2011年4月英语二试题
2011年4月山东省自考英语(二)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2011年4月山东省自考英语（二）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Word Spelling 13. Translation from Chinese into English 14. Translation from English into ChineseV ocabulary and Structrue1．The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______all practical value by the time they were finished.A．could loseB．would have lostC．might loseD．ought to have lost正确答案：B解析：本题考查虚拟语气的用法。
句意：所涉及的数百万次的计算，若用手工进行，等到完成时恐怕早就失去一切实用价值了。
在本句中，从句省略了if，把had提到了前面，变成了倒装句式。
由于本句是与过去事实相反的假设，条件句的谓语动词用“had+过去分词”，主句的谓语动词用“would have done”。
故选B。
2．I’ d just as soon______rudely to her.A．that you won’t speakB．you not speakingC．you not speakD．you didn’ t speak正确答案：D解析：本题考查虚拟语气的用法。
句意：我真希望你别对她那么粗鲁地讲话。
在“would rather(wouldsooner，would as soon)+宾语从句”的句型中，后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。
它表示的是一种尚未实现的愿望，其从句谓语动词用一般过去时，故选D。
3．He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he______a Chinese.A．wereB．had beenC．isD．has been正确答案：A解析：本题考查虚拟语气的用法。
全国2011年04月自学考试综合英语(二)真题
全国2011年4月高等教育自学考试综合英语(二)试题课程代码：00795I. GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARYComplete each of the following 15 sentences with the most likely answer. Write the letter corresponding to your choice on the answer sheet. (1 point each, 15 points in all)1. The idea of traveling through _________ space to other planets interests many people today.A. aB. theC. /D. one2. I'd get the book for you _________ I could remember who last borrowed it.A. only ifB. if onlyC. except thatD. in case that3. We had to get him to the hospital right away. Otherwise, it _________ too late.A. isB. will beC. wasD. would be4. I think your sister should know _________ to spend her money on fancy goods.A. other thanB. rather thanC. better thanD. more than5. If negotiations for the new trade agreement take _________ , serious food shortage will develop in several countries.A. too much longerB. the longestC. much too longD. the longer6. He was a man of ready advice. He _________ advise anyone on anything on the spur of the moment.A. shouldB. couldC. mustD. might7. I didn't go to his party last night, because _________ I changed my mind.A. on a second thoughtB. on the second thoughtC. on second thoughtsD. on the second thoughts8. _________ we do, it must conform to the interests of the people.浙00795#综合英语(二)试卷第1页（共11页）A. WhateverB. WhicheverC. WheneverD. Wherever9. We must make young smokers realize the harm of cigarettes to their health and help them_________ smoking.A. ridB. leaveC. quitD. cancel10. You can do what you like, but I do not want you to be_________.A. on the wayB. along the wayC. by the wayD. in the way11. It is hard to act according to the _________ which you don't believe in.A. principlesB. judgementsC. proceduresD. attitudes12. John was _________ leaking information to a foreign company.A. suspected ofB. suspicious ofC. doubted aboutD. doubtful about13. The _________ physicist has been challenged by his colleagues.A. respectingB. respectfulC. respectiveD. respected14. Newly woven baskets of this kind often _________ a strange smell.A. give awayB. give overC. give offD. give up15. I'm rather confused; would you please _________ your proposal to me again?A. exposeB. expandC. explainD. exploreII. CLOZEFill in each of the 15 blanks in the passage with the most likely answer. Write the letter corresponding to your choice on the answer sheet. (1 point each, 15 points in all)Most living things undergo two types of biological change during their lifetime. One is 16 , an increase in the size or efficiency of an organism. The other is aging, which involves a decrease in size or efficiency.浙00795#综合英语(二)试卷第2页（共11页）Signs of aging begin to 17 in most people between the age of 30 and40. Heredity determines most of the ways a person changes while aging, but environment also 18 . Graying hair is probably the most common sign of aging. All the senses decline with age. For example, the eyes lose their ability to adapt 19 darkness, and they require brighter light for reading.Movement becomes harder with age. By age 80, about half the muscle cells have been replaced by other kinds of tissue. In women 20 , bones lose calcium and become more likely to 21 . As a person ages, the body's ability to combat infection declines. This change occurs because the white blood cells of 22 is called the body's immune system lose their 23 function.Many people believe that with advancing age, an individual loses the ability to learn, remember, and make decisions. But 24 disease or injury damages the brain, a healthy elderly person who 25 active probably suffers no serious decline in 26 ability.No one completely understands the aging process. Some scientists 27 that human aging will ever be controlled. Others believe that aging can be 28 . Usually, normal human cells can be kept 29 in a laboratory for only a limited time. But 30 cells, such as various kinds of cancer cells, can live for a long time. If scientists can determine how such cells survive, they may gain an insight into the process of cell aging.16. A. to grow B. growth C. to be born D. birth17. A. take place B. get worse C. appear D. drop18. A. plays a role B. leads a way C. makes a decision D. offers a chance19. A. in B. with C. for D. to20. A. especially B. specially C. exceptionally D. specifically21. A. split B. hurt C. crack D. break22. A. which B. what C. that D. it23. A. protective B. productive C. selective D. detective24. A. till B. if C. besides D. unless25. A. extends B. expands C. remains D. maintains26. A. mental B. physical C. visual D. social27. A. suspect B. fear C. doubt D. regret28. A. suppressed B. mastered C. ignored D. conquered29. A. lively B. alive C. living D. life浙00795#综合英语(二)试卷第3页（共11页）30. A. inhuman B. irregular C. abnormal D. unusualⅢ. PARAPHRASINGChoose the closest paraphrased version after each of the following sentences or the italicized part. Write the letter corresponding to your choice on the answer sheet. (1 point each, 10 points in all)31. Sometimes I think how grateful I would be today if I had learned more back then about what really matters.A. Sometimes I feel happy that I was taught what is important at school.B. Sometimes I feel sorry that I didn't learn what is important at school.C. At times I feel resentful that I was not taught anything useful at school.D. At times I feel I should be thankful for those things I learned at school.32. In the way they all glared I could see how they'd come to hate my guts.A. I could see from their angry look that they disliked me very much.B. I could see from their quick look that they were impatient with me.C. I could see from their steady look that they were very curious about me.D. I could see from their confused look that they were shocked at my words.33. Only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes a trip back home to bring one back to reality.A. A trip back home can help one remember his / her heritage.B. A trip back home can help one understand what life really is abroad.C. A trip back home can make one realize that home is the best place.D. A trip back home can make one realize the difficulties and problems there.34. You painters are a heartless lot.A. You painters are people with no mercy.B. You painters are people with no emotions.C. You painters are people unable to love anybody.D. You painters are people unable to understand others.35. Seeing me having a good time in repose, she was powerless to hide her disgust.A....she was unable to keep calm.B.... she was hopeless in self control.浙00795#综合英语(二)试卷第4页（共11页）C.... she couldn't help feeling powerless.D....she couldn't suppress her disapproval.36. The small hours found Mr. Maydig and Mr. Fotheringay outside under the moon.A. Towards morning, Mr. Maydig and Mr. Fotheringay walked outside to stay in the moonlight.B. Before midnight, people found Mr. Maydig and Mr. Fotheringay looking at the moon outside.C. After midnight, Mr. Maydig and Mr. Fotheringay were outdoors, with the moon above them.D. Late at night, Mr. Maydig and Mr. Fotheringay went outside to appreciate the beautifulmoonlight.37. I never do anything whatever on the ground that it is good for health, though in actual fact the things I like doing are mostly wholesome.A. I never do anything which is not good for health,...B. Whatever is good for health never comes to my mind,...C. I never do anything because it is said to be good for health,...D. Whatever I do is always decided by whether it is good for health,...38. There is a great deal to be said for the suburb.A. The suburb is much talked about.B. The suburb has a considerable advantage.C. It is a great deal better to live in the suburb than in the city.D. It is a great deal easier to talk about the suburb than to live there.39. Meeting after a long interval, friends are like a couple who began to dance again when the orchestra strikes up after a pause.A....their friendship will continue where it is left off.B....their friendship will turn into a romantic relationship.C. ... friends behave in a way as if they were dancing partners.D. ... friends become closer to each other as if they were a happy couple.40. I decided to give her a treat.A. I decided to treat her kindly.B. I decided to give her a day off.C. I decided to offer her some medical care.D. I decided to buy her something she liked.浙00795#综合英语(二)试卷第5页（共11页）IV. READING COMPREHENSIONRead the two passages and choose the most likely answer to each of the questions. Write the letter corresponding to your choice on the answer sheet. (2 points each, 20 points in all)Passage 1A person may have an idea about himself that will prevent him from doing good work. He may believe that he is not capable of accomplishing something even though there is no reason for it. A child may think he is stupid because he does not understand how to make use of the most of his mental abilities, or he may accept another person's mistaken estimate of his ability. People advanced in years may be handicapped by the mistaken belief that they are incapable of learning anything new because of their age.A person who believes that he is incapable will not make a real effort, because he feels that it would be futile. He won't go at a job (尽全力工作) with the confidence necessary for success, and he won't work hard, even though he may think he is doing so. He is, therefore, likely to fail, and the failure will strengthen his belief in his incompetence.Alfred Adler, a famous psychiatrist (精神病医生) , had an experience that illustrates this. When he was a small boy he got off to a poor start in arithmetic (算术) . His teacher got the idea that he had no ability in arithmetic, and told his parents what she thought so that they would not expect too much of him. In this way, they, too, developed the idea, "Isn't it too bad that Alfred can't do arithmetic?" He accepted their mistaken estimate of his ability, felt that it was useless to try, and ended up very poor at arithmetic, just as was expected.One day, however, he became very angry at the teacher and other students because they laughed when he said he knew how to do a problem, which none of the other students had been able to work out.Alfred succeeded in solving the problem. This gave him confidence. He rejected the idea that he couldn't do arithmetic and was determined to show others that he could. His anger and his newly found confidence stimulated him to be at arithmetic problems with a new vigor. He worked with interest, determination, and purpose. Before long he became extraordinarily good at arithmetic. He not only proved that he could do arithmetic, but he learned early in life from his own experience that if a person goes at a job with all his heart he may astonish himself as well as others with his ability.浙00795#综合英语(二)试卷第6页（共11页）This experience made him realize that many people have more ability than they think they have. Lack of success is as often the result of lack of knowledge of how to apply one's ability, lack of confidence, and lack of determination as it is the result of lack of ability.41. The word "futile" in Paragraph 2 probably means________.A. unnecessaryB. uselessC. unimportantD. aimless42. Both Alfred's teacher and his parents thought Alfred________.A. had no confidence in himselfB. was lazy in studyC. had no interest in arithmeticD. was slow in arithmetic43. Why did Alfred become angry one day?A. Because he couldn't work out the arithmetic problem.B. Because the teacher didn't show him the arithmetic problem.C. Because he was challenged to solve a difficult arithmetic problem.D. Because no one believed that he could solve the arithmetic problem.44. According to the passage, a person is likely to fail if________.A. he doesn't work hardB. he is too old to learn anythingC. he doesn't have enough knowledgeD. he has accepted a mistaken belief of his ability45. What does Alfred Adler's story tell us?A. Our failures are often caused by our lack of ability.B. Arithmetic is actually not as hard as it seems to be.C. Some teachers expect too much from their students.D. Our self-judgement may have a negative effect on our success.Passage 2When the French Institute in Haiti (海地) asked me to speak on a subject of my own choice, I picked heroism. It's a subject I know well. I've read many books about it.I spoke of some well-known heroes. I suggested that I was something of a hero myself. Then I told how the hero, in the face of danger, discovers all the great, lasting values of life.When I left the platform, a gentleman came to me. "Great lecture," he said. "I'm Doctor浙00795#综合英语(二)试卷第7页（共11页）Bonbon. I've been asked to make your stay here as pleasant as possible. Would you like to go hunting sharks with me? You seem to enjoy facin danger."I accepted gladly. I saw myself struggling with a huge fish on my rod ...I was to speak again the next afternoon. So we agreed to start early in the morning."By the way," the doctor said as we set out, "you should try out your coucteau.”"My... what？""Your snorkel (潜水呼吸管) . You need to breathe. I'll show you how to work the underwater gun too. What's the matter? Something wrong?"I had to sit down. I tried to tell myself it wasn't so. But there was no doubt about it. I wasn't to fish with a rod. I was to go right down into the water. I opened my mouth to protest ..."You know," the doctor said, "I can't tell you how much we all enjoyed your lecture on courage."I said nothing. There are times when you have to protect your means of earning a living. I was known as a good speaker. If I had to be eaten by sharks to keep my reputation, I was ready. I put on my mask."Now put on the lead belt. It will get you down there instantly," the doctor said. "They'll go down with you." He pointed to the four big men on board.Bodyguards, I thought with relief."They're the beaters (轰赶猎物的人) ," the doctor said. "They'll go ahead and drive the sharks toward you. Then all you have to do is shoot." I didn't have the courage to object. They helped me over the side.At the bottom the first thing I saw was a big fish. I screamed.I can't quite remember what followed. All I know is that, contrary to what I had said in my lecture, in the face of danger the hero does not discover the great values of life. At last I opened my eyes again. The big fish was gone.I tried to retum to the surface. Then I saw a huge form above my head. I seized my gun. I closed my eyes and pressed the trigger.The gun was torn from me.In seconds I was at the surface. Luckily, the boat was near. I was on board in an instant."Where's your gun?" asked the doctor.浙00795#综合英语(二)试卷第8页（共11页）I explained that I had hit a shark. The beast had torn the weapon from my hands.The four big men were climbing back into the boat now. One of them had my gun. He spoke to the doctor in his native language."It seems," the doctor said to me, "that you shot at the hull of the boat."He was trying to suggest that I had mistaken the boat passing over my head for a shark. The very idea!When I stepped to the platform that afternoon, Doctor Bonbon was sitting in the front row. But I didn't let his mocking stare disturb me. I was determined to rise once more to the level of my subject."Ladies and gentlemen," I began, "when the hero finds himself facing danger, the first thing he discovers ..."46. When he was told that he was to go down into the water, the writer had to sit down probably because ________ .A. he could not control his shaking legsB. he wanted to have a better look at the waterC. he wanted to get ready for the underwater adventureD. he could not help asking Doctor Bonbon some questions47. What happened under the water?A. He shot at a shark.B. He shot at the boat.C. He was attacked by a shark.D. His gun was torn away by a shark.48. In the sentence "But I didn't let his mocking stare disturb me." the word "mocking" could be replaced by ________ .A. amusingB. sneeringC. concerningD. encouraging49. The afternoon speech probably opened in this way, "When the hero finds himself facing danger, the first thing he discovers ________ ."A. is his true selfB. is the life valueC. is his wrong concept of heroismD. is the challenge from other people浙00795#综合英语(二)试卷第9页（共11页）50. The story was told in the tone of ________ .A. seriousnessB. admirationC. humourD. criticismV. WORD DERIV ATIONComplete each of the following sentences with a (compound) word derived from the one(s) given in brackets. Write your word on the answer sheet. (1 point each, 10 points in all) 51. The young speaker smiled to the audience ________ as he walked into the lecture hall. (humble)52. When I replied that I did not have any aptitude for salesmanship, she turned her eyes away from me, greatly ________ . (disappoint)53. After they had worked a few miracles, their imagination increased, and their ambition________ . (large)54. My mother believed that I was blessed with a rare ________ to make something of myself. (determine)55. Alex was almost ________ with anger and despair when our team lost the game. (speech)56. The local government gained ________ control of the area after the UN peace-keeping forces left. (effect)57. What caused the ________ of the first world war? (break, out)58. Some newspapers often fail to respect pop icons' right to ________ . (private)59. The homeless child was once treated as a ________ by the owner of a restaurant in the town. (beg)60. The airport control tower kept postponing the ________ of our plane, which annoyed us greatly. (depart)VI. SENTENCE TRANSLATIONTranslate the following sentences into English and write your sentenceson the answer sheet. (3 points each, 15 points in all)6 1．我的计算机肯定有问题了，今天我得请人把它修好。
2011英语二真题及参考答案(打印版) 无水印版
2011年硕士研究生入学考试2011英语二真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem”envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden2． A.for B.within C.while D.though3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal5． rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent6． A.by B.into C.from D.over7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast13． A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving peting14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticizedfor .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors aresupposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after anoutside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likelyto .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outsidedirectors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directorsis .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates thatnewspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbsprobably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanesenewspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about thecurrent newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaperbusiness.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of theirairy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life – few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers – but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected theAmericans’.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’sLake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case StudyHouse”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EUmega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that . [A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck becausethe dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposedthat .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economicco-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that ____.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries ［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel ____.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopeful46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)小作文参考答案【曲静老师版】Dear Li Ming,We are very happy to know that you have successfully passed the college entrance examination this year and have been admitted into Peking University. Allow us to give our most sincere congratulations on this exciting occasion.You have all along been working hard at your professional studies, and you are excellent in most subjects. Your success shows that only hard work can yield good results，so I suggest that you should make a great progress in university life.We take this opportunity to express our best wishes to you. Wish you greater achievements in your college education.Yours sincerely,Zhang Wei【马鹏老师版】Dear Ming,Congratulations! I am glad to hear that you have been admitted by MIT. Your efforts and commitment have been paid off. You are the honor of our family.Here come some my own advices of being a pre college student. First and foremost, you need to improve your communication because you will meet different people with different personalities in campus. Moreover, reading some reference books will help you to accumulate more knowledge and terms, which boost your competitiveness in campus.Once again congratulate for your achievement!Yours sincerely,Zhang Wei大作文参考答案As is shown in the bar chart above, dramatic changes have taken place in the autos market shares within two years (from 2008 to 2009). The most obvious change was the market share of national br and, which had increased nearly by 10%, while Japan’s autos market share decreased roughly by 10%. The percentage of the US autos remained stable between 2008 and 2009.There are numerous reasons accounting for the phenomenon and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones here. Above all, as the development of technique and knowledge in native companies, a growing number of autos corporation developed many quality autos. Therefore, the national people changed the attitude to the native brands and acknowledge them. What’ more, an overwhelming majority of people have been affected by the country patriotism ideology, partly owing to some actions of Japan triggering the emotion of people. Finally, Toyota brake error accidents significantly affects Japanese autos’ reputations and images. Safety concerns drove customers away from Japanese products. Additionally, Fuel price drove consumers away from those American petrol digging and luxury autos. So it is not difficult to observe their steady performance.Based on what has been discussed above, we may reasonably conclude that the tendency described in graphic will continue for quite a long time. Hopefully, government could offer more friendly policies to China autos manufacturers to encourage quality improvement and technology innovation.完形填空参考答案1~5 ACBDD 6~10 BACCB 11~15 DBACA 16~20 ADACDTEXT 1 参考答案21．A。
2011年04月自考英语(二)真题及解析
2011年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语（二）试卷及答案（课程代码：00015）ⅠVocabulary and Structure(10points 1 point each)从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题纸上将相应的字母涂黑。
1.You may use bike________ you give it back to me tomorrow morning.A. unlessB. providedC. thoughD. because答案：B解析：如果你明天能还我的话，自行车你就可以用。
2.He could not ________his tears on hearing that he was not admitted to the university.A. hold upB. hold backC. get overD. get through答案：B解析：他听说没有被这所大学录取时止不住流了眼泪。
3.Good parents have the ability to communicate messages of love, trust, and self-worth ______their children.A. onB. forC. withD. to答案：C解析：communicate with与某人交流。
4.The teacher required that all errors should be _______ before the students turn in their term paper.A. deportedB. eliminatedC. deprivedD. implemented答案：B解析：eliminate v.除去；剔除；忽略；淘汰5.A person is lucky if his career ________with his interest and hobby.A. concernsB. competesC. coincidesD. compares答案：C解析：coincide with与···相符合。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案解析
2011年考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web. Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ? Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services. The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government. Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to11 just once but use many different services. 12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community. Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”. Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality. The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads. 1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden 2.A.forB.withinC.whileD.though wlessC.pointlessD.helpless promiseD.proposal rmationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent 6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.over pared 8.A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve 9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize 10.A.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered 11.A.carry on B.linger onC.set in D.log in 12.A.In vainB.In effectC.In return D.In contrast peting 14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience 15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across 16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united 17.A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually 18.A.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm 19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible 20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forced Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points) Text 1 Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said. Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises. The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directorsunder the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms. But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus. 21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for . [A]gaining excessive profits [B]failing to fulfill her duty。
山东省2011年4月高等教育自学考试英语二
山东省2011年4月份高等教育自学考试英语二试卷[14学分]1.It is obvious to the students they should get well prepared for their future.A.asB. whichC. whetherD. that2.Don’t worry if you don’t understand everything. The teacher will the main points at the end.A.recoverB. reviewC. requireD. remember3.by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.A.Being encouragedB. EncouragingC. EncouragedD. Having encouraged4.The art show was being a failure; it was a great success.A.far fromB. along withC. next toD. regardless of5.Ricky caught a cold yesterday, he had to stay at home.A.becauseB. butC. orD. so6., the pay isn’t attractive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting.A.Generally speakingB. On the contraryC. In particularD. To be honest7.Today Chinese is becoming more and more popular. It in many schools around the world.A.teachesB. is teachingC. has taughtD. is taught8.Amy makes fewer mistakes than Frank. She does her homework .A.More carefullyB. more carelesslyC. more carefulD. more careless9.I don’t know yesterday.A.what he happenedB. what did he happenC. what happened to himD. what hashappened10.My brother told me you anything.A.not to bringB. to not bringC. didn’t bringD. won’t bringThe most important day I remember in all my life is the one on 11 my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, 12 to me. I am 13 with wonder when I consider the immeasurable 14 between the two lives which it connects. It was the third of March, 1887, three months before I was seven years old.One day, my teacher 15 me my hat, and I knew we were going out 16 the warm sunshine. We walked down the path to the well-house. Someone was 17 water, and my teacher placed my hand under the spout. As the cool 18 gushed over one hand, she spelled into the other world water, first slowly, the rapidly. I stood still; my whole 19 was fixed upon the movements of her figure. Suddenly I seemed to remember something I had forgotten—a thrill of returning thought —and the mystery of language was revealed to me. I knew the then the “w-a-t-e-r” meant that wonderful cool something that was flowing over my hand. That living word 20 my soul and set it free.11.A. that B. which C. it D. when12.A. came B. walk C. went D. run13.A. full B. fulled C. fill D. filled14.A. compare B. comparison C. comparing D. contrast15.A. bring B. brings C. brought D. bringed16.A. from B. on C. within D. into17.A. drawing B. drawn C. pulling D. pulled18.A. river B. stream C. spring D. drop19.A. attention B. spirit C. thinking D. brain20.A. wake B. call C. awakened D. awakePassage OneQuestion 21to 25 are based on the following passage.My favorite great book is The Adventure of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain. Tom lives with his aunt Pollyin a quiet street of St. Petersburg, Missouri. He’s lively and clever young boy, and he finds himself in many exciting adventures. He runs away with his two friends, Huck Finn and Joe, to an island in the middle of the Mississippi River for several days. With Huck he goes looking for treasures, with Becky he gets lost in a cave. And finally, they find a box of gold.My favorite scene in the book is when everyone thinks Tom is dead. He decides to go to his own funeral. He hides and watches for a time and then suddenly he appears. Everyone is surprised to see him but they’re also pleased to see him alive.Tom is the hero of the story, but there are other important characters. Huck is an outsider and everyone is afraid of him. Becky is pretty with fair hair; Joe is Tom’s best friend. And Injun Joe is the bad man of the story.The theme of the story is about children growing up. It describes how strangers are seen in small towns of America. Finally, it talks about freedom, social rules and how people are punished for bad behavior.Shy do I think The Adventure of Tom Sawyer is a great book? Mark Twain wrote the story in 1876, but it’s still read and loved by people all over the world today. And although it’s only a story, Twain wrote it in the everyday English of the southern states of America in the 19th century, so it sounds very real. Today it’s thought to be one of the greatest books in American literature. Go on —read it! I know you’ll enjoy it, too.21.Where does Tom run away with his two friends?A.To a quiet streetB. To a small town.C. To an islandD. To a forest22.Who is the bad man in the story?A.Huck Finn.B. Injun JoeC. BeckyD. Polly23.How did people feel when Tom appeared at his own funeral?A.They were surprised and pleased.B.They were surprised and sad.C.They were worried and excited.D.They were frightened and happy24.The whole book is mainly about .A.Freedom and social rulesB. children’s bad behaviorC. the growth of young children.D. strangers in American small towns25.The writer writes the article to .A.ask us to read the bookB. tell us how popular the book is todayC. tell us when MarkTwain wrote the story D. tell us the story sounds very realPassage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Peter was a small boy. He lived with his parents in a small house near some hills. The people there were poor.One night it was very dry and windy. When everyone was asleep, Peter suddenly heard some noise. It came out from the kitchen. He got up and walked to the kitchen. He found that the wood beside the stove was burning. There was not water tap in the house, so he could not put out the fire. He shouted loudly to wake up everyone in the house. Then he ran out of his house and knocked on the doors of many houses to wake the people up. They all left their houses quickly.At last the fire was put out by the firemen. Many houses were burnt. But nobody was burnt in the fire.26.Peter lived with hisA.SistersB. brothersC. unclesD. parents27.One night he found that beside the stove was burning.A.the tableB. the woodC. the doorD. the window28., so he could not put out the fire.A.Everybody was asleepB. He couldn’t shout loudlyC. The kitchen was very bigD. Therewas no water tap in the house29.Peter knocked on the doors of many houses .A.to wake the people upB. to get some waterC. to find his classmatesD. to visit them30.hurt in the fire.A.People in other houses wereB. Peter’s parents wereC. Nobody wasD. Peter wasScientists have always wanted to know more about the universe. Years ago they knew many things about the moon. They knew how big it was and how far away from the earth. But they wanted to know more about it. They thought the best way was to send men to the moon. The moon is about 384,000 kilometers away from the earth. A plane cannot fly to the moon because the air reaches only 240 kilometers away from the earth. But something can fly even when there is no air. That is a rocket.How does a rocket fly? There is gas in the rocket. When the gas is made very hot inside the rocket, it will rush out of the end of the rocket, so it can make the rocket fly up into the sky. Rockets can fly out into space. Rockets with men in them have been to the moon. Several rockets without men in them have flown to another planet much farther away than the moon. One day rockets may be able to go to any place in space.31.Scientists have known the moon is.A.how longB. how heavyC. how oldD. how big32.The earth is about 384,000 kilometers away from the .A.spaceB. universeC. sunD. moon33.A plane cannot fly to the moon because .A.there is no air above 240 kilometers away from the earthB.there is no gas in the planeC.the plane is not strong enoughD.the plane must be driven by a man34.The hot gas in the rocket is used for .A.keeping the air in the rocket freshB.keeping the men in the rocket warmC.marking the rocket flyD.cooking food for the men35.Several rockets without men in them have flown to .A.the starsB. the satellites of the sunC. the sunD. another satellite of the sunPart Two (50 Points)Word Spelling (10 points, 1point for two items)将下列汉语单词译成英语。
全国2011年4月自学考试综合英语(二)试题
全国2011年4月自学考试综合英语(二)试题(总分：100.00，做题时间：150分钟)一、课程代码：00795 (总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.The idea of traveling through _________ space to other planets interests many people today. （分数：1.00）A.aB.theC./ √D.one解析：[解析] 本题考查冠词的用法。
space表示宇宙空间时，前面不加冠词。
2.I'd get the book for you _________ I could remember who last borrowed it.（分数：1.00）A.only ifB.if only √C.except thatD.in case that解析：[解析] 本题考查短语辨析。
if only要是……就好了；only if只要，只有；except that除……之外；in ease that如果。
根据句意可知，B项符合题意。
3.We had to get him to the hospital right away. Otherwise, it _________ too late.（分数：1.00）A.isB.will beC.wasD.would be √解析：[解析] 本题考查虚拟语气的用法。
otherwise在此相当于“if we didn't get...”，从句的动词为过去式，主句动词用“would+动词原形”，表示与现在事实相反。
4.I think your sister should know _________ to spend her money on fancy goods.（分数：1.00）A.other thanB.rather thanC.better than √D.more than解析：[解析] 本题考查固定搭配。
2011年考研英语二真题及答案
2011年考研英语二真题及答案2011年考研英语二真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered black and mark A,B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behindthe explosion of cyber crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber czar, offered the Obama governmenta 4 to make the Web a safer place — asystem that would be the “voluntary identify” high-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint anda photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and wouldauthenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on” s ystems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” and bright in safe “neighborhoods” to establish a sense “streetlights” of 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 , trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .Still, the administration’s planhas 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that th e “voluntarywould still leave much of the ecosystem” Internet 19 .They argue that should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1. A. swept B. skipped C. walkedD. ridden2. A. for B. within C. whileD. though3. A. careless B. lawless C. pointlessD. helpless4. A. reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposal5. A. information B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6. A. by B. into C. from D.over7. A. linked B. directed C. chainedD. compared8. A. dismiss B. discover C. createD. improve9. A. recall B. suggest C. selectD. realize10. A. released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered11. A. carry on B. linger on C. set inD. log in12. A. In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast13. A. trusted B. modernized C. thriving D. competing14. A. caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15. A. on B. after C. beyondD. across16. A. divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united17. A. frequently B. incidentally C.occasionally D. eventually18. A. skepticism B. tolerance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19. A. manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20. A. invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forced参考答案：1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACDSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text 1 The Economist May 4th 2010 ADCAB Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade, she apparently managed both roles withoutattracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009, Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee, how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chiefproposals. If the sky and the share executive’sprice is falling, outside directors should be ableto give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University useda database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxystatement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70.They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequentlyhave to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federalclass-action lawsuit also increases, and the stockis likely to perform worse. The effect tended tobe larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directorsare always jumping off a sinking ship. OftenLeaving riskier, smaller firmsthey “trade u p.” for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blowto their reputations if they leave a firm beforebad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time anywrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .A. gaining excessive profitsB. failing to fulfill her dutyC. refusing to make compromisesD. leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .A. generous investorsB. unbiased executivesC. share price forecastersD. independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohiosurprise University after an outside director’s departure, the firm is likely to .A. become more stableB. report increased earningsC. do less well in the stock marketD. perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .A. may stay for the attractive offers from the firmB. have often had records of wrongdoings in the firmC. are accustomed to stress-free work in the firmD. will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .A. permissiveB. positiveC. scornfulD. criticalText 2 The Economist Jun 10th 2010 DBCAA Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not alreadyfled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refusedelivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportionis 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is nolonger a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers l ike … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .A. neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failureof newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3 The NY Times When Less Was More BDCDB July 1, 2010, 9:30 pmWe tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on theG. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression andthe war, Americans had learned to live with less,and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus forthe trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took upposts at American architecture schools. Thesedesigners came to exert enormous influence onthe course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolizedthe future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Miesbuilt on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller—two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegancedetails and proportions, theof the buildings’ architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.was not entirely The trend toward “less” foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.Th e “Case S tudy Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” t rend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life — few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers — but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”？[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed. Text 4 The Economist(经济学家)2010年7月10日Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not longgreatest cheer ago. Now even the project’sleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermudaof debt, population decline and lower triangle” growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EUface an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Marketshave lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive membersthe quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It isstuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, butdisagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved bystricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU fundsfor poorer regions and EU mega-projects andeven the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is asmall majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.camp headed by FrenchA “southern” wants something different: “European economicwithin an inner core of euro-zone government” members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members,via cheaper borrowing for governments throughcommon Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.Finally, figures close to the France governmenthave murmured, euro-zone members shouldagree to some fiscal and social harmonization:e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax ratesor labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remainsthe world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more opento goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37.The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that .[A]poor countries are more likely to get funds[B]strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries[C]loans will be readily available to rich countries[D]rich countries will basically controlEurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel .[A]pessimistic[B]desperate[C]conceited[D]hopeful CCBADPart BDirections:(7选5)In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to childrenabout the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiralling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or binge drinking."Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban onsmoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be," said the leader of the UK's children's doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behaviour.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before the 9pm watershed and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. "If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in thesame way as cigarettes –by setting stringentlimits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events," he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coachingscheme run by the Football Association.Fast-food chains should also stop offeringsuch as toys, cute animals and “inducements” mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of theRoyal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If childre are taught about the impact that food has ontheir growth, and that some things can harm, atleast information is available up front.”He also urged councils to impose“fast-food-free zones” around school andhospitals-areas within which takeaways cannotopen.A Department of Health spokesperson said:“We n eed to create a new vision for publichealth where all of society works together to gethealthy and live longer. This includes creating anew ‘responsibility deal ’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”The food industry will be alarmed that suchsenior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.[A] “fat taxes ” shouldbe imposed on fast-foodproducerssuch as McDonald ’s.41.AndrewLansley held that [B] the governmentshould ban fast-food outletsin theneighborhood of schools.42.Terence Stephenson agreedthat [C] “lecturing ” was an effective way to improve school lunchesin England.43.Jamie Oliver seemed tobelieve that [D]cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to childrenabout the dangers of apoor diet.44.DineshBhugra suggestedthat [E] the producers of crisps and candies could contributesignificantly to theChange4Life campaign.45.A Departmentof HealthSpokesperson propsed that [F] parents should set good examples for their children by keeping ahealthy dietat home.[G] the governmentshould strengthen thesense of responsibilityamong businesses.Section Ⅲ Translation46. Directions:In this section there is a text in English.Translate it into Chinese. Write your translationon ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Who would have thought that, globally, theIT industry produces about the same volume ofgreenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do ---roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising tollon the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, dependingon how many attempts are needed to get theanswer. To deliver results to its users “right” quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast datacentres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much moreto be done, and not just by big companies. Section IV WritingPart A47 Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letterto1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)英语(二)小作文范文：A Letter to LimingJan-15-2011Dear Liming,Congratulate on your success in passing the entrance examination.Now, please allow me to give you somesuggestion during your holidays.First of all, you should read. Because it makes afull man. Reading during the holiday helps youget the habit of it that when you become a freshman. College life is so plentiful but readingis the most important thing.Second, to do some housework can bring you another feelings. Once you get into the college,you must do the things for yourself, including washing, clear the room and shedule your dailylife and etc.However, reading and housework doesn’t mean all of your holiday. You need contact with yourfriends or communicate with them. The reasonis that old friends will be in your memory andnew friends will be there. And we all know thatthe friendship among senior school.From the things I mentioned above, hope theywill bring you a richful life in your college.Zhangwei2011考研英语（二）大作文范文题目Write a short essay based on the following chart.in your writing, you should:1) interpret the chart and2) give your commentsYou should write at least 150 wordsWrite your essay on answer sheet 2 (15points)英语二大作文范文As can be seen clearly from the chart, themarket share taken by domestic car brands increased rapidly from 25% in 20008 to nearly35% in 2009, while conversely, the market shareowned by Japanese car brands dropped by 10%from 35% in 2008 to 25% in 2008. What’s more, the market share taken by American car brandsis on the upward trend, from 10% to nearly15%.Three reasons, in my opinion, can accountfor the changes in car market in these two years.First, the rise of Chinese cars is of little surpriseas we have seen Chinese enterprises’ commitment to developing self-owned technologies, which not only free them frompotential risks, but also bring about long-termbenefit. Second, Japanese cars, which used to behighly praised for their outstanding quality andsuperior stability, is now reeling from a crisis of confidence. Last, the improvement of Americanperformance must be attributed to thecars’ smart marketing strategy employed by American sellers. They launched a lot of marketing campaigns designed specially forChinese market, which won them applaud aswell as benefit.In order to maintain the good momentumof development, domestic cars should on onehand stick to their self-independent policy, andon the other, learn some experiences from Japanese car’s failures and Americans’ success其他客观题答案：21-25BBDAA26-30DBCBB31-35BDCDB36-40DCBAC41-45EDCFG。
英语二2011年真题及答案
英语二2011年真题及答案2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the exploration of cyber-crime that has __1__ across the Web.Can privacy be preserved __2__ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly __3__ ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation's cyber-czar, offered the federal government a __4__ to make the web a safer place-a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech __5__ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled __6__ one. The system might use a smart identity card,or a digital credential __7__ to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to __8__ a federation of private online identity systems. Users could __9__ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver's license __10__ by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these "single sign-an" systems that make it possible for users to __11__ just once but use many different services.__12__ , the approach would create a "walled garden" in cyberspace, with safe "neighborhoods" and bright " streetlights" to establish a sense of a __13__ community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a "voluntary ecosystem" in which "individuals and organizations can complete online transactionswith __14__ , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure ___15___ which the transaction runs. "Still, the administration's plan has ___16___ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would ___17___ be a compulsory Internet "driver's license" mentality.The plan has also been greeted with ___18__ by some computer security experts, who worry that the "voluntary ecosystem" envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet __19__ They argue that all Internet users should be __20__ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1. [A] swept [B] skipped [C] walked [D] ridden2. [A] for [B] within [C] while [D] though3. [A] careless [B] lawless [C]pointless [D] helpless4. [A] reason [B] reminder [C] compromise [D] proposal5. [A] information [B] interference [C] entertainment [D] equivalent6. [A] by [B] into [C] from [D] over7. [A] linked [B] directed [C] chained [D] compared8. [A] dismiss [B] discover [C] create [D] improve9. [A] recall [B] suggest [C] select [D] realize10. [A] released [B] issued [C] distributed [D] delivered11. [A] carry on [B] linger on [C] set in [D] log in12. [A] In vain [B] In effect [C] In return [D] In contrast13. [A] trusted [B] modernized [C] thriving [D] competing14. [A] caution [B] delight [C] confidence [D] patience15. [A] on [B] after [C] beyond [D] across16. [A] divided [B] disappointed [C] protected [D] united17. [A] frequently [B] incidentally [C] occasionally [D] eventually18. [A] skepticism [B] tolerance [C] indifference [D] enthusiasm19. [A] manageable [B] defendable [C] vulnerable [D] invisible20. [A] invited [B] appointed [C] allowed [D] forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C orD. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs' board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009 Mrs. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Mrs. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. If the sky, and the share price, is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered theirown crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up," leaving riskier, smaller firmsfor larger and more stable firms.But the researches believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news break, even if a review of history shows that they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for __________________.[A] gaining excessive profits[B] failing to fulfill her duty[C] refusing to make compromises[D] leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be __________________.[A] generous investors[B] unbiased executives[C] share price forecasters[D] independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director' s surprise departure, the firm is likely to __________________.[A] become more stable[B] report increased earnings[C] do less well in the stock market[D] perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors __________________.[A] may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B] have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C] are accustomed to stress -free work in the firm[D] will decline incentives from the firm25. The author' s attitude toward the role ofoutside directors is __________________.[A] permissive[B] positive[C] scornful[D] criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspapers? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America's Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even Americannewspapers, which inhabit the most troubled comer of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation &Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying "Newspapers like…their own doom"(Line 3, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspapers ________________.[A] neglected the sign of crisis[B] failed to get state subsidies[C] were not charitable corporations[D] were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because ________________.[A] readers threatened to pay less[B] newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C] journalists reported little about these areas[D] subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they ________________.[A] have more sources of revenue[B] have more balanced newsrooms[C] are less dependent on advertising[D] are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A] Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B] Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C] Foreign bureaus play a crucial role inthe newspaper business.[D] Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be ________________.[A] American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B] American Newspapers: Gone with the wind[C] American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D] American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War 11 as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was atime of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase "less is more" was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War Ⅱand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.Mie's signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass andlaminated wood -- materials that we take for granted today but that in the1940s symbolized the future. Mies's sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller -- two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet -- than those in their older neighbors along the city's Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings' details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward "less" was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses -- usually around 1,200 square feet -- than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The "Case Study Houses" commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the "less is more" trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life -- few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers -- but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans' ________________.[A] prosperity and growth[B] efficiency and practicality[C] restraint and confidence[D] pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about the Bauhaus?[A] It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B] Its designing concept was affected by World War I1.[C] Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D] It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design ________________.[A] was related to large space[B] was identified with emptiness[C] was not reliant on abundant decoration[D] was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive?[A] They ignored details and proportions.[B] They were built with materials popular at that time.[C] They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D] They shared some characteristics ofabstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the "Case Study Houses" ?[A] Mechanical devices were widely used.[B] Natural scenes were taken into account.[C] Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D] Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project's greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a "Bermuda triangle" of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a singlecurrency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a country's voting fights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free - market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A "southern" camp headed by France wants something different: "European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the French government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g. , curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world's largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that ________________.[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU's single currency is stuck because the dominant powers ________________.[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem, Germany proposed that ________________.[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting fights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that ________________.[A] poor countries are more likely to get funds[B] strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries[C] loans will be readily available to rich countries[D] rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel[A] pessimistic [B] desperate [C] conceited [D] hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer thequestions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarettestyle warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald' s.They argue that government action isnecessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking."Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be," said the leader of the UK' s children' s doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Chang4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticisedthe celebrity chef Jamie Oliver' s high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behaviour.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. "If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes-by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events," he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering "inducements" such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said : "Ifchildren are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front. "He also urged councils to impose "fast-food-free zones" around schools and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said:" We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new 'responsibility deal' with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this. "The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.[A] "fat taxes" should be imposed on fast-food producers such asMcDonald's.41．Andrew Lansley held that [B] the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools.42．Terence Stephenson agreed that [C] "lecturing" was an effective way to improve school lunches in England.43．Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that [D] cigarette-style warning should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet.44．Dinesh Bhugra suggested that [E] the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life camign.45．A Department of Health spokesperson proposed that [F] parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home.[G] the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses.Section ⅢTranslation46. Directions:In this section, there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world's airlines do -- roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many attempts are needed to get the "right" answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast datacentres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.Section ⅣWritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhang Wei" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1 ) interpret the chart and2) give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. ( 15 points)2011考研英语（二）真题答案1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．B 11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．A 16．A 17．D 18．A 19．C 20．D 21．B 22．D 23．C 24．A 25．B26．D 27．B 28．C 29．A 30．A 31．C 32．D 33．C 34．D 35．B 36．B 37．C 38．B 39．A 40．D 41．E 42．D 43．C 44．B 45．G。
2011年4月英语二试题参考答案
2011年4月英语二试题参考答案（部分试题）1. 1、You may use my bike( )you give it back to me tomorrow morning A:unless B:provided C:though D:because选Aunless2.He could not ( )his tears on hearing that he was not admitted to tluniversityA:hold up B:hold back C:get over D:get through选B，hold back 意思是“当他听到自己没有被大学录用的消息时他无法抑制自己的泪水”3.Good parents have the abiity to communicate messages of love,trust,an self-worth ()their childrenA:on B:for C:with D:to选Ccommunicate with 趋向于双方的互动4.The teacher required that all errors should be ()before the studenturn in their term paper A;deported B;eliminated C:deprived D:implemented选 B eliminated5.A person is lucky if his career ()with his interest and hobbyA:concerns B:competes C;coincides D:compares选C;coincides一个人的职业如果与兴趣和爱好一致是幸运的6.Our sleep influences our mood ,Our mood,()affects on performanceA;in return B:in vain Cin short D:in turn选 D in turn7.It was ()of you not to disturb us while we were sleepingA:considerate B:considering C:considerable D:considered答案：A。
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2011年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语（二）试卷（课程代码00015）ⅠVocabulary and Structure(10points 1 point each)从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题纸上将相应的字母涂黑。
1.Y ou may use bike________you give it back to me tomorrow morning.A.unlessB.providedC.thoughD.becouse2.He could not________his tears on hearing that he was not admitted to the universiteA.hold upB.hold backC.get overD.get through3.Good parents have the ability to communicate messages of love,trust,and self-worth______their childrenA.onB.forC.withD.to4.The teacher required that all errors should be (选B)eliminated before the students turn in their term paper.A.deportedB.eliminatedC.deprivedD.implemented5.A person is lucky if his career________with his interest and hobby.A.concernspetesC.coinciderspares6.Out sleep influences our mood. our mood,________,affects our performance.A.in returnB.in vainC.in shortD.in turn7.It was________of you not to disturb us while we were sleeping.A.considerateB.consideringC.considerableD.considered8.I'd appreciate it very much if you could make some________on my recent article at the conference.A.requestsB.referencesC.remarksD.restrictions9.He is______absorbed in his own thoughts that he seems unaware of what's going on in the room.A.soB.eachC.veryD.much10.No sooner (选C)had I reached home than Michael arrived with Jane in his car.A.did I reachB.I had reachedC.had I reachedD.I reachedⅡ.Cloze Test(10point,1 point each)下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项，根据上下文要求选出最佳答案。
并在答题纸上将相应的字母涂黑。
It is difficult to escape the influence of television.If you fit the statistical messages,by the age of 20 you will have been esposed___11___at least 20,000 hours of television. You can add 10,000 hours for each decade you have lived ___12___the age of 20. The only things Americans do more than them watch thlevision are work an sleep.Calculate for a moment what could be done with even a part of those ____13____.Five thousand,I am sold, are what a typical college undergraduate____14____working in a bachelor’s degree. In 10,000 hours you corded have learned several lauguages fluently, you could be reading Shakespeare in the ____15____,and you could have walked around the world the world and ____16____a book about these hours.The trouble with television is____17____it discourages concentrations. Almost anything interesting and rewarding in life____18____some constructive effort .The dultest , the least giftedof us can achieve things that seem remarkable to those____19____never concertrate on anything .But television encourages us not to make any___20___.It makes the time pass without gain.11.A.to B.under C.for D.at12.A.at B.from C.after D.before13.A.decades B.hours C.years D.things14.A.spends B.casts C.takes es15.A.origin B.beginning C.source D.original16.A.written B.write C.wrote D.writing17.A.what B.that C.which D.why18.A.requests B.asks C.orders D.requires19.A.what B.whose C.which D.who20.A.money B.time C.effort D.skillⅢ.Reading Comprehension(30point,2points each)从下列每篇短文的问题后所给的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题纸上将相应的字母涂黑。
Passage oneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Michael Stadtlander set Toronto’s restarant world on fire in the 1980s with his original food, and eastablished a national and international fame. In 1994,however,he decided to leave the city restaurant scene and seek a quiet life in the country,where he has been preparing meals on his farm two hours borth of Toronto and asks guests to bring their own wine.Not long ago,Stadlander was charged with selling liquer without a licence,He said when a guest asked for wine at a dinner in December, he provided two bottles from his private stock.But the customer turned out to be an undercover Ontario Provincial Police(OPP)officer who returned a few days later along with four armed officers to seize 83 bottles of wine,and to search the farmhouse for records.The punishment could run as high as $100,000 in fines and a year in jail.When Mr and Mrs Smisth arrived at the farm on a weekend befre Christmas, they said that it was their annual celebrstion and asked if they could get some wine.Nobuyo,Stadtlander’s wife,told them the policy was thar guests peovide their own..Given the occasion,though,Stadtlander agreed to provide a bottle of white wiee from own cellar,at cost,as a favor, Later, Mr Smith asked for a second bottle and a detailed receipt that included the price of thr wine.He turned out to be OPP Detective Paul Smith and “his wife,”an assistant who went as a witness.“I was shocked,”Nobuyo Stadtlander recalls.”How could thy do this to us when we did them a favor?We sold them our wine at our cost.”.But Mr.Smith say,”No.they made $20.”Stadtlander is determined to prove his innocence and continue the business.“People who live in the area have been very supportive,”he says.”And when this is over,I want my wine back.”21.Stadtlander was accused because________.A.be offered too much wine for a guestB.be asked guests to bring their own wineC.be charged too much for the wine offeredD.be sold wise to his guests without a license22.In the 1980s,Stadtlander________.A.threw his original restaurant menu into the fineB.made his restaurant well-known around the worldC.sought for a quiet life in the central part of the cityD.opened one resyaurant after another home and abroad.23.IT turned out that Mr.and Mrs.Smith were________.A.two farmersB.two witnesecsC.hasbend and wifeD.police officers24.Nobuy Studtlander claimed that in the wine case they made________.A.$1.20B.no moneyC.$100,000D.a lot of money25.Which of the following could be used as evidence against Stadtlander?A.What Stadtlander’s wife saidB.The second bottle of wineC.The records from the farmhouse.D.A receipt with the wine price.Passage TwoQuestions26 to 30 are based on the following passage.A recent study shows that sixteen out of every 100 American couoles have violent confrontations of one sort or another during the course of a year.In six of these cases there is severe kicking,biting,punching or hitting with objects.Almost four of every 100 wives are seriously beaten by their husbands.three of every 100 children are kicked or punched by their parents.More than a third of all brothers and sisters severely attack each other.As expected,the incidence of violence is highest among the urban poor (many of them minoroties).blue-collar workers,people under 20 or without religious beliefs,families with a husband who is jobless and those with four to six children.But the study also showed that violence occurs among wealthy families as well.Indeed,the wife of a university president once quietly called Straus,one of the sociologists who conducted the study,to ask what she chould do about her husband,who often beat her.Straus suggested seeking assistance from marriage advisors.Steaus and his colleagues found out that there are various root causes that give rise to such behavior.“The reason are mixed –psychological,sociological,situational,”says Straus.“The husband,for example,may feel under particular stress because be has been out of work too long.Violence may also be an echo of the past,”Straus explains.“When Mummy gives her two-year-old a slap（巴掌）for putting something dirty in his mouth,he is learing from infancy that those who love you hit you.”Another reason may be the worsening economic situations.“If we have a real economos decline,It’s going to get worse,”economic situations.“If we have a real economic declines,it’s going to get worse,”says Gelles, one of Straus”colleagues.These sociologists have no easy answer to violence in the American family.While they welcome such move as the opening of shelters for beaten wives and the establishment of a National Center for Child Abuse and Neglect, they belive thet there must be more basic attack on vilolence,including the reduction of “macho”（大男子主义）themes on the television,the outlawing of physical punishment in schools and perhaps even the wlimination of death senernces.As Strausexplains,“Volence is an acceptable solution to problems in American society,And that is how it is used in families.26.Which of the following statements is true?A.More than a third of brothers attack sisters in American families.B.Almost four percent of husbands are seriously beaten by their wives.C.Six out of one hundred couples experience severe domestic violence.D.Six percent of American couples have some kind of domestic violence.27.The example concerning a universily president’s wife shows that_________A.domestic violence is found in well-to do families as wellB.the incidence of violence is highest among urban familiesC.marriage advisons’ assistance is the best solution to violenceD.domestic vilence exists regardless of age,race,and social status.28.What Gelles says shows that________.A.vilence is responsible for the decline of economyB.violence may be a reflection of one’s past experienceC.violence is related to the economic situation of the timeD.violence is the best form of emotional release for a husband29.The word “outlawing”in line5 of the last paragraph means________.A.making something illegalB.freeing someone from prisonC.learning something from lawD.throwing someone out of court30.According to the sociologists, it is impossible to curb domestic violence unless________.A.more shelters for beateb wives are openedB.children are protected by a National CenterC.violence is not accepted as a solution to problemsD.Americans get tougher with violent behaviorsPassage ThreeQestions 31to35are based on the following passage.American scientists are developing an “intelligent”mabile phone capable of blocking incoming calls depending on the owner’s mood.,Using“context aware”Technology the “Sensay” phone will monitor calls and send back polite messages saying the user may be contacted later.A research team at the Institute for Complex Engineering Systems at Carragie Mellon University in Pittsburg,Pennsylvania, are developing body temperature and electrical skin monitors to help the device understand the emotional state of its user.If the phone senses that the user is busy —for instance,involved in a conversation—it might block an incoming call and turn it onto voicemail. The phone would send back a text message saying the user is unavailable,but advising that id the matter is urgent the caller can try again in three minutes.If a call from the same person came in again,the phone would put it through.The researchers are interested in four basic different states—busy and not to be interrupted,physically active,idle,and “normal.”Most people are said to change between these states,an average of 6 to 12 times a day.Professor Asim Smailagic,a leading member of the Carnegic Mellon team,told The Engineer magazine.”Today’s computers are pretty dumb compared with the device.We got to work at the beginning of May and since then have been improving it.The next stage is to make it smarter,adding various intellingence systems so it can learn about the user.The phone also employs four primary sensons—two microphones to pick up conversations and monitor local noise.a light detector and an acceleromster（加速度计）.The light sensor shows if the phone is being carried in a bag or pocket ,while the accelerometer determines whether the user is walking,running or standing still, In the sensor box, phone is being carried in a bag or pocket, while the accelerometer determites whether the user is walking,running or standing still,In the future,the sensor box,phone and personal organizer will be combined into one device.”31.According to the passage,the “Sensay” phone is capable of ________.A.showing body temperatureB.blocking unwanted callsC. detecting the owner’s moodD.sensing the caller’s mood32.The second paragraph mainly tells us ________.A.where the intelligent phone is developedB.how the new phone is going to functionC.whether the researchers failed in their experimentD.why the researchers failed in their experiment33.Accorfing to Professor Smailagic,the detector will show________.A.where the mobile phone isB.where the mobile phone user isC.whether the mobile phone user is busyD.whether the mobile phone is within reach34.the word “it”in line 5 of paragraph 4 refers to________.A.the phoneB.the monitorC.the computerD.the light sensor35.The best title for this passage is ________.A.How to Tell a Person’s MoodB.How to Block Incoming CallsC.Sensay Your Personal OrganizerD.Sensay The Futuer Mobile PhoneⅣ.Word Spelling(10points for two words)将下列汉语单词译成英语，每个单词的词类、首字母及字母数目均已给出，请将完整的单词写在答题纸上。