课题_新常态的外文论文翻译
精选商务专业英语论文题目125个
精选商务专业英语论文题目125个商务英语是以适应职场生活的语言要求为目的，内容涉及到商务活动的方方面面。
商务英语更多地是向学员传授一种西方的企业管理理念、工作心理，甚至是如何和外国人打交道，如何和他们合作、工作的方式方法，以及他们的生活习惯等，从某种程度上说是包含在文化概念里的。
下面小编带大家看一些商务英语论文题目。
1、商务英语函电中的语境分析2、旅游业中商务英语重要性分析3、在对外贸易谈判过程中商务英语的应用与技巧4、商务英语在对外贸易中的技巧与应用5、浅析商业文化传播中商务英语的应用6、基于商务英语写作的反馈研究7、基于语料库的商务英语信函多维度对比分析8、论商务英语语篇阅读中的语块效应9、英语商务文本翻译策略总结性研究10、基于语言经济价值的商务英语研究11、目的论视角下的商务英语信函中模糊限制语的汉译方法研究12、浅析功能对等理论在商务英语广告翻译的运用13、基于语用连贯的商务函电谋篇探析14、跨文化情境下商务英语口译研究--从释义理论解析文化意象处理策略15、基于功能对等理论探究商务英语翻译16、论译者隐喻能力与商务英语翻译17、基于功能翻译理论的商务英语翻译研究18、商务谈判中的英语委婉语的运用及其表达方法19、商务英语口译能力要素的基本构成20、高职商务英语人才在“互联网+”新常态下的需求分析21、首要教学原理模式下商务英语口译的探索与实践22、基于顺应论的商务英语翻译研究--以玉器广告翻译为例23、商务英语谈判中模糊语语用功能24、商务英语在对外贸易中的技巧与应用25、试析国际贸易中商务英语要素分析及其应用价值26、商务英语在国际物流中发挥的作用研究27、浅析商务信函翻译策略28、商务英语专业跨文化营销能力体系构建研究29、气氛营造对商务英语谈判的影响--以开局阶段为例30、大型茶博会英语口译策略分析31、商务话语共同体的词汇建构--商务英语专业话语建构研究之一32、英美CEO风险话语的隐喻建模研究33、社交类应用文翻译的语用观34、从英汉语态中看中西文化差异35、对外贸易中商务英语信函翻译方式初探36、商务英语的语言特征及其翻译技巧37、词块在商务信函写作中的实证研究38、基于“ESP理论”的电子商务英语翻译研究39、商务英语谈判中商务文化的体现研究40、从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译41、商务英文合同中被动语态的功能分析及其翻译42、商务英语在外贸谈判中的应用43、从文化差异角度论国际贸易合同的释意失真44、商务英语谈判口语的语言特征及应用探究45、试析商务英语在贸易谈判中的应用技巧46、贸易国际化下商务英语的实践与思考47、商务英语听力障碍分析及提高方法48、刍议商务英语广告的语言艺术49、商务英语专业跨文化交际能力探析50、应用文的特点及其汉译英的基本原则探析51、试论商务英语语言的新经济原则52、浅析商务合同的对等翻译原则及策略53、论商务英语零部件组装式写作54、英汉商务信函语料库中语块提取研究55、浅析外贸函电长句的翻译方法56、商务英语的语言特点及翻译技巧57、商务英语新词翻译探析58、模糊语言在商务英语中的语用分析59、刍议变通理论在商务英语翻译中的应用60、外贸英语信函中的表情功能分析61、商务英语翻译的4Es标准研究62、商务英语言据性的人际功能研究63、商务英语词汇的经济性特征64、基于图式理论的商务英语写作65、生态翻译学视角下的商务合同翻译66、论商务英语翻译中的跨文化因素67、商务谈判英语口语风格探索68、商务谈判中英语口语的运用69、浅谈商务英语培训市场的营销策略70、浅析商务英语在对外贸易中的应用71、浅谈商务合同的翻译72、浅谈商务英语翻译的原则73、从商务英语的特点探讨翻译技巧74、商务英语函电在对外贸易中的作用75、浅谈商务英语的翻译技巧76、论涉外贸易的茶叶专业词汇翻译77、跨国贸易中茶叶专有词汇英语翻译研究78、商务英语中动向隐喻应用研究79、ESP语言特点及翻译策略80、商务合同风险防范关照下语态转换的翻译研究--以汉译英过程为例81、论商务合同英语的词汇特征及其汉译82、商务合同语态转换的汉译研究--基于英汉句式比较的认知视角83、浅析当代商务英语词汇的特点84、对外贸易谈判中商务英语的应用策略85、外贸函电的语篇特征86、语言经济学视角下商务广告语的翻译原则87、商务广告英汉互译中的文化过滤现象研究88、“以礼成效”:商务谈判中礼貌原则的应用89、商务翻译中的跨文化传播90、商务英语常用词汇一词多义研究91、研究商务英语活动中的跨文化因素92、价值导向下的商标翻译93、商务英语翻译中存在的问题与措施94、论中西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响及对策95、目的论视域下的商务广告翻译探析96、商务合同英汉平行语料库的设计及其在翻译中的应用97、话语标记语you know在商务英语谈判中的语用功能分析98、从语用学角度看商务英语信函翻译原则99、商务英语委婉语及其翻译100、论影视字幕翻译的语言特点以及翻译策略101、浅析商务英语语言特色102、论商务英语文化交流103、英汉商务合同语言对比及翻译104、商务英语文本翻译的美学视角探析105、商务英语在贸易谈判中的应用技巧106、英文商务书信中介入标记的语用移情107、商务英语翻译原则探讨108、浅谈商务英语函电在国际贸易中的变化和作用109、商务英语在国际商务谈判中的应用探析110、商务英语在对外贸易中的应用111、商务英语在外贸谈判中的应用技巧112、浅谈商务英语函电翻译的得体性113、商务英语中俚语的翻译技巧114、商务英语合同的语言特征研究115、商务广告翻译的现状及翻译策略116、商务英语广告中的修辞手法运用分析117、商务英语合同的文体特征及翻译标准探析118、跨文化背景下的商务英语翻译技巧119、企业商务英语人才管理方法探析120、商务英语在企业外贸业务中的应用121、英汉商务书信中互动式元话语的对比研究122、关于商务英语中跨文化交际语用失误探析123、商务文化在商务英语中的重要性124、探析报刊财经英语的语言特征125、商务英语语言特点及涉外谈判中的巧妙应用“商务英语”的概念从提出到今天，起始时间已经不短了，但在国际化大趋势下，英语学习市场风起云涌的今天，很多培训机构又把商务英语作为了其主要的培训项目。
课题研究中期工作主要进展范文
课题研究中期工作主要进展范文英文回答：Mid-term progress in my research project has been quite significant. I have made substantial advancements in data collection and analysis, as well as in the development of my research methodology.One major accomplishment has been the successful completion of my literature review. I have thoroughly reviewed and analyzed relevant academic papers and books, which has provided me with a solid foundation for my research. This has allowed me to identify gaps in the existing literature and to formulate research questionsthat address these gaps.In terms of data collection, I have collected a substantial amount of qualitative and quantitative data. For example, I conducted interviews with industry experts to gather insights and perspectives on the topic of myresearch. These interviews have been invaluable in providing me with real-life examples and anecdotes that support my research findings.Furthermore, I have also conducted surveys and experiments to collect quantitative data. This has involved designing survey questionnaires and experimental protocols, as well as recruiting participants for the studies. The data collected from these surveys and experiments are currently being analyzed to uncover patterns and trends.In addition to data collection, I have also made progress in data analysis. I have been using statistical software to analyze the quantitative data and to test hypotheses. This has involved running regression analyses, conducting t-tests, and performing other statistical tests to determine the significance of the findings.Overall, the mid-term progress in my research project has been quite promising. I have made significant advancements in data collection, analysis, and methodology development. I am confident that these accomplishments willcontribute to the overall success of my research.中文回答：我的课题研究中期工作取得了相当大的进展。
英文期刊《Chinese Herbal Medicines》来稿中常见的中文式表达
Ｓ Ｈ Ａ Ｎ Ｘ Ｉ Ｓ Ｃ Ｉ Ｅ Ｎ Ｃ Ｅ Ａ Ｎ Ｄ Ｔ Ｅ Ｃ Ｈ Ｎ Ｏ Ｉ ＤＧ Ｙ
２ ０ １ ５ 年
第３ Ｏ 卷
第２ 期
央又期 英文期 刊《 Ｃ ｈ ｉ 收 稿 日 期 ： ２ ０ １ ５ — ０ ２ — ２ ７ ｎ ｅ ｓ ｅ Ｈ ｅ ｒ ｂ ａ ｌ Ｍ ｅ ｄ ｉ ｃ ｉ ｎ ｅ ｓ ＞ ＞ 来稿 中 常见 的 中文式表达
摘
要： 如何克服 中国式英文的表达是科技期刊 英文编辑的难点 ， 对 于学术期刊提 高
英文编辑质量 ，特 别是 英文学术期刊进入 Ｓ Ｃ Ｉ 数 据库 具有 重要 意义。总结 了（ Ｃ ｈ ｉ ｎ ｅ ｓ ｅ Ｈ ｅ ｒ ｂ ａ ｌ Ｍｅ ｄ ｉ ｃ ｉ ｎ ｅ ｓ ＞ ） 来稿 中常见的 中国式英语现 象， 从 主语 、 句内、 句间、 句群等 ４个层 次
ｐ ｌ ａ ｎ ｔ ｎ ｅ ｍａ ｔ ｉ ｃ ｉ ｄ ｅ ｓ ， ｗ ａ ｓ ｕ ｓ ｅ ｄ ｔ ｏ ｅ ｘ ｐ ｌ ｏ ｒ ｅ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｐ ｏ ｐ ｕ ｌ ａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ｄ ｙ ｎ ａ ｍｉ ｃ ｓ ｏ ｆ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｏｏ ｒ ｔ — — ｋ ｎ ｏ ｔ ｎ ｅ ｍａ ｔ ｏ ｄ ｅ ｓ ｉ ｎ Ａｎ ｇ ｅ ｌ ｉ ｃ ａ ａ ｎ ｄ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｄ ｉ ｓ ｅ ａ ｓ ｅ ｉ ｎ ｄ ｅ ｘ ．
修改为 ： Ｇ ｅ ｎ ｔ ｉ ａ ｎ ａ ｍ ａ ｃ ｒ ｏ ｐ ｈ ｙ ｎ ａ ｉ ｓ ｒ ｅ ｐ ｒ ｏ ｄ ｕ ｃ ｅ ｄ ｂ ｙ ｓ ｅ ｅ ｄ ［ ． 原 句 语 法 上 没 有 错 误 ，主 语 是 Ｔ ｈｅ ｂ ｒ ｅ ｅ ｄ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｏ ｆ Ｇ ｅ ｎ ｔ ｉ ａ ｎ ａ
thefounder
The Founder’s Mentality(节选）中的增词法策略汉译实践报告摘要随着经济全球化进程的发展，无论是规模宏大的跨国公司，还是新兴的中小型公司，都面临着经济危机的困扰。
公司中的高层管理人员要学会预测和处理企业内部危机，从而降低公司的效益损失，确保经济的可持续发展。
因此，经济类文本的翻译，对公司的发展和方案的制定具有一定的指导意义。
本篇英译汉翻译实践报告的原文，选自华盛顿邮报的一篇畅销书。
《创始人之心态》是由克里斯•祖克和詹姆斯•艾伦合著的书，这本书主要通过列举中外的典型公司发展案例，介绍了经济发展中可预测的三大危机以及公司经营战略。
本文作者节选《创始人之心态》的第一章和第二章的部分内容进行翻译，从而作为此次的翻译实践报告。
该报告中作者介绍了源文本的写作特点，以及自己在此次翻译实践中所遇到的问题和解决措施，尤其是增词法策略在专业词汇和复杂句式中的翻译。
为了忠实准确地再现原文，满足目标语言读者的需求，作者将目的论作为此次翻译实践的翻译理论。
本文首先介绍引言，主要包括节选原因、作者介绍和实践报告结构；然后从翻译任务背景、翻译任务意义、源文本分析三方面进行翻译任务描述；其次是翻译过程描述，主要包括译前准备、译中问题和译后校对；在案例分析部分，作者着重分析了此次翻译过程中的典型案例和采取的翻译策略，主要包括三方面的内容：结构性增词、语义性增词和修辞性增词。
最后通过总结此次的翻译实践，发现自己存在的问题与不足，从而为今后的翻译提供了翻译经验与指导。
关键词:《创始人之心态》，翻译目的论，增词法，翻译实践报告ContentsAbstract (i)摘要 (iii)1.Introduction (1)2.A Brief Introduction of Translation Task (3)2.1Background of translation task (3)2.2Significance of translation task (3)2.3Analysis of source text (4)3.Description of Translation Process (7)3.1Translation process (7)3.1.1Preparation before translation (7)3.1.2The process of translation (8)3.1.3Proofreading after translation (9)3.2Theoretical basis (10)4.Case Analysis of Translation (13)4.1Structural amplification (14)4.2Semantic amplification (15)4.3Rhetorical amplification (19)5.Summary (23)Bibliography (25)Appendix A (27)Appendix B (101)Acknowledgements (105)This report is based on the translation practice of The Founder’s Mentality:How to Overcome the Predictable Crises of Growth,which is an economic book published by Harvard Business Review Press in June,2016.Along with the rapid development of global economy,the economic exchanges between countries have become more and more frequent. So translation plays an important role in the international communication.Translation is needed in different areas of the world,which brings more convenience and information to people’s life.As a result,the translation of business is relatively rare.This will not only cause serious influence on individual business,but also do great harm to the economic growth in China.Therefore,the translator begins to surf the Internet to find a new book about business. Due to the passion to non-literary and interest to the title of this book,the translator chooses this book as the source text of the translation report.At the same time,this book offers great insights for business owners and leaders by heavily researching.The writers are American Chris Zook and James Allen.The author found that when the enterprises failed to achieve their growth targets,most of the enterprises thought that the root causes are internal rather than external.It mainly includes increasing distance from the front lines,the loss of accountability,proliferating processes and bureaucracy.Moreover,the companies experienced a lot of predictable internal crises at the predictable period while growing.These internal crises had great impact on the sustained economic growth even if it was a healthy company.So the top management should improve the ability to deal with crises properly so as to achieve higher growth targets.The author also talked about the three traits of the founder’s mentality,which included the insurgent mission,the front-line obsession and the owner’s mindset.Based on the decade-long research of enterprises in over forty countries, the author cited a set of inspiring examples to show the strong relationship between these companies.Not only talk about the start-ups,but also the ability to grow the business.The Founder’s Mentality demonstrated how the leaders keep their founders’mentality to achieve the lasting and profitable growth.precise understanding of the original text,the translator takes Skopos Theory as the guidance of the translation.The translator follows the three rules of skopos,coherence and fidelity,so that the translation can express the meaning of the source text and be faithful to the readers.This report is based on the translation practice of The Founder’s Mentality:How to Overcome the Predictable Crises of Growth,which mainly studies and analyzes the amplification strategies in the English-Chinese translation.This translation report consists of five parts as follows.The first part is about a brief introduction of this translation report, which introduces the translation reasons,the authors of the book and the structure of the report.And then the translation task is briefly described.This part introduces the background of translation task,the significance of translation task and the analysis of source text.The third part is the description of translation process.This part introduces preparation before translation,translation process and proofreading after translation.It is important for the translator to make preparation and plans.In addition,the translator also gives further introduction about the Skopos Theory in this part.Next,on the basis of specific examples,the translator mainly analyzes the amplification method from the structural amplification, semantic amplification as well as rhetorical amplification.At last,the translator comes to a conclusion from the translation practice.Through this translation practice,the translator finds the problems and shortcomings while translating the source of text,which provides experience and guidance for the translator in the future translation.2.1Background of translation taskWith the accelerated process of globalization,the economic connections between the countries and the regions in the world have been getting closer and closer.However, enterprises are facing more risks in such an increasingly fierce competition environment.At present,the management of the enterprise is becoming more complicated.The word of competition is frequently referred to in the economic area,and the competitiveness of enterprises has become an important index to evaluate a country’s economic strength.On the other hand,quickening flow of international capital has increased instability to world financial markets and even triggered financial crises.Due to the continual investment of foreign capital,some multinational companies dominated the domestic market share,which not only can threaten the development of the small and medium-sized enterprises,but also weaken the competitive advantage of domestic enterprises.The competitiveness of enterprises is closely related to the internal management. There are still some deficiencies in the financial management of enterprises by now.How to run an enterprise?How to improve the enthusiasm of the staff?How to implement the humanized management?These are the enterprises need to learn from foreign countries.2.2Significance of translation taskThe source text belongs to economic articles with strong profession.As an integrated subject,it often relates to the wide knowledge.It not noly involves the literal knowledge of the economic and trade,but also more commonly involves all subject areas.In order to understand exactly and creatively present the original meaning again,the translator should master more professional knowledge about economy.In the process of translation practice, the translator needs to grasp the knowledge comprehensively,and make best use of thetranslated such economic articles over ten thousand.To some extent,the traslator hopes that summarize the problems in translation and the solutions for improving the translation ability by this translation practice,which can provide more valuable experience for the future translation work.2.3Analysis of source textThe source text,The Founder’s Mentality:How to Overcome the Predictable Crises of Growth belongs to the economic text.As we all know,economic book has its own stylistic features.It is important for the translator to have a whole comprehension to the source text before translating.And then the translator will analyze the source text from two levels.First of all,on the lexical level,the proper nouns used in economic text are rich and varied,and the use of technical terms is the most prominent feature.Proper nouns include the names of persons and places of foreign countries.Meanwhile,there are many names of foreign companies and brands in this book.The translator should first refer to encyclopedias, dictionaries or Table on English-Chinese Transliteration as revised by the Xinhua News Agency to translate.Some common vocabularies have their specific definitions in the economic text.For example,revenue,net profit,grosses industrial output and so on.On the one hand,the abbreviation is used frequently.On the other hand,as the rapid development of global economy,many new words are introduced constantly.Thus,the translator should keep pace with times to improve the translation skills.Moreover,on the sentence level,it is common that there are a lot of long and complicated sentences in the economic text.The English language is characterized by its frequent use of some hereditary inflections and variety of conjunctions.As we all know, English speakers often build up the long and complicated sentences in an“architectural style”. From this book,we can learn that the author builds the basic sentence structures by inserting phrase and subordinate clause.Sometimes one sentence can form a paragraph.These complex long sentences not only can express complicated meaning,but also make theused to building the long sentences in chronological order.That is to say,Chinese people usually arrange their ideas according to temporal or logical sequences to express the main meaning.Take one long sentence of this book as an example,convinced that he could succeed,Wexner founded his own business:a specialized clothing store for women at the Kingsdale Shopping Center,in Upper Arlington,Ohio,that,in contrast with his parents’general-merchandise strategy,would stock only a limited selection of clothing and focus on what sold best.He called his store The Limited.3.1Translation processThere are three steps to finish the whole translation process.At first,the translator should search the related parallel texts to read before translating the source text.The parallel texts,electronic dictionaries and the CAT soft-wares are helpful for translating in the translation process.Next,the translator needs to mark and write down key and difficult points during the translation process.Finally,the translator should spend more time correcting and polishing the translation version after translating.The following is a detailed description of the translation process.3.1.1Preparation before translationA full preparation plays a great role in the process of translation.The translator has made lots of preparatory work before translating,which includes carefully read the original text to ensure accurate understanding,download a lot of relevant information about the authors from Internet,such as the background of wring,the experience of life as well as other famous books.This preparation work is helpful for understanding the source text and ensures the quality of the translation version.Without a correct understanding of the original text, although the translation is fluent,it is a self-creation rather than translation.It is difficult for the translator to achieve the purpose with the obscure translation.In the book of Translating English and Chinese,it is mentioned that in the process of translation,the translator must understand the original words,syntax and idioms from the context of the relationship,and explore the correct translation(Zhang,2009:10).Mr.Liu Congqing once has made detail explanation about understanding,which was a universal cognitive activity.In general, understanding refers to the comprehension of meaning,and focuses on Wernike area of brain, which decodes the meaning of language.In fact,the decode meaning is multitask,in other words,not only refers to master the concept but also the intention of dialysis discourse (sentence,syntagmatic),which mainly involves emotion,attitude and purpose.And discoursestudying the author,the translator has read the published books that written by Chris Zook and James Allen.It mainly includes Profit from the Core,Beyond the Core and Unstoppable. On the other hand,the translator prepared more aided translation tools before translating as much as possible.It is essential for the translator to make full prepare in advance.These translation tools mainly include“Advanced Oxford English-Chinese and Chinese-English Dictionary”,“Lu Gusun English Chinese dictionary”and“Youdao Dictionary”.At the same time,the translator has made full use of the network resources to ensure correct understanding of original meaning,such as Wikipedia,Baidu encyclopedia,Google,Yahoo. At last,the translator also made systematic plan for translation to ensure finish the translation task on time.The translator excerpted the Chapter One and Chapter Two from The Founder’s Mentality,which amounts12,000words in total.The translator planned to spend three months finishing the translation task during the summer holiday.The first translation version was completed at the end of October.Then the translator proofread and revised the version over and over again.After handing to the tutor,the translator began to finalize the translation version with the advice of tutor.3.1.2The process of translationDuring translation,the translator has read a lot of reference books that related to the source texts,most of them were written by Chris Zook,such as Profit from the Core,Beyond the Core and Unstoppable.These three books were based on a growth study,began in1990at Bain&Company,which involved thousands of companies all over the world.The translator not only could learn some useful translation methods from these books,but also master the characteristics of the economic text,so it could help the translator to understand the original text better.What’s more,there was no doubt that the translator would have some problems and difficulties in the process of translation.Then the translator paid attention to taking notes and surfing related information from the Internet,which especially about the translation of propermeaning after looking up the dictionary.So the translator began to surf the Internet to look for information and found out the meaning in the end.In fact,it was a brand of bathing business. Another example was that in the Chapter One of the three defining traits of the founder’s mentality,there was a word named insurgent.The Chinese meaning is“起义者，反叛者”, which means a person fighting against the government or armed forces of their own country. If translate this word into“造反”,it will not accord with the context.There was no proper meaning to translate,so the translator asked the tutor for help.The tutor told her the true meaning was“违背”in the terms of business English.At the same time,under the guidance of Skopos Theory,the translator used different translation strategies to translate the source text in the process of translation.3.1.3Proofreading after translationAfter translating the whole source text,proofreading plays an important role in guaranteeing the quality of the translation version.At first,the translator has checked the translation version on her own.There were a lot of grammar mistakes and unfaithful expression in the translation version.And then the translator paid attention to reading the original text again so as to make sure the expression meaning more complete and clearer.In addition,in order to improve the quality of version further,the translator has asked her best friend who was major in MTI to check the translation version again.Her best friend gave her some advice and discussed the mistakes together.She pointed that there was still spelled words mistakes,logical mistakes and misunderstanding in the translation.Then the translator tried her best to correct and polish the translation over and over again.At last,the translator handed in the translation version to the supervisor.Under the guidance of the supervisor,the translator revised the translation version again.All of this work is helpful to improving the quality of translation and make the target language readers have better understanding.Skopos Theory was first developed in Germany in1970s.The representatives are Katharina Reiss,Hans J.Vermeer,Justa Holz Manttari and Christiane Nord.As we all know, Hans J.Vermeer,one of the important founders of German Functionalist School,she got rid of functional equivalence theory and created Skopos Theory.Skopos Theory is the leading theory of functionalist translation theory.Skopos,a Greek word,means purpose,motivation and function.The term of Skopos usually refers to the purpose of the target text.Each translation points to its intended readers,as the translation means to create the text to the target readers by the given way and purpose(Nord,2001:28).Vermeer believes that translation is a purposeful behavior instead of literal translation between languages.The Skopos Theory pays attention to the purpose of translation,which influences the choice of translation strategies and methods by the translators.Only in this way can they translate the purposed text that reaches the functional requirement(Vermeer,1989:221).Functionalist translation theory is originated from Germany.There many ways to study the Skopos Theory in the domestic,such as review,comment and translation.These ways mainly involve in translation criticism,translation skills and translation methods,which includes literary translation and non-literary translation(Hu,2014:69).However,the development of functionalist translation theory can be divided into four stages as follows.In the first stage,Katharina Reiss was the first person who introduced the functional category into the translation criticism.She developed the pattern of translation criticism on the basis of relationships between the linguist function,text type and translation strategy,which put forward the prototype of functionalist translation theory.Reiss thought that the conceptual content,linguistic form and communicative function should be equivalent to the original text. However,the functional features of the translation should be the top priority in the translation practice.In the second stage,Hans J.Vermeer,Reiss’s student,first put forward the word of Skopos in the book of A Framework for a General Translation Theory in1978(Reiss, 2004:17).The purpose of the translation would decide to the adoption of translation strategy. That is to say,the translation depends on the purpose of translation.So the Skopos rule is thecorresponding translation strategies according to different translation purposes.In the third stage,in view of communication and behavior theory,Justa Holz Manttari came up with translation action theory.It could further improve the functionalist translation theory.She thought that the translation practice was driven by different purposes.Thus,the result was oriented by interactions between people and people.The translation action theory and Skopos Theory have something in common,and then Vermeer merged these two theories together.In the last stages,Christiane Nord improved the functionalist translation theory through learning the translation theories of all schools.It was the first time that she set forth the internal and external factors when analyzed the original text in the process of translation.And the translator should adopt appropriate translation strategy on the basis of the function of the original text.Christiane Nord has studied the functionalist translation theories of all schools, and then she came up with that the translator should abide by the principle of function plus loyalty.The translator not only is loyal to the original text,but also takes the purpose of translation into account.Therefore,what she did has made the Skopos Theory get further improvement.There are three major rules of Skopos Theory:skopos rule,coherence rule and fidelity rule.There are also three kinds of explanations about it:the purpose of the translator,the communicative purpose of the target text and the one of special translation method(Nord, 2001:83).The skopos rule holds that the translation is an activity which has a purpose.A translation is finished by the translator with a purpose or intention.The whole activity depends on the purpose of the translation.The coherence rule requires that the translation must conform to the standard of intratextual coherence.In other words,the target text must be understood by the readers of target language.Moreover,it is meaningful for communicating in the cultural context of the target language.Fidelity rule refers to keep intertexual consistent with the original text and the version,which is faithful to the original text.The degree of fidelity is determined by the Skopos and the translator understands of the original text.The relations of the three rules are that fidelity rule is subject to coherence rule,and the formerTranslation is no longer a simple process of code switching,which is a purpose behavior.The purpose of translation determines the translation strategy.In order to achieve the purpose of translation,the translator may adopt the method of literal translation,the method of complete rewriting,or adopt any translation strategy between them(Mao,2012:116).These three rules solve the contradictions between the translation strategies and methods,so that the translator can choose different translation strategies and methods according to the purpose of translation. The translator takes coherence rule and fidelity rule into consideration in the process of translation.As we all know,English and Chinese have something in common,such as the classification of lexical category,the structure of sentence,and the order of words.However, these two languages belong to different language families,which consequently results in some differences in their essence.For example,Chinese characters are different from English words.There is not only pictogram,ideogram but also phonogram.The English language is a purely alphabetic writing,which does not involve such classification(Ye,2008:101).In this section,the translator discussed translation strategies with the specific case analysis of translation,which mainly analyzed the amplification method from structural amplification,semantic amplification and rhetorical amplification.At the same time,it is also necessary to take the Skopos Theory into account,and the target version will play a great role in understanding the target text.On the basis of the expected function of the target text,the cultural background of target language readers,the social knowledge and the expectation of translation effect,the translator needs to decide which appropriate translation strategies should be adopted in the process of translation.Therefore,it is important for the translator to consider the transfer of information and the function of communication,which is not just to achieve the complete equivalence with the original text.Vermeer emphasizes that translation is to provide the corresponding information of the source text in the target language culture,which is a kind of imitation of the language of the source text.In other words,translation is not a simple conversion from one language to another,but to adapt to the new function and culture.In the process of translation,in order to express the meaning of source text accurately,it is necessary to amplify or omit the words according to the meaning of the sentence and the grammatical structure.According to different expressed ways and language habits between the English and Chinese,amplification method refers to add the necessary components to the target text.As a result,the grammar,vocabulary and mood of the original text can be expressed more nature and clearer,but also conform to the target language expression habits.Structural amplification is mainly due to the structural or grammatical differences between English and Chinese.Omission is one of the features of English.The translator should supply what is omitted in accordance with syntactic need.Although these words are unnecessary in English,it may be indispensable in Chinese(Lian,2010:129).Therefore,the principle of amplification should be taken into account to make sure the sentence meaning more complete and fluent in the translation process.Here some examples are as follows.Example1:Wexner enthusiastically took this idea to his father,who,less than receptive,told him to get a job.So he did.(p.3)Version1:瓦克斯纳满腔热情地打算把这个想法告诉父亲，而父亲却不乐意接受，反而让他找一份工作，所以他去做了。
刘颖会 外文翻译原文及译文
大连民族学院国际商学院英文翻译2007级毕业论文外文翻译资料Microfinance's Latest Growing Pains小额信贷业的发展阵痛《Knowledge Wharton》February 2nd 2011《沃顿知识》杂志 2011年2月2日译者：刘颖会大连民族学院国际商学院国际经济与贸易072班2011年6月小额信贷业发展阵痛近期的小额信贷危机源于印度南部城市安得拉邦，当地过度负债、暴力催款和借款者被迫自杀等问题引发了民众对小额信贷行业的广泛指责，并强烈呼吁政府加强监管。
10月，印度政府对损害信贷、强行控制回款天数并拖累印度最大的盈利性小额信贷公司SKS股价暴跌的小额信贷机构实施管制。
1月19日，印度储备银行发布Malegam委员会报告，建议对印度小额信贷机构施加一系列新的监管措施，包括设置利率上限、贷款限额以及对借款人的收入进行规定。
有些观察家对此表示欢迎，而悲观人士则认为此举难以避免信贷紧缩和行业崩溃。
尽管现在要分析行业前景还为时尚早，但安得拉邦的危机着实引发了民众对全球小额信贷行业的热烈讨论和深刻反省。
近期在沃顿阿瑞斯高级管理教育学院小额信贷管理培训班上，讨论的焦点集中在过度信贷、高速的行业增长以及如何在追求利润的同时更好地实现小额信贷的设立宗旨。
小额信贷业经历了一场由坏账“大地震”所引发的“痛苦的觉醒”，26名来自全球各地的社会财富计划参与者之一Kamran Azim在一堂主题为小额信贷业的增长与可持续发展的讨论中如此比喻道。
Azim是创立于1996年的巴基斯坦拉合尔小额信贷机构Kashf 基金的运营总监。
他指出，过去20到30年间，小额信贷的方式方法几乎都没有发生过变化。
但现在，突然之间，这个行业经历了一场地震。
正如该培训计划中一门课程的导言所说：“面对不断加速的变革，人们趋向于依赖传统的方式进行商业发展。
然而，正是在这样的时刻，创新方显得尤为重要。
”此外，几名学员也指出，小额信贷行业必须在兼顾客户需求的同时通过创新的方式来巩固发展。
简述人文社科类论文摘要特点及翻译问题和应对措施-最新范文
简述人文社科类论文摘要特点及翻译问题和应对措施简述人文社科类论文摘要特点及翻译问题和应对措施本文关键词：简述,应对措施,人文,摘要,翻译简述人文社科类论文摘要特点及翻译问题和应对措施本文简介：摘要：本文在简述人文社科类论文摘要特点及翻译困难的基础上,采用汉英“原生性”学术论文摘要平行语篇对比路径,围绕论证、诉求、形式和辞格等层面具体对比分析两种语言中同类学术论文摘要的异同点。
本文通过实例,从修辞资源和“受众”角度探讨学术论文摘要翻译中需要特简述人文社科类论文摘要特点及翻译问题和应对措施本文内容：摘要：本文在简述人文社科类论文摘要特点及翻译困难的基础上, 采用汉英“原生性”学术论文摘要平行语篇对比路径, 围绕论证、诉求、形式和辞格等层面具体对比分析两种语言中同类学术论文摘要的异同点。
本文通过实例, 从修辞资源和“受众”角度探讨学术论文摘要翻译中需要特别关注的瓶颈问题并探讨其解决对策。
关键词：人文社科论文摘要; 特点; 平行语篇; 修辞对比; 翻译;一、引言本文拟选取“原生性”汉英人文社会学科论文摘要平行文本, 从修辞资源和“受众”角度探讨学术论文摘要翻译中需要特别加以关注的瓶颈问题及应对策略。
选取的分析案例语料为九组相同专业、相近主题的汉英学术论文摘要, 分别涉及文化、传媒、法律、考古、修辞、金融、心理学、社会学等领域。
其中, 汉语语篇选自中国知网（）收录期刊论文, 英语语篇选自剑桥学术期刊网及Taylor&Francis等期刊数据库收录论文。
二、人文社科类论文摘要特点及翻译困难科技论文摘要往往是对实验步骤和科学方法的介绍, 着重数据和客观原理;而人文社科类论文摘要, 尤其非基于实证研究类的语篇多是对某一现象结合相关理论进行探讨, 主观性更强, 范畴包括文化、政治、经济、法律等, 涉及意识形态领域。
根据勒菲弗尔的定义, 意识形态指“占主导性的社会观念” （Lefevere, 2004:14） , 即普遍接受的社会认知, 与熟知的事物、概念和习俗相关。
锻压机
自由锻造机的发展现状及趋势摘要:本文主要介绍国内外了自由锻造机的发展历程，及重大的成果。
对我国自由锻造机的现状进行分析，并对其以后的发展趋势做出了总结。
关键词：自由锻造液压机发展历程发展趋势Abstract: This paper mainly introduced the domestic and foreign forging hydraulic press development process and significant results. an alysis of the status of free forging machine , and make a summary of its future development trend .Keyword: Free forging hydraulic press The course of development Development trends前言自由锻造液压机的改型还贷和现代化技术改进是近几十年来的发展趋势，60MN以下自由锻造液压机大部分都采用矿物油作为工作液，用正弦泵直接驱动；在结构上采用下拉式、两根方立柱、大间距；在控制方面而采用计算机控制，向速度快、精度高、自动控制压下量、自动测量锻件尺寸、自动记录生产管理数据、自动诊断故障等功能；在机械化方面，都配用锻造操作机与液压联动，提高锻件质量。
1.国内外自由锻造机的发展现状近年来，锻造行业发展迅速，尤其在锻造设备方面更是日新月异。
锻造压机在经过几代更新后，已向高频次，高精度（±1～±3mm），具备自动控制、测量、记录等方面发展；另外，随着大锻件规格和需求的不断提高，压机也逐步向大吨位、大开档发展。
为了适应压机发展趋势，压机本体结构设计也在不断改进，到现在为止，已形成一套先进、可靠、实用的设计方案。
1.1国内自由锻造机的发展现状国内建造大型自由锻造机启动较早，在1982年中国第二重型机器厂设计并安装于重庆西南铝加工厂100MN锻压机投产使用。
abbreviation的所有解释
标题：Abbreviation的所有解释一、什么是缩写（abbreviation）缩写，英文为abbreviation，是指用一种更简短的形式来表示某个词或短语。
缩写通常是将长单词或短语中的一个或几个字母取出，用其代表原词或短语的意思。
缩写在各个领域中都有广泛的应用，包括科技、医学、教育、金融等。
二、缩写的分类1. 首字缩写法：即取每个单词的第一个字母构成缩写的方法，比如NASA（National Aeronautics and Space Administration）。
2. 部分缩写法：即取部分字母构成缩写的方法，比如info （information）、Ave（avenue）。
3. 省略法：即省略词中的某些字母或音节，比如Dr.（Doctor）、St.（Saint）。
4. 混合缩写法：即将不同单词的部分字母组合成新词的缩写，比如smog（smoke + fog）。
三、缩写的用途1. 简化表达：缩写可以使文章简洁明了，减少重复的词语，提高阅读效率。
2. 节约时间：在书写和交流中使用缩写可以节约时间，尤其是在打字和信息传递中。
3. 表达惯例：某些行业或领域中存在着特定的缩写惯例，使用缩写可以更好地融入相关领域交流。
四、缩写的规范使用1. 清晰明了：使用缩写时应当确保对读者清晰可辨，避免产生歧义。
2. 符合规范：应当遵循相应行业或领域的规范使用缩写，不得私自创造或滥用缩写。
3. 适当控制：在正式文件或场合，应当适当控制缩写的使用频率，避免过度使用。
4. 统一标准：在团队或组织内部应当统一缩写的使用标准，避免因为缩写不一致而引发混乱。
五、缩写的注意事项1. 区分正误：缩写可能存在相似的情况，需要注意区分正确的缩写和错误的缩写。
2. 坚持更新：随着新词的出现，原有的缩写可能会失效或者更新，需要及时更新自己的知识库。
3. 谨慎使用：在正式场合或者与不熟悉缩写规范的人交流时，应当谨慎使用缩写。
六、缩写的例子1. NASA：National Aeronautics and Space Administration（美国国家航空航天局）2. CEO：Chief Executive Officer（首席执行官）3. VIP：Very Important Person（非常重要的人）4. ASAP：As Soon As Possible（尽快）5. RSVP：Répondez s'il vous plaît（请回复）七、总结缩写是一种常用的语言表达方式，可以使语言更加简洁高效。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
长江大学工程技术学院毕业设计（论文）外文翻译
Matlab Based Interactive Simulation Program 外文题目
for 2D Multisegment Mechanical Systems
二维多段机械系统基于Matlab的
译文题目
交互式仿真程序
系部化学工程系
专业班级化工60801
学生姓名
指导教师
辅导教师
完成日期2016.4.15
摘要：本文介绍了多段机械系统设计原则，代表的是一个模型的一部分的设计系统，然后扩展形成的几个部分和模型算法的分类与整合的过程，以及简化步骤的过程叫多段系统。
本文还介绍了设计过程的二维多段机械系统的数字模型，和使用Matlab的软件包来实现仿真。
本文还讨论测试运行了一个实验，以及几种算法的计算，实现了每个单一步骤的整合。
1 简介
科学家创造了物理模型和数学模型来表示人类在运动中的各种形式。
数学模型使创建数字模型和进行计算机仿真成为可能。
模型试验，可以使人们不必真正的实验就可以虚拟的进行力和力矩的分解。
本文研究的目的是建立一个简单的多段运动模型，以增加模型的连续性和如何避免不连续为原则。
这是创建一个人类运动模型系统的冰山一角。
其使用matlab程序包创建的数字模型，可以仿真人类运动。
文献中关于这一主题的内容很广泛。
运动的模式和力矩的分解在这些文献中都有涉猎。
动态的平面人体运动模型，提出了解决了迭代矩阵的方法。
还值得一提的是这类项目的参考书目，布鲁贝克等人提出了一个模型——人腿模型，这个以人的物理运动为基础的平面模型仿真了人腿——一个单一的扭簧和冲击碰撞模型。
人腿模型虽然简单，但是它展示人类的步态在水平地面上的运动特征。
布鲁贝克等人还介绍，在人腿模型的双足行走的基础上，从生物力学的角度而言，符合人体步行的特征。
这个模型具有一个躯干，双腿膝盖和脚踝。
它能够合理的表现出人多样的步态风格。
一个仿真人类运动的数学模型反应出了人的部分运动状态。
图1. 力的分解
2 力的分解
假设物体的长度和质量恒定，在中心的定位点（X，Y），在下断点（x1,y1）, （x2,y2）和垂直倾斜角度是ϕ（图1）。
假设在外力作用下：F1分解为水平力f1x和垂直力f1y，
F 2分解成为水平力f2x 和垂直力f2y ，外力控制扭矩用字母M 表示。
状态方程为：
g 代表的重力加速度和I 表示一部分的转动惯量，相对于它的轴心旋转交叉中心的质量为I=ML 2/ 12。
方程确定了垂直方向和水平方向的加速度的分量。
状态方程所代表的中心坐标为(X,Y )，垂直和水平分量的质心坐标( X, Y)，角度和角速度。
物体顶端的力的分解用三角方程表示为：
速度由水平和垂直方向的速度组成，速度的分化方程如下：
将顶端的加速度考虑在速度的分化方程中：
两端的加速度和外部力的影响之间的关系式——力和控制力矩M 的状态方程。
符号Mcoef 代表系数矩阵确定的公式（8），（9），代入方程方程（1），（2）
，
（3）中。
3 多段运动模型
图2，变量相同的情况下，将前面研究的长度增加一倍。
力的分解和力矩如图2所示（将上一段与下一段合起来作为研究对象）。
图2 力的分解示意图
如上图，在关节接触点的两端，力的分解和力矩，可以列如下方程式：
将F x UL,F y UL，设为力在变化过程中的符号。
力的连续性在假设中非常重要，要防止实验过程中任何不连续的情况发生。
关节两端的两个部分（x1u，y1u）（x2L，y2L）在假设成立的条件下列方程如下：
将方程用泰勒公式进行拓展，方程的精确性依赖Δt（Δt足够小）：
方程（14）可以计算力矩分解过程中的未知力,UL UL x y F F 的大小，因此，部分方
程的系数矩阵,U L coef coef
M M 可以取代公式（10），并且，系数矩阵依赖于方程 （11），（12），（13）。
下一阶段将模型系统进行延伸，将单段系变成双段系统，由零碎的部件组成人腿的轮廓模型可以命名为“双足”（如图3）。
图3 “双足”多段机械系统模型
双足在行走过程中力的变化的可能性：
(1) 双腿交替走动（分为左腿和右腿）
(2) 左腿在连接的关节处不动，右腿向上走动。
(3) 与地面接触的一条腿（分为左腿与右腿）
双足数字模型的建立由matlab 的软件包来进行仿真实验。
这个模型主要研究的是双足系统由空中跳到地面上时关节的受力情况。
模型的参数值：每一大段的长度为m=0.5米，每一区段的长度L=0.5米，直角坐标的单位为2。
关节可能形成的角度：36度，144度，30度，150度。
4 在单个实验中的测试运行
在实验开始时设置状态变量的初始值。
变量的新值变化与连续的时间间隔保持同步。
这一数字模型应用ode45
集成方法，是总多求解微分方程的方法之一。
是基于
dormand-prince方法的第四和第五阶龙格－库塔公式。
使用单步长积分状态方程，计算结果如下：
1、动力学计算中的特殊位置和变量—研究体的两端和两端的速度；
2、研究的物体在动态过程中，方程变化后的系数矩阵；
3、在研究的位置，研究物体与地面的势能假设为0；
4、作为研究对象的位置（关节处），在关节连接处–使用的高斯消元法和应用系
数矩阵计算2个端点；
5、在研究物体的动态过程中，影响最大的是—动态加速度；
6、对真实的结果进行绘图；
7、将计算值的右两侧的状态方程（速度值适当的状态变量计算在以往的一体化
的步骤和加速度计算在5点）到适当的状态变量的导数；
8、使用ode45的计算算法，可以给出状态变量的新值。
限制模拟时间来结束实验。
这次实验的目的是找到一个图来反应关节两端相邻的部分之间的距离。
计算两点之间的欧氏距离，例如图2。
部分修改后的公式如下：
这个公式绘制的左右两个关节的受力图形分别入图4A(左关节)和4B(右关节)。
对根式（19）作如下修改：
（如图2L和2R分别表示左腿和右腿膝盖上端的部分）。
根式方程绘图，如图5.
试验中，对膝盖2端的距离测试所显示的数据，与经验观察的数据相符合。
膝盖的相邻部分必须连续。
图4 膝盖2端之间的距离(A为左膝盖图, B右膝盖图)
图5 根式中共同部分的距离
5 结论
这篇论文的主旨在于提出一个二维多段机械系统的仿真程序的方法。
一个用Matlab程序包创建和实施的系统模型。
进一步的研究将包括扩展模型——最值得一提的是―类人模型‖中，多种多样的步态问题和步态中膝盖的受力分析。
下一步的计划包括将二维模型转移到三维空间，以及对其数值稳定性的分析。