独立主格结构
III. 独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异 同
独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。
① If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为: Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有 自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致
小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
（without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式）
2.Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
to tell you the truth 说实话 to cut a long story short 长话短
to be frank 坦率地说 tomake matters / things worse 更糟糕的是
① To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.
独立主格结构
Nominative Absolute Constructions
I. 独立主格结构的基本概念
由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上
一个分词、动词不定式、形容词、副
词或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种
结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被
称为独立主格结构。 1.分词
doing
done
逻辑主语+逻辑谓语 2.动词不定式 to do 3.形容词 （being）+adj.
情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄 的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
with，without 引导的独立主格结构
with ( without)+宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，
宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。
（上面的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。)
1.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。
②Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。
2、有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,表明说话人的
立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。
to be honest 老实说
to be sure 确实
说实话,any of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.
4.副词
adv
5.介词短语 prep.phrase
II. 独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能
独立主格结构主要起状语 作用,相当于一个状语从句, 多用来表示行为、方式、伴 随等情况,有时也可用来表 示时间、原因、条件等情况 。
1、名词或代词主格 + 分词
①Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper. 如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。
②When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.转换为: Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.
分词短语转换为状语从句后, 从句的主语与主句的主语一致
② There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks.
山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。
5、名词或代词主格 + 副词
① The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。
IV. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
1、有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有 逻辑上的主语,实际上已经变成了习惯用法。
Generally speaking 总的说来, Frankly speaking 坦率地说
Judging from 从……判断,
Supposing 假设,等等。
① Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.
3、名词或代词主格 + 形容词
①Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。
② The clothes very dirty, you'd better wash them quickly. 衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧!
③ It being fine, the kids are playing games outside the yard. 因为天气晴好，孩子们都在院子里玩游戏。
4、名词或代词主格 + 介词短语
① Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand. 我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。
②The experiment done, the students went on to take notes in the experiment report. 实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。
2、名词或代词主格 + 不定式
The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,我们的晚 会就开始了。
独立主格结构
独立主格结构独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语是不一致的，它独立存在。
I. 构成及类型：1. 构成：名词（代词）+ 分词（形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语）=逻辑主语+逻辑谓语（表语）。
2. 作用：相当于壮语从句，表示方式或伴随的状态或动作；有时也表示时间，原因，条件。
3. 独立主格的结构类型：1）名词（代词）+ 现在分词（具有主动意义）2）名词（代词）+ 过去分词（具有被动意义）3）名词（代词）+ 形容词4）名词（代词）+ 不定式5）名词（代词）+ 介词短语6）名词（代词）+ 副词7）there being 结构4. with +宾语+补语=with+ 独立主格结构，表示伴随、原因或条件。
练习1.It________ heavily, the game had to be delayed.A.was goiingB. snowingC. snowedD. had snowed2._________, the lecture beganA. The listeners having taken their seatsB. Having taken their seatsC. Taking their seatsD. The listeners to take their seats3. _________ , Tom went out to play.A.There was nothing to doB. There had nothing to doC. As there had nothing to doD. There being nothing to do4. _________, the leaves are beginning __________.A.Autumn comes…to fallB. Autumn coming… to fallC.As autumn coming… falling D, Autumn to come… falling5. ________, the patient can leave the hospital.A. Better conditionsB. Conditions betterC.Conditions are betterD. Being better conditions6. ________, the patient can leave the hospital.A. If better conditionsB. If conditions betterC.If conditions are betterD.Being better conditions7. _________, we’d like to go outing.A.Being SundayB.Sunday OKC. Sunday is OKD. If Sunday OK8._________, we’d like to go outing.A. If Sunday is OKB.Sunday OKC. Sunday is OKD.If Sunday OK9. _________, you can wait a while.A. The play being still onB. The play still onC.Being still on the playD. A and B10. _______,so you can wait a while.A.The play is still onB.The play being still onC. As the play is still onD. The play still onII. 独立主格结构表达的意义1.表示伴随的动作或状态、方式或补充说明。
高考：英语独立主格结构
高考：英语独立主格结构高考：英语独立主格结构一、独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。
它有以下三个特点：1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）。
其中的“名词或代词”用主格形式，起逻辑主语的作用，其后的“形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等”起逻辑谓语的作用。
注意，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
1. 名词(代词)+现在分词Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
完整版)独立主格结构详细讲解
完整版)独立主格结构详细讲解独立主格独立主格结构是一种带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句或无动词分句。
由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法称之为“独立主格结构”。
其实，这种结构并非真正独立，它是一种从属分句，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。
独立主格结构可放于句首或句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。
独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。
基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。
1．名词/代词+现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
例如：The man lay there。
his hands trembling。
So many students being absent。
the meeting had to be put off。
His homework done。
Tom went to sleep。
有时，独立结构中的being或havingbeen可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。
2．名词/代词+过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。
例如：The boy lay on his back。
his hands crossed under his head。
The job not finished。
we couldn’t see the film。
Her shirt caught on a nail。
she could not move。
如果加上havingbeen或being，这些句子就又变成了现在分词分句。
3．名词/代词+不定式不定式表示将来的动作。
例如：XXX going for a ic。
with Mary to provide the food.These are the first two books。
独立主格结构Absolute Structure
独立主格结构Absolute Structure一、独立主格结构的定义独立主格结构（absolute structure）是由名词或代词（人称代词、不定代词等）作逻辑主语加上一个分词、不定式、介词短语、形容词或者副词构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
二、独立主格结构用法独立主格结构的作用相当于一个状语从句（也有说可以当做“背景性”结构），常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
独立主格结构在语法上是一个独立的短语，而不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。
它的位置比较灵活，可以放于句首、句中、句末，通常与句子之间用逗号隔开。
独立主格结构可与状语从句转换，当句中的状语从句与主句主语独立主格看起来很复杂，其实只要把它看成是一个从句的省略就容易了。
Because he is ill, he will not go to school.=Being ill, he will not go to school.Because his mother is ill, he weill not go to school.=His mother being ill, he will not go to school.注意：第一句主从句的主语相同，省略主语后，不会产生混乱。
第二句主从句主语不同，因此应保留从句的主语，只将is变为being，这就是独立主格结构的意义所在。
Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home.=The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.The dark clouds had disappeared and the sun shone again.=The dark clouds having disappeared, the sun shone again.三、含独立主格结构的例句要点：独立主格结构可与状语从句转换，当句中的状语从句与主句主语不一致的时候，可以去掉连词，用独立主格结构。
独立主格结构
独立主格结构Absolute Structure（Independent Genitive）一、概念：“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。
这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式：独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成：第一部分有名词或代词担任，第二部分由1分词、2动词不定式、3形容词、4副词、5名词或介词短语担任。
按其结构形式分为：—ing 分词独立主格结构；—ed分词独立主格结构；无动词独立主格结构等。
名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词(代词)+现在分词There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
2.名词(代词)+过去分词He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3. 名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。
He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company.他下周去参加一个会议，所有费用由他的公司支付。
We divided the money, he to have half of them .4. 名词(代词)+形容词Computers very small, we can use them widely.电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。
5. 名词(代词)+副词The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。
(完整版)独立主格结构完整讲解
一、独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构（Absolute Structure ）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。
需特别注意的是，独二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词（代词）+现在分词；过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词（代词）+现在分词例句：The storm drawing near ，the navvy decided to call it a dayThe storm drawi ng n ear 在句中作：原因状语=Si nee the storm was draw ing n ear , the n avvy decided to call it a day由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。
（call it a day 今天到此为止）例句：Win ter comin g, it gets colder and colder.Win ter comi ng 在句中作：伴随状语=The win ter comes, and it gets colder and colder.冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
造句：时间允许的话，我就和你一起走。
Time permitti ng, I will go with you. 独立主格作：条件状语=改写：f time permits, I will go with you. ___________造句：那个姑娘望着他，他不知道说什么好。
The girl staring at him, he didn ' t know what to say.独立主格作：时间状语=改写：As the girl stared at him, he didn ' t know what to say.2.名词（代词）+过去分词例句：He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on theblackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
独立主格结构
独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者主格代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词（现在分词，过去分词, 不定式, 形容词，副词，介词短语）。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。
独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
一．常见的独立主格结构有如下几种：1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。
如：The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say.Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
We being League member, the work was well done.They being our friends, we should help them.2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。
如：The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard.3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
如：He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
什么是独立主格结构
什么是独立主格结构？非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持致。
但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。
独立主格结构的特点是什么？独立主格结构的特点是主要有三点:①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系③独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开。
独立主格结构的构成是什么？独立主格结构的构成主要分为三类：①名词/代词＋分词（现在分词/过去分词）；②名词/代词＋不定式；③with＋名词/代词＋分词/不定式。
例句：①The test finished（＝When the test was finished），we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。
②The president assassinated（＝Because the president was assassinated），the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被暗杀了，全国上下沉浸在悲痛之中。
.[əˈsæsəˌneɪt]③Weather permitting（＝If weather permits），we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天打算去看你。
④I stood before her with my heart beating fast.我站在她面前，心脏跳得很快。
练习题：①The party will be held in the garden，weatherA. permittingB. to permitC. permittedD. permit②The children went home from the grammar school，theirlessons___for the day.A.finishingB.finishedC.had finishedD. went finished③The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog____ them.A. to followB. followingC. followedD.follows④I couldn't do my homework with all that noise_____A. going onB. goes onC. went onD. to go⑤The lecture（讲座）____, a lively question--and--answer session followed（跟随; 接着）. 尤指法庭、议会等)开庭, 开会A. being givenB. having givenC. to be givenD. having been given答案：A B B A D。
独立主格结构
名词/主格代词+ 名词/主格代词+名词
逻辑主语与后面所跟名词在逻辑上有主谓关系， 逻辑主语与后面所跟名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，表 伴随或进一步补充说明。 伴随或进一步补充说明。
He fought the robber, a stick his only weapon.
There being+名词
There being no buses, they walked to the theatre. There being no c hometown.
The guests having left, he began to take a short rest. All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. It being Sunday, I didn’t go to school.
考虑到她喜欢孩子，教书看来是很适合她的工作。 考虑到她喜欢孩子，教书看来是很适合她的工作。
名词/主格代词+ 名词/主格代词+不定式
名词或代词是不定式动作的执行者， 名词或代词是不定式动作的执行者，与不定式构成 逻辑上的主谓关系， 这种结构可位于句末或句首。 逻辑上的主谓关系， 这种结构可位于句末或句首。多表 示将来的行为，表示“企图” 约定” 示将来的行为，表示“企图”、“约定”等，指的是按 计划安排要做的事。 计划安排要做的事。
Taking everything into consideration, they ought to be given another chance.
考虑到各种因素，他们应该得到另一次机会。 考虑到各种因素，他们应该得到另一次机会。
独立主格结构
独立主格结构独立结构在形式上与主句没有关系，游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系，但在意义上与主句联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语境。
特点： 1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同, 它独立存在.2. 名词或代词与后面的分词，不定式，形容词，介词短语等是主谓关系。
3. 独立主格结构可置于句子前，末或句中，用逗号与主句分开。
4. 独立主格结构与句子之间不能使用任何连词，（包括分号）。
一、独立主格结构的常见结构1. 名词（代词）+ 现在分词：Weather permitting, we’ll go outing tomorrow.2. 名词（代词）+ 过去分词：He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.3. 名词（代词）+ 形容词：She came into the room, her ears red with cold.4. 名词（代词）+ 不定式：Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.5. 名词（代词）+ 介词短语：He walked out of the camp, rifle in hand.(= with a rifle in his hand.)二、独立主格结构在句中的作用：时间状语：The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, …….条件状语：Weather permitting, we’ll go outing tomorrow. = If weather permits, ……..原因状语：The storm drawing near, the workers decided to stop working. = Since the storm was drawing near, …….伴随状语：He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. = He sat in the front row and his mouth was half open.三、WITH结构1. with+ 宾语+ 现在分词（表示正在发生或发生了的动作）With the boy leading the way, we found his home easily.2. with+ 宾语+ 过去分词（表示被动或完成）He stood silently, with his eyes fixed on the screen.3. with+ 宾语+ 不定式（表示将要发生的动作）With so much homework to do, I can’t go to the party tonight.4. with+ 宾语+ 介词短语With his wife out of temper, he decided to stay at home.5.with+ 宾语+ 形容词She came into the room, her ears red with cold.典型例题：1. The teacher came into the classroom, _________.A. a book in handB. book in his handC. book in handD. a book in his hand2. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ________ on the benches, chairs or boxes.A. having seatedB. seatingC. seatedD. having been seated3. Without the sun’s light _______ the earth’s surface, it would be so cold that life could not exist on earth.A. warmsB. warmedC. warmingD. to warm4.________, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.A. Other things being equalB. Were other things equalC. To be equal to other thingsD. Other things to be equal5.All flights ________ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.A. had been canceledB. have been canceledC. were canceledD. having been canceled6.All the tasks _______ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week. been fulfilled B. having been fulfilled C. were fulfilledD. had been fulfilled.7.A new technique _______, the production increased by 20 percent.A. to have been worked outB. having worked outC. working outD. having been worked out8._______, everything has changed.A. Time goes onB. Time going onC. As time going onD. With time went on四、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同：1. 有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，实际已成为习惯短语。