The Effects of Option Incentives on Backdating and Earnings Management

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商务词组与常用词组及搭配(商务英语)

商务词组与常用词组及搭配(商务英语)Time sensitive 时间上棘手can’t wait any longer不能等太久Get a hold of 找到ASAP(=as soon as possible) 尽可能快地Pretty sure 相当肯定away from one’s desk不在办公室Time slot 时间段feel free随时Right off the bat马上bulk orders大订单Be green 没有经验staying in budget没有超过预算X：00 sharp X点整be nuts发疯的+about热衷于，狂热于No kidding不是开玩笑business proposal 商业提案Up in the air悬而未决stressed out 筋疲力尽Cut sb. Slack放某人一马foot the bill 买单Heavy meal有点腻的菜annual conference 年会Jet lag 时差go back and forth 来来往往地Are you serious? 你开玩笑吗？get down to earth脚踏实地Brand new 崭新的dress down 穿平常的衣服Make under on e’s name 以某人名字登记check in（旅馆、飞机等）登记check out 付账离开旅馆single /double bed单/双人床standard room标准间Non-smoking room 无烟房间subway station 地铁站Subway line 地铁线transfer station中转站Head back 返程on one’s own独自地Hop on换乘ride on 乘Figure out 了解follow the crowd随大流Financial advisor财政顾问make it out 成功Right here 正好factory site工厂Quality control质量控制test cubicle测试台I’ll bet 我敢打赌，我敢说…. do the math自己算算，自己想想Plastic surgeon整形外科医生West Coast西海岸once in a while 间或，偶尔hardly ever 几乎没有check in counter 检票口go to press 发布消息next to nothing差不多没有 a few bucks 一点钱you guys 你们这些人pick up the tab 承担运费limited edition限量版in the neighborhood of 大约go in the hole亏本you have my word on it你相信我，我保证fill a vacancy 填补空缺financial statement 财务报告hold a meeting开会hold stock 持有股票have say有发言权hot shot关注的焦点executive branch行政层get down to the nitty-gritty归根结底件send along发送personal email私人邮件better safe than sorry宁愿稳妥免致后悔first thing一大早，立刻spite sb.激怒某人be a rip-off骗钱，冒牌货a consignment/shipment of一批货物 a range of 一些列；一套place regular orders签订长期合同deal with经营specialize in专营exclusive of除了….之外be subject to有…倾向；从属于at the very beginning在一开始at the very first time最开始 a demand for对…的需求Accounts Department会计部Finance Manager财务部经理The law 警方artificial person法人hosting service寄存服务Search engine搜索引擎web page网页extra income额外收入cash in发财get started着手go all out竭尽全力Get (sth.) off the ground使（某事）有进展pop up突然出现site traffic网站流量electronic gadgets数码产品memory stick 记忆棒USB device USB设备USB port USB接口day planner日计划表GPS unit GSP全球定位系统spare time业余时间palm pilot掌上向导Hook up以钩钩住be a hassle是个麻烦web-based marketing网上营销sales volume 销售额network browser网络浏览器rope (sb.) in拉（某人）参加not half bad不错With an eye toward着眼于in on the action在发挥作用be smashing好极了contract information联系信息From a …standpoint从…角度stumble onto偶然找到pick up(a link)获得（链接）word of mouth口头传播ballpark figure大概数字fiscal year会计年度bottom line底线sticker price定价profit margin利润set in stone固定不变in the neighborhood 大约cut corners减少费用make a killing牟取暴利be in bad shape处于不好的状态on the up and up光明磊落prove by the numbers用数字证明keep a running tally记流水账trade deficit贸易赤字be headed for朝着…方向前进give a boost起推进作用hands-off无为而治的，不插手的keep abreast of了解…的最新情况，与…并驾齐驱turnaround扭亏为盈stand out from the herd鹤立鸡群的，与众不同的run-of-the-mill普通的，一般的get off the ground取得进展whatever the odds无论胜算有多少hands-on亲身实践的mergers and acquisitions兼并和收购to the limit 到最大限度higher workforce productivity更高的劳动生产力churn out大量生产，泛滥制造irrespective of不顾，不管get through做完，通过go through经受，参加prime important极重要的it’s a necessity for us to do对我们而言做..是必要的set out to do sth 开始做某事gym room健身房cover the loss弥补损失fit in with适合meet incremental market demands满足增加的市场需求enterprise resource planning企业资源计划streamline supply chain使供应链成线型tactic and strategy战略政策be in want of 需要winter/summer vacation 寒/暑假at the time在那时learn lessons from从…中汲取教训pull off努力实现go for主张，拥护for a time暂时severance payment （redeemable payment）遣散费with strong backgrounds有深厚的背景move on前进，离开sell off廉价出售save from 免于top dog头领，掌权人market share市场份额share price股价currency rates现价，成交价split up 分裂in the search for寻找move over 挪开on condition that 条件是…with maximum of goodwill and a minimum of friction以最大的友好和最少的摩擦…fed up with对...感到厌倦breathe down my neck时时刻刻监督catch up (with)遭遇，赶上up to scratch达到标准independently of与…无关，不取决于foot the bill 付账out of pocket现金支付，赔钱的financial incentives财务奖励set to rise开始上升salary increase加薪one-off payment一次付清legal entitlement合法权利outplacement service新职介绍服务pay scale工资标准move up上升，提升sort of 有点，几分work round the clock 没日没夜地工作get hot under the collar气极了，发火water dispenser饮水机pass over忽略bring up提出get out of 免于be averse to反对put one’s money where one’s mouth is用真金白银来押注自己的话qualitative analysis 定性分析arm-length保持距离的fall out with sb与…争吵change out of脱下make out of用…做原料stand-off冷淡share option股票认购权as a rule of thumb根据经验，一般来说bring in引进and rightly so而且这么做没错a tug of war两派之间的激烈争辩at stake处于危险中value-added tax corporate ethics企业道德private enterprise私企old marketing perennial市场长期存在的问题lose out亏损，输掉drum up招揽（顾客），竭力争取flat sales销售平平do the trick 做成功，达到理想效果lag behind落后，拖欠lock into受困于discharge a debt清偿债务fall short of达不到，缺乏knock-on effects装机作用strive for奋斗all the while 一直，始终in the name of以…的名义mandatory compliance强制性服从for strictly selfish reasons完全出于自私原因labor practice劳动条例simply put简单讲in exchange for作为…交换all things considered所有的都考虑在内conventional business models传统的商业模式break with断绝关系，结束third-world country第三世界国家cut out 删去cash crop经济作物take off起飞，开始drive down prices压低价格publicity-seeking公众追捧pay lip-service to do sth.口头上答应做15% uplift on sales销售额上涨15% report to在（某人）直接管理下current account活期账户deposit account 定期账户a demand for 对…的需求 a fleet of 一组，一队apart from 除了…之外（还有）date stamp 日期戳记day book日记账declining stage 衰落阶段faulty goods劣质品，次货health and safety 职业健康安全insurance claim保险索赔mail shot通过邮政发出的类似广告的宣传材料media coverage媒体报道product life cycle 产品寿命周期product mix 一个企业出售的各类产品，产品组合sick leave病假sick note病假条sick pay 病假工资sickness benefit病假补助skilled employee 熟练工team building团队建设video game电子游戏work order生产名单work station工作地点working hours工时 a certain level of 一定程度的absorption costing归纳成本法accepting house/accepting bank承兑银行accidental damage意外损坏accidental losses意外损失accounts payable 应付账款accounts receivable应收账款after-sales service售后服务against all risks全险aged debtors长期债务人artificial person 法人bad faith欺诈bank book存折bar chart条（柱）状图bar code 条形码batch processing成批处理batch size批量大小bear market（证券交易的）熊市bill of materials(B.O.M.)材料清单board meeting董事会议board directors董事会brand image品牌形象brand leader品牌领导者brand loyalty品牌忠诚度bring forward提前，提出bring up提出，养育，把…举高bulk carrier 散装货船bull market牛市（行情看涨的市场）bull position多头地位business school商学院buyer’s market买方市场call on拜访capacity inventory库存能力capital gains tax资本增益税captive market垄断市场casual labor临时工人catch a cold亏本cater for 供应catering industry餐饮业certificate of origin（货物）原产地证书certificate cheque保兑支票charge account赊购制，赊账classified advertisement分类广告collective bargaining 集体协定competitive edge竞争优势conditions of employment雇佣条款consolidated accounts合并账目consumer behavior消费者行为consumer goods 消费品consumer durables耐用消费品core time core time （弹性工作制中的）基本工作时间corporation tax 公司所得税credit account 赊账账户credit card 信用卡credit control信用控制credit limit信用度限额credit rating信用等级critical path analysis关键途径分析法currency futures货币期货，外汇期货current account活期存款账户current assets流动资产current liabilities流动负债current year本年度cut back削减cut-throat残酷的，凶狠的；凶手cut-rate削价出售的，便宜的cut-price打折的，廉价的cycle inventory循环存盘cycle time周期时间danger money危险工作津贴dear money高利息借贷资本debt ratio负债比率debt-to-equity ratio权益负债率deferred payments延期付款delivery cycle供货周期demand management 需求管理direct cost直接成本direct debit直接借记direct flight 直航direct mail直接邮寄广告direct selling直销disability benefit残疾抚恤金dividend per share每股股息down market 低端市场down payment分期付款的头款，定金down time停工期earned income劳动收入，工资economic efficiency经济效益economic sanctions经济制裁economy class经济舱first class头等舱economy of scale规模经济endowment assurance养老保险environmentally friendly环保的equity capital股本equity method产权法estimated demand估计需求fail-safe system安全系统family business家族企业feasibility study可行性研究financemeeting财务会议finished goods制成品finished goods inventory 制成品库存first aid急救fixed assets固定资产fixed capital 固定资本fixed change固定支出fixed cost固定成本fixed income固定收入fixed property固定财产，不动产flexible working arrangement弹性工作时间flexible working hours弹性工作安排flip chart活动挂图flow chart流程图force majeure 不可抗力free gift赠品frequent flyer 经常乘飞机出差的人fringe benefits额外福利get into debt负债go public上市going rate时价hard sell强行推销header paper带信头的信纸hire purchase 分期付款购买holiday entitlement休假权利idle money 闲散资金in the black（银行存款）有盈余in triplicate 一式三份indirect cost间接成本industrial action罢工等的劳工行动industrial(labor) dispute劳资纠纷industrial(labor) relations；劳资关系interior decoration内部装潢job description职位描述job mobility工作流动性job rotation岗位轮换job satisfaction工作满意度job shop加工车间job security工作保障job vacancy职位空缺joint bank account共同银行账户junk bond垃圾债券junk mail广告宣传邮件labor market劳动力市场labor shortage劳动力短缺labor union工会laser printer激光打印机产品生产周期limited liability company股份有限公司limited liability有限责任line manager 业务经理，部门经理line process流水线加工line worker流水线工人listed company上市公司log on/in登录loss leader亏本销售商品lucrative market可获利的市场majority shareholding大股东managed float管理浮动management accounting管理会计managing director执行总裁manpower resources人力资源mass media大众媒体mass production大批量生产maternity leave产假near money 准货币net margin净利总账，nominal ledger 名目账项null and void 无效的organ gram公司组图organization chart 组织系统图out of debt不欠债parent company母公司pay packet工资袋pay day发薪日pay off a debt偿清债务petty cash零用钱phase out逐步控制或停止pie chart饼状图predatory pricing掠夺性价格prestige value（拥有奢侈品的）荣耀感price differential差价prompt day清帐日public sector国有企业random check随机抽查report to 在…直接管理下resort hotel旅游胜地的旅馆retained earnings 未分配利润risk capital 风险资本risk-free investment零风险投资selection board选拔委员会seller’s market卖方市场shelf life货架期，保存期限shoot up猛涨shop floor车间shop steward工人代表single proprietorship独资soft currency 软通货，软性货币soft market 疲软市场，不景气市场soft sell软推销，劝买soft terms 优惠条件staff turnover员工流动率strong room保险库synthetic materials人工合成材料tailor-made products定制品takecharge of 负责task force特别工作小组tax allowance收入免税额technology transfer 技术转让time off公休，病休，请假track record（多年的）成绩或业绩的记录trade secret商业机密trade terms贸易术语trade union工会trading profit销售毛利training budget培训预算travel agency旅行社traveler’s check 旅行支票trouble shooting问题解答unearned income非劳动收入urgent order订单value of money 价值wage drift 工资浮动wage freeze 工资冻结wage sheet 工资表waste disposal废物处理waste utilization废物利用white goods大型家用电器windfall loss 意外损失wind up终止，结束workforce diversity劳动力差异working conditions工资状况working pattern工作方式work-in- progress inventory在制品盘存yield margin收益差额yield possession让出所有权abandon a claim放弃索赔abandoned option 放弃期权abandoned property废弃的财产abate a tax减税abide by the law守法abide by one’s commitment信守承诺abject poverty 赤贫abnormal profit超额利润abnormal spoilage非正常破损abrasion of coin铸币磨损accelerated amortization加速摊销accelerated depreciation加速折旧accelerated depreciation allowance加速折旧扣除acceptance credit承兑信用acceptance draft承兑汇票accession rate就业增长率accession tax财产增益税额accessory claim附带权要求accessory contract附带契约accessory product副产品accessory risk附加险accidentbeyond control不可抗力灾害accidental cost意外费用account executive（广告或服务业）业务经理accumulated deficit累积亏损acquisition cost收购成本act of God 不可抗力active assets活动资产active money流通货币actual depreciation实际折旧additional charge附加费additional clause附加条款adhere to遵循，黏着adjudication of bankruptcy宣告破产admissible assets 可课税资产adulterant goods冒牌货advance bill 预付票据adverse balance 赤字adverse exchange 逆汇adverse trade balance入超，贸易逆差advertisement rates广告费率advice for collection托收委托书advice note商业通知单affidavit of means 偿债能力证明书affidavit of service 送达证明书after sight见票后付款agency bill 代理票据agency commission代理佣金agency contract代理合同aggregate demand总需求aggregate discount总折扣aggregate liability债务总额aggregate losses累计损失aggregate supply 总供应agricultural commodity农业商品aid account经援账户allocated quota 分配配额annual accounting年度决算annual bonus年度奖金annual expenditure年支出annual general meeting年度股东大会annual income年收入annual report年度报告antecedent money 押金anticipatory letter of credit预支信用证application for insurance 投保单application form申请表aptitude testing能力测试assembly line装配线assembly point 集合地点assented stock 同意调换股票at one’s disposal由某人随意支配at par平价at the helm of掌握…audio conference电话会议au pair互换服务的authentic text正本authorization of resources财源核定，资源核准autonomic nervous system 自主神经系统average cost 平均成本award of bid决标away from the market不按市价baby bust生育低估back a bill 背书票据back order 积压订单back out 食言back up 支持bail out 保释balloon payment最末期大笔还清bank account银行账户bank discount银行折扣bank holiday 银行假日bank statement 银行结单bank transfer银行转账bankable bill银行可承兑票据barter trade 实物交易base pay基本工资bell-shaped curve钟形曲线below par低于市面价beneficiary country 受惠国订货bespeak to投标截止日期报价bid quotation bid up 哄抬（物价）big cuts大规模裁员bilateral monopoly双边垄断bill of entry 报关单bill of lading提单binary system二进制black market黑市black list黑名单blank check空头支票blank endorsement空白背书blank note 空头支票blanket clearance出入港通行证blind competition 盲目竞争block booking 大量预定blue chip蓝筹股blue chip client重要客户bogus goods赝品，伪造商品bonded goods保税货物bonded house保税仓库book confirmation确认订货book value 账面价值boost sales推销，促销border trade 边境贸易bottom price 底价break even 收支平衡breakeven point收支平衡点bubble up迅速上升buffer inventory 缓冲存货buy long 买空，购买期货buy on credit赊账buy up 全数购买，全部买进carbon copy副本card index卡片索引，卡片目录cardinal rule基本法则carriage free运费免付carriage paid运费已付carry forward结转，转下期cash dispenser自动提款机cash flow现金流量cash ratio现金比率cash register现金出纳机Chamber of Commerce商会chartered accountant特许会计师cheque card支票卡closed circuit TV cameras闭路电视照相机closed shop封闭式企业closing down sale清仓甩货comity of nations国际礼让community diversity群落多样性computer system计算机系统concentrated marketing密集性市场策略conduct a survey 进行调查consignment note托运单continuous process连续生产convertible bond可兑换证券convertible currency可兑换货币cope with处理correspondent relationship代理关系counter purchase产品购买，对等购买counter trade反向贸易，对消贸易countervailing duty抵消性关税，反倾销税courtesy card优惠券dispatch note发货通知disposable income可支配收入distribution chain分销连锁店distribution channel发行渠道，销售渠道distribution system 分销系统domestic dispute内部争端door-to-door service送货上门服务drainage divide分水界duplicate expenses使用费加倍emerging market新兴经济emerging market新兴市场estate agent房地产中介ex coupon无息票exchange rate汇率excise duty消费税executive committee 执行委员会export tariff出口关税external audit外部审计face value面值family-run business家族生意fast delivery快递fast-moving consumer goods快消消费品fast-track authority临机处置之权favorable balance of trade贸易逆差fees charged收取费用final demand 最终需求financial baking财政支柱floor price 底价flow shop流水线车间free market自由市场free of charge免费free trade zone自由贸易区freight forwarder货物转运人gear up促进，增加gray market 灰色市场green product绿色产品green purchasing绿色购买gross profit 毛利润impulse buying 即兴购买in a contemplative mood沉思默想institutional investors机构投资人interim dividend期中股利internal audit内部审计international distribution国际销售international logistics国际物流international operations management国际经营管理international reply coupon国际回信券Internet literate精通网络intra-corporate transfer公司内部转让intrinsic value内部价值intra-industry trade行业内部贸易invisible assets无形资产irrevocable letter of credit不可撤销信用证keep accounts记账keep in stock库存，有货keep top side up请勿倒置keep track of 跟上…的进展kerb/curb transaction场外贸易kindly remit 请即付款kiting check空头支票knock down拍板成交leveragedbuyout融资收购make-to-order manufacturing strategy照订单生产策略make-to-stock strategy库存生产策略monetary disturbance金融动荡，金融风暴morning session上午市multilateral compensation多变抵消mutual fund共同基金non-commercial activities非商业性活动non-tariff barrier非关税壁垒note discount票据贴现nutritional disturbance营养障碍object tax 客体税ocean disposal 海洋排放on the verge of 在…边缘opportunity cost机会成本outward appearance外表overhead costs营业间接成本overtime allowance加班补助，加班费own-brand product自主品牌产品per capita income人均收入per diem每日津贴,每日酬金plough back 利润再投资portfolio management 投资组合管理prime goods精品prime location黄金地段quoted company 上市公司quoted price上市证券牌价quoted share 上市股份rights issue 增股，权利股发行round up/down四舍五入为整数sales ledger销货账scrap value废料价值seasonal fluctuation季节性波动seasonal rate季节性收费senior management 高级管理sexual harassment性骚扰shipping invoice装船发票sick market 呆滞的市场side benefit附带利益Sight draft即期汇票，见票即付similar benefit疾病福利，疾病保险sinking fund偿债基金slack season 淡季sliding budget弹性预算slot machine自动贩卖机slow sale滞销sluggish market市场疲软slump in demand 需求急剧下降socialize with同…交往spare part备用零件specific tariff从量关税spell out 清楚地说明spot cash货到付款start-up capital(funding)启动资金state subsidy国家补贴status quo现状，对峙的局面sustainable growth 可持续增长swap transaction互惠信贷交易SWOT analysis斯沃特分析take-home pay净收入tangible asset有形资产tariff-rate quota关税税率配额tax avoidance =tax loophole（合法的）避税tax evasion逃税tax relief免税额tax yield税收收益temporary post 临时职位triterary industry第三产业threshold effect临界效应time sheet/card考勤卡trade creation effect贸易开拓效果trade discount商业折扣trade dispute贸易争端trade fair 交易会，商展transition economy 转轨经济ultimate consumer最终用户under supervision在监督下under the sponsorship of 在…的赞助下under/in dispute在争论中undifferentiated marketing无差别市场策略unlisted securities不上市证券virtual bank虚拟银行virtual reality虚拟现实visible trade有形贸易volume discount大批量交易waive duty 免收税款warrant money保证金warrant of attachment财产扣押令warrant of attorney （律师）委托书waste assets损耗资产water damage 水渍险water stock虚股wax and wane盈亏weak product滞销货wear and tear自然磨损whole life insurance终身保险wholesale discount 批发折扣with effect from自..起效with proviso附有条件withdraw deposit提款withdraw shares退股withdraw receipt 提款收据without margin无订金working assets(capital)营运资产working cash周转资金write up提高账面价值writing contract书面合同written permission书面许可证written statement of claim索赔清单zero coupon bond零息票债券zero defect无瑕疵zero incremental cost无增支成本zero inventory零库存zero of indifference 无差异区域zone of merchandise商品销售区rub out擦掉loss-leading低价吸引顾客deliver the goods信守承诺，交货fly out突然冲出art editor美术编辑per issue每期in the first place 首先clash off匆忙完成rush into doing sth.冲动地做某事In the heat of在最激烈的时候needless to say不用说at the mercy of sth.受…支配All sorts of 各种各样的go through the roof价格冲破屋顶，飞涨let out出租fish for information打探消息blue stocking才女pay up service只说不做pad the bill作假帐go native入乡随俗sing the blues垂头丧气taken as a whole作为一个整体look back on 回顾plump for选中financial news财金新闻product ranges 产品系列on account of因为profound implication深刻意义even so即便如此lay out花钱 a plethora of过多的of necessity必然地an awful lot of极多的area of expertise专业领域land a job找一份工作through thick and thin不畏艰难困苦push through完成warring factions敌对势力cyber café网吧time off 休假，休息in a row连续medical certificate诊断书，健康状况证明书at one’s discretion自行决定small and medium enterprises中小型企业float the company让公司上市job fair招聘会tremendous enlargement of brand portfolio品牌组合方面有很大的扩张general public普通大众get ahead of胜过knowledge array of知识经济fend off避开make a stand停下，做个决定unparalleled prosperous空前繁荣的take account of 考虑，顾及。

财政学双语重点（重中之重啊!）

财政学双语重点（重中之重啊!）1.Unified budget: The document which itemizes（逐项列出）all the federal government’s expenditures（支出）and revenues （收入）.统一预算：联邦政府在一种文件中将其支出逐项列出。

2.substitution effect: The tendency of an individual to consume more of one good andless of another because of a decrease in the price of the former relative to the latter.替代效应一个人因一种商品相对于另一种商品的价格降低而多消费前者，少消费后者的倾向。

3. income effect :The effect of a price change on the quantity demanded（需求量）due exclusively（唯一的）to the fact that the consumer’s income has changed.收入效应价格变化对需求量的影响完全是由于消费者的实际收入的变化所致。

4. Pareto efficient: An allocation of resources such that no person can be made better off without making another person worse off.帕累托效率一种资源配置状态，在该状态下，如果不使一个人的境况变差就不可能使另一个人的境况变好。

5. Pareto improvement: A reallocation of resources that makes at least one person better off without making anyone else worse off.帕累托改进资源的重新配置可在不使任何人的境况变差的前提下，至少使一个人的境况变好。

应对气候变化的行动英语作文

应对气候变化的行动英语作文Climate Change Action: Embracing a Sustainable FutureThe unprecedented challenges posed by climate change have become a pressing global concern, demanding immediate and collective action. As the Earth's temperature continues to rise, the impact on our environment, economy, and way of life becomes increasingly evident. From rising sea levels to more frequent and severe natural disasters, the need to address this crisis has never been more urgent. However, the path forward is not without hope, as we have the knowledge and resources to implement effective strategies to mitigate and adapt to the changing climate.One of the primary drivers of climate change is the burning of fossil fuels, which releases large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. To combat this, a shift towards renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, is essential. Governments, businesses, and individuals must collaborate to invest in and promote the development of these clean energy technologies. This not only reduces our carbon footprint but also creates new job opportunities and fosters economic growth in the sustainable energy sector.Another crucial aspect of addressing climate change is improving energy efficiency across various sectors, including transportation, industry, and residential buildings. By implementing energy-efficient practices, such as using LED lighting, improving insulation, and upgrading to more efficient appliances and vehicles, we can significantly reduce our overall energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Incentives and policies that encourage these sustainable practices can help drive the necessary changes.Deforestation is another significant contributor to climate change, as the clearing of forests reduces the planet's ability to absorb and store carbon dioxide. Protecting and restoring forests, as well as promoting sustainable land-use practices, are vital components of a comprehensive climate action plan. Initiatives such as reforestation, sustainable forestry management, and the preservation of natural habitats can help mitigate the devastating effects of deforestation.In addition to addressing the root causes of climate change, adaptation strategies are crucial to build resilience and prepare for the unavoidable impacts. This includes investing in infrastructure that can withstand the effects of climate change, such as sea walls, flood-resistant buildings, and disaster response systems. Governments and communities must also develop comprehensive disaster management plans to ensure the safety and well-being of theircitizens in the face of extreme weather events.The role of individuals in the fight against climate change cannot be overstated. Simple lifestyle changes, such as reducing energy consumption, adopting sustainable transportation options, and minimizing waste, can have a significant collective impact. Furthermore, engaging in advocacy and supporting policies that prioritize environmental protection can help drive larger-scale change.Addressing climate change also requires a global collaborative effort. International agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, provide a framework for countries to work together to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable development. Strengthening these agreements and ensuring their effective implementation is crucial to achieving meaningful progress.In conclusion, combating climate change requires a multifaceted approach that combines technological advancements, policy changes, and individual actions. By embracing a sustainable future and working together as a global community, we can mitigate the devastating effects of climate change and create a more resilient and prosperous world for generations to come. The time to act is now, and the responsibility lies with all of us to make the necessary changes to secure a better future for our planet.。

新时代交互式英语视听说 4 翻译

新时代交互式英语视听说 4 翻译1~6单元整理Unit 11.Some immigrate to a new land just for economic reasons, others for adventurous motivation, and still others for the values that might more suit their own ideals.一些人出于冒险的动机，还有一些人是认为那儿的价值观与他们的理想比较吻合2.In order to escape starvation and war in their respective homelands ,waves of immigrants bring into developed countries not just menial jobs ,but also in new ideas and high-tech skills ,thus making them more productive.(而且带来了新思想、高科技，结果使这些国家生产力更强)3.A majority of college graduates see employment after graduation as an option to embrace the opportunities to earn enough to live a decent life.(遇到挣钱过好日子的机会)4.The book was published in 1978 ,it was subsequently translated into five languages.(后来相继被翻译成五种语言)5.He showed me a picture of my old classmates in hope that I might recognize her.(希望我能认出她)6/Initially , I felt shy and insecure about my job, and I sacrificed my weekends just to get myself familiar with my work and sharpen my skills.(起初我害羞，对工作不自信)7.Among all those charming and beautiful girls , I felt completely out of place and ended up in early departure from the party.（我觉得自己完全格格不入，结果早早离开了晚会。

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介绍大学校园学生逃课的现象英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1IntroductionIn recent years, the phenomenon of college students skipping classes has become increasingly common on campus. Students often find various reasons to justify skipping classes, such as feeling tired, lack of interest in the subject, or simply wanting to relax. This trend is concerning as it can have a negative impact on students' academic performance and overall development. In this essay, we will explore the reasons behind this phenomenon and its consequences, as well as discuss possible solutions to address it.Reasons for Skipping ClassesThere are several reasons why college students choose to skip classes. One common reason is that students may feel overwhelmed by the workload and pressure of academic life. As a result, they may prioritize other activities over attending classes. Additionally, some students may lack motivation or interest in certain subjects, leading them to skip classes in favor of pursuingother interests. The rise of technology and social media has also played a role in encouraging students to skip classes, as they may be easily distracted by their phones or computers.Consequences of Skipping ClassesSkipping classes can have serious consequences for college students. One of the most obvious consequences is that it can lead to a decline in academic performance. By missing classes, students may fall behind in their coursework and struggle to keep up with the material. This can result in lower grades and a negative impact on their overall GPA. In addition, skipping classes can also prevent students from fully engaging with the material and developing a deep understanding of the subject. This can hinder their ability to succeed in future courses and in their chosen career field.Furthermore, skipping classes can have a social impact on students. By missing classes, students may miss out on valuable interactions with their peers and professors. This can limit their ability to form connections and network with others, which are important skills for success in the professional world. In addition, skipping classes can also lead to a sense of isolation and disconnection from the campus community, which can have negative effects on students' mental health and well-being.Solutions to Address the IssueTo address the issue of students skipping classes, colleges and universities must take proactive steps to encourage attendance and engagement. One possible solution is to implement attendance policies that hold students accountable for their attendance. By setting clear expectations and consequences for missing classes, colleges can incentivize students to prioritize their academic responsibilities.In addition, colleges can provide support services to help students manage their workload and academic stress. This can include offering tutoring services, study groups, and mental health resources to help students navigate the challenges of college life. Colleges can also encourage faculty to create engaging and interactive classroom environments that promote student participation and interest in the material.Furthermore, colleges can utilize technology to track attendance and communicate with students about the importance of attendance. By sending reminders and notifications about upcoming classes, colleges can help students stay on track and remain accountable for their attendance.ConclusionIn conclusion, the phenomenon of college students skipping classes is a concerning trend that has the potential to hinder students' academic performance and overall development. By understanding the reasons behind this phenomenon and implementing proactive solutions, colleges can help students prioritize their academic responsibilities and succeed in their academic and professional pursuits. Through collaboration and support, colleges can create a campus environment that encourages attendance and engagement, leading to positive outcomes for students and the institution as a whole.篇2Introduction:Skipping classes in college has become a common phenomenon among students. There are various reasons behind this behavior, including lack of interest in the subject, personal issues, or simply wanting to have some free time. In this essay, we will explore the reasons why students skip classes, the consequences of this behavior, and possible solutions to address the issue.Reasons why students skip classes:1. Lack of interest in the subject: One of the main reasons why students skip classes is that they are not interested in the subject being taught. They may find the lectures boring or too difficult to understand, leading them to lose motivation to attend classes.2. Personal issues: Another common reason for students skipping classes is personal issues such as health problems, family emergencies, or mental health issues. These issues can make it difficult for students to focus on their studies and attend classes regularly.3. Wanting to have free time: Some students skip classes simply because they want to have some free time to relax, hang out with friends, or do other activities. They may feel overwhelmed by the academic workload and need a break from their studies.Consequences of skipping classes:1. Poor academic performance: Skipping classes can have a negative impact on students' academic performance. They may miss important information or assignments, leading to lower grades and a lack of understanding of the course material.2. Decreased motivation: Continuously skipping classes can decrease students' motivation to study and succeed in their academic endeavors. They may start to lose interest in their education and feel disconnected from their classmates and professors.3. Missed opportunities: By skipping classes, students may miss out on valuable learning opportunities, networking events, or guest lectures that could help them in their future careers. They may also miss the chance to build relationships with their peers and professors.Possible solutions:1. Increase engagement: Colleges can increase student engagement by offering more interactive and interesting classes that cater to students' interests and learning styles. This can help students stay motivated and invested in their education.2. Provide support services: Colleges can provide support services such as counseling, tutoring, and mental health resources to help students overcome personal issues that may be impacting their attendance. This can help students stay on track and succeed in their studies.3. Encourage attendance: Colleges can encourage attendance by implementing attendance policies, rewarding students for good attendance, and providing incentives for students to attend classes regularly. This can help students understand the importance of attending classes and staying committed to their education.In conclusion, skipping classes in college is a common issue that can have negative consequences on students' academic performance and motivation. By understanding the reasons behind this behavior and implementing solutions to address the issue, colleges can help students stay engaged, motivated, and successful in their academic endeavors.篇3IntroductionAs students in the bustling atmosphere of a college campus, it is a common temptation to skip classes. The reasons for this behavior are varied and can range from feeling overwhelmed with assignments to simply wanting to take a break and relax. However, the act of skipping classes, also known as truancy, can have negative consequences on a student's academic performance and overall learning experience. In this essay, wewill explore the phenomenon of students skipping classes on college campuses, the reasons behind it, and the possible solutions to address this issue.Reasons for Skipping ClassesThere are several reasons why students may choose to skip classes on a college campus. One of the most common reasons is that students feel overwhelmed with their workload and believe that skipping a class will give them more time to complete assignments or study for upcoming exams. Additionally, some students may find certain classes boring or uninteresting, which can lead to a lack of motivation to attend. Other reasons may include personal issues, such as health problems or family emergencies, that prevent a student from attending class.Consequences of Skipping ClassesSkipping classes can have serious consequences for students. Firstly, it can negatively impact a student's academic performance as they miss out on important lectures, discussions, and assignments. This can lead to lower grades and a lack of understanding of course material. Additionally, truancy can also result in disciplinary action from professors or college administration, such as being marked as absent or even failing the course. Furthermore, students who skip classes regularly maydevelop a habit of procrastination and laziness, which can hinder their overall academic progress.Solutions to Address TruancyTo address the issue of students skipping classes on college campuses, it is important for both students and professors to take proactive measures. Firstly, students should be encouraged to communicate with their professors if they are struggling with their workload or have personal issues that prevent them from attending class. Professors can also help by providing support and guidance to students who are struggling academically. Additionally, colleges can implement programs and initiatives to promote attendance and engagement, such as attendance policies, student support services, and mentoring programs.ConclusionIn conclusion, the phenomenon of students skipping classes on college campuses is a concerning issue that can have negative consequences on a student's academic performance and overall learning experience. By understanding the reasons for truancy, its consequences, and implementing effective solutions, we can work towards creating a positive and engaging learning environment for all students on college campuses. It isessential for both students and professors to work together to address this issue and promote academic success for all.。

给市长写一封信环境问题英语作文

给市长写一封信环境问题英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Dear Mayor Johnson,I am writing to you today as a concerned student and resident of our city. Over the past few years, I have become increasingly aware of the environmental challenges we are facing, and I feel compelled to share my thoughts and suggestions with you.One of the most pressing issues in our community is air pollution. As a student, I often find myself walking or biking to school, and the poor air quality is not only unpleasant but also poses serious health risks. The excessive number of vehicles on our roads, coupled with emissions from factories and power plants, has created a smog that lingers over our city like a thick blanket. This air pollution can lead to respiratory problems, exacerbate existing conditions like asthma, and even contribute to the development of lung cancer.Furthermore, the lack of green spaces within our city limits is concerning. Parks and urban forests not only providerecreational opportunities but also play a crucial role in improving air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. Unfortunately, many of our existing green spaces have been sacrificed for the sake of urban development, leaving our city feeling increasingly concrete and lifeless.Another issue that weighs heavily on my mind is waste management. Our city's landfills are rapidly reaching capacity, and the amount of waste we generate continues to grow at an alarming rate. As a student, I witness firsthand the excessive use of single-use plastics in cafeterias and the general lack of recycling initiatives in schools. This not only contributes to the landfill problem but also perpetuates a culture of wastefulness that will have lasting effects on our environment.Climate change is also a significant concern for me and my peers. The effects of rising global temperatures, such as more frequent and intense natural disasters, sea-level rise, and disruptions to ecosystems, are already being felt around the world. While our city may not be directly impacted by some of these consequences, we have a responsibility to be part of the solution and reduce our carbon footprint.With these issues in mind, I would like to propose a few suggestions for your consideration:Invest in public transportation and incentivize its use: By improving our city's public transportation system and offering incentives for commuters to use it, we can significantly reduce the number of vehicles on the road and, consequently, lower our emissions and air pollution levels.Implement a comprehensive recycling program: A city-wide recycling initiative, coupled with educational campaigns to raise awareness about the importance of reducing waste, could go a long way in minimizing the strain on our landfills and promoting a more sustainable lifestyle.Enhance green spaces and urban forests: Allocate more resources towards developing and maintaining parks, urban forests, and other green spaces within our city limits. Not only will this improve air quality, but it will also provide recreational opportunities for residents and contribute to the overall aesthetic appeal of our community.Promote energy efficiency and renewable energy sources: Encourage the use of energy-efficient practices in both residential and commercial settings, and explore the possibility of investing in renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power. This will not only reduce our carbon footprint but also have long-term economic benefits.Engage the community, especially the youth: Involve students and community members in environmental initiatives and decision-making processes. By fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility, we can cultivate a culture of environmental stewardship that will endure for generations to come.I understand that addressing these issues will require significant resources and a concerted effort from various stakeholders. However, I firmly believe that the long-term benefits of a healthier environment and a more sustainable future for our city outweigh the immediate costs and challenges.As students, we are the future leaders and inheritors of this planet. It is our responsibility to ensure that the decisions made today do not compromise the ability of future generations to thrive. I implore you, Mayor Johnson, to prioritize environmental concerns and take bold, decisive action to protect our city and its residents.Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to seeing positive changes in our community and being part of the solution to the environmental challenges we face.Sincerely,[Your Name]篇2Dear Mayor Johnson,I am writing to you today as a concerned student and citizen about the pressing environmental issues facing our city. As I'm sure you're aware, the threat of climate change and environmental degradation is one of the greatest challenges of our time, with far-reaching consequences for our community's health, economy, and way of life.To begin, I want to express my gratitude for the steps our city has already taken to address environmental concerns, such as the recent investment in renewable energy sources and the expansion of our public transportation system. However, I believe there is still much more that can and must be done to secure a sustainable future for our city and its residents.One of the most pressing issues, in my opinion, is the problem of air pollution. As a student, I walk or take the bus to school every day, and I can't help but notice the thick haze that often hangs over our city, particularly during rush hour traffic. This poor air quality not only affects my ability to breathe easily, but also poses serious health risks, especially for vulnerablepopulations like children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions.I would urge you to consider implementing stricter emissions standards for vehicles and industrial facilities, as well as investing in more green spaces and urban forests to help filter pollutants from the air. Additionally, promoting and incentivizing the use of electric vehicles and other low-emission transportation options could go a long way in reducing our city's carbon footprint and improving air quality.Another area of concern for me is the issue of waste management. As a student, I see firsthand the staggering amount of waste produced by my school and fellow students every day, from plastic water bottles and food packaging to paper and electronics. This not only contributes to the growing problem of overflowing landfills, but also represents a missed opportunity for recycling and reusing valuable resources.I would encourage the city to expand and improve its recycling programs, making them more accessible anduser-friendly for residents and businesses alike. Furthermore, promoting composting initiatives and educating the public about the importance of reducing, reusing, and recycling could help instill a more sustainable mindset in our community.Beyond these specific issues, I believe it is crucial for our city to take a proactive and comprehensive approach to environmental sustainability. This could involve developing a long-term sustainability plan that addresses everything from energy efficiency and water conservation to green building practices and sustainable agriculture.Engaging with local schools and universities to educate students and promote environmental awareness and stewardship could also be a valuable investment in our city's future. After all, we are the next generation of leaders, and it is our responsibility to protect and preserve the planet for those who will come after us.Of course, addressing environmental issues is not without its challenges and will require significant resources and cooperation from various stakeholders, including businesses, residents, and government agencies. However, I firmly believe that thelong-term benefits of a sustainable and eco-friendly city far outweigh the short-term costs and inconveniences.By taking bold and decisive action now, we can not only mitigate the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation, but also position our city as a leader in sustainability, attracting new businesses, residents, andinvestment opportunities. Additionally, a cleaner and healthier environment will improve the overall quality of life for all of our citizens, fostering a stronger sense of community and pride in our city.In closing, I urge you to prioritize environmental issues and sustainability in your agenda as mayor. The future of our city, and indeed our planet, depends on the choices we make today. As a student and a concerned citizen, I am committed to doing my part, but I also call upon you and our city's leadership to take decisive and meaningful action to address these pressing concerns.Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to seeing our city take meaningful steps towards a more sustainable and eco-friendly future.Sincerely,[Your Name]篇3Dear Mayor Johnson,I am writing to you today as a concerned student and resident of our city. Over the past few years, I have becomeincreasingly alarmed by the environmental issues facing our community, and I feel compelled to bring these matters to your attention in hopes of inspiring positive change.One of the most pressing concerns is the problem of air pollution. As I walk to school each morning, I cannot help but notice the thick haze that hangs over our city streets. The exhaust fumes from the countless cars and buses clogging our roads have created a dense smog that not only obscures our view but also poses a serious threat to our health. Studies have shown that prolonged exposure to air pollution can lead to respiratory problems, heart disease, and even lung cancer.Furthermore, the air quality in our city's parks and green spaces is also being compromised by the influx of industrial emissions from nearby factories. These once-pristine natural havens, which should offer a respite from the urban chaos, now reek of chemical fumes and smoke. It is a disheartening sight to see children playing amid this toxic atmosphere, unaware of the potential dangers they face.Another major concern is the issue of waste management. Our city's landfills are overflowing with discarded plastics, electronic waste, and other non-biodegradable materials. This not only contributes to the pollution of our soil and groundwaterbut also creates an unsightly blight on our otherwise beautiful landscape. Additionally, the improper disposal of hazardous waste poses a significant risk to the wildlife that inhabits the surrounding areas.Moreover, the lack of effective recycling programs in our city exacerbates this problem. Many residents, myself included, are often left with no choice but to discard recyclable materials due to the absence of convenient collection systems. This is a missed opportunity to reduce our environmental footprint and promote sustainable practices.Water pollution is another area of concern that cannot be ignored. The rivers and streams that once flowed pristinely through our city have become murky and contaminated with industrial runoff and sewage. This not only endangers the aquatic life that depends on these waterways but also poses a health risk to those who rely on these sources for drinking water or recreational activities.Climate change is also a looming threat that demands our immediate attention. The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as heat waves, droughts, and floods, are clear indicators that our planet is undergoing significant climatic shifts. These changes have already haddevastating consequences on our city's agriculture, infrastructure, and public health.I understand that addressing these issues is a complex and multifaceted task that requires the cooperation of various stakeholders, including local businesses, community organizations, and individual citizens. However, as the mayor of our city, you are in a unique position to spearhead this effort and implement policies that prioritize environmental protection and sustainable development.To tackle the air pollution crisis, I implore you to consider implementing stricter emission standards for vehicles and industries operating within our city limits. Additionally, investing in public transportation infrastructure and incentivizing the use of electric or hybrid vehicles could significantly reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and improve air quality.With regards to waste management, establishing comprehensive recycling programs and promoting public education campaigns could go a long way in reducing the strain on our landfills and fostering a more environmentally conscious community. Partnering with local businesses to implement sustainable packaging and waste reduction initiatives could also yield positive results.To address water pollution, I urge you to work closely with environmental agencies and industry leaders to enforce stricter regulations on the discharge of pollutants into our waterways. Investing in modern wastewater treatment facilities and promoting the use of eco-friendly agricultural practices could also help mitigate this issue.In the fight against climate change, our city could take a leadership role by transitioning to renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. Encouraging energy-efficient building practices and promoting green initiatives in schools and public spaces could also raise awareness and inspire individuals to reduce their carbon footprints.I understand that implementing these changes may require significant resources and political will. However, the long-term benefits of a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable environment far outweigh the initial costs and challenges. By taking decisive action now, we can ensure that our city remains a livable and prosperous place for generations to come.I implore you, Mayor Johnson, to make environmental protection a top priority during your term in office. Our city's future depends on the choices we make today. Let us worktogether to create a greener, more sustainable community that we can all be proud of.Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to your response and to witnessing the positive changes that can arise from a collective commitment to environmental stewardship.Sincerely,[Your Name]。

曼昆经济学题库chapter24

Chapter 24The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate DemandMULTIPLE CHOICE1. Fiscal policy affects the economya. only in the short run.b. only in the long run.c. in both the short and long run.d. in neither the short nor long run.ANSWER: c. in both the short and long run.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.02. Which of the following is not a reason the aggregate demand curve slopes downward? As the price level increasesa. real wages decline.b. real wealth declines.c. the interest rate increases.d. the exchange rate increases.ANSWER: a. real wages decline.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.13. For the U.S. economy, which of the following is the most important reason for the downward slope of the aggregate-demand curve?a. the wealth effectb. the interest-rate effectc. the exchange-rate effectd. the real-wage effectANSWER: b. the interest-rate effectTYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.14. Which of the following reasons for the downward slope of the aggregate demand curve would likely be moreimportant for a small economy than for the United States?a. the wealth effectb. the interest-rate effectc. the exchange-rate effectd. the real-wage effectANSWER: c. the exchange-rate effectTYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.15. Which of the following is not a response that would result from a decrease in the price level and so help to explainthe slope of the aggregate demand curve?a. When interest rates fall, Sleepwell Hotels decides to build some new hotels.b. The exchange rate falls, so French restaurants in Paris buy more Iowa pork.c. Janet feels wealthier because of the price drop and so she decides to remodel her bathroom.d. With prices down and wages fixed by contract, Gatekeeper Computers decides to lay off workers. ANSWER: d. With prices down and wages fixed by contract, Gatekeeper Computers decides to lay off workers. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.16. The wealth effect helps explain the downward slope of the aggregate demand curve. This effect isa. relatively important in the United States because expenditures on consumer durables is very responsive tochanges in wealth.b. relatively important in the United States because consumption spending is a large part of GDP.c. relatively unimportant in the United States because money holdings are a small part of consumer wealth.d. relatively unimportant because it takes a large change in wealth to make a significant change in interest rates. ANSWER: c. relatively unimportant in the United States because money holdings are a small part of consumer wealth. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.1565566 Chapter 21/The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand 7. Which of the following claims concerning the importance of effects that explain the slope of the aggregate demandcurve is correct?a. The exchange-rate effect is relatively small because exports and imports are a small part of real GDP.b. The interest-rate effect is relatively small because investment spending is not very responsive to interest ratechanges.c. The wealth effect is relatively large because money holdings are a significant portion of most households’ wealth.d. None of the above is correct.ANSWER: a. The exchange-rate effect is relatively small because exports and imports are a small part of real GDP. TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.18. Liquid ity preference refers directly to Keynes’ theory concerninga. the effects of changes in money demand and supply on interest rates.b. the effects of changes in money demand and supply on exchange rates.c. the effects of wealth on expenditures.d. the difference between temporary and permanent changes in income.ANSWER: a. the effects of changes in money demand and supply on interest rates.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.19. According to liquidity preference theory, equilibrium in the money market is achieved by adjustments ina. the price level.b. the interest ratec. the exchange rated. real wealth.ANSWER: b. the interest rateTYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.110. Liquidity preference theory is most relevant to thea. short run and supposes that the price level adjusts to bring money supply and money demand into balance.b. short run and supposes that the interest rate adjusts to bring money supply and money demand into balance.c. long run and supposes that the price level adjusts to bring money supply and money demand into balance.d. long run and supposes that the interest rate adjusts to bring money supply and money demand into balance. ANSWER: b. short run and supposes that the interest rate adjusts to bring money supply and money demand into balance.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.111. If expected inflation is constant, then when the nominal interest rate increases, the real interest ratea. increases by more than the change in the nominal interest rate.b. increases by the change in the nominal interest rate.c. decreases by the change in the nominal interest rate.d. decreases by more than the change in the nominal interest rate.ANSWER: b. increases by the change in the nominal interest rate.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.112. If expected inflation is constant and the nominal interest rate increased 3 percentage points, the real interest ratewoulda. increase 3 percentage points.b. increase, but by less than 3 percentage points.c. decrease, but by less than 3 percentage points.d. decrease by 3 percentage points.ANSWER: a. increase 3 percentage points.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.113. The theory of liquidity preference assumes that the nominal supply of money is determined by thea. level of real GDP.b. rate of inflation.c. interest rate.d. the Federal Reserve.ANSWER: d. the Federal Reserve.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.1Chapter 21/The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand 56714. According to the theory of liquidity preference, the money supply isa. positively related to the interest rate.b. negatively related to the interest rate.c. independent of the interest rate.d. negatively related to both the interest rate and the price level.ANSWER: c. independent of the interest rate.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.115. According to liquidity preference theory, the money supply curve isa. upward sloping.b. downward sloping.c. vertical.d. horizontal.ANSWER: c. vertical.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.116. According to liquidity preference theory, the money supply curve would shift righta. if the money demand curve shifted right.b. only if the Federal Reserve chose to increase it.c. if the interest rate increased.d. if the price level fell or the interest rate decreased.ANSWER: b. only if the Federal Reserve chose to increase it.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.117. According to liquidity preference theory, the money supply curve would shift if the Feda. engaged in open-market transactions.b. changed the discount rate.c. changed the reserve requirement.d. did any of the above.ANSWER: d. did any of the above.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.118. When the Fed buys government bonds, the reserves of the banking systema. increase, so the money supply increases.b. increase, so the money supply decreases.c. decrease, so the money supply increases.d. decrease, so the money supply decreases.ANSWER: a. increase, so the money supply increases.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.119. Liquidity refers toa. the relation between the price and interest rate of an asset.b. the risk of an asset relative to its selling price.c. the ease with which an asset is converted into a medium of exchange.d. the sensitivity of investment spending to changes in the interest rate.ANSWER: c. the ease with which an asset is converted into a medium of exchange.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.120. Which of the following is the most liquid asset?a. capital goodsb. stocks and bonds with a low riskc. stocks and bonds with a high riskd. funds in a checking accountANSWER: d. funds in a checking accountTYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.1568 Chapter 21/The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand21. People own or hold money primarily because ita. has a guaranteed nominal return.b. serves as a store of value.c. can directly be used to buy goods and services.d. functions as a unit of account.ANSWER: c. can directly be used to buy goods and services.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.122. When the interest rate increases, the opportunity cost of holding moneya. increases, so the quantity of money demanded increases.b. increases, so the quantity of money demanded decreases.c. decreases, so the quantity of money demanded increases.d. decreases, so the quantity of money demanded decreases.ANSWER: b. increases, so the quantity of money demanded decreases.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.123. When the interest rate decreases, the opportunity cost of holding moneya. increases, so the quantity of money demanded increases.b. increases, so the quantity of money demanded decreases.c. decreases, so the quantity of money demanded increases.d. decreases, so the quantity of money demanded decreases.ANSWER: d. decreases, so the quantity of money demanded decreases.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.124. The opportunity cost of holding moneya. decreases when the interest rate increases, so people desire to hold more of it.b. decreases when the interest rate increases, so people desire to hold less of it.c. increases when the interest rate increases, so people desire to hold more of it.d. increases when the interest rate increases, so people desire to hold less of it.ANSWER: d. increases when the interest rate increases, so people desire to hold less of it.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.125. According to liquidity preference theory, the opportunity cost of holding money isa. the interest rate on bonds.b. the inflation rate.c. the cost of converting bonds to a medium of exchange.d. the difference between the inflation rate and the interest rate on bonds.ANSWER: a. the interest rate on bonds.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.126. According to liquidity preference theory, the money demand curve is downward sloping becausea. interest rates rise as the Fed reduces the quantity of money demanded.b. interest rates fall as the Fed reduces the supply of money.c. people will want to hold less money as the cost of doing so falls.d. people will want to hold more money as the cost of doing so falls.ANSWER: d. people will want to hold more money as the cost of doing so falls.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.127. According to the theory of liquidity preference, which variable adjusts to balance the supply and demand for money?a. interest rateb. money supplyc. quantity of outputd. price levelANSWER: a. interest rateTYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.1Chapter 21/The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand 569 For the following four questions consult the diagram below:28. If the current interest rate is 2 percent,a. there is excess money supply.b. people will sell more bonds, which drives interest rates up.c. as the money market moves to equilibrium, people will buy more goods.d. All of the above are correct.ANSWER: b. people will sell more bonds, which drives interest rates up.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.129. There is excess money demand at an interest rate ofa. 2 percent.b. 3 percent.c. 4 percent.d. None of the above are correct.ANSWER: a. 2 percent.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY 1 SECTION 34.130. At an interest rate of 4 percent there is excessa. money demand equal to the distance between a andb.b. money demand equal to the distance between b andc.c. money supply equal to the distance between b and a.d. money supply equal to the distance between c and b.ANSWER: c. money supply equal to the distance between b and a.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.131. Which of the following is correct?a. If the interest rate is 4 percent, there is excess money demand, and the interest rate will fall.b. If the interest rate is 3 percent, there is excess money supply, and the interest rate will rise.c. If the interest rate is 4 percent, the demand for goods will rise when the money market is in its new equilibrium.d. None of the above is correct.ANSWER: c. If the interest rate is 4 percent, the demand for goods will rise when the money market is in its new equilibrium.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.132. According to liquidity preference theory, if the quantity of money demanded is greater than the quantity supplied,the interest rate willa. increase and the quantity of money demanded will decrease.b. increase and the quantity of money demanded will increase.c. decrease and the quantity of money demanded will decrease.d. decrease and the quantity of money demanded will increase.ANSWER: a. increase and the quantity of money demanded will decrease.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.1570 Chapter 21/The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand 33. According to liquidity preference theory, if the quantity of money supplied is greater than the quantity demandedthe interest rate willa. increase and the quantity of money demanded will decrease.b. increase and the quantity of money demanded will increase.c. decrease and the quantity of money demanded will decrease.d. decrease and the quantity of money demanded will increase.ANSWER: d. decrease and the quantity of money demanded will increase.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.134. If at some interest rate the quantity of money demanded is greater than the quantity of money supplied, people willdesire toa. sell interest-bearing assets causing the interest rate to decrease.b. sell interest-bearing assets causing the interest rate to increase.c. buy interest-bearing assets causing the interest rate to decrease.d. buy interest-bearing assets causing the interest rate to increase.ANSWER: b. sell interest-bearing assets causing the interest rate to increase.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.135. If at some interest rate the quantity of money supplied is greater than the quantity of money demanded, people willdesire toa. sell interest-bearing assets causing the interest rate to decrease.b. sell interest-bearing assets causing the interest rate to increase.c. buy interest-bearing assets causing the interest rate to decrease.d. buy interest-bearing assets causing the interest rate to increase.ANSWER: c. buy interest-bearing assets causing the interest rate to decrease.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.136. If there is excess money demand, people willa. deposit more into interest-bearing accounts, and the interest rate will fall.b. deposit more into interest-bearing accounts, and the interest rate will rise.c. withdraw money from interest-bearing accounts, and the interest rate will fall.d. withdraw money from interest-bearing accounts, and the interest rate will rise.ANSWER: d. withdraw money from interest-bearing accounts, and the interest rate will rise.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.137. If there is excess money supply, people willa. deposit more into interest-bearing accounts, and the interest rate will fall.b. deposit more into interest-bearing accounts, and the interest rate will rise.c. withdraw money from interest-bearing accounts, and the interest rate will fall.d. withdraw money from interest-bearing accounts, and the interest rate will rise.ANSWER: a. deposit more into interest-bearing accounts, and the interest rate will fall.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.138. People will want to hold more money if the price levela. or the interest rate increases.b. or the interest rate decreases.c. increases or the interest rate decreases.d. decreases or the interest rate increases.ANSWER: c. increases or the interest rate decreases.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.139. People will want to hold less money if the price levela. or the interest rate increases.b. or the interest rate decreases.c. increases or the interest rate decreases.d. decreases or the interest rate increases.ANSWER: d. decreases or the interest rate increases.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.1Chapter 21/The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand 57140. Which of the following is correct?a. Both liquidity preference and classical theory assume the interest rate adjusts to bring the money market intoequilibrium.b. Both liquidity preference and classical theory assume the price level adjusts to bring the money market intoequilibriumc. Liquidity preference theory assumes the interest rate adjusts to bring the money market into equilibrium.Classical theory assumes the price level adjusts to bring the money market into equilibrium.d. Liquidity preference theory assumes the price level adjusts to bring the money market into equilibrium. Classicaltheory assumes the interest rate adjusts to bring the money market into equilibrium.ANSWER: c. Liquidity preference theory assumes the interest rate adjusts to bring the money market into equilibrium.Classical theory assumes the price level adjusts to bring the money market into equilibrium.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.141. Changes in the interest rate bring the money market into equilibrium according toa. both liquidity preference theory and classical theory.b. neither liquidity preference theory nor classical theory.c. liquidity preference theory, but not classical theory.d. classical theory, but not liquidity preference theory.ANSWER: c. liquidity preference theory, but not classical theory.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.142. Which of the following statements is true?a. In the long run, output is determined by the amount of capital, labor, and technology; the interest rate adjusts tobalance the supply and demand for money; and the price level adjusts to balance the supply and demand forloanable funds.b. In the long run, output is determined by the amount of capital, labor, and technology; the interest rate adjusts tobalance the supply and demand for loanable funds; and the price level adjusts to balance the supply anddemand for money.c. In the long run, output is determined by the amount of capital, labor, and technology; the interest rate adjusts tobalance the supply and demand for loanable funds; and the price level is stuck.d. In the long run, output responds to the aggregate demand for goods and services; the interest rate adjusts tobalance the supply and demand for loanable funds; and the price level adjusts to balance the supply anddemand for money.ANSWER: b. In the long run, output is determined by the amount of capital, labor, and technology; the interest rate adjusts to balance the supply and demand for loanable funds; and the price level adjusts to balance thesupply and demand for money.TYPE: M SECTION 34.1 DIFFICULTY 243. Which of the following statements is true?a. In the short run, output is determined by the amount of capital, labor, and technology; the interest rate adjusts tobalance the supply and demand for money; and the price level adjusts to balance the supply and demand forloanable funds.b. In the short run, output is determined by the amount of capital, labor, and technology; the interest rate adjusts tobalance the supply and demand for loanable funds; and the price level adjusts to balance the supply anddemand for money.c. In the short run, output responds to the aggregate demand for goods and services; the interest rate adjusts tobalance the supply and demand for money; and the price level is stuck.d. In the short run, output responds to the aggregate demand for goods and services; the interest rate adjusts tobalance the supply and demand for loanable funds; and the price level adjusts to balance the supply anddemand for money.ANSWER: c. In the short run, output responds to the aggregate demand for goods and services; the interest rate adjusts to balance the supply and demand for money; and the price level is stuck.TYPE: M SECTION 34.1 DIFFICULTY 2572 Chapter 21/The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand44. The effects of the interest rate in the short run are usually best shown usinga. either liquidity preference theory or classical theory.b. neither liquidity preference theory or classical theory.c. only liquidity preference theory.d. only classical theory.ANSWER: c. only liquidity preference theory.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.145. Which of the following shifts money demand to the right?a. an increase in the price levelb. a decrease in the price levelc. an increase in the interest rated. a decrease in the interest rateANSWER: a. an increase in the price levelTYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.146. Which of the following shifts money demand to the left?a. an increase in the price levelb. a decrease in the price levelc. an increase in the interest rated. a decrease in the interest rateANSWER: b. a decrease in the price levelTYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.147. Which of the following shifts money demand to the right?a. an increase in either the price level or the interest rateb. an increase in the price level or a decrease in the interest ratec. a decrease in the interest rate but not a change in the price leveld. an increase in the price level but not a change in the interest rateANSWER: d. an increase in the price level but not a change in the interest rateTYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.148. Assume the money market is initially in equilibrium. If the price level increases, according to liquidity preferencetheory there is an excessa. supply of money until the interest rate increases.b. supply of money until the interest rate decreases.c. demand for money until the interest rate increases.d. demand for money until the interest rate decreases.ANSWER: c. demand for money until the interest rate increases.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.149. Assume the money market is initially in equilibrium. If the price level decreases, according to liquidity preferencetheory there is an excessa. supply of money until the interest rate increases.b. supply of money until the interest rate decreases.c. demand for money until the interest rate increases.d. demand for money until the interest rate decreases.ANSWER: b. supply of money until the interest rate decreases.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.150. According to liquidity preference theory if the price level increases, the equilibrium interest ratea. rises so that the aggregate quantity of goods demand rises.b. rises so that the aggregate quantity of goods demanded falls.c. falls so that the aggregate quantity of goods demanded rises.d. falls so that the aggregate quantity of goods demanded falls.ANSWER: b. rises so that the aggregate quantity of goods demanded falls.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.1Chapter 21/The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand 57351. According to liquidity preference theory, an increase in the price level shifts thea. money demand curve right so the interest rate increases.b. money demand curve right so the interest rate decreases.c. money demand curve left so the interest rate decreases.d. money demand curve left so the interest rate increases.ANSWER: a. money demand curve right so the interest rate increases.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.152. An increase in the U.S. interest ratea. induces firms to invest more.b. induces households to increase consumption.c. shifts money demand to the right.d. leads to the appreciation of the U.S. exchange rate.ANSWER: d. leads to the appreciation of the U.S. exchange rate.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.153. Which of the following responses would we expect to result from an increase in interest rates?a. Your aunt puts more money in her savings account.b. Foreign citizens decide to buy fewer U.S. bonds.c. You decide to purchase a new oven for your cookie factory.d. All of the above are correct.ANSWER: a. Your aunt puts more money in her savings account.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 1 SECTION: 21.154. According to liquidity preference theory, the price level and interest rate area. positively related as are the interest rate and aggregate demand.b. inversely related as are the interest rate and aggregate demand.c. positively related while the interest rate and aggregate demand are inversely related.d. inversely related while the interest rate and aggregate demand are positively related.ANSWER: c. positively related while the interest rate and aggregate demand are inversely related.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.155. According to liquidity preference theory, other things equal, in the short run a higher price level leads households toa. increase consumption and firms to buy more capital goods.b. increase consumption and firms to buy fewer capital goods.c. decrease consumption and firms to buy more capital goods.d. decrease consumption and firms to buy fewer capital goods.ANSWER: d. decrease consumption and firms to buy fewer capital goods.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.156. According to liquidity preference theory, an increase in the price level causes the interest rate toa. increase, which makes output demanded increase.b. increase, which makes output demanded decrease.c. decrease, which makes output demanded increase.d. decrease, which makes output demanded decrease.ANSWER: b. increase, which makes output demanded decrease.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.157. According to liquidity preference theory, a decrease in the price level causes the interest rate toa. increase, which makes output demanded increase.b. increase, which makes output demanded decrease.c. decrease, which makes output demanded increase.d. decrease, which makes output demanded decrease.ANSWER: c. decrease, which makes output demanded increase.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.1574 Chapter 21/The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand58. According to the theory of liquidity preference, an increase in the price level causes thea. interest rate and investment to rise.b. interest rate and investment to fall.c. interest rate to rise and investment to fall.d. interest rate to fall and investment to rise.ANSWER: c. interest rate to rise and investment to fall.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.159. According to theory of liquidity preference, a decrease in the price level causes thea. interest rate and investment to rise.b. interest rate and investment to fall.c. interest rate to rise and investment to fall.d. interest rate to fall and investment to rise.ANSWER: d. interest rate to fall and investment to rise.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.160. According to liquidity preference theory, people will demand fewer goods and services if the price levela. or interest rate increase.b. or interest rate decrease.c. increases or the interest rate decreases.d. decreases or the interest rate increases.ANSWER: a. or interest rate increase.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.161. The main reason the aggregate demand curve slopes downward is because as the price levela. increases, interest rates increase, and investment decreases.b. increases, interest rates decrease, and investment increases.c. decreases, interest rates increase, and investment increases.d. decreases, interest rates decrease, and investment decreases.ANSWER: a. price level increases, interest rates increase, and investment decreases.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.162. Which of the following properly describes the interest rate effect?a. As the money supply increases, the interest rate falls, so spending rises.b. As the money supply increases, the interest rate rises, so spending falls.c. As the price level increases, the interest rate falls, so spending rises.d. As the price level increases, the interest rate rises, so spending falls.ANSWER: d. As the price level increases, the interest rate rises, so spending falls.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.163. Which of the following properly describes the interest rate effect?a. A higher price level leads to higher money demand, higher money demand leads to higher interest rates, ahigher interest rate increases the quantity of goods and services demanded.b. A higher price level leads to higher money demand, higher money demand leads to lower interest rates, a higherinterest rate reduces the quantity of goods and services demanded.c. A lower price level leads to lower money demand, lower money demand leads to lower interest rates, a lowerinterest rate reduces the quantity of goods and services demanded.d. A lower price level leads to lower money demand, lower money demand leads to lower interest rates, a lowerinterest rate increases the quantity of goods and services demanded.ANSWER: d. A lower price level leads to lower money demand, lower money demand leads to lower interest rates, a lower interest rate increases the quantity of goods and services demanded.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.164. In the short run, an increase in the money supply causes interest rates toa. increase, and aggregate demand to shift right.b. increase, and aggregate demand to shift left.c. decrease, and aggregate demand to shift right.d. decrease, and aggregate demand to shift left.ANSWER: c. decrease, and aggregate demand to shift right.TYPE: M DIFFICULTY: 2 SECTION: 21.1。

汽车污染太大,用自行车出行的英语作文

汽车污染太大,用自行车出行的英语作文In recent years, the issue of excessive car pollution has become a major concern for many people around the world. With the increase in the number of vehicles on the roads, the emission of harmful gases has reached dangerous levels, posing a serious threat to the environment and public health. In order to combat this problem, more and more people are choosing to use bicycles as their primary mode of transportation.There are several reasons why using a bicycle is a much more environmentally friendly option than driving a car. Firstly, bicycles do not emit any harmful gases or pollutants into the atmosphere, making them a much cleaner and greener mode of transportation. This helps to reduce air pollution and improve the overall quality of the air we breathe. Secondly, cycling is a form of exercise that is not only good for the environment but also for our health. By cycling regularly, we can reduce our risk of developing various health conditions such as heart disease, obesity, and diabetes.Using a bicycle as a means of transportation also has other benefits, such as saving money on fuel and maintenance costs. With the rising prices of gasoline and the increasing cost of car repairs, cycling can be a much more cost-effective option in thelong run. Additionally, bicycles do not require as much space for parking as cars do, making them a more convenient choice for getting around in crowded cities.In order to encourage more people to use bicycles as a mode of transportation, governments around the world are implementing various measures to promote cycling. This includes building more bike lanes and cycling paths, providing incentives for people to purchase bikes, and promoting cycling as a sustainable and healthy lifestyle choice. By making it easier and more attractive for people to cycle, we can reduce our dependence on cars and help to reduce the harmful effects of car pollution on the environment.In conclusion, the issue of excessive car pollution is a serious problem that needs to be addressed urgently. By choosing to use bicycles as our primary mode of transportation, we can help to reduce air pollution, improve our health, and save money in the process. Cycling is not only a more environmentally friendly option than driving a car, but it is also a fun and enjoyable way to get around. So why not hop on a bike and start cycling today? Let's pedal our way towards a cleaner and healthier future for all.。

环境污染及解决办法英语作文

环境污染及解决办法英语作文英文回答：Environmental pollution is a pressing issue thataffects our planet and our well-being. It refers to the contamination of the environment by harmful substances or excessive noise, which can have detrimental effects on the health of humans, animals, and plants. There are several types of environmental pollution, including air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, and noise pollution.Air pollution is caused by the release of harmful gases and particles into the atmosphere, primarily fromindustrial activities, vehicle emissions, and the burning of fossil fuels. This can lead to respiratory problems, such as asthma, and contribute to the formation of smog and climate change.Water pollution occurs when pollutants, such as chemicals, sewage, and plastics, are discharged into bodiesof water, such as rivers, lakes, and oceans. This can contaminate drinking water sources, harm aquatic life, and disrupt ecosystems.Soil pollution refers to the contamination of soil with toxic substances, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial waste. This can affect the quality of crops, harm soil organisms, and pose risks to human health through the consumption of contaminated food.Noise pollution is the excessive or disturbing noisethat can have negative effects on human health and well-being. It can be caused by traffic, construction activities, industrial machinery, and loud music. Prolonged exposure to noise pollution can lead to hearing loss, stress, and sleep disturbances.To address these environmental pollution issues,various measures can be taken. Firstly, stricterregulations and enforcement are needed to controlindustrial emissions and ensure that companies comply with environmental standards. This can include theimplementation of emission reduction technologies and the promotion of cleaner production practices.Secondly, promoting sustainable transportation options, such as electric vehicles and public transportation, can help reduce air pollution from vehicle emissions. Additionally, encouraging individuals to adopt eco-friendly habits, such as carpooling and cycling, can contribute to reducing air pollution.Thirdly, wastewater treatment plants should be improved and expanded to effectively treat sewage and prevent water pollution. This can involve the use of advanced treatment technologies and the implementation of strict monitoring and enforcement measures.Furthermore, promoting recycling and reducing the use of single-use plastics can help mitigate water and soil pollution caused by plastic waste. This can be achieved through public education campaigns, incentives for recycling, and the development of alternative packaging materials.Lastly, noise pollution can be reduced by implementing stricter regulations on noise levels and enforcing noise control measures in residential, commercial, and industrial areas. This can include the use of noise barriers, soundproofing technologies, and the restriction of noisy activities during certain hours.In conclusion, environmental pollution is a significant problem that requires immediate attention and action. By implementing stricter regulations, promoting sustainable practices, and raising awareness among individuals, we can work towards a cleaner and healthier environment for ourselves and future generations.中文回答：环境污染是一个紧迫的问题，影响着我们的星球和我们的福祉。

新能源不久将会取代石油英语作文

新能源不久将会取代石油英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1New Energy Sources Will Soon Replace OilThe world as we know it is rapidly changing, and one of the most significant shifts happening is the transition from traditional fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. Oil has been the backbone of our global economy for decades, powering everything from transportation to manufacturing and heating. However, with the growing concerns over climate change and the depletion of finite resources, the time has come to embrace a new era of energy production and consumption.As a student studying environmental sciences, I have witnessed firsthand the detrimental effects of our reliance on oil and other fossil fuels. The burning of these non-renewable resources is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, which are directly linked to global warming and its associated consequences, such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and loss of biodiversity.Furthermore, the extraction and transportation of oil often come with significant environmental and social costs. Oil spills can devastate entire ecosystems, while the burning of oil contributes to air pollution, which has severe impacts on human health. Additionally, many oil-producing regions are plagued by conflicts, human rights abuses, and economic instability.Fortunately, the world is waking up to these challenges, and a growing number of countries are embracing renewable energy sources as a viable alternative to oil. Solar, wind, and hydroelectric power are rapidly becoming more affordable and efficient, making them increasingly attractive options for meeting our energy needs.One of the most promising developments in the renewable energy sector is the rapid advancement of solar technology. Photovoltaic (PV) cells, which convert sunlight into electricity, have become increasingly efficient and cost-effective in recent years. Large-scale solar farms are sprouting up across the globe, harnessing the abundant and renewable energy of the sun to power homes, businesses, and industries.Wind power is another renewable energy source that has gained significant traction in recent years. Massive wind turbines, both onshore and offshore, are being erected in strategiclocations to capture the power of the wind and convert it into electricity. The advantages of wind power are numerous: it is clean, renewable, and has a relatively low environmental impact compared to traditional fossil fuel-based power generation.Hydroelectric power, which harnesses the energy of flowing water to generate electricity, is another renewable energy source that has been in use for decades. While the construction of large-scale hydroelectric dams can have environmental impacts, newer technologies like run-of-river and tidal power systems offer more sustainable alternatives.Beyond these well-established renewable energy sources, there are also exciting developments in emerging technologies, such as biofuels, geothermal energy, and hydrogen fuel cells. Each of these technologies has the potential to contribute to a more diverse and sustainable energy mix, further reducing our dependence on oil and other fossil fuels.Of course, the transition to renewable energy is not without its challenges. Issues such as intermittency (the fact that solar and wind power are dependent on weather conditions), energy storage, and grid integration must be addressed. However, with continued investment in research and development, as well assupportive policies and incentives, these challenges can be overcome.Moreover, the economic case for renewable energy is becoming increasingly compelling. As the costs of renewable technologies continue to decline and the true costs of fossil fuels (including environmental and health impacts) are better accounted for, the scales are tipping in favor of clean energy sources.From an ethical standpoint, the transition to renewable energy is not only a matter of environmental stewardship but also a matter of social justice. The impacts of climate change disproportionately affect the world's most vulnerable populations, who often have the least resources to adapt and mitigate these effects. By embracing renewable energy sources, we can work towards a more sustainable and equitable future for all.As a student, I am deeply inspired by the progress being made in the field of renewable energy. I am witnessing firsthand the innovative solutions being developed by scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs to address our energy needs in a sustainable manner. From cutting-edge solar panel designs to advancedenergy storage systems and smart grid technologies, the future of energy production is being shaped right before our eyes.Moreover, the transition to renewable energy is creating new job opportunities and driving economic growth in sectors such as manufacturing, installation, and maintenance. This not only benefits the environment but also provides exciting career prospects for young people like myself, who are passionate about building a more sustainable world.In conclusion, the writing is on the wall: new energy sources will soon replace oil as the primary driver of our global economy. The imperative to address climate change, coupled with the rapidly declining costs and increasing efficiency of renewable technologies, make this transition inevitable. While challenges remain, the benefits of embracing clean energy sources are too compelling to ignore.As students and future leaders, it is our responsibility to champion this transition and advocate for policies and practices that support a sustainable energy future. We must embrace renewable energy sources not only for the sake of the environment but also for the sake of future generations who will inherit the consequences of our actions today.The time to act is now. Let us seize this opportunity to usher in a new era of energy production, one that is clean, sustainable, and equitable for all. Together, we can build a better, more sustainable world for ourselves and for generations to come.篇2New Energy Sources Will Soon Replace OilThe world as we know it is changing rapidly, and one of the most significant shifts we're witnessing is the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. For decades, oil has been the lifeblood of our global economy, powering everything from transportation to industry. However, as we grapple with the consequences of climate change and the depletion of finite resources, the urgency to find sustainable alternatives has never been greater.As a student of environmental science, I've been fascinated by the advancements in renewable energy technologies and their potential to reshape our future. From solar and wind power to geothermal and hydroelectric energy, these sources offer a clean, virtually inexhaustible supply of energy that could revolutionize the way we live and work.One of the most promising contenders to replace oil is solar energy. With rapidly improving technology and plummeting costs, solar power is becoming increasingly accessible and affordable. Massive solar farms are sprouting up across the globe, harnessing the sun's abundant energy and converting it into electricity. Additionally, innovations in solar panel design and efficiency have made it possible for homeowners and businesses to generate their own clean energy, reducing their reliance on the grid and fossil fuels.Wind power is another renewable energy source that has gained significant traction in recent years. Towering wind turbines, often clustered together in vast wind farms, capture the kinetic energy of the wind and convert it into electricity. While wind power has been around for centuries, modern turbine designs and optimized placement strategies have dramatically increased their efficiency and output. As technology continues to evolve, we can expect wind power to play an increasingly pivotal role in our energy portfolio.Geothermal energy, which harnesses the heat from the Earth's interior, is another promising alternative to oil. By tapping into this virtually inexhaustible source of energy, we can generate electricity and heat homes and businesses withoutcontributing to greenhouse gas emissions. While geothermal energy is still in its early stages of development, its potential is immense, particularly in regions with high geothermal activity.Hydroelectric power, derived from the flow of water, has long been a reliable source of renewable energy. While the construction of large-scale hydroelectric dams can have environmental impacts, newer technologies like run-of-river systems and tidal power offer more sustainable solutions. As we continue to explore innovative ways to harness the power of water, hydroelectric energy could play a significant role in our transition away from oil.Beyond these well-established renewable energy sources, researchers are also exploring cutting-edge technologies like biofuels, which convert organic matter into fuel, and hydrogen fuel cells, which generate electricity through a chemical reaction involving hydrogen and oxygen. While these technologies are still in their infancy, they hold immense promise for a future where we no longer rely on finite fossil fuels.Of course, the transition to renewable energy sources is not without its challenges. Intermittency, storage, and transmission issues are among the hurdles that must be overcome. However, with continued investment in research and development, as wellas a concerted effort to build the necessary infrastructure, these obstacles can be surmounted.Moreover, the economic and environmental benefits of embracing renewable energy are too compelling to ignore. By shifting away from oil, we can reduce our carbon footprint, mitigate the impacts of climate change, and create a more sustainable future for generations to come. Additionally, the renewable energy industry is a rapidly growing sector, offering countless job opportunities and economic growth potential.As a young person deeply concerned about the state of our planet, I am heartened by the progress we've made in developing and adopting renewable energy sources. However, the journey towards a truly sustainable future is far from over. It will require a collective effort from governments, industries, and individuals alike to prioritize clean energy solutions and make the necessary investments to bring them to scale.In my lifetime, I fully expect to witness the day when renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and geothermal power overtake oil as the dominant sources of energy worldwide. It won't happen overnight, but the writing is on the wall: fossil fuels are a relic of the past, and the future belongs to clean, sustainable energy.As students and future leaders, it is our responsibility to embrace this transition and actively participate in shaping a world where energy is abundant, clean, and accessible to all. We must advocate for policies that incentivize renewable energy adoption, support research and development in emerging technologies, and make conscious choices in our daily lives to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels.The road ahead may be challenging, but the rewards of a sustainable, oil-free future are immeasurable. By harnessing the power of the sun, wind, earth, and water, we can create a world where energy is no longer a finite resource, but an infinite source of possibility. It is a future worth fighting for, and one that I am eager to help create.篇3New Energy Sources Will Soon Replace OilThe world we live in today is heavily dependent on oil and other fossil fuels for energy. From powering our vehicles and heating our homes to generating electricity and manufacturing countless products, oil has become ingrained into nearly every aspect of modern life. However, as we continue to grapple with the consequences of burning these non-renewable resources,such as climate change, air pollution, and dwindling supplies, it has become increasingly clear that we need to transition towards cleaner, more sustainable energy sources. Among the various alternatives being explored, renewable energies like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power stand out as the most promising candidates to eventually replace oil as our primary energy source.One of the key advantages of renewable energy sources is their abundance and accessibility. Unlike oil, which is a finite resource concentrated in specific geographical regions, sources like sunlight, wind, and water are virtually inexhaustible and widely available across the globe. This not only ensures a more stable and secure energy supply but also promotes energy independence for nations that lack significant oil reserves.Furthermore, renewable energy technologies have undergone remarkable advancements in recent years, making them increasingly cost-competitive with traditional fossil fuels. The cost of solar panels, for instance, has plummeted by over 80% in the last decade, making solar energy more affordable than ever before. Similarly, the efficiency of wind turbines has improved significantly, allowing them to generate more electricity from the same amount of wind.Despite these promising developments, the transition to renewable energy sources is not without its challenges. One of the primary obstacles is the intermittent nature of some renewable sources, such as solar and wind power. Unlike oil, which can be burned on demand, the availability of sunlight and wind is subject to fluctuations based on weather patterns and time of day. This variability in energy production can pose challenges for grid stability and reliability.However, advancements in energy storage technologies, such as improved batteries and pumped-hydro storage systems, are helping to mitigate this issue. By storing excess energy generated during periods of high production, these systems can provide a reliable backup when renewable sources are not available.Another concern often raised is the land area required for large-scale renewable energy projects. While it is true that solar and wind farms can occupy significant swaths of land, it is important to note that these areas can often be repurposed for other uses, such as agriculture or wildlife habitats. Additionally, offshore wind farms and rooftop solar installations can help reduce the land footprint.Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of transitioning to renewable energy sources are too significant to ignore. Beyond their environmental advantages, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, renewable energy sources can also contribute to economic growth and job creation. The development, manufacturing, and installation of renewable energy technologies have already created millions of jobs worldwide, and this number is expected to continue growing as the demand for clean energy increases.Moreover, the shift towards renewable energy can enhance energy security and reduce dependence on imported oil, which can be subject to geopolitical tensions and price volatility. By harnessing domestic renewable resources, nations can insulate themselves from these external factors and enjoy a more stable and reliable energy supply.As we look towards the future, it is clear that the world's energy landscape is undergoing a profound transformation. While oil has been the dominant energy source for over a century, the rapidly evolving renewable energy technologies, combined with growing concerns over climate change and the finite nature of fossil fuels, are paving the way for a cleaner, more sustainable energy future.In conclusion, while the transition to renewable energy sources may not happen overnight, the momentum is undeniable. With continued investment, research, and policy support, it is highly likely that within the next few decades, renewable energies like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power will surpass oil as the world's primary energy source. This shift not only holds the promise of a cleaner, healthier environment but also presents opportunities for economic growth, job creation, and enhanced energy security. As students and future leaders, it is our responsibility to embrace this transition and actively participate in shaping a more sustainable energy future for generations to come.。

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Uzun and Zheng
I.
INTRODUCTION
CEO stock options are typically granted at-the-money, where the exercise price of the option is set at the market price on the grant date. Lower share price on the grant date and price appreciation afterwards can help managers profit from their option compensation. Previous research suggests that managers can pursue a variety of opportunistic managerial behaviors to increase the value of their option grants, including backdating option grants to periods of lower share prices (Yermack, 1997; Aboody and Kasznik, 2000; Chauvin and Shenoy, 2001; Lie, 2005; Heron and Liei 2007; and Narayanan and Seyhun, 2006), or decreasing earnings to suppress share price when options are granted (Baker, Collins, and Reitenga, 2003; Cheng and Warfield, 2005; Bergstresser and Philippon, 2006; Comett, Marcus, and Tehranian, 2008; McAnally, Srivastava, and Weaver, 2008). In other words, newly granted options induce CEOs to engage in either option backdating or downwards earnings management. But CEOs' option portfolios do not include only newly granted options. In addition to new options granted in the current year, CEOs' option portfolios also have vested and unvested outstanding options that CEOs retain from their grants in previous years. These two elements can also motivate CEOs to pursue self-interest. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine how various elements of CEOs' option portfolios create conflicting incentives for both earnings management and option backdating, and investigate the link between the two opportunistic behaviors in order to explain the effects. We examine a sample of 9,568 CEO-year observations in Standard & Poor's Execucomp database from 1992 through 2005, among which 685 CEO years are labeled as the potential backdaters according to the methodology in Collins, Gong and Li (2009), and 8,883 CEO years are labeled as the benchmark firms. We first test the effects of various elements of CEOs' option portfolios on accrual-based earnings management and the occurrence of backdating separately. Given the confiicting effects of various option elements on both earnings management and option backdating, we then examine the link between these two opportunistic actions in order to explain the effects. Our main findings are as the following. We find that higher incentives from newly granted options are associated with income-decreasing earnings management and higher incidence of backdating, whereas higher incentives from unvested options are related to income-increasing earnings management and lower incidence of backdating. However, incentives from vested options have an insignificant effect on both earnings management and backdating. We ftirther , show that negative total accruals and discretionary accruals are associated with higher likelihood of backdating, which suggests that CEOs engaging in option backdating are more likely to use incomedecreasing earnings management to get more favorable price for their new option grants as well. Due to the correlation between downward earnings management and option backdating, the need for managers to diversify the increased-risk associated with stockbased compensation (Ofek and Yermack, 2000; Cheng and Warfield, 2005) can clearly explain the effects of CEOs' outstanding options on both earnings management and the occurrence of backdating. Those managers with high incentives from unvested options in a given year are more likely to take income-increasing accruals to beat-up short-term
" School of Business, Public Administration and Information Sciences Long Island University, H700, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, NY 11201 hatice.uzun@ * School of Business, Public Administration and Information Sciences Long Island University, H700, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, NY 11201 yudan. zheng@liu. edu
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS, 17(1), 2012
ISSN: 1083-4346
The Effects of Option Incentives on Backdating and Earnings Management
Hatice Uzun^ and Yudan Zheng''*
ABSTRACT This paper examines how various elements of CEOs' option portfolios create conflicting incentives for both earnings management and option backdating, and investigates the link between these two opportunistic actions in order to explain the effects. We find that higher incentives from newly granted options are associated with income-decreasing earnings management and higher incidence of backdating, whereas higher incentives from unvested outstanding options are related to income-increasing earnings management and lower incidence of backdating. However, incentives from vested outstanding options have an insignificant effect on both earnings management and backdating. As we further show that CEOs engaging in option backdating are more likely to use income-decreasing earnings management to get more favorable share price for their new option grants as well, the need for managers to diversify the increased-risk associated with stock-based compensation can clearly explain the effects of CEOs' outstanding options on both earnings management and the occurrence of backdating. JEL Classifications: Keywords: G30, G34, M41, M52