现代英语词汇学概论chapter6
现代英语词汇学概论6 polysemy and homonymy
Chapter V Polysemy and Homonymy
Review chapter 4
I. Motivation of meaning
Onomatopoeic Motivation
Ducks quack. Hopeful Tabula(木板)---- table Argus-eyed professor
two processes of development
1.2 sense relations of polysemy
1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4
original meaning vs. extended meaning universal meaning vs. particular meaning abstract meaning vs. concrete meaning literal meaning vs. figurative meaning
Teaching focus
I. Polysemy II. Homonymy III. How to distinguish the two forms? IV. Context V. Ambiguity and vagueness
I. Polysemy一词多义
1.1 polysemy
to discuss a question under five heads six pence per head the head of the school
a head of cabbage
head
to lose one’s head use you head
《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析(张韵斐)
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析第一部分Chapter Ⅰ英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。
然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。
首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。
另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。
随着词汇学的发展跟完善，人们给词下了较为完整的定义。
“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。
”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社）一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。
纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。
特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。
现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。
一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。
英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。
根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。
口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。
基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。
第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation )(一)词素（Morphemes）单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。
词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。
单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。
如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。
《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析(张韵斐)
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析第一部分Chapter Ⅰ英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。
然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。
首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。
另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。
随着词汇学的发展跟完善，人们给词下了较为完整的定义。
“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。
”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社）一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。
纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。
特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。
现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。
一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。
英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。
根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。
口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。
基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。
第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation )(一)词素（Morphemes）单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。
词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。
单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。
如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。
自考英语词汇学 第六章课件
6.2 Homonymy 同形同音异义关系
Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. 同形同音异义词一般定义为在读音和 拼写上或者只是在读音或拼写上相同而词义不同的 词。 Based on the degree of similarity, homonyms fall into three classes: perfect homonyms, homographs and homophones. 根据相似的程度， 同形同音异义词又可分为 3 类：完全同形同音异义 词、同形异音异义词和同音异形异义词。
6.1.2 Two Processes of Development 多义词的两种发展过程
The
development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses, traditionally known as radiation and concatenation. 词义从单义像多义发展遵循两种模式：辐射 型和连锁型。
6.1 Polysemy 多义关系
When
a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. 当一个词最初被创造出来的 时候，一律是单语义词。
6.1.1 Two Approaches to Polysemy 两种多义关系的研究方法
The
problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: diachronic approach and synchronic approach. 同一词的各种意义之间相互关联 的问题可以从历时方法和共时方法两个角度 来研究。
现代英语词汇学概论复习(Chapter1-10)
Word：a minimum free form of a language. With a unity of sound and meaning （both lexical meaning and grammatical meaning)，performing syntactic meaningCriteria of words: by origin （native—old English）( and loan language—borrowed English）, by level of usage(common words，literary ，colloquial，slang and technical words）；by notions(function and content words）Morpheme：smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller form. A morpheme is also two—facet language unit which possesses sound and meaning。
Classification of morphemes:Free morpheme：utter alone with meaning（a free morpheme is a word in traditional sense）man, read, writeBound morpheme: must appear with one other morpheme，u nkind, happily , receiveRoot:the basic unchangeable part of the word；convey the main lexical meaning of the word; Either free or bound(1)free roots：many roots are free morphemes, such asboy ，moon，walk(2)bound roots: derived from foreign sources。
6英语词汇学第六章_同义反义上下义汇总
• • • •
代表整体的词：holonym 代表局部的词：meronym 属于局部的词: co-meronyms共局部词 e.g: book: holonym cover/page: co-meronyms 共局部词
•
Plant
• leaf, bud, stem, root, flower, shoot • • Petal stamen
semantic component.
( Jost Trier / German 1930’s)
• words of a semantic field are not synonyms but are joined together by some common semantic component
(between the genus（类概念） and the species（种概念）.
Note:***---grammatical structure: • He likes dogs and other animals. • There is no flower more beautiful than a rose. • I like all fruits except bananas. • She reads books all day---mostly novels.
semantic field theory 语义场理论 • vocab. of a language is not just a listing of independent items, but organized into areas or fields, the members of which are joined together by some common
6.现代英语词汇学(第六章)
现代英语词汇学（第六章）
Semantic Classification of Words
Semantic classification of words means that vocabulary units are classified on the basis of various meaning relations between words on the paradigmatic axis (语义聚合轴线). Paradigmatic relation existing between words not only define the word meaning but also function as the main criteria underlying (accounting for) the semantic classification of words. For example, the criterion of common concept serves to classify words into semantic fields, whereas semantic relations of similarity, contrast and inclusion underlie （ are the basis of) respectively the classification of lexical items into synonyms, antonyms and hyponyms (下义词）.
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter6
Chapter 6 Polysemy and Homonymy⏹6.1 Polysemy 一词多义⏹6.2 Homonymy 同音同形异义⏹6.3 The Stylistic Value of Polysemy and Homonymy 一词多义与同音异义的文体价值6.1 Polysemy 一词多义Polysemy: A term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings.*means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time.●Two approaches to polysemy :diachronic 历时的and synchronic 一时的，同步的●Two processes leading to polysemy1)Radiation辐射型：It is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at thecenter while secondary meaning radiates from it in every direction like ray .*Though all the secondary meanings are independent of one another, they can all be traced back to the primary meaning.2)Concatenation连锁型: It is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word movesgradually away from its first sense by successive shifts ,like the links of a chain ,until thereis no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning .*use relations between senses to master the different meanings of a polysemic word●Sense relations of polysemy1)original meaning vs. extended meaning 原始意义vs.引申意义2)universal meaning vs. particular meaning 普遍意义vs.特殊意义3)abstract meaning vs. concrete meaning 抽象意vs.特殊意义4)literal meaning vs. figurative meaning字面意义vs.比喻意义6.2 Homonymy 同音同形异义Homonymy: words which though different in meaning ,are pronounced alike ,or spelled alike ,or both .Eg.light（光）light（轻的）；bark（吠）bark（树皮）；flower（花）flour（面粉）●Three types of homonyms:1)Perfect homonyms完全同形同音异义词:Words identical in spelling but different in meaning .E.g.1)．poppop ／p p/ n．流行歌曲pop／p p／n．爸爸pop／p p／n．砰的一声2)．lastlast ／la:st／a．最后的last／la:st／v．持续last／la:st／n．鞋楦头现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter62)Homophones同音异义词:Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning.Eg. air空气–heir继承人，后嗣bear忍受，熊–bare空的，赤裸的dear 亲爱的–deer鹿3)Homograph同形异音异义词:Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning .Eg. lead sow tear prayerSources of homonyms1.Phonetic convergenceUnder the influence of phonetic convergence ,two or more words whichonce were different in sound forms take on the same pronunciation thespoken language .E.g. melo –meal bean –been beat –beet flea –flee heal –heel2.Semantic divergenceWhen two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extentthat there will be no obvious connection between them ,polysemy will giveplace to homonymy .E.g. flour –flower metal –mettle3.Foreign influenceE.g. host –one who entertains guest [L hospitis ]host –a large number ,an army [L hostis ,army ,hostile force ]4.ShorteningThis source is of decidedly subsidiary importance in formal writing but haswidespread influence in everyday speech.E.g. pop –popular (music )-to thrust ,to push (up ) 推6.3 The Stylistic Value of Polysemy and Homonymy一词多义与同音异义的文体价值Context plays a very important role in the hearer 's interpretation of words of two special types: different words of like form(homonymy)and words of several meanings (polysemy ).*Polysemic and homonymous words are stylistically useful to achievehumour or irony ,or to heighten dramatic effect .。
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Two approaches
1) Diachronic approach(历时的) •From the diachronic point of view, polysemy is thought to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of a word.
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Polysemy
• A lexical item has a range of different meanings, that is, one single word has two or more senses at the same time.
• blanket: 羊毛毯；给……盖羊毛毯 • get: 150 meanings • cut: 120 meanings
Two heads are better than one.
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• Concantenation (连锁型)
– Concatenation, “linking together” is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.
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Two processes of (leading to) polysemy
• radiation • concantenation
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• Radiation (语义辐射)
– Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like ray. – All the meanings are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning.
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• As most words are arbitrary and conventional symbols without any intrinsic connection with what they refer to, it may sometimes happen that more than one meaning is attached to a word, or two or more words may have the same form but be different in meaning. The former is known as polysemy, and the latter, homonymy.
Chapter VI
POLYSEMY AND HOMONYMY
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பைடு நூலகம்
• A man who was involved in a serious motorcycle accident was unable to speak when he first regained consciousness. • Wishing to know how long he had been unconscious, he took a piece of paper and a pencil from the bedside and, after writing “date”? on it, gave it to his nurse. • She handed it back to him after she had written the word “Married” on it.
Of the three types, homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.
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• Sources of homonyms
– A. Phonetic convergence: sea/see steal/steel – B. Semantic divergence: When two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extent that there will be no obvious connection between them, polysemy will give place to homonymy – C. Foreign influence – D. Shortening
– This first meaning is the primary meaning(原始意义). These later meanings are called derived meanings(派生意义).
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An Example Face: 12 meanings (1)the front of the head (2)a surface of a thing (3)the appearance (4)the functional surface (5)effrontery (6)the topography…
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• In order to express new ideas, new processes, new products, and so forth, language can do three things: form a new word, borrow a word from other languages, or add new meanings to established words. Of the three ways, the simplest one is to have old words take on additional meaning. That is why polysemic words of long standing are signs of an advanced culture.
• (1) is the primary meaning and all the rest are derived later on from the primary meaning. All derived meanings (212) are related to the primary one in one way or another.
– The basic meaning of a word is considered to be the core of word meaning, called the central meaning (中 心意义). The derived meanings, no matter how numerous, are secondary meanings (次要意义). •The interrelation or comparison between the central meaning and secondary meanings.
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• In some cases, the primary meaning (diachronically) and the central meaning (synchronically) coincide. • However, in some cases, a meaning that appeared after the original meaning can become the central meaning. • The two approaches are supplementary to each other in the analysis of a polysemous word.
1 2 3 4 5
• Radiation describes a process where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning.
2012-12-16
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Homonymy
• Greek homonumos (homo: the same, onoma:name) • refer to two or more words, which have the same form, but differ in meaning. They are pronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both. • E.g.:
– Homophones（同音异义词）
• Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning • meet/mi:t/（遇见）mete/mi:t/（边界）meat/mi:t/（肉）
– Homographs(同形异义词)
• Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning • tear/tɪə/（眼泪）tear/teə/（撕裂）
A piece of timber table dining table
board→木板→餐桌→会议桌→董事会
council table
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