位Ecological agriculture,生态农业Ecological amplitude,生态幅ecological density,生态密度ecological dominance,生态优势Ecological effect,生态效益Ecological efficiency,生态效率Ecological engineering,生态工程ecological environment,生态环境ecological equivalent,生态等值种ecological factor,生态因子ecological invasion,生态入侵ecological natality,生态出生率Ecological pyramid,生态金字塔(生态锥体)ecological release,生态释放Ecological succession,演替Ecological sustainability,生态持续性Ecology,生态学ecosystem,生态系统ecosystem development,生态系统的发育Ecosystem ecology,生态系统生态学Ecotone,群落交错区(生态交错区)ecotone hypothesis,生态交错带假说Ecotope,景观元素(生态点)ecotype,生态型ectotherm,外温动物edge effect,边缘效应eitolation phenomenon,黄化现象Emergent property of system,系统的整合特性emigration,迁出endogenous migration,内因性迁移endotherm,内温动物Energy analysis,能流分析Energy flow chart,能流图Energy flow path,能流路径Energy flow structure,能流结构Energy flowing,能量流Entropy,熵environment,环境environment hormone,环境激素equilibrium theory,平衡理论euphotic zone,透光带euryecious,广栖的euryhaline,广盐性的euryhydric,广水性的euryphagic,广食性的eurythermal,广温性的eurytopic species,广适种eutrophication,富营养化evergreen hardwood forest,常绿硬材林Evolution ecology,进化生态学exogenous migration,外因性迁移exploitive competition,利用竞争exponential growth,指数增长Exponential growth form,种群指数增长模式facultative parthenogenesis,兼性孤雌生殖family selection,家庭选择farmland ecosystem,农田生态系统fecundity,生育力fecundity schedule,生育力表feedback,反馈,反馈作用feeding niches,取食生态位filter food,滤食性生物finite rate of increase,周限增长率First law of thermodynamics,热力学第一定律fitness,适合度floristic-structural classification,植物区系-结构分类系统fluctuation,波动food chain,食物链Food chain structure,食物链结构Food web,食物网formation,群系formation,植物群系formation group,群系组foundational niche,基础生态位(生态龛)Free energy,自由能freshwater ecology,淡水生态学freshwater ecosystem,淡水生态系统function response,功能反应Functional component abundance,功能组分冗余gamete selection,配子选择gaps,缺口gaseous cycle,气体循环gene pool,基因库geographic variation,地理变异geographical theory of speciation,物种形成geometric growth,几何级数增长geophytes(G),地下芽植物Goase’s theory,高斯理论gradient hypothesis,梯度假说grazer,牧食生物grazing food chain,捕食食物链greenhouse effect,温室效应gross primary production,总初级生产力group selection,群选择guild,同资源团habitat,生境heath,石楠群丛height,高度hemicryptophytes (He),地面芽植物herbivore,食植动物heterotroph,异养生物heterotrophic succession,异养演替hibernation,冬眠homeostasis,内稳态homeostasis,自调节稳态homeostatic organism,内稳态生物homeostatic process,内稳定过程human demography,人口统计学Human ecology,人类生态学humus,腐殖质hydrarch succession,水生演替hydrosere,水生演替系列immigration,迁入importance value,重要值individual converse rate,个体转化率industrial melanism,工业黑化现象inner capacity increase,内禀增长力inner-environment,内环境instantaneous rate of increase,瞬间增长率intensity,强度interference competition,干扰竞争intermediate disturbance hypothesis,中度干扰假说internal distribution pattern,内分布型interspecific relationship,种间关系intertidal zone,潮间带intraspecific relationship,种内关系inversely density dependent,反密度制约Island ecology,岛屿生态学keystone species,关键种kin selection,亲选择k-strategists,k-策略者land cover,土地覆盖land use,土地利用Landscape ecology,景观生态学law of constant final yield,最后产量衡值法则law of the minimum,最小因子法则law of tolerance,耐受性法则layer,层leached layer,淋溶层leaf area index(LAS),叶面积指数lentic ecosystem,静水生态系统life cycle,生活周期life expectancy,生命期望life form,生活型life form spectrum,生活型谱life history,生活史life history strategy,生活史对策lifespan,生活年限lifetime,寿命limit of tolerance,忍受性限度littoral zone,沿岸带lotic ecosystem,流水生态系统macroclimate,大气候macrofauna,大型生物Marine ecology,海洋生态学marine ecosystem,海洋生态系统maximum natality,最大出生率maximum sustained yield,最大持续生产量megafauna,巨型生物mexofauna,中型生物microclimate,小气候microcolony,微菌落microcommunities,小群落micro-ecosystem,微生态系统micro-environment,微环境microfauna,小型生物microplankton,小型浮游生物migration,迁徙,迁移modular organism,构件生物modules,构件Molecular ecology,分子生态学monoclimax theory,单元演替顶级monocultute,单种养殖monogamy,单配偶制monpohagous,单食性monsoon forest,季风林mortality,死亡率mortality curve,死亡曲线mosaic,镶嵌性natality,出生率n-dimensional niche,n维生态位negative feedback,负反馈net primary production(GP),净初级生产力neutrality controversy,中性说论战niche,生态位niche compression,生态位压缩niche separation,生态位分离niche shift,生态位分离non-equilibrium theory,非平衡理论non-homeostatic organism,非内稳态生物ocean-current,洋流omnivores,杂食动物open community,开放群落open shrublands,稀疏灌丛opportunist,机会主义者ordination,排序ornamentation,修饰pan-climax,泛顶级pantropical,泛热带区parabiosphere,副生物圈parapatric speciation,邻域种化(物种形成)parasites,寄生生物parasitoidism,拟寄生parent material,母质层parental care,亲代关怀parental investment,亲代投资patch,斑块per capita growth rate,每员增长率perclimax,前顶级peritrophic mycorrhizae,周边营养性菌根phanerophytes(Ph),高位芽植物phenotype,表现型photoperiodism,光周期现象phyplankton,浮游植物physiognomy,外貌Physiological ecology,生理生态学physiological natality,生理出生率phytochrom,色素pioneer community,先锋群落plankton,浮游生物Poission distribution,泊松分布polyandry,一雌多雄制poly-climax theory,多元顶级理论polygamy,多配偶制polygyny,一雄多雌制polymorphism,多型现象polyphagous,多食性的population,种群Population ecology,种群生态学porosity,粒间空隙positive feedback,正反馈post-climax,超顶级predation,捕食作用predator,捕食者present reproductive value,当前繁殖价prevail climax,优势顶级prey,猎物pre-zygotic mechanism,合子前隔离primary production,初级生产primary succession,初级演替primary succession,原生演替principle of allocation,分配原理principle of competitive exclusion,竞争互斥原理production,生产量production rate,生产率productivity,生产力progressive succession,进展演替protogynous hermaphrodism,雌雄同体pyramid of energy,能量金字塔radiation adaptation,趋异适应random,随机分布rare species,偶见种reaction time lag,反应滞时reactive species,反映性物种realized natality,实际出生率realized niche,实际生态位regressive succession,逆行演替relative frequency,相对频度relative reproductive value,相对生殖价reproduction effect,生殖成效reproductive cost,繁殖成本reproductive pattern,生殖格局reproductive time lag,生殖滞时reproductive value,生殖值residual reproductive value,剩余繁殖价resilient stability,恢复稳定性resistant stability,抵抗稳定性Restoration ecology,恢复生态学richness,丰度r-k continuum of strategies,r-k 策略连续系统r-strategists,r-策略者saprovores,食腐者savanna woodland,热带稀树草原林地scavenger,食腐者sciophytes,阴性植物scramble competition,利用性竞争secondary metabolites,次生代谢物质secondary production,次级生产力secondary succession,次生演替sedimentary cycle,沉积循环selective fertilization,选择性受精semelparity,一次繁殖生物semelparous,一次生殖semideserty,半荒漠sex ratio,性比sexual dimorphism,雌雄二型现象sexual reproduction,有性生殖sexual selection,性选择shade plants,耐阴性植物Shannon-Weiner index,香农-威纳指数similarity,相似度Simpson’s diversity index,辛普森多样性指数social group,社群social hierarchy,社会等级social-economic-natural complex ecosystem,社会-经济-自然复合生态系统solar emergy,太阳能值solar transformity,太阳能值转换率spatial pattern,空间格局special heterogeneity,空间异质性speciation,物种形成(种化)species area curve,物种面积曲线species diversity,物种多样性species evenness or equitability,种的均匀度species heterogeneity,种的不齐性species turnover rate,种的周转率spore reproduction,孢子生殖stability-resilience,稳定恢复力stabilizing selection,稳定选择standing crop,现存量static life table,静态生命表stenoecious,窄栖性的stenohaline,窄盐性的stenohydric,窄水性的stenophagic,窄食性的stenothermal,窄温性的steppe,欧亚大草原stochastic model,随机模型stratification,成层现象subassociation,亚群丛组subdominant,亚优势种subformation,亚群系succession,演替succulent,肉质植物summer-green deciduous forest,夏绿落叶林survivorship curve,存活曲线sympatric speciation,同域性物种Synecology,群落生态学synusia,层片Terrestrial ecology,陆地生态学territorial behavior,领域行为territoriality,领域性the –2/3 thinning law,–2/3自疏法则the effect of neighbours,邻接效应therophytes (Th),一年生植物thertnoperiodism,温周期现象thorn forest and scrub,多刺森林和密灌丛time-specific life table,特定时间生命表torpor,蛰伏total neutrality hypothesis,中性说trophic level,营养级trophic relationship,营养关系tundra and cold forest,苔原和冷森林uniform,均匀分布unitary organism,单体生物univoltine insects,单(一)化性的昆虫upper horizon,覆盖层Urban ecology,城市生态学vegetation subtype,植被亚型vegetation type,植被型vegetation type group,植被型组vegetative propagation,营养生殖volume,体积water cycle,水循环weight,重量xerarch succession,旱生演替xerophytes,旱生植物zero net growth isoline(ZNGI),零增长线zone of emergent vegetation,挺水植物带zooplankton,浮游动物常用生态学词汇(汉英)–2/3自疏法则the –2/3 thinning law CAM植物CAM plantk-策略者k-strategistsn维生态位n-dimensional nicher-k 策略连续系统r-k continuum of strategies r-策略者r-strategists一年生植物therophytes (Th)一次生殖semelparous一次繁殖生物semelparity一雄多雌制polygyny一雌多雄制polyandry人口统计学human demography人工辅助能Artificial auxiliary energy 人类生态学Human ecology几何级数增长geometric growth个体生态学Autecology个体转化率individual converse rate 土地利用land use土地沙漠化Desertification土地覆盖land cover大气候macroclimate大陆坡continental slope大陆架continental shelf大陆隆continental rise大型生物macrofauna小气候microclimate小型生物microfauna小型浮游生物microplankton小群落microcommunities工业黑化现象industrial melanism干扰竞争contest competition干扰竞争interference competition 干荒漠dry desert广水性的euryhydric广适种eurytopic species广食性的euryphagic广栖的euryecious广盐性的euryhaline广温性的eurythermal中性说total neutrality hypothesis中性说论战neutrality controversy中型生物mexofauna中度干扰假说intermediate disturbance hypothesis 丰度richness内分布型internal distribution pattern内因性迁移endogenous migration内环境inner-environment内温动物endotherm内禀增长力inner capacity increase内稳定过程homeostatic process内稳态homeostasis内稳态生物homeostatic organism分子生态学Molecular ecology分配原理principle of allocation分散竞争diffuse competition分裂选择disruptive selection分解作用decomposition分解者Decomposer化学生态学Chemical ecology化学耗氧量Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 反应滞时reaction time lag反映性物种reactive species反密度制约inversely density dependent反馈,反馈作用feedback太阳能值solar emergy太阳能值转换率solar transformity开放群落open community支配—从属关系dominant-submissive无性生殖asexual reproduction气体循环gaseous cycle气候顶级climate climax水生演替hydrarch succession水生演替系列hydrosere水循环water cycle贝格曼规律Bergman’s rule他感作用Allelopathy他感物质Allelochemicals冬眠hibernation出生率natality功能反应function response功能组分冗余Functional component abundance半荒漠semideserty半深海带bethal zone叶面积指数leaf area index(LAS)外因性迁移exogenous migration外温动物ectotherm外貌physiognomy巨型生物megafauna平衡说balancing selection hypothesize平衡理论equilibrium theory正反馈positive feedback母质层parent material生化需氧量(生化耗氧量)Biological oxygen demand (BOD)生产力productivity生产率production rate生产量production生命期望life expectancy生态入侵ecological invasion生态工程Ecological engineering生态出生率ecological natality生态对策bionomic strategy生态交错带假说ecotone hypothesis生态优势ecological dominance生态农业Ecological agriculture生态因子ecological factor生态位niche生态位分离niche separation生态位分离niche shift生态位压缩niche compression生态系统ecosystem生态系统生态学Ecosystem ecology生态系统的发育ecosystem development 生态学Ecology生态环境ecological environment生态经济区位Eco-economical zoning生态金字塔(生态锥体)Ecological pyramid 生态型ecotype生态持续性Ecological sustainability生态效益Ecological effect生态效率Ecological efficiency生态密度ecological density生态幅Ecological amplitude生态等值种ecological equivalent生态释放ecological release生物农业Biological agriculture生物地球化学循环Biogecochemical cycle 生物防治Biological control生物放大biomagnification生物带biome生物浓缩bioconcentration生物圈biosphere生物辅助能Biological energy subsidies 生物富集biological enrichment生物量Biomass生物群落biocoenosis生育力fecundity生育力表fecundity schedule生活史life history生活史对策life history strategy生活年限lifespan生活周期life cycle生活型life form生活型谱life form spectrum生理出生率physiological natality生理生态学Physiological ecology生殖成效reproduction effect生殖值reproductive value生殖格局reproductive pattern生殖滞时reproductive time lag生境habitat石楠群丛heath边缘效应edge effect争夺型竞争contest type of competition亚优势种subdominant亚群丛组subassociation亚群系subformation交配价cost of mating优势顶级prevail climax优势度dominance优势种dominant species先锋群落pioneer community光周期现象photoperiodism关键种keystone species农业生态系统Agroecosystem农业经济区位Agricultural economical zoning 农业资源Agricultural resources农田生态系统farmland ecosystem动态生命表dynamic life table动态混合生命表dynamic-composite life table 协同进化co-evolution协同适应系统co-adapted system合子前隔离pre-zygotic mechanism同生群cohort同种相食cannibalism同资源团guild同域性物种sympatric speciation同群生命表cohort life table地上芽植物chamaephytes (Ch)地下芽植物geophytes(G)地面芽植物hemicryptophytes (He)地理变异geographic variation多元顶级理论poly-climax theory多刺森林和密灌丛thorn forest and scrub 多型现象polymorphism多度abundance多食性的polyphagous多配偶制polygamy存活曲线survivorship curve年龄结构age structure延后密度制约delayed density dependence 异养生物heterotroph异养演替heterotrophic succession异种信息素/种间外激素allelochemic异域种化allopatric speciation当前繁殖价present reproductive value 成层现象stratification有性生殖sexual reproduction机会主义者opportunist杂食动物omnivores次生代谢物质secondary metabolites 次生演替secondary succession次级生产力secondary production死亡曲线mortality curve死亡率mortality肉质植物succulent自发演替autogenic succession自由能Free energy自调节稳态homeostasis色泽coloration色素phytochrom负反馈negative feedback迁入immigration迁出emigration迁徙,迁移migration阴性植物cheliophytes阴性植物sciophytes驯化acclimation伴生种companion species体积volume冷荒漠cold desert初级生产primary production初级演替primary succession利他行为altruism利用性竞争scramble competition 利用竞争exploitive competition 均匀分布uniform寿命lifetime层layer层片synusia岛屿生态学Island ecology忍受性限度limit of tolerance拟寄生parasitoidism旱生植物xerophytes旱生演替xerarch succession每员增长率per capita growth rate 求偶行为courtship behavior沉积循环sedimentary cycle泛顶级pan-climax泛热带区pantropical灾难性因素catastrophic社会-经济-自然复合生态系统social-economic-natural complex ecosystem社会等级social hierarchy社群social group系统的整合特性Emergent property of system补偿性捕食compensatory predation辛普森多样性指数Simpson’s diversity index进化生态学Evolution ecology进展演替progressive succession邻域种化(物种形成)parapatric speciation邻接效应the effect of neighbours阿伦法则Allen’s rule阿利氏定律Allee’s principle陆地生态学Terrestrial ecology净初级生产力net primary production(GP)单(一)化性的昆虫univoltine insects单元演替顶级monoclimax theory单体生物unitary organism单种养殖monocultute单食性monpohagous单配偶制monogamy取食生态位feeding niches周边营养性菌根peritrophic mycorrhizae周限增长率finite rate of increase图解式生命表diagrammatic life table孢子生殖spore reproduction季风林monsoon forest定向选择directional selection定居, 建群colonization实际出生率realized natality实际生态位realized niche性比sex ratio性选择sexual selection抵抗稳定性resistant stability抽彩式竞争competive lottery构件modules构件生物modular organism欧亚大草原steppe沿岸生物群落communities in littoral zone 沿岸带littoral zone泊松分布Poission distribution波动fluctuation牧食生物grazer物种多样性species diversity物种形成geographical theory of speciation物种形成(种化)speciation物种面积曲线species area curve环境environment环境容纳量Carrying capacity环境激素environment hormone现存量standing crop空间异质性special heterogeneity空间格局spatial pattern组分结构Components structure苔原和冷森林tundra and cold forest表现型phenotype非内稳态生物non-homeostatic organism 非平衡理论non-equilibrium theory非生物成分abiotic component非密度制约density-independent顶级群落climax顶级群落climax community亲代关怀parental care亲代投资parental investment亲选择kin selection保守主义者conservation修饰ornamentation前顶级perclimax城市生态学Urban ecology总初级生产力gross primary production恒有度constancy恢复生态学Restoration ecology恢复稳定性resilient stability指数增长exponential growth挺水植物带zone of emergent vegetation 显著度conspicuousness洋流ocean-current相互动态co-dynamics相对生殖价relative reproductive value相对频度relative frequency相似度similarity种内关系intraspecific relationship种间关系interspecific relationship种的不齐性species heterogeneity种的均匀度species evenness or equitability 种的周转率species turnover rate种群population种群生态学Population ecology种群指数增长模式Exponential growth form 绝对生殖价absolute reproductive value耐阴性植物shade plants耐受性法则law of tolerance适合度fitness逆行演替regressive succession选择性受精selective fertilization重要值importance value重量weight食肉动物carnivores食物网Food web食物链food chain食物链结构Food chain structure食植动物herbivore食碎生物detritus feeder食腐者saprovores食腐者scavenger香农-威纳指数Shannon-Weiner index兼性孤雌生殖facultative parthenogenesis 原生演替primary succession原始密度crude density夏眠aestivation夏绿落叶林summer-green deciduous forest 家庭选择family selection捕食作用predation捕食者predator捕食食物链grazing food chain流水生态系统lotic ecosystem浮游生物plankton浮游动物zooplankton浮游植物phyplankton海洋生态系统marine ecosystem海洋生态学Marine ecology热力学第一定律First law of thermodynamics热带稀树草原林地savanna woodland特定年龄生命表age-specific life table特定时间生命表time-specific life table特征替代character displacement瓶颈bottle neck离散世代discrete generation窄水性的stenohydric窄食性的stenophagic窄栖性的stenoecious窄盐性的stenohaline窄温性的stenothermal竞争Competition竞争互斥原理principle of competitive exclusion 竞争系数competition coefficient竞争假说competition hypothesis竞争排斥原理Competition exclusion principle 竞争排除competitive exclusion缺口gaps能流分析Energy analysis能流图Energy flow chart能流结构Energy flow structure能流路径Energy flow path能量金字塔pyramid of energy能量流Energy flowing透光带euphotic zone配子选择gamete selection高位芽植物phanerophytes(Ph)高度height高斯理论Goase’s theory偏利作用Commensalisms偏途顶级disturbance climax/disclimax偶见种rare species减数分裂价cost of meiosis副生物圈parabiosphere基因库gene pool基因重组价cost of gene recombination基础生态位(生态龛)foundational niche寄生生物parasites密度比density ratio密度制约density-dependent密度效应density effect常绿硬材林evergreen hardwood forest排序ordination梯度假说gradient hypothesis淀积层accumulation horizon淋溶层leached layer淡水生态系统freshwater ecosystem淡水生态学freshwater ecology深水带生物群落communities in the profundal zone 深海带abyssal zone深渊带abyssobenthic zone渐变群cline猎物prey盖度coverage粒间空隙porosity营养生殖vegetative propagation营养关系trophic relationship营养级trophic level辅助能Auxiliary energy随机分布random随机模型stochastic model隐芽植物cryptophytes(Cr)领域行为territorial behavior领域性territoriality黄化现象eitolation phenomenon剩余繁殖价residual reproductive value富营养化eutrophication强度intensity斑块patch景观元素(生态点)Ecotope景观生态学Landscape ecology最大出生率maximum natality最大持续生产量maximum sustained yield最小因子法则law of the minimum最后产量衡值法则law of constant final yield植物区系-结构分类系统floristic-structural classification植物群系formation植被亚型vegetation subtype植被型vegetation type植被型组vegetation type group温周期现象thertnoperiodism温室效应greenhouse effect湖沼带生物群落communities in the limnetic zone滞育diapause稀疏灌丛open shrublands等位基因alleles蛰伏torpor超顶级post-climax趋同波动convergent oscillation趋同适应convergent adaptation趋异波动divergent oscillation趋异适应radiation adaptation集群分布clumped微生态系统micro-ecosystem微环境micro-environment微菌落microcolony滤食性生物filter food碎屑食物链detrital food chain群丛association群丛单位理论association unit theory 群丛组association group群丛表association table群系formation群系组formation group群选择group selection群落community群落生态学Community ecology群落生态学Synecology群落交错区(生态交错区)Ecotone零增长线zero net growth isoline(ZNGI)演替Ecological succession演替succession稳定恢复力stability-resilience稳定选择stabilizing selection腐食食物链Detritus food chain腐殖质humus酸沉降Acid precipitation酸雨Acid rain雌雄二型现象sexual dimorphism雌雄同体protogynous hermaphrodism 静水生态系统lentic ecosystem静态生命表static life table潮间带intertidal zone熵Entropy瞬间增长率instantaneous rate of increase 繁殖成本reproductive cost覆盖层upper horizon镶嵌性mosaic。
英汉汉英翻译教程参考译文

第6课The Miao Dragon Boat Festival (II)The Miao Dragon Boat Festival is different from / differs from the Hans’ / that of the Hans / the Han celebration. Apart from / Besides / In addition to a different date of celebration from that of the Hans’ (which takes place / happens / is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month) , it generally does not include a dragon boat race, but (it) chiefly (includes) visits to friends and relatives in other villages instead. The dragon boat begins its voyage along the river early in the morning / in the early morning, and is received by friends and relatives wherever / at any place where it stops / arrives.When it approaches / comes near a village, an iron blaster is set off to announce its arrival / inform friends and relatives (of its arrival). Villagers on the bank respond with firecrackers / set off firecrackers in response and come to meet it. The hosts present two cups of rice wine to each oarsman / present each oarsman with two cups of rice wine and then tie / fasten gifts—ducks, geese, and colored silks—(on) to the head of the dragon. Gifts for close relatives, like / such as sons-in-law or cousins, are pigs or goats.At about 4 p.m. the boat stops alongside the river bank. The people on the boat eat, with their fingers / without using bowls and chopsticks, meat and glutinous rice balls (which are) placed on the sides of the boat. Women and children on the bank come to “beg”the boatmen for food. Legend had it that if one ate food from a dragon boat, he would be free from disaster and have all his wishes fulfilled, / eating food from a dragon boat would protect one from disaster and fulfill all one’s wishes, which / and that later became a tradition / traditional custom.On the banks of the river are also held / there are also the Miaos’traditional horse races, bullfights and drum dances. Girls in holiday clothes / holiday attire / holiday array / their holiday best dance to (the accompaniment of) (log) drums / (log) drum beats. Young men and women sing antiphonally all through the festival nights; they get to know each other / get acquainted with each other thereby, and often get married / become man and wife later.第7课大本钟大本钟是伦敦最有名的地标之一,也是世界上最大的四钟面时钟之一。
新视野英语第二册翻译汉译英英译汉

新视野大学英语1、房子着火了,里面的人面临着死亡的危险The house was on fire and the people inside were in danger of losing their lives.2、他买不起这么好的房子He cannot afford to buy such a fine house.3、这个主意听起来也有些怪,不过还真有点道理Although this idea may sound strange, it does make sense.4、约翰看起来是个好人,即便如此我还是不信任他。
John seems (tobe) a nice person. Even so, I don't trust him.1.如果他一开始谈论过去,你就永远没法从他那脱身。
If he startstalking about the past, you'll never get away from him. 2.冬天失业率有上升的趋势There is a tendency for job lossesto rise in the winter.3.在我不断的要求下,父亲终于同意和我去澳大利亚了。
Because ofmy frequent demands, father finally agreed to go to Australia with me.4.他把老店卖了,开了一家新的以便赚更多的钱。
He sold his shopand opened a new one to make more money.1.我们应该从中吸取教训,这是很重要的It is important for usto learn a lesson from the failure.2.他相信自己相当证券经纪人的梦想总能实现He believes thatone day his dream of becoming a stockbroker will come true. 3.很多学生最后从事的工作不需要用到所学的知识Many studentsend up doing jobs that do not make use of what they have learnt.4.我一提到他的名字,母亲就变得很不开心As soon as I mentioned his name. my mother became very unhappy.1.只要你经常锻炼,你又会变得健康起来As long as you get regular exercise, you will become healthy again.2.我一直想读一本太空的书,但是我好像总没时间去读I have always been thinking of reading a book on space, but I never seen to get around to it.3.那位作家自从买了电脑后,就再也不用笔写小说了Since the writer had bought the computer, he no longer wrote hisstories with a pen.4.学校制定了一些新的规章制度,人人必须遵守The school has set up some new rules that everybody must follow.1.看见大海孩子们开心的大叫起来The children cried with delight at the sight of the sea.2.你刚刚说的话我没太听懂,你能再说一遍吗?I didn't quite catch on to what you said just now. Would you say it again?3.他知道那项任务很难,但还是接受了He was conscious of the difficulty of the task, but he still accepted it.4.直到现在,当想起那天发生的事情时,我还觉得莫名其妙To this day, when I recall what happened that day, I still feel confused.1.她似乎以贬低别人为快She seems to enjoy speaking poorly ofothers.2.他过度的喝酒抽烟结果死了He died as a consequence of heavydrinking and smoking.3.你永远无法从他那里得到直接的回答You can never get a straight answer out of him.4.我们的产品在过去几年中逐渐受到欢迎。
《电力英语阅读与翻译》 单词总结(汉译英、英译汉)

A安培ampere安装,固定mount安装install按键开关key switchB把…转换为…convert…into…百分比percentage摆动swing半导体semiconductor磅,平方英寸psi保险丝,熔断器fuse 爆炸explosion备用,备份back-up备用standby泵,泵入pump比值比率ratio避雷lightning shielding避雷器lightning arrester编组的marshalling变电站substation变更modification变换转换convert变压器transformer变压器油箱tank变质老化,变坏deterioration 标称电压nominal voltage标么值per unit system冰雪sleet并联补偿shunt compensation不带电的deenergized不可接受的unacceptable不可预见的unpredictable 不足的insufficient布置layout布置安装arrangement步骤措施procedure部分componentC参考坐标reference frame 槽slot测定determine插座receptacle差分保护differential protection 超出exceed持续不断的sustained尺寸,方面dimension 冲击shock冲击式水轮机impulse turbine 臭氧ozone除尘器precipitator触电死亡electrocute传导电流conduction current 传动轴,轴shaft传输delivery传输电平transmission level串联补偿series compensation串联绕组series winding瓷绝缘子porcelain insulator 磁场field磁场magnetic field磁芯,铁心core 磁性灭弧magnetic blowout磁滞损耗hysteresis loss粗略的rough淬火,熄quenchingD大坝,水坝dam 大功率容量bulk-power大体上substantially大致的approximately带电energize带电导体live conductor 弹簧spring挡板barrier导电率c onductivity等面积equal-area等效电路equivalent circuit 低熔点low-melting-point 低位差low head抵消作用cancellation effect底座footing地线ground wire典型的typical电磁力electromagnetic 电功率electric power电弧are电解electrolysis电抗capacitance电抗reactance电缆管,输水管raceway电离,游离ionization电离ionize电离反应ionizing effect 电力系统power system电流current电流表ammeter电流互感器current transformer 电能electric energy电势potential电压表voltmeter电压不足undervoltage电压互感器potential transformer 电压应力voltage stress 电源power source电晕corona电阻resistance电阻率resistivity定子stator动触头moving contact动能kinetic energy动态模型dynamic model短持续时间short-duration短路short circuit断开break up断路器breaker断路器件circuit breaker断续器interrupter堆积云cumulus clouds对称的,均匀的symmetrical 对流convectionE额定功率rating二次绕组secondary windingF发电机generator阀valve反应堆reactor非峰期off-peak废气exhaust分段section分接tap分解decomposition分离的parting峰荷peak-load伏特volt幅值, 量值, 振幅magnitude辐射状的radial辐射状系统radial system辐条型的spoked辅助的auxiliary 负荷密度load density负载load附着物attachment复杂的complicatedG感抗inductance干扰,妨碍interference高度海拔elevation高幅值的high-magnitude高位差high head隔离开关disconnect switch给…馈电feed更新update公用绕组common winding功率平衡power balance构件组件member估算rate故障fault关闭,断开switch out惯性inertia惯性矩moment of inertia光电效应photovoltaic effect锅炉boiler过热器superheaterH行波traveling-wave核反应堆nuclear reactor核燃料fissionable material恒定的constant横臂cross-arm互联interconnection户外的open-air环网系统loop system黄铜brass火花放电隙spark gap火线lineJ击穿breaking down击穿strike机械功率mechanical power机械力mechanical force基本负荷base-loading激发initiate级联,串列连接tandem极,电极pole 极大地,剧烈的intense 极性polarity极性变换reversal几分之一 a fraction of技术要求specification继电器relay加长lengthen架空电缆overhead cable尖部,端部,小费tip间隔,距离interval 间隙clearance监视监视仪monitor减轻a lleviate建立establish交流发电机alternator焦化charring角动量angular momentum角速度angular velocity绞合的stranded接触contact节约的sparingly结合混合combine截面cross section介电强度dielectric strength介电系数k-factor介质agent金属波纹管metal bellows金属的metallic紧急情况emergency静触头stationary contact静电的electrostatic局部in local regions局部过热local overheating 巨大的enormous聚乙烯polyethylene绝缘insulation绝缘带tape绝缘漆insulating varnish绝缘体,绝缘的dielectric 绝缘子insulator绝缘子串insulator stringK开关设备switchgear 开路open-circuit抗拉张的tensile可靠性reliability可裂变的fissionable空隙voidL雷电lightning雷击lightning stroke离心力centrifugal force离子偶ion-pair理想的desirable力矩torque励磁电流field current 连接的关联的associated联机,联网点on-line 两重的duplicate临界的,极限的critical 临近处vicinity零序电流zero sequence current另外in addition漏磁通leakage flux漏电creepage炉膛,燃烧室furnace裸导线bare conductorM埋地电缆underground cable灭弧的arc-suppressing民用的residential敏感的susceptible模拟计算机analog computer磨煤机mill磨煤机pulverizer末端的终端的terminal母联bus-coupler母线busbarN内部的internal内电压internal voltage内燃机internal combustion engine逆弧,再次点燃电弧reignite凝汽器c ondenserO欧姆ohmP排定安排schedule排放release旁路bypass旁路位移电流shunt displacement current 配电盘,开关屏switchboard配电网distribution network配电线路distribution circuit喷管nozzle喷溅喷洒spray频闪仪stroboscope平方square平衡状态equilibrium state平均负荷average load破坏性因素destructive agency破裂ruptureQ启动initiation启动装置trigger起反应,起反作用react起作用function气泡bubble汽包炉筒drum汽轮发电机turbine-generator汽轮机steam-driven turbine牵线式的guyed切断deenergizes切换transfer氢hydrogen清除clear去离子效应deionizing effect去能deenergizeR燃烧combustion扰动disturbance绕组winding热交换器heat exchanger热效率thermal efficiency 人工的手动的manually日负荷曲线daily load-demand curve软导线cord软延长线extension cordsS三相电three-phase三相交流电流three phase alternating current 删除eliminate闪光,发火花flash闪络, 飞弧flashover设备appliance设备facility设备外壳enclosure射流jet识别,辨认distinction使成环loop使共振,谐振resonate示意图,方式scheme示意图schematic diagram事故电路removal of fault适用的adaptable室,腔chamber释放,松开断开,trip输出的outgoing输电线transmission line竖向的,垂直的vertical衰减振荡响应damped oscillatory response水电厂hydroelectric power plant水斗式水轮机pelton wheel水库reservoir水龙头kitchen faucet水轮机hydraulic turbine瞬间的momentarily瞬时额定值momentary rating瞬时功率instantaneous power瞬态稳定度transient stability伺服机构,跟踪装置servomechanism随时瞬时from minute to minute所规定的prescribedT炭化char套管bushing特征,特点feature特征特性characteristic替代取代supersede调度员dispatcher调换transpose调节器regulator铁壳的metal-clad停断cease停电outage通风ventilation通风管stack通路corridor同步synchronism同步转速synchronous speed同时的simultaneous铜损copper loss凸极式转子salient pole rotor图,简图diagram图解说明illustrate退火annealingW弯曲flex 完全的radically网孔mesh网络系统network system危害damage危险hazard微秒microsecond维修检修maintenance尾水渠tail race稳定的stable稳态条件steady-state condition 涡流eddy current涡流损耗eddy current loss 涡轮机turbine蜗壳spiral casing污染contaminate无法使用的inoperative无功功率表varmeter无论何种原因for any reason 无刷励磁brushless excitation无损失lossless无限长母线infinite busX熄灭extinguish显示测定sense现象phenomena线圈coil线性的linearly相角phase angle相量phasor相邻的adjacent向中心,向内inward谐波的harmonic泄露spilling星形连接wye-connected星型轮spider悬挂suspension旋转转动rotationY烟囱chimney阳极塔positive遥控remote control叶片blade一次绕组primary winding一捆bundle一匝线圈turn已电离的ionized 以…速度at…r ate以热离子形式thermionically异常的,不规则的a bnormal易熔的fusible阴极辉点cathode spot 引入的incoming引入线箱service(entrance) box 应用,使用application 永久的permanent用电设备utilization equipment油浸纸介质oil-impregnated paper 有功功率表wattmeter有利的advantageous有气空的porous 有时on occasion余量excess与…同相位in phase with预见到anticipate原动机prime云母micaZ匝数比turns ratio再热器reheater在某些情况下in some cases暂时的temporary真空vacuum振荡oscillation蒸发,气化evaporate蒸馏extract正极阳极anode正弦波sinusoid正弦的sinusoidal正弦稳态sinusoidal steady state支撑结构supporting structure直径diameter直流交流回路dc/ac circuit值得考虑的相当大的considerable值守值班station滞后lag置入,嵌入embed中间的intermediate中性点, 中性线neutral重合闸reclosing重要的主要的significant周围periphery轴axis转而。
汉英互译学生版-英汉部分

English-Chinese /English-Chinese TranslationWhat is translation?通俗的定义⏹《辞海》:把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。
⏹《牛津英语词典》:在保留意义的情况下从一种语言转变成另一种语言。
⏹I love you. 我爱你。
⏹Who are you? 你是谁?⏹Today is Monday. 今天是星期一。
⏹One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.⏹一个和尚挑水喝,两个和尚抬水喝。
三个和尚没水喝⏹他见马克思去了。
⏹He passed away.Word has its meaning in context.上课了?⏹Sauna⏹Pizza⏹Nike⏹Maxwell house⏹Jazz⏹Olay⏹The senator picked up his hat and courage.⏹参议员拾起了帽子,也鼓起了勇气文艺学的定义⏹从文艺学的角度解释翻译,认为翻译是艺术创作的一种形式,强调语言的创造功能,讲究译品的艺术效果Translation is art.⏹My dear father has joined the heavenly choir.⏹My dear father has passed away.⏹My father has died.⏹My old man has just kicked the bucket.⏹升天、过世、死了、翘辫子海上升明月,天涯共此时⏹Rising is the bright moon above the sea,Arising harmonious feeling you and me.⏹A round bright moon above the sea, a faraway homesickness you and me⏹Above the sea, the bright moon is hanging.In our hearts, the nostalgia is feeling.⏹Day after day he came to his work-sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.Exercises影视片名的翻译transliteration 音译⏹Titanic⏹Mona Lisa⏹Hamletliteral translation 直译⏹My Fair Lady⏹The Graduate⏹Beauty and the Beast⏹Sleepless in Seattle⏹A Walk in the Clouds⏹Blood and Sand⏹The Silence of LampsFree translation 意译⏹Waterloo Bridge⏹Cloud Dancer⏹The Bathing Beauty⏹Gone with the Wind⏹The Red Shoes译名混乱⏹Ghost⏹Pretty Woman⏹Do the Right Thing⏹The House of the Spirits⏹The Sun Also RisesThe properties of translation⏹One servant, two masters⏹一仆二主Criteria of Translating⏹王佐良⏹一切照原作,雅俗如之,深浅如之,口气如之,文体如之。
英译汉英汉互译

英译汉与汉译英互译互译是语言学习和翻译实践中常见的一种练习方式,有助于提升语言的理解和应用能力。
下面将进行英译汉和汉译英的互译练习,以提供更多语境和实际应用的体验。
**1. 英译汉:***Original Sentence:*"In the rapidly changing world, adaptability has become a key factor for personal and professional success. Those who can embrace change and learn continuously are more likely to thrive in today's dynamic environment."*Translation:*在飞速变化的世界中,适应性已经成为个人和职业成功的关键因素。
那些能够拥抱变化并持续学习的人更有可能在当今的动态环境中茁壮成长。
**2. 汉译英:***原文:*"在现代社会,科技的飞速发展对我们的生活产生了深远的影响。
人们可以通过互联网获取大量的信息,但同时也面临着信息过载的问题。
在这个信息爆炸的时代,培养批判性思维变得尤为重要。
"*Translation:*"In modern society, the rapid development of technology has had a profound impact on our lives. People can access a vast amount of information through the internet, but at the same time, they are confronted with the problem of information overload. In this era of information explosion, cultivating critical thinking becomes particularly important."**3. 英译汉:***Original Sentence:*"The concept of sustainable development emphasizes meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves balancing economic growth, social progress, and environmental protection for a harmonious and lasting development."*Translation:*可持续发展的理念强调在满足当前需求的同时,不损害未来世代满足其需求的能力。
英汉、汉英翻译练习

1.Walk, Don’t RunYou want to get health. You know you need to exercise more. But if you’re not ready to grunt through an hour of spinning or kickboxing, don’t despair. There’s growing agreement among exercise researchers that the intense physical activities offered by most health clubs are not the only---or even the preferable---path to better health. Indeed, the best thing for most of us may be to just walk.Yes, walk. At a reasonably vigorous clip (three to four m.p.h) for half an hour or so, maybe five or six times a week. You may not feel the benefits all at once, but the evidence suggests that over the long term, a regular walking routine can do a world of preventive good.Walking, in fact, may be the perfect exercise. For starters, it’s one of the safest things you can do with your body. It’s much easier on the knees than running and doesn’t trigger untoward side effects. “Regular physical activity is probably as close to a magic bullet as we will come in modern medicine, ”says Dr. JoAnn Manson, chief of preventive medicine at Harvard’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital. “If everyone were to walk briskly 30 minute a day, we could cut the incidence of many chronic diseases by 30 to 40 percent.”And for those of us who don’t have half-hour chunks of time, the news gets even better. Several recent studies suggest that walking briskly three or four times a day for 10 minutes at a time may provide many of the same benefits as walking continuously for 30 minutes.Because walking affects you in so many ways at once, it can be difficult to determine precisely why it’s good for you.2.Why Girls Worry More than BoysIf worrying is detrimental for girls, what can be done to alleviate it? It is important first to understand why girls might worry about school success more than boys. Research has provided at least two reasons.First, girls are more concerned than boys with pleasing adults, especially their parents and teachers. This may leave girls vulnerable to the fear that if they experience academic difficulties, adults may be disappointed in them.Second, girls are more likely to feel poor academic performance is diagnostic of their abilities---to assume, for example, that poor performance on a single math test is indicative of their overall math ability. Boys are more likely to see an isolated poor performance as the result of other causes, like lack of efforts. This self-confident approach may protect boys from the same level of worrying girls feel when they face academic challenges.A number of practices to alleviate potentially negative consequences o f girls’ anxiety about academic performance are likely to benefit all students, not just girls.3. Inspiration from life1.Taking the first stepHow will you know you can succeed at something if you don’t give it a try?How will you know you can drag yourself out of the depths of despair if you don’t try?How do you know you won’t get that new job if you don’t apply? How do you know…Before becoming a success at anything, you must take that first step.2. Giving and receiving loveHumans need love. It is in the giving and receiving of love that we choose life. Participating inthis fundamental exchange of love lies in our ability to trust others.3. Happiness now!Happiness is to be found along the way, not at the end of the road, for then the journey is over and it is too late.Today, this hour, this minute is the day, the hour, the minute for each of us to sense the fact that life is good, with all of its trials and troubles, and perhaps more interesting because of them.4. Setting aside special momentsOver the years, I have noticed that it has become more and more difficult to set aside those special moments of the day when we can remove ourselves from the hectic, frenetic pace of everyday life.Yet finding time to get away, to reflect, to concentrate, or to just let the mind wander freely is important for our overall health.Studies have shown that reducing stress in daily life significantly reduces the risk of heart attacks or the need for heart surgery.5. Reflecting on angerAnother way of dealing with anger is to reflect on its results.We know very well that when we are angry, we do not see the truth clearly. As a result, we may commit many unwholesome actions.Our future life is determined by our intentional actions today, just as our present life is heir to our previous intentional behavior. Intentional actions committed under the influence of anger cannot lead to a happy future.4.Michael Jordan’s farewell letter to basketballDear Basketball,It’s been almost 28 years since the first day we met, 28 years since I saw you in the back of our garage, 28 years since my parents introduced us.If someone would have told me then what would become of us, I’m not sure I w ould have believed them. I barely remembered your name.Then I started seeing you around the neighborhood and watching you on television. I used to see you with guys down at the playground. But when my older brother started paying more attention to you. I started to wonder. Maybe you were different.We hung out a few times. The more I got to know you, the more I liked you. And as life would have it, when I finally got really interested in you, when I was finally ready to get serious, you left me off the varsity. You told me I wasn’t good enough.I was crushed. I was hurt. I think I even cried.Then I wanted you more than ever. So I practiced. I hustled. I worked on my game. Passing. Dribbling. Shooting. Thinking. I ran. I did sit-ups. I did push-ups. I did pull-ups. I lifted weights. I studied you. I began to fall in love and you noticed. At least that’s what Coach Smith said.5.Jogging May Make You SmarterRunning may give the brain a workout, too. A new study finds that individuals consistently scored higher on intellectual tests after embarking on a running program.“These improvements, however, went down when the joggers stopped their training, which suggests that ongoing exercise is required to maintain the benefit,” sa id study lead author Dr.Kisou Kubota of Nihon Fukushi University in Handa, Japan.Recent studies have suggested that exercise benefits both brawn and brain. Researchers at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, reported earlier this year that seniors who embarked on a 4-month exercise program showed significant improvement in memory and other mental skills, also known as cognitive function. Other studies have shown that regular workouts can help fight depression, as well.In their study, Kubota’s t eam had seven healthy young people initiate a jogging regimen consisting of running for 30 minutes, two in three times a week for at least 12 weeks. Each of the runners also took a series of complex computer-based tests, to compare memory skills before and after the 3-month jogging program.After 12 weeks of jogging, scores on all of the tests “significantly increased” in the runners, as did their reaction times in completing the tests. The researchers point out that the study participants were given no time to practice the various tests between each evaluation.“These tests showed that joggers had a clear improvement in prefrontal function,” Kubota said, adding that scores began to fall again if participants stopped their running routine.Exactly how exercise might strengthen mental sharpness is unclear, but previous research suggests that maintaining a healthy flow of blood and oxygen protects the brain. The Japanese researchers note that oxygen intake rose along with.The findings could have implications for the elderly, as well. In a Society for Neuroscience statement, Kubota said the research may someday help doctors “find a way to use exercise and running to help aged people and those with Alzheimer’s disease” improve their cognitive function.6.How to Get Your Dream JobDoris had been a flight attendant with United Airlines for 26 years. She loved her work---serving passengers, making them feel comfortable---but knew the time would come when she would feel too old for this young person’s business. Yet Doris wasn’t ready to retire. She gave the matter some thought and decided that her talent for making people feel relaxed and safe could just as easily be employed on the ground as in the air. And that’s how Doris came to establish a bed-and-breakfast on Martha’s Vineyard, where her family has lived since the 1800s. Now, three years after leaving United, Doris runs a five-room Dutch colonial inn that is filled to capacity almost year-round.Women today are living 20 years longer than their grandmothers, and ten years longer than their husbands. Because we’re living longer, we’re working longer. And some of us are thinking about spending the second half of our lives doing something we’ve always dreamed about but never got around to. After years of working hard, or catering to the needs of husbands, children, and parents, reinventing ourselves has become our passion, our gift to ourselves.As Doris’s example illustrates, the process of choosing another field is not as mystical as it seems. There are basic steps. To begin, list everything that interests you. Think about the tasks you really love doing. Go way back. Is there anything you’ve let go of that perhaps you’d like to pick up again? Consider your passions. Are you crazy about lipstick? Harbor a shoe fancy? Love to travel? Would you be happy nestled among the stacks of a bookstore? Use what you’ve learned to direct yourself toward the companies or positions that will excite you.Then define what you do best. Consider how what you’ve done in the past can apply to something you want to do in the future. Research every aspect of your chosen profession (or thecompany you want to work for), prepare to market yourself in that arena, build a network of friends and family you can rely on, and find a mentor. Most important of all, refuse to give up.7.Animal MigrationSeasonally or periodically, some animals move away from and back to their natural breeding areas. The best-known examples of this migratory behavior are annual bird movements, in which swarms of birds native to the Temperate and Arctic zones seek warmer regions late in the summer and in the autumn and return to their original nesting sites in the spring. A spectacular example is the young arctic terns(燕鸥)born at the arctic breeding grounds, which take off with the flock for distant lands they have never seen. One of the most remarkable migrations in insects is that taken each fall by the North American monarch butterfly(大斑蝶)which is capable of long flights at speeds of 20 miles or more per hour.Many theories have been put forward to explain the origin of migrations and the physiological mechanisms that guide animals in migrations journeys, but no single theory has been judged completely satisfactory by scientists. The seasonal movements of birds and most other migrating animals are activated by a combination of external and internal stimuli that releases a physiological “trigger”of migration. Once an animal has begun a migratory journey, however, many factors may act to maintain it on a proper path.Navigation by the sun and stars seems to be involved in the migration of birds, and fish may be guided through the sea by minute traces of chemical odors from the rivers of their ancestors. According to current research, birds may possess a sensitivity to the magnetic field of the Earth and to the effect of its rotation about an axis. The combination of these two forces, being unique for various parts of the world, could thus direct a bird to the location desired. Traces of iron in the brain tissue of birds indicate a possible mechanism for this sensitivity to the magnetic field. Other theories involve the use by animals of the physical features of an area of land during flight, such as mountain ranges, coastal lines, and river courses. None of these theories fully explains the usually successful maiden migrations of animals, unless it is supposed that much of the phenomenon is genetic and that animals instinctively pursue ancient paths.8.Aspirin’s Amazing New PowerAs a drug for cooling inflammation, aspirin and compounds containing aspirin have been taken by tens of millions of arthritis patients. As a pain-killer, aspirin is, according to one study, the most ef fective. It also acts on the body’s thermostat, turning down fever.But most of its powers remained unsuspected until recently. In 1950 an American physician wrote a small western medical journal about 400 overweight male patients to whom he had given one or two aspirin tablets a day. None had a heart attack. He enlarged his group to 800 and in 1956 reported: “Not a single case of detectable coronary or cerebral thrombosis” and “no major stroke” had occurred in patients who had taken one or two tablets daily for from one to ten years. But his observations were largely ignored.In the 1960s severs European scientists demonstrated that aspirin was an “anticoagulant”. In 1977, a Boston surgeon reported that 75 percent of his aspirin-treated patients did not develop post-operative blood clots after total hip replacement.Then a British surgeon, at London Royal College of Surgeons proved that aspirin protects people from getting fever and pain. Moreover, it prevented the blood from forming clots insidearteries. In the 1990s, six large controlled studies totaling 10000 patients who were given daily aspirin after a heart attack also showed a consistent pattern of apparent protection. Recently, the British medical magazine The Lancet reanalyzed these studies and, taking them together, did find statistical significance. Aspirin prevented about 20 percent of second heart attacks. However, The Lancet also points out the aspirin is not always a safe drug to reduce the number of strokes and heart attacks. People with stomach ulcers are advised to take aspirin only with supervision. Some patients are so sensitive to the drug that they suffer from sudden death after a single tablet.Still, aspirin, that old home drug, has suddenly become a new miracle one.。
新视野英语第四册翻译汉译英 英译汉

1人人都知道她生性骄傲。
(by nature)It is known to all that she is proud by nature.2 你只有一次机会,所以最好充分利用它!(make the most of)You'll only get one chance, so you'd better make the most of it. 3事故导致两名乘客死亡。
(result inThe accident resulted in the death of two passengers.4. 有个好老师后,他的情况完全不一样了。
(make all the difference)Having a good teacher has made all the difference for him. 1. 你的女儿渴望得到你的爱,你为什么对她那么冷淡?(be hungry for)Your daughter is hungry for your love. Why are you so cold to her?2. 尽管我们之间几乎没什么共同之处,但你仍然是我最好的朋友。
(have…in common)Although we have little in common, you are still my best friend.3. 她完全失去了控制,失声痛哭起来。
(lose one's control)She lost all her control and burst into tears.4. 我不明白到底是什么使他陷入绝望。
(sink into despair)I did not understand what on earth made him sink into despair1. 很不幸,只有20人来上我的课。
(no more than)No more than twenty people came to my class, unfortunately.2. 这位知名教授专门从事儿童早期教育。
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❖从汉语句子和英语句子的不同概念可以 看出汉语句子重意义和功能,英语句子 重形式和功能。因此,将汉语句子译成 英语时,要重视形式。
英语句子类型
英语句子按结构分类,可分为 ❖简单句(simple sentence) ❖并列句(compound sentence) ❖复杂句(complex sentence) ❖并列复杂句(compound-complex sentence)
❖ 可见,英语四类句型的划分决定于形式。在强调这四类 句子的形式特征之后,相关的话语功能才得到陈述。
❖Statements are primarily used to convey information.
❖Questions are primarily used to seek information on a specific point.
❖汉语句子强调语义,表示语义终止的标点符 号根据句子语义和语气来确定,具有突出的 “以意统形”的特点。
❖英语句子强调形式和语法结构:首词第一个 字母大写,句末用句号、问号或叹号;大多 数句子有主语和谓语。
❖ 汉语句子和英语句子都可分为陈述句、感叹句、祈使句 和疑问句。在汉语中它们的定义分别为:“陈述句是告 诉别人一件事的句子。”“感叹句是抒发某种强烈感情 的句子。”“祈使句是表示命令或请求的句子。”“疑 问句是用来提出问题的句子。”可见汉语句子这样分类 突出的是句子的语气或用途。
二、与小学英语翻译实践相关的英汉对比
1 英语与汉语句子的概念对比
2 英汉句子类型对比
3
综合语与分析语
汉语句子的概念
❖句子,按《汉语大词典》的定义,是“用词 或词组构成的一个能够表达一个完整意思的 语言单位。每个句子都有一定的语调,表示 陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等语气。在连续说 话时,句子和句子中间有一个较大的停顿。 在书面上,句子的停顿处,要根据不同的语 调分别用上句号、问号或感叹号。”
❖(III)Imperatives are sentences which usually have no overt grammatical subject,and whose verb has the base form.
❖(IV)Exclamatives are sentences which have an initial phrase introduced by what or how, usually with subject-verb order. (Quirk et al,1985:803)
❖美国著名的语言学家Charles. C. Fries在《作为 外语的英语教学》一书中认为“最有效的教材是 这样的:它的立足点是一方面对所学的外语进行 科学的描写,一方面又对学生的母语进行相应的 描写,并加以仔细的比较。”
❖我国著名语言学家吕叔湘在《中国人学英语》一 书中也指出“我相信,对于中国学生最有用的帮 助是让他认识英语和汉语的差异,在每一个具体 问题——词形、词义、语法范畴、句子结构上都 尽可能用汉语的情况来跟英语作比较,让他通过 这种比较得到更深刻的领会。”
Their use correlates largely with different discourse functions. (I)Declaratives are sentences in which the
subject is present and generally precedes the verb.
❖而根据Randolph Quirk等人编写的A
Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language:
Simple sentences may be divided into major syntactic types differentiated by their form.
英
与汉
小 学
、
英汉
语英
教 学
翻译Biblioteka 一、英汉对比对英汉翻译的重要性
❖要学好英汉翻译,必须了解英汉两种语言的特 点,要了解其特点,最有效的方法是将两种语言 进行比较。
❖对比分析(contrastive analysis)方法,特别是 两种语言和文化的对比分析,有利于学生预防 和排除母语的干扰,克服盲目性,增强自觉性 ,达到运用外语的目的。
❖(II)Interrogatives are sentences which are formally marked in one of two ways: (i)yes-no interrogatives:the operator is placed in front of the subject. (ii)wh-interrogatives:the interrogative whelement is positioned initially.
英语句子的概念
❖“A sentence is a group of words which,when they are written down,begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop,question mark,or exclamation mark.Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.”(Collins COBUILD)
❖Directives are primarily used to instruct somebody to do something.
❖Exclamations are primarily used for expressing the extent to which the speaker is impressed by something. (Quirk et al,1985:803-804)
简单句
❖The man is a teacher. ❖Everybody laughed. ❖I want a ticket. ❖Mary lent me her car. ❖They elected him president. ❖I live in Beijing. ❖I put the material evidence in front of