英语专业八级文学常识
英语专业八级文学常识

专八文学常识1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中,对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence stru cture are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法,研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学,以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5. acronym : 首字母组合词,首字母缩略词,比如,NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼,但VOA是 Initialism。
6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for anot her with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United St ates government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻,一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法,如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量,对面来了三个“红领巾”也是,以红领巾指代少先队员。
大学英语专业八级现代文学资料

A Chinese imagistic poetry:
Autumn Evening crows perch on old trees wreathed with withered vine, Water of a stream flows by a family cottage near a tiny bridge.
A lean horse walks on an ancient road in western breeze, The sun is setting in the west,
The heart-broken one is at the end of the Earth.
《天净沙·秋思》 马致远
枯藤、老树、昏鸦,小桥、流水、人家, 古道、西风、瘦马,夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯。
o What are some of The Great Gatsby’s most important symbols? What does the novel have to say about the role of symbols in life?
o How does the geography of the novel dictate its themes and characters? What role does setting play in The Great Gatsby?
they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made.”
英国文学知识(专八人文知识必备)

英国文学知识(专八人文知识必备)英国文学知识一、中古英国文学1.Beowulf : the oldest poem in the English language and the most importantspecimen of Anglo-Saxon literature.2.Geoffrey Chaucer: he is acclaimed as the father of English Poetry and father ofEnglish fiction. His masterpiece。
The Canterbury TalesThe Romaunt of the RoseThe Legend of good WomenThe House of Fame二、文艺复兴时期时间:14世纪到17世纪中后期特点:Humanism became the keynote of English Renaissance著名作家:1.Thomas More: Utopia2.Edmund Spenser (a poet):The Faerie QueenThe Shepherd Calendar3.Christopher Marlowe( a poet and dramatist):Edward IIDr. FaustusTamburlaineThe Jew of Malta4.William Shakespeare喜剧:A Midsummer Night’s DreamAs you like itMerchant of VeniceThe Twelfth night悲剧:Romeo and JulietThe Tempest四大悲剧:Othello, Macbeth, King Lear, Hamlet主要历史剧:Henry IV, Henry V5.Francis BaconEssaysThe advancement of learning6.John DonneThe Elegies and SatiresThe Songs and Sonnets7.John Milton (poet)晚年三首长诗Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes三:新古典主义时期时间:17世纪中后期到18世纪特点:The neoclassicists held that all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic and restrained emotion and accuracy.著名作家:1.John Dryden: All for Love2.John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Holy WarThe life and Death of Mr. Badman3.Alexander Pope An Essay on CriticismAn Essay on ManThe Rape of the LockOdyssey4.Daniel Defoe(who is called the father of English and European novels)Robison CrusoeA journal of the Plague yearCaptain Singleton5.Jonathan SwiftGulliver’s TravelA Tale of a TubA Modest proposalThe Drapier’s letters6.Henry FieldingThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling7.Samuel Johnson (著名词汇家,第一部英语字典的编者)A Dictionary of the English LanguageThe Vanity of Human WishesLondon8.Richard Brinsley SheridanThe school for the scandalThe Rivals9.Thomas GrayElegy Written in a country churchyardOde on the spring四:浪漫主义时期时间:18世纪中期到19世纪中期特点:Romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty and is marked by a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom. The Romanticism period is an age of Poetry and poets.主要作家1.William BlakeSongs of ExperienceSongs of InnocencePoetical SketchesThe marriage of heaven and hell 2.William WordsworthLyrical BalladsTo the CuckooMy Heart leaps up3.Samuel Taylor Coleridge Kubla Khan 忽必烈汗三巨头1.George Gordon ByronCainDon JuanChilde Harold’s Pilgrimage2.Percy Bysshe ShelleyOde to the West WindOde to the Skylark Prometheus unboundedThe Necessity of Atheism Queen Mab3.John KeatsOde to AutumnOde to a nightingaleOde on a Grecian um 希腊古瓷颂Isabella以下各位不太重要:1.Charles LambTales from ShakespeareEssays of Elia2.Mary ShelleyFrankenstein3.Robert SoutheyJoan of Arc 圣女贞德小说家Jane AustinEmmaSense and SensibilityPride and PrejudiceMansfield ParkPersuasion五、VICTORIA PERIOD时间:维多利亚1837年继位,1901年去世。
英语专八文学知识梳理

殖民时期——美国梦的开始●爱德华兹《自述》●富兰克林《格言历书》《自转》美国最早的传记文学作品,记录他致富过程。
浪漫主义——美国梦的全盛时期●欧文,第一个得到欧洲承认的国家,被称为美国文学之父,第一个发掘和表现美国历史和风土人情的作家.传世佳作见闻札记,反映了美国文学从表面上看18世纪的理性主义到本世纪末19世纪浪漫主义的转变,作者自述叙述了见闻札记的原委。
大部分以英国为背景,《里普凡温克尔》和《睡谷的传说》以美国风物为背景。
●库柏,第一个以边疆生活为主题的《皮袜子五部曲》,揭露开拓者向西过程中对印第安人的丑恶面目.●爱默生,超验主义者,《论自然》《论美国学者》:反对怀古咏史,要求学者正视和讴歌现实,吹起了美国文化独立的号角。
核心是美国人要从精神上独立于欧洲大陆,摆脱旧学说的束缚,自助,自立,自爱。
●坡,描写人的内心世界和精神状态,一方面对死亡,复仇,转生等题材描写起来肆恣意挥洒,充满了颓废情绪, 含恐怖因素。
《乌鸦》,心爱人的去世《厄舍古屋的倒塌》《莫格路上的暗杀》《被盗的信》●朗费罗,在文学上创作对欧洲和英国的文学传统亦步亦趋,写的多是关于家庭,儿女,爱情和自然方面的题材。
《人生礼赞》●梭罗《华尔腾,或林中生活》,表达一个浪漫主义者对现代文明的鄙弃。
超验主义者。
●霍桑,描写社会和人性的阴暗面,是心理小说的开创者,擅长剖析人的内心。
《红字》《年轻小伙子布朗》《教长的黑面纱》●梅尔维尔《白鲸——莫比•迪克》人必须承认自己心中的恶,人虽然可以观察世界,或对世界有一定的影响力,但是从根本来说,他不能左右或征服自然。
人只要不冒失地自取灭亡,大自然便乐于让他平静的生活。
揭示了捕鲸工人的辛勤劳动和智慧,揭示了资本主义的残酷剥削。
●惠特曼,草叶集,草赋予最普通的遭人践踏的小东西以崇高的地位和尊严。
受爱默生的影响很大。
《自我之歌》表达诗人对哲学和宗教的观点。
歌颂人的灵魂美,肉体美。
《我听见美国在唱歌》充满和谐与欢乐的歌声《我坐而眺望》诗人对世界上存在的痛苦和丑恶的态度,充满凄惨哀鸣。
英语专业八级人文知识精讲

What is not a nationally observed holiday of American?A. Easter SundayB. Veterans’ DayC. Independence DayD.Christmas解答:在美国有10个节日是全国性的节日:圣诞节(Christmas, Dec 25) 、新年(New Year’s Day, Jan. 1)、感恩节(Thanksgiving Day, 4th Thurs in Nov.)、劳动节(Labour Day, 1st Mon. in Sept.)、退伍军人节(Veterans’Day, Nov.11)、独立纪念日(Independence Day, July 4)、华盛顿诞辰纪念日(Washington’s Birthday, 3rd Mon. in Feb.)、哥伦布纪念日(Columbus Day, 2nd Mon. in Oct.)、阵亡将士纪念日(Memorial Day, May 30)、马丁.路德金诞辰纪念日(Martin Luther King’s Birthday, 3rd Mon. in Jan.)Easter Sunday (复活节)是基督教的重要节日,但不是全国同庆的节日.1.Where is Edinburgh?A. In WalesB. In ScotlandC. In Northern IrelandD. In Ireland 解答:B。
Wales的首府为Cardiff(加的夫), Scotland的首府为Edinburgh(爱丁堡), Northern Ireland 的首府为Belfast(贝尔法斯特), Ireland的首府为Dublin(都柏林)。
2.Which of the following is NOT a U.S. news and cable network?A. ABCNC.CBSD.BBC解答:D。
专八人文知识总结(终)

11、E.M.Forster: 《通往印度之路》
12、George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳:Widowers' Houses《鳏夫的房产》,Heartbreak House《伤心之家》,Mrs. Warren's Profession《华伦夫人的职业》
4、Ballads 民谣:Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》。
三、 The Renaissance文艺复兴时期的英国文学(伊丽莎白时代)(14-16世纪)
1、 Thomas More托马斯·莫尔: Utopia《乌托邦》
2、 Thomas Wyatt 最先将sonnet引入英国文学。
2、 Coleridge柯勒律治:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》Christabel《克里斯特贝尔》, Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》
3、 Southey骚赛:桂冠诗人;
4、 George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦: Don Juan《唐璜》
悲观时期: David Copperfield《董贝父子》,David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔》
后期:Bleak House《荒凉山庄》,Hard Times《艰难时世》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》,Great Expectations《远大前程》
14、Thackeray萨克雷:Vanity Fair《名利场》
2、Yeats叶芝:爱尔兰使人 《芦苇的风》《库尔的野天鹅》《驶向拜占庭》。
英语专业八级人文常识

1.密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线2.美国的联邦法院系统包括:the United States District Courts; the UnitedStates Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court3.Louisiana,路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束。
4.The New England Region, 美国的新英格兰地区,也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响。
5.typical continental,美国东北部的新英格兰地区是典型的大陆性气候。
冬天寒冷,夏天炎热。
6.automobile industry,底特律是美国著名的汽车城7.John Fitzgerald Kennedy肯尼迪是美国的第35任总统8.美国的第一所女子学院开设于马萨诸塞州Massachusetts, 麻省的首府是波士顿9.美国南北的分界线是密苏里河The Missouri River10.华盛顿州的最大城市是西雅图 . 华盛顿特区位于波托马克河Potomac上11.美国内战爆发于1861年,结束于1865年12.美国起草独立宣言的是托马斯•杰弗逊13.华盛顿、杰弗逊和弗兰克林都是美国创建时的元老功勋、William Penn 是美国宾州的创始人。
14.New Deal新政是罗斯福为了应对美国经济大萧条而提出的15.The Bill of Rights consists of 10 amendments added to the Constitution in1791人权法案是于1791年增补到宪法法案上来的前十条修正案16.soybeans and corn美国出产占世界一半的是大豆和玉米17.The Age of Visual Information开创人类视觉信息革命的重大发明是电视机18.美国的许多政治观念都是来源于英国著名哲学家约翰•洛克John Locke19.曼哈顿是纽约市的著名经济和商业区,也是纽约的中心地带20.好莱坞和迪士尼均位于洛杉矶Los Angles21.Newsweek《新闻周刊》是美国的报纸,而The International Herald Tribune《国际先驱论坛》是法国的,The Guardian《卫报》和The Daily Telegraph 《每日电讯》为英国的。
专八考试文学知识

英国文学一、古英语时期的英国文学(499-1066)1、贝奥武夫2、阿尔弗雷德大帝:英国散文之父二、中古英语时期的英国文学1、allegory体非常盛行2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集(英雄双韵体)6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学(伊丽莎白时代)(14-16世纪)1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活;现代长篇小说的先驱4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人;斯宾塞体诗节;5、莎士比亚:长篇叙事诗:《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》四大悲剧:哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白7、本.琼森风俗喜剧(comedy of manners)《人性互异》8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑《学术的推进》和《新工具》四、启蒙时期(18世纪)1、约翰、弥尔顿:《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》2、约翰、班扬:《天路历程》religious allegory3、约翰、德莱顿:英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人;《论戏剧诗》4、亚历山大.蒲柏:英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表;英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用;《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作5、托马斯、格雷:感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》6、威廉、布莱克:天真之歌、经验之歌;7、罗伯特、彭斯:苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人;8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一;《鲁滨逊漂流记》;《铲除非国教徒的捷径》,仪表达自己的不满;10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》;《格列佛游记》;《桶的故事》;11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人;帕米拉;克拉丽莎;查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史;12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人;《约瑟夫。
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专八文学常识专八考来考去就这些东西,背就行了。
1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patternin g and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中,对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or othe r elements of sentence structure are combined to form gra mmatical sentences. 句法,研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学,以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5. acronym : 首字母组合词,首字母缩略词,比如,NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼,但VOA是 Initialism。
6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or ph rase is substituted for another with which it is closely asso ciated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻,一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法,如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量,对面来了三个“红领巾”也是,以红领巾指代少先队员。
7. Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unli ke things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by li ke or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence bee n or So are you to my thoughts as food to life (Shakespe are).明喻, 一种修辞手法,把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较,通常在由 like或 as引导的短语中,如“我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”(莎士比亚)8. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare) 隐喻一种语言表达手法,通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物,从而暗示它们之间的相似之处,如“忧愁之海”或“整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚) the ship of desert 沙漠之舟9. Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist. 矛盾修饰法, 一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法,如在震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观 cruel kindness10. The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.11. John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve’s expulsi on from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost. Paradise Reg ained was also written by him.12. Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of se veral conventional rhyme schemes. 十四行诗体, 一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式,通常有一种传统的押韵形式, 莎士比亚用过此诗体。
13. Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual a nd playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinage s and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence , or other effect. 俚语主要出现在非正式的、游戏性的话语中的一种语言,基本由存在时间很短的派生词和修辞构成,它们被故意地用来取代标准的词语以达到生动、幽默、无礼或其它效果14. Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especi ally one serving as a slogan for a group or movement. 警句,妙句,吸引人的词句广泛使用的或流行的用语,尤指用作集团或运动的口号的用语。
15. Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a tra de, profession, or similar group. 行话, 一个行业、职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语言.terminology16. Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, espe cially one expressed as if it were original or significant. 陈腔滥调, 陈腐的或平庸的评论或陈述,尤指某人表述它时好象它是新颖的或有意义的17. Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration i s used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a y ear or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法,一种比喻,使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果,比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重18. onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. 象声词, 词的构成或用法,例如 buzz或 nurmur模仿事物或行动的声音.19. hypotaxis: 从属关系20. parataxis: 并列结构,指短语或分句间不用连词,如:I came, I saw, I conquered.21. Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movem ent, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fu ller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality th at transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable t hrough intuition. 超验主义, 一种文学和哲学运动,与拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生和玛格丽特•富勒有关,宣称存在一种理想的精神实体,超越于经验和科学之处,通过直觉得以把握22. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter. 美国23. Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, deriva tion, and the formation of compounds.词法,词态学,形态音位学, 语言或某一语言中对于单词的结构和形式的研究,包括词尾变化、派生和合成词的构成24. affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a sto p consonant辅音 followed by a fricative摩擦; for example, the initial sounds of child and joy. 塞擦音由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音;例如 child和 joy 的第一个音Also called: affricative.25. Vanity Fair 名利场 was written William Makepeace Thackray26. Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the m oon. Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins尼尔.阿姆斯特朗、埃德温.奥尔德林、迈克尔.柯林斯27. The title of the national anthem 国歌 of Canada is O Canada. 此种类型题同学们可自己多找几个国家。