金融机构管理第八章答案中文版
米什金货币金融学第八章银行业与金融机构管理
⑵ 可转让支付命令账户（Negotiable Order of Withdrawal Account，NOW账户）
是一种可使用支付命令进行支付和提现 的储蓄存款账户。
其基本特点是：一是以支付命令书代替 支票，转账次数没有限制；二是存款人可 以依据存款平均余额获取利息收入；三是 账户开立人限定为个人和非盈利机构，盈 利机构不得开设。这种账户集中了支票账 户和储蓄存款的优点。
②持有者可以获得较高利息收入；
③银行签发的定期存单一般不能转让，但可以作 为抵押品使用。
⑶ 储蓄存款（savings deposits）
是指居民个人和家庭为积蓄货币、取得 利息收益而存入的款项。经营此项业务的 金融机构资格要求较严，一般由商业银行 的储蓄部门或专门的储蓄机构来经营。其 基本特点是：
名称（英文）
传统 型存
款
活期存款 定期存款 储蓄存款
Demand Deposits time deposits savings deposits
存
大额可转让定期存单 Negotiable Certificate of Deposit
可转让支付命令账户 Negotiable Order of Withdrawal
与电话转账服务相类似，客户可以在
银行开立两个账户，一个是储蓄存款账户 ，一个是活期存款账户，并同时保证在活 期存款账户上的余额在一美元或以上。存 款客户平日将款项存在储蓄存款账户上， 而当客户开出支票准备提现或转账时，银 行自动将必要的数额从储蓄存款账户转到 活期存款账户上以进行付款。
因此，自动转账服务账户结合了储蓄存 款账户和活期存款账户的优点，可以保证 客户在未使用支票支付款项之前从储蓄存 款账户获得相应的利息。当然，使用该账 户的客户需要向银行支付一定的服务费。
风险管理与金融机构(第4版)第8章答案
Chapter 8: How Traders Manage Their Risks8.1交易组合价值减少10500美元。
8.2 当波动率变化2%时，交易组合价格增长200×2＝400美元。
8.3 两种情形均为0.5*30*4=60美元8.4 1000 份期权短头寸的Delta 等于-700，可以通过买入700 份股票的形式使交易组合达到Delta 中性。
8.5 Theta为-100的含义是指在股价与波动率没有变化的情况下，期权价格每天下降100美元。
假如交易员认为股价及隐含波动率在将来不会改变，交易员可以卖出期权，并且Theta值越高越好。
8.6当一个期权承约人的Gamma绝对值较大，Gamma本身为负，并且Delta等于0，在市场变化率较大的情况下，期权承约人会有较大损失。
8.8看涨及看跌期权的多头头寸都具备正的Gamma，由图6.9可以看出，当Gamma为正时，对冲人在股票价格变化较大时会有收益,而在股票价格变化较小时会有损失，因此对冲人在（b）情形收益更好，当交易组合包含期权的空头头寸时，对冲人在（a）情形收益会更好。
8.9 Delta的数值说明当欧元汇率增长0.01时，银行交易价格会增加0.01*30000=300美元，Gamma的数值说明，当欧元价格增长0.01时，银行交易组合的Delta会下降0.01*80000=800美元；为了做到Delta中性，我们应该卖出30000欧元；当汇率增长到0.93时，我们期望交易组合的Delta下降为（0.93-0.9）*80000=24000，组合价值变为27600。
为了维持Delta中性，银行应该对2400数量欧元空头头寸进行平仓，这样可以保证欧元净空头头寸为27600。
当一个交易组合的Delta为中性，同时Gamma为负时资产价格有一个较大变动时会引起损失。
因此银行可能会蒙受损失。
8.15.The gamma and vega of a delta-neutral portfolio are 50 per $ per $ and 25 per %, respectively. Estimate what happens to the value of the portfolio when there is a shock to the market causing the underlying asset price to decrease by $3 and its volatility to increase by 4%.With the notation of the text, the increase in the value of the portfolio isSgamma2)(σ⨯vega5.0∆⨯⨯+∆This is0.5 × 50 × 32 + 25 × 4 = 325The result should be an increase in the value of the portfolio of $325.8.16.Consider a one-year European call option on a stock when the stock price is $30, the strike price is $30, the risk-free rate is 5%, and the volatility is 25% per annum. Use the DerivaGem software to calculate the price, delta, gamma, vega, theta, and rho of the option. Verify that delta is correct by changing the stock price to $30.1 and recomputing the option price. Verify that gamma is correct by recomputing the delta for the situation where the stock price is $30.1. Carryout similar calculations to verify that vega, theta, and rho are correct.The price, delta, gamma, vega, theta, and rho of the option are 3.7008, 0.6274, 0.050, 0.1135, −0.00596, and 0.1512. When the stock price increases to 30.1, the option price increases to 3.7638. The change in the option price is 3.7638 − 3.7008 = 0.0630. Delta predicts a change in the option price of 0.6274 × 0.1 = 0.0627 which is very close. When the stock price increases to 30.1, delta increases to 0.6324. The size of the increase in delta is 0.6324 − 0.6274 = 0.005. Gamma predicts an increase of 0.050 × 0.1 = 0.005 which is (to three decimal places) the same. When the volatility increases from 25% to 26%, the option price increases by 0.1136 from 3.7008 to3.8144. This is consistent with the vega value of 0.1135. When the time to maturity is changed from 1 to 1−1/365 the option price reduces by 0.006 from 3.7008 to 3.6948. This is consistent with a theta of −0.00596. Finally, when the interest rate increases from 5% to 6%, the value of the option increases by 0.1527 from 3.7008 to 3.8535. This is consistent with a rho of 0.1512.8.17.A financial institution has the following portfolio of over-the-counter optionson sterling:A traded option is available with a delta of 0.6, a gamma of 1.5, and a vegaof 0.8.(a) What position in the traded option and in sterling would make the portfolioboth gamma neutral and delta neutral?(b) What position in the traded option and in sterling would make the portfolioboth vega neutral and delta neutral?The delta of the portfolio is−1, 000 × 0.50 − 500 × 0.80 − 2,000 × (−0.40) − 500 × 0.70 = −450The gamma of the portfolio is−1, 000 × 2.2 − 500 × 0.6 − 2,000 × 1.3 − 500 × 1.8 = −6,000The vega of the portfolio is−1, 000 × 1.8 − 500 × 0.2 − 2,000 × 0.7 − 500 × 1.4 = −4,000(a) A long position in 4,000 traded options will give a gamma-neutral portfolio since the long position has a gamma of 4, 000 × 1.5 = +6,000. The delta of the whole portfolio (including traded options) is then:4, 000 × 0.6 − 450 = 1, 950Hence, in addition to the 4,000 traded options, a short position in £1,950 is necessary so that the portfolio is both gamma and delta neutral.(b) A long position in 5,000 traded options will give a vega-neutral portfolio since the long position has a vega of 5, 000 × 0.8 = +4,000. The delta of the whole portfolio (including traded options) is then5, 000 × 0.6 − 450 = 2, 550Hence, in addition to the 5,000 traded options, a short position in £2,550 is necessary so that the portfolio is both vega and delta neutral.8.18.Consider again the situation in Problem 8.17. Suppose that a second traded option with a delta of 0.1, a gamma of 0.5, and a vega of 0.6 is available. How could the portfolio be made delta, gamma, and vega neutral?Let w1 be the position in the first traded option and w2 be the position in the second traded option. We require:6, 000 = 1.5w1 + 0.5w24, 000 = 0.8w1 + 0.6w2The solution to these equations can easily be seen to be w1 = 3,200, w2 = 2,400. The whole portfolio then has a delta of−450 + 3,200 × 0.6 + 2,400 × 0.1 = 1,710Therefore the portfolio can be made delta, gamma and vega neutral by taking a long position in 3,200 of the first traded option, a long position in 2,400 of the second traded option and a short position in £1,710.8.19. (Spreadsheet Provided)Reproduce Table 8.2. (In Table 8.2, the stock position is rounded to the nearest 100 shares.) Calculate the gamma and theta of the position each week. Using the DerivaGem Applications Builders to calculate the change in the value of theportfolio each week (before the rebalancing at the end of the week) and check whether equation (8.2) is approximately satisfied. (Note: DerivaGem produces a value of theta “per calendar day.” The theta in equation 8.2 is “per year.”) Consider the first week. The portfolio consists of a short position in 100,000 options and a long position in 52,200 shares. The value of the option changes from $240,053 at the beginning of the week to $188,760 at the end of the week for a gain of $51,293. The value of the shares change from 52,200 × 49 = $2,557, 800 to 52,200 × 48.12 = $2,511,864 for a loss of $45,936. The net gain is 51,293 − 45,936 = $5,357. The gamma and theta (per year) of the portfolio are −6,554.4 and 430,533 so that equation (8.2) predicts the gain as430,533 ×1/52 + 0.5 × 6,554.4 × (48.12 − 49)2 = 5,742The results for all 20 weeks are shown in the following table.。
风险管理与金融机构课后习题8-9章答案
第八章8.1 VaR 是指在一定的知心水平下损失不能超过的数量；预期亏损是在损失超过VaR 的条件下损失的期望值，预期亏损永远满足次可加性（风险分散总会带来收益）条件。
8.2 一个风险度量可以被理解为损失分布的分位数的某种加权平均。
VaR 对于第x 个分位数设定了100%的权重，而对于其它分位数设定了0权重，预期亏损对于高于x%的分位数的所有分位数设定了相同比重，而对于低于x%的分位数的分位数设定了0比重。
我们可以对分布中的其它分位数设定不同的比重，并以此定义出所谓的光谱型风险度量。
当光谱型风险度量对于第q 个分位数的权重为q 的非递减函数时，这一光谱型风险度量一定满足一致性条件。
8.3有5%的机会你会在今后一个月损失6000美元或更多。
8.4在一个不好的月份你的预期亏损为60000美元，不好的月份食指最坏的5%的月份8.5 (1)由于99.1%的可能触发损失为100万美元，故在99%的置信水平下，任意一项损失的VaR 为100万美元。
（2）选定99%的置信水平时，在1%的尾部分布中，有0.9%的概率损失1000万美元，0.1%的概率损失100万美元，因此，任一项投资的预期亏损是（3）将两项投资迭加在一起所产生的投资组合中有0.009⨯0.009=0.000081的概率损失为2000万美元，有0.991⨯0.991=0.982081的概率损失为200万美元，有2⨯0.009⨯0.991=0.017838的概率损失为1100万美元，由于99%=98.2081%+0.7919%，因此将两项投资迭加在一起所产生的投资组合对应于99%的置信水平的VaR 是1100万美元。
（4）选定99%的置信水平时，在1%的尾部分布中,有0.0081%的概率损失2000万美元，有0.9919%的概率损失1100万美元，因此两项投资迭加在一起所产生0.1%0.9%10010009101%1%⨯+⨯=万美元的投资组合对应于99%的置信水平的预期亏损是（5）由于1100>100⨯2=200，因此VaR 不满足次可加性条件，1107<910⨯2=1820，因此预期亏损满足次可加性条件。
Chap002金融机构管理课后题答案
Chapter TwoThe Financial Services Industry: Depository InstitutionsChapter OutlineIntroductionCommercial Banks∙Size, Structure, and Composition of the Industry∙Balance Sheet and Recent Trends∙Other Fee-Generating Activities∙Regulation∙Industry PerformanceSavings Institutions∙Savings Associations (SAs)∙Savings Banks∙Recent Performance of Savings Associations and Savings BanksCredit Unions∙Size, Structure, and Composition of the Industry and Recent Trends∙Balance Sheets∙Regulation∙Industry PerformanceGlobal Issues: Japan, China, and GermanySummaryAppendix 2A: Financial Statement Analysis Using a Return on Equity (ROE) Framework Appendix 2B: Depository Institutions and Their RegulatorsAppendix 3B: Technology in Commercial BankingSolutions for End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems: Chapter Two1.What are the differences between community banks, regional banks, and money-centerbanks? Contrast the business activities, location, and markets of each of these bank groups. Community banks typically have assets under $1 billion and serve consumer and small business customers in local markets. In 2003, 94.5 percent of the banks in the United States were classified as community banks. However, these banks held only 14.6 percent of the assets of the banking industry. In comparison with regional and money-center banks, community banks typically hold a larger percentage of assets in consumer and real estate loans and a smaller percentage of assets in commercial and industrial loans. These banks also rely more heavily on local deposits and less heavily on borrowed and international funds.Regional banks range in size from several billion dollars to several hundred billion dollars in assets. The banks normally are headquartered in larger regional cities and often have offices and branches in locations throughout large portions of the United States. Although these banks provide lending products to large corporate customers, many of the regional banks have developed sophisticated electronic and branching services to consumer and residential customers. Regional banks utilize retail deposit bases for funding, but also develop relationships with large corporate customers and international money centers.Money center banks rely heavily on nondeposit or borrowed sources of funds. Some of these banks have no retail branch systems, and most regional banks are major participants in foreign currency markets. These banks compete with the larger regional banks for large commercial loans and with international banks for international commercial loans. Most money center banks have headquarters in New York City.e the data in Table 2-4 for the banks in the two asset size groups (a) $100 million-$1billion and (b) over $10 billion to answer the following questions.a. Why have the ratios for ROA and ROE tended to increase for both groups over the1990-2003 period? Identify and discuss the primary variables that affect ROA andROE as they relate to these two size groups.The primary reason for the improvements in ROA and ROE in the late 1990s may berelated to the continued strength of the macroeconomy that allowed banks to operate with a reduced regard for bad debts, or loan charge-off problems. In addition, the continued low interest rate environment has provided relatively low-cost sources of funds, and a shifttoward growth in fee income has provided additional sources of revenue in many product lines. Finally, a growing secondary market for loans has allowed banks to control the size of the balance sheet by securitizing many assets. You will note some variance inperformance in the last three years as the effects of a softer economy were felt in thefinancial industry.b. Why is ROA for the smaller banks generally larger than ROA for the large banks?Small banks historically have benefited from a larger spread between the cost rate of funds and the earning rate on assets, each of which is caused by the less severe competition in the localized markets. In addition, small banks have been able to control credit risk moreefficiently and to operate with less overhead expense than large banks.c. Why is the ratio for ROE consistently larger for the large bank group?ROE is defined as net income divided by total equity, or ROA times the ratio of assets to equity. Because large banks typically operate with less equity per dollar of assets, netincome per dollar of equity is larger.d. Using the information on ROE decomposition in Appendix 2A, calculate the ratio ofequity-to-total-assets for each of the two bank groups for the period 1990-2003. Whyhas there been such dramatic change in the values over this time period, and why isthere a difference in the size of the ratio for the two groups?ROE = ROA x (Total Assets/Equity)Therefore, (Equity/Total Assets) = ROA/ROE$100 million - $1 Billion Over $10 BillionYear ROE ROA TA/Equity Equity/TA ROE ROA TA/Equity Equity/TA1990 9.95% 0.78% 12.76 7.84% 6.68% 0.38% 17.58 5.69%1995 13.48% 1.25% 10.78 9.27% 15.60% 1.10% 14.18 7.05%1996 13.63% 1.29% 10.57 9.46% 14.93% 1.10% 13.57 7.37%1997 14.50% 1.39% 10.43 9.59% 15.32% 1.18% 12.98 7.70%1998 13.57% 1.31% 10.36 9.65% 13.82% 1.08% 12.80 7.81%1999 14.24% 1.34% 10.63 9.41% 15.97% 1.28% 12.48 8.02%2000 13.56% 1.28% 10.59 9.44% 14.42% 1.16% 12.43 8.04%2001 12.24% 1.20% 10.20 9.80% 13.43% 1.13% 11.88 8.41%2002 12.85% 1.26% 10.20 9.81% 15.06% 1.32% 11.41 8.76%2003 12.80% 1.27% 10.08 9.92% 16.32% 1.42% 11.49 8.70% The growth in the equity to total assets ratio has occurred primarily because of theincreased profitability of the entire banking industry and the encouragement of theregulators to increase the amount of equity financing in the banks. Increased fee income, reduced loan loss reserves, and a low, stable interest rate environment have produced the increased profitability which in turn has allowed banks to increase equity through retained earnings.Smaller banks tend to have a higher equity ratio because they have more limited assetgrowth opportunities, generally have less diverse sources of funds, and historically have had greater profitability than larger banks.3.What factors have caused the decrease in loan volume relative to other assets on thebalance sheets of commercial banks? How has each of these factors been related to the change and development of the financial services industry during the 1990s and early2000s? What strategic changes have banks implemented to deal with changes in thefinancial services environment?Corporations have utilized the commercial paper markets with increased frequency rather than borrow from banks. In addition, many banks have sold loan packages directly into the capital markets (securitization) as a method to reduce balance sheet risks and to improve liquidity. Finally, the decrease in loan volume during the early 1990s and early 2000s was due in part to the recession in the economy.As deregulation of the financial services industry continued during the 1990s, the position of banks as the primary financial services provider continued to erode. Banks of all sizes have increased the use of off-balance sheet activities in an effort to generate additional fee income. Letters of credit, futures, options, swaps and other derivative products are not reflected on the balance sheet, but do provide fee income for the banks.4.What are the major uses of funds for commercial banks in the United States? What are theprimary risks to the bank caused by each use of funds? Which of the risks is most critical to the continuing operation of the bank?Loans and investment securities continue to be the primary assets of the banking industry. Commercial loans are relatively more important for the larger banks, while consumer, small business loans, and residential mortgages are more important for small banks. Each of these types of loans creates credit, and to varying extents, liquidity risks for the banks. The security portfolio normally is a source of liquidity and interest rate risk, especially with the increased use of various types of mortgage backed securities and structured notes. In certain environments, each of these risks can create operational and performance problems for a bank.5.What are the major sources of funds for commercial banks in the United States? How isthe landscape for these funds changing and why?The primary sources of funds are deposits and borrowed funds. Small banks rely more heavily on transaction, savings, and retail time deposits, while large banks tend to utilize large, negotiable time deposits and nondeposit liabilities such as federal funds and repurchase agreements. The supply of nontransaction deposits is shrinking, because of the increased use by small savers of higher-yielding money market mutual funds,6. What are the three major segments of deposit funding? How are these segments changingover time? Why? What strategic impact do these changes have on the profitable operation of a bank?Transaction accounts include deposits that do not pay interest and NOW accounts that pay interest. Retail savings accounts include passbook savings accounts and small, nonnegotiable time deposits. Large time deposits include negotiable certificates of deposits that can be resold in the secondary market. The importance of transaction and retail accounts is shrinking due to the direct investment in money market assets by individual investors. The changes in the deposit markets coincide with the efforts to constrain the growth on the asset side of the balance sheet.7. How does the liability maturity structure of a bank’s balance sheet compare with thematurity structure of the asset portfolio? What risks are created or intensified by thesedifferences?Deposit and nondeposit liabilities tend to have shorter maturities than assets such as loans. The maturity mismatch creates varying degrees of interest rate risk and liquidity risk.8. The following balance sheet accounts have been taken from the annual report for a U.S.bank. Arrange the accounts in balance sheet order and determine the value of total assets.Based on the balance sheet structure, would you classify this bank as a community bank, regional bank, or a money center bank?Assets Liabilities and EquityCash $ 2,660 Demand deposits $ 5,939Fed funds sold $ 110 NOW accounts $12,816Investment securities $ 5,334 Savings deposits $ 3,292Net loans $29,981 Certificates of deposit $ 9,853Intangible assets $ 758 Other time deposits $ 2,333Other assets $ 1,633 Short-term Borrowing $ 2,080Premises $ 1,078 Other liabilities $ 778Total assets $41,554 Long-term debt $ 1,191Equity $ 3,272Total liab. and equity $41,554This bank has funded the assets primarily with transaction and savings deposits. The certificates of deposit could be either retail or corporate (negotiable). The bank has very little ( 5 percent) borrowed funds. On the asset side, about 72 percent of total assets is in the loan portfolio, but there is no information about the type of loans. The bank actually is a small regional bank with $41.5 billion in assets, but the asset structure could easily be a community bank with $41.5 million in assets.9.What types of activities normally are classified as off-balance-sheet (OBS) activities?Off-balance-sheet activities include the issuance of guarantees that may be called into play at a future time, and the commitment to lend at a future time if the borrower desires.a. How does an OBS activity move onto the balance sheet as an asset or liability?The activity becomes an asset or a liability upon the occurrence of a contingent event,which may not be in the control of the bank. In most cases the other party involved with the original agreement will call upon the bank to honor its original commitment.b.What are the benefits of OBS activities to a bank?The initial benefit is the fee that the bank charges when making the commitment. If the bank is required to honor the commitment, the normal interest rate structure will apply to the commitment as it moves onto the balance sheet. Since the initial commitment does notappear on the balance sheet, the bank avoids the need to fund the asset with either deposits or equity. Thus the bank avoids possible additional reserve requirement balances anddeposit insurance premiums while improving the earnings stream of the bank.c.What are the risks of OBS activities to a bank?The primary risk to OBS activities on the asset side of the bank involves the credit risk of the borrower. In many cases the borrower will not utilize the commitment of the bank until the borrower faces a financial problem that may alter the credit worthiness of the borrower.Moving the OBS activity to the balance sheet may have an additional impact on the interest rate and foreign exchange risk of the bank.e the data in Table 2-6 to answer the following questions.a.What was the average annual growth rate in OBS total commitments over the periodfrom 1992-2003?$78,035.6 = $10,200.3(1+g)11 g = 20.32 percentb.Which categories of contingencies have had the highest annual growth rates?Category of Contingency or Commitment Growth RateCommitments to lend 14.04%Future and forward contracts 15.13%Notional amount of credit derivatives 52.57%Standby contracts and other option contracts 56.39%Commitments to buy FX, spot, and forward 3.39%Standby LCs and foreign office guarantees 7.19%Commercial LCs -1.35%Participations in acceptances -6.11%Securities borrowed 20.74%Notional value of all outstanding swaps 31.76%Standby contracts and other option contracts have grown at the fastest rate of 56.39 percent, and they have an outstanding balance of $214,605.3 billion. The rate of growth in thecredit derivatives area has been the second strongest at 52.57 percent, the dollar volumeremains fairly low at $1,001.2 billion at year-end 2003. Interest rate swaps grew at anannual rate of 31.76 percent with a change in dollar value of $41,960.7 billion. Clearly the strongest growth involves derivative areas.c.What factors are credited for the significant growth in derivative securities activities bybanks?The primary use of derivative products has been in the areas of interest rate, credit, andforeign exchange risk management. As banks and other financial institutions have pursuedthe use of these instruments, the international financial markets have responded byextending the variations of the products available to the institutions.11. For each of the following banking organizations, identify which regulatory agencies (OCC,FRB, FDIC, or state banking commission) may have some regulatory supervisionresponsibility.(a) State-chartered, nonmember, nonholding-company bank.(b)State-chartered, nonmember holding-company bank(c) State-chartered member bank(d)Nationally chartered nonholding-company bank.(e)Nationally chartered holding-company bankBank Type OCC FRB FDIC SBCom.(a) Yes Yes(b) Yes Yes Yes(c) Yes Yes Yes(d) Yes Yes Yes(e) Yes Yes Yes12. What factors normally are given credit for the revitalization of the banking industry duringthe decade of the 1990s? How is Internet banking expected to provide benefits in thefuture?The most prominent reason was the lengthy economic expansion in both the U.S. and many global economies during the entire decade of the 1990s. This expansion was assisted in the U.S. by low and falling interest rates during the entire period.The extent of the impact of Internet banking remains unknown. However, the existence of this technology is allowing banks to open markets and develop products that did not exist prior to the Internet. Initial efforts have focused on retail customers more than corporate customers. The trend should continue with the advent of faster, more customer friendly products and services, and the continued technology education of customers.13. What factors are given credit for the strong performance of commercial banks in the early2000s?The lowest interest rates in many decades helped bank performance on both sides of the balance sheet. On the asset side, many consumers continued to refinance homes and purchase new homes, an activity that caused fee income from mortgage lending to increase and remain strong. Meanwhile, the rates banks paid on deposits shrunk to all-time lows. In addition, the development and more comfortable use of new financial instruments such as credit derivatives and mortgage backed securities helped banks ease credit risk off the balance sheets. Finally, information technology has helped banks manage their risk more efficiently.14. What are the main features of the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching EfficiencyAct of 1994? What major impact on commercial banking activity is expected from this legislation?The main feature of the Riegle-Neal Act of 1994 was the removal of barriers to inter-state banking. In September 1995 bank holding companies were allowed to acquire banks in other states. In 1997, banks were allowed to convert out-of-state subsidiaries into branches of a single interstate bank. As a result, consolidations and acquisitions have allowed for the emergence of very large banks with branches across the country.15. What happened in 1979 to cause the failure of many savings associations during the early1980s? What was the effect of this change on the operating statements of savingsassociations?The Federal Reserve changed its reserve management policy to combat the effects of inflation, a change which caused the interest rates on short-term deposits to increase dramatically more than the rates on long-term mortgages. As a result, the marginal cost of funds exceeded the average yield on assets that caused a negative interest spread for the savings associations. Further, because savings associations were constrained by Regulation Q on the amount of interest which could be paid on deposits, they suffered disintermediation, or deposit withdrawals, which led to severe liquidity pressures on the balance sheets.16. How did the two pieces of regulatory legislation, the DIDMCA in 1980 and the DIA in1982, change the operating profitability of savings associations in the early 1980s? What impact did these pieces of legislation ultimately have on the risk posture of the savingsassociation industry? How did the FSLIC react to this change in operating performance and risk?The two pieces of legislation allowed savings associations to offer new deposit accounts, such as NOW accounts and money market deposit accounts, in an effort to reduce the net withdrawal flow of deposits from the institutions. In effect this action was an attempt to reduce the liquidity problem. In addition, the savings associations were allowed to offer adjustable-rate mortgages and a limited amount of commercial and consumer loans in an attempt to improve the profitability performance of the industry. Although many savings associations were safer, more diversified, and more profitable, the FSLIC did not foreclose many of the savings associations which were insolvent. Nor did the FSLIC change its policy of assessing higher insurance premiums on companies that remained in high risk categories. Thus many savings associations failed, which caused the FSLIC to eventually become insolvent.17. How do the asset and liability structures of a savings association compare with the assetand liability structures of a commercial bank? How do these structural differences affect the risks and operating performance of a savings association? What is the QTL test?The savings association industry relies on mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities as the primary assets, while the commercial banking industry has a variety of loan products, including mortgage products. The large amount of longer-term fixed rate assets continues to cause interestrate risk, while the lack of asset diversity exposes the savings association to credit risk. Savings associations hold considerably less cash and U.S. Treasury securities than do commercial banks. On the liability side, small time and saving deposits remain as the predominant source of funds for savings associations, with some reliance on FHLB borrowing. The inability to nurture relationships with the capital markets also creates potential liquidity risk for the savings association industry.The acronym QTL stands for Qualified Thrift Lender. The QTL test refers to a minimum amount of mortgage-related assets that a savings association must hold. The amount currently is 65 percent of total assets.18. How do savings banks differ from savings and loan associations? Differentiate in terms ofrisk, operating performance, balance sheet structure, and regulatory responsibility.The asset structure of savings banks is similar to the asset structure of savings associations with the exception that savings banks are allowed to diversify by holding a larger proportion of corporate stocks and bonds. Savings banks rely more heavily on deposits and thus have a lower level of borrowed funds. The banks are regulated at both the state and federal level, with deposits insured by t he FDIC’s BIF.19. How did the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act (FIRREA) of1989 and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 reversesome of the key features of earlier legislation?FIRREA rescinded some of the expanded thrift lending powers of the DIDMCA of 1980 and the Garn-St Germain Act of 1982 by instituting the qualified thrift lender (QTL) test that requires that all thrifts must hold portfolios that are comprised primarily of mortgages or mortgage products such as mortgage-backed securities. The act also required thrifts to divest their portfolios of junk bonds by 1994, and it replaced the FSLIC with a new thrift deposit insurance fund, the Savings Association Insurance Fund, which was managed by the FDIC.The FDICA of 1991 amended the DIDMCA of 1980 by introducing risk-based deposit insurance premiums in 1993 to reduce excess risk-taking. FDICA also provided for the implementation of a policy of prompt corrective actions (PCA) that allows regulators to close banks more quickly in cases where insolvency is imminent. Thus the ill-advised policy of regulatory forbearance should be curbed. Finally, the act amended the International Banking Act of 1978 by expanding the regulatory oversight powers over foreign banks.20. What is the “common bond” membership qualification under which credit unions havebeen formed and operated? How does this qualification affect the operational objective ofa credit union?The common bond policy allows any one who meets a specific membership requirement to become a member of the credit union. The requirement normally is tied to a place of employment. Because the common bond policy has been loosely interpreted, implementation has allowed credit union membership and assets to grow at a rate that exceeds similar growth inthe commercial banking industry. Since credit unions are mutual organizations where the members are owners, employees essentially use saving deposits to make loans to other employees who need funds.21. What are the operating advantages of credit unions that have caused concern bycommercial bankers? What has been the response of the Credit Union NationalAssociation to the bank criticisms?Credit unions are tax-exempt organizations that often are provided office space by employers at no cost. As a result, because non-interest operating costs are very low, credit unions can lend money at lower rates and pay higher rates on savings deposits than can commercial banks. CUNA has responded that the cost to tax payers from the tax-exempt status is replaced by the additional social good created by the benefits to the members.22. How does the asset structure of credit unions compare with the asset structure ofcommercial banks and savings and loan associations? Refer to Tables 2-5, 2-9, and 2-12 to formulate your answer.The relative proportions of credit union assets are more similar to commercial banks than savings associations, with 20 percent in investment securities and 63 percent in loans. However, nonmortgage loans of credit unions are predominantly consumer loans. On the liability side of the balance sheet, credit unions differ from banks in that they have less reliance on large time deposits, and they differ from savings associations in that they have virtually no borrowings from any source. The primary sources of funds for credit unions are transaction and small time and savings accounts.23. Compare and contrast the performance of the U.S. depository institution industry withthose of Japan, China, and Germany.The entire Japanese financial system was under increasing pressure from the early 1990s as the economy suffered from real estate and other commercial industry pressures. The Japanese government has used several financial aid packages in attempts to avert a collapse of the Japanese financial system. Most attempts have not been successful.The deterioration in the banking industry in China in the early 2000s was caused by nonperforming loans and credits. The remedies include the opportunity for more foreign bank ownership in the Chinese banking environment primarily via larger ownership positions, less restrictive capital requirements for branches, and increased geographic presence.German banks also had difficulties in the early 2000s, but the problems were not universal. The large banks suffered from credit problems, but the small banks enjoyed high credit ratings and low cast of funds because of government guarantees on their borrowing. Thus while small banks benefited from growth in small business lending, the large banks became reliant on fee and trading income.。
金融学第五章至第八章课后答案
第五章外汇与汇率1．比较外汇与本币的异同。
一国居民持有的外汇在本国境内是否具有货币的各种职能? 答：（1）一般地，可以将外汇定义为一切外国货币。
现代经济生活中的外汇，主要是指以外币标示的债权债务证明。
现代的经济是由债权债务网络全面覆盖的经济——任何经济行为主体都是在这个网络下活动的；相应地，任何货币的流通与信用的活动都变成了同一的过程，任何货币都不过体现着债权债务关系，任何货币的支付都不过反映着债权债务的消长、转移。
就一个国家和地区来说是这样，就联系着全球经济体的国际经济关系来说也是如此。
非常明显，外汇的流转，不过是应收应付的债权债务关系产生、转移和结清。
外汇作为货币，与本币都是债权债务证明，这是没有区别的。
如果要加以区分，那就是外汇还包括股票这类所有权证。
而在论及国内货币时，所有权证则不包括在货币之内。
债务凭证和所有权证，统称为金融资产。
所以，更确切地，应将外汇界定为是以外币表示的金融资产，它可用作国际间结算的支付手段，并能兑换成其他形式的外币资产和支付手段。
（2）应当注意的是，尽管理论上外汇与本币的职能并无实质性的区别，但事实上居民持有外汇在本国境内能否行使如同本币一般的职能，还要取决于本币是否已经实现了完全可兑换。
而即使是实现了完全可兑换，也只是允许本币及外汇的自由进出境和相互自由兑换，并未赋予任何外汇在境内日常交易中充当价值尺度、交易媒介或支付手段的职能。
这些职能只有本币才能执行，这是国家主权赋予本币的特殊权力。
目前，国际金融体系的发展，美元化、欧元的出现使得外汇取得了在本国境内货币的各种职能，但这只是局部现象。
2．了解我国目前的外汇管理制度。
为什么说，人民币还不是完全可兑换货币?答：（1）自2005年7月21日起，我国开始实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度。
这次人民币汇率形成机制改革的内容是，人民币汇率不再盯住单一美元，而是按照我国对外经济发展的实际情况，选择若干种主要货币，赋予相应的权重，组成一个货币篮子。
金融机构管理 课后习题答案
Chapter OneWhy Are Financial Intermediaries Special?Chapter OutlineIntroductionFinancial Intermediaries’ Specialness•Information Costs•Liquidity and Price Risk•Other Special ServicesOther Aspects of Specialness•The Transmission of Monetary Policy•Credit Allocation•Intergenerational Wealth Transfers or Time Intermediation •Payment Services•Denomination IntermediationSpecialness and Regulation•Safety and Soundness Regulation•Monetary Policy Regulation•Credit Allocation Regulation•Consumer Protection Regulation•Investor Protection Regulation•Entry RegulationThe Changing Dynamics of Specialness•Trends in the United States•Future Trends•Global IssuesSummarySolutions for End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems: Chapter One1. Identify and briefly explain the five risks common to financial institutions.Default or credit risk of assets, interest rate risk caused by maturity mismatches between assets and liabilities, liability withdrawal or liquidity risk, underwriting risk, and operating cost risks.2. Explain how economic transactions between household savers of funds and corporate users of funds would occur in a world without financial intermediaries (FIs).In a world without FIs the users of corporate funds in the economy would have to approach directly the household savers of funds in order to satisfy their borrowing needs. This process would be extremely costly because of the up-front information costs faced by potential lenders. Cost inefficiencies would arise with the identification of potential borrowers, the pooling of small savings into loans of sufficient size to finance corporate activities, and the assessment of risk and investment opportunities. Moreover, lenders would have to monitor the activities of borrowers over each loan's life span. The net result would be an imperfect allocation of resources in an economy.3. Identify and explain three economic disincentives that probably would dampen the flow offunds between household savers of funds and corporate users of funds in an economic world without financial intermediaries.Investors generally are averse to purchasing securities directly because of (a) monitoring costs, (b) liquidity costs, and (c) price risk. Monitoring the activities of borrowers requires extensive time, expense, and expertise. As a result, households would prefer to leave this activity to others, and by definition, the resulting lack of monitoring would increase the riskiness of investing in corporate debt and equity markets. The long-term nature of corporate equity and debt would likely eliminate at least a portion of those households willing to lend money, as the preference of many for near-cash liquidity would dominate the extra returns which may be available. Third, the price risk of transactions on the secondary markets would increase without the information flows and services generated by high volume.4. Identify and explain the two functions in which FIs may specialize that enable the smoothflow of funds from household savers to corporate users.FIs serve as conduits between users and savers of funds by providing a brokerage function and by engaging in the asset transformation function. The brokerage function can benefit both savers and users of funds and can vary according to the firm. FIs may provide only transaction services, such as discount brokerages, or they also may offer advisory services which help reduce information costs, such as full-line firms like Merrill Lynch. The asset transformation function is accomplished by issuing their own securities, such as deposits and insurance policies that are more attractive to household savers, and using the proceeds to purchase the primary securities ofcorporations. Thus, FIs take on the costs associated with the purchase of securities.5. In what sense are the financial claims of FIs considered secondary securities, while thefinancial claims of commercial corporations are considered primary securities? How does the transformation process, or intermediation, reduce the risk, or economic disincentives, to the savers?The funds raised by the financial claims issued by commercial corporations are used to invest in real assets. These financial claims, which are considered primary securities, are purchased by FIs whose financial claims therefore are considered secondary securities. Savers who invest in the financial claims of FIs are indirectly investing in the primary securities of commercial corporations. However, the information gathering and evaluation expenses, monitoring expenses, liquidity costs, and price risk of placing the investments directly with the commercial corporation are reduced because of the efficiencies of the FI.6. Explain how financial institutions act as delegated monitors. What secondary benefitsoften accrue to the entire financial system because of this monitoring process?By putting excess funds into financial institutions, individual investors give to the FIs the responsibility of deciding who should receive the money and of ensuring that the money is utilized properly by the borrower. In this sense the depositors have delegated the FI to act as a monitor on their behalf. The FI can collect information more efficiently than individual investors. Further, the FI can utilize this information to create new products, such as commercial loans, that continually update the information pool. This more frequent monitoring process sends important informational signals to other participants in the market, a process that reduces information imperfection and asymmetry between the ultimate sources and users of funds in the economy.7. What are five general areas of FI specialness that are caused by providing various servicesto sectors of the economy?First, FIs collect and process information more efficiently than individual savers. Second, FIs provide secondary claims to household savers which often have better liquidity characteristics than primary securities such as equities and bonds. Third, by diversifying the asset base FIs provide secondary securities with lower price-risk conditions than primary securities. Fourth, FIs provide economies of scale in transaction costs because assets are purchased in larger amounts. Finally, FIs provide maturity intermediation to the economy which allows the introduction of additional types of investment contracts, such as mortgage loans, that are financed with short-term deposits.8. How do FIs solve the information and related agency costs when household savers investdirectly in securities issued by corporations? What are agency costs?Agency costs occur when owners or managers take actions that are not in the best interests of the equity investor or lender. These costs typically result from the failure to adequately monitor theactivities of the borrower. If no other lender performs these tasks, the lender is subject to agency costs as the firm may not satisfy the covenants in the lending agreement. Because the FI invests the funds of many small savers, the FI has a greater incentive to collect information and monitor the activities of the borrower.9. What often is the benefit to the lenders, borrowers, and financial markets in general of thesolution to the information problem provided by the large financial institutions?One benefit to the solution process is the development of new secondary securities that allow even further improvements in the monitoring process. An example is the bank loan that is renewed more quickly than long-term debt. The renewal process updates the financial and operating information of the firm more frequently, thereby reducing the need for restrictive bond covenants that may be difficult and costly to implement.10. How do FIs alleviate the problem of liquidity risk faced by investors who wish to invest inthe securities of corporations?Liquidity risk occurs when savers are not able to sell their securities on demand. Commercial banks, for example, offer deposits that can be withdrawn at any time. Yet the banks make long-term loans or invest in illiquid assets because they are able to diversify their portfolios and better monitor the performance of firms that have borrowed or issued securities. Thus individual investors are able to realize the benefits of investing in primary assets without accepting the liquidity risk of direct investment.11. How do financial institutions help individual savers diversify their portfolio risks? Whichtype of financial institution is best able to achieve this goal?Money placed in any financial institution will result in a claim on a more diversified portfolio. Banks lend money to many different types of corporate, consumer, and government customers, and insurance companies have investments in many different types of assets. Investment in a mutual fund may generate the greatest diversification benefit because of the fund’s investment in a wide array of stocks and fixed income securities.12. How can financial institutions invest in high-risk assets with funding provided by low-riskliabilities from savers?Diversification of risk occurs with investments in assets that are not perfectly positively correlated. One result of extensive diversification is that the average risk of the asset base of an FI will be less than the average risk of the individual assets in which it has invested. Thus individual investors realize some of the returns of high-risk assets without accepting the corresponding risk characteristics.13. How can individual savers use financial institutions to reduce the transaction costs ofinvesting in financial assets?By pooling the assets of many small investors, FIs can gain economies of scale in transaction costs. This benefit occurs whether the FI is lending to a corporate or retail customer, or purchasing assets in the money and capital markets. In either case, operating activities that are designed to deal in large volumes typically are more efficient than those activities designed for small volumes.14. What is maturity intermediation? What are some of the ways in which the risks ofmaturity intermediation are managed by financial intermediaries?If net borrowers and net lenders have different optimal time horizons, FIs can service both sectors by matching their asset and liability maturities through on- and off-balance sheet hedging activities and flexible access to the financial markets. For example, the FI can offer the relatively short-term liabilities desired by households and also satisfy the demand for long-term loans such as home mortgages. By investing in a portfolio of long-and short-term assets that have variable- and fixed-rate components, the FI can reduce maturity risk exposure by utilizing liabilities that have similar variable- and fixed-rate characteristics, or by using futures, options, swaps, and other derivative products.15. What are five areas of institution-specific FI specialness, and which types of institutions aremost likely to be the service providers?First, commercial banks and other depository institutions are key players for the transmission of monetary policy from the central bank to the rest of the economy. Second, specific FIs often are identified as the major source of finance for certain sectors of the economy. For example, S&Ls and savings banks traditionally serve the credit needs of the residential real estate market. Third, life insurance and pension funds commonly are encouraged to provide mechanisms to transfer wealth across generations. Fourth, depository institutions efficiently provide payment services to benefit the economy. Finally, mutual funds provide denomination intermediation by allowing small investors to purchase pieces of assets with large minimum sizes such as negotiable CDs and commercial paper issues.16. How do depository institutions such as commercial banks assist in the implementation andtransmission of monetary policy?The Federal Reserve Board can involve directly the commercial banks in the implementation of monetary policy through changes in the reserve requirements and the discount rate. The open market sale and purchase of Treasury securities by the Fed involves the banks in the implementation of monetary policy in a less direct manner.17. What is meant by credit allocation regulation? What social benefit is this type ofregulation intended to provide?Credit allocation regulation refers to the requirement faced by FIs to lend to certain sectors of the economy, which are considered to be socially important. These may include housing and farming. Presumably the provision of credit to make houses more affordable or farms moreviable leads to a more stable and productive society.18. Which intermediaries best fulfill the intergenerational wealth transfer function? What isthis wealth transfer process?Life insurance and pension funds often receive special taxation relief and other subsidies to assist in the transfer of wealth from one generation to another. In effect, the wealth transfer process allows the accumulation of wealth by one generation to be transferred directly to one or more younger generations by establishing life insurance policies and trust provisions in pension plans. Often this wealth transfer process avoids the full marginal tax treatment that a direct payment would incur.19. What are two of the most important payment services provided by financial institutions?To what extent do these services efficiently provide benefits to the economy?The two most important payment services are check clearing and wire transfer services. Any breakdown in these systems would produce gridlock in the payment system with resulting harmful effects to the economy at both the domestic and potentially the international level.20. What is denomination intermediation? How do FIs assist in this process?Denomination intermediation is the process whereby small investors are able to purchase pieces of assets that normally are sold only in large denominations. Individual savers often invest small amounts in mutual funds. The mutual funds pool these small amounts and purchase negotiable CDs which can only be sold in minimum increments of $100,000, but which often are sold in million dollar packages. Similarly, commercial paper often is sold only in minimum amounts of $250,000. Therefore small investors can benefit in the returns and low risk which these assets typically offer.21. What is negative externality? In what ways do the existence of negative externalities justifythe extra regulatory attention received by financial institutions?A negative externality refers to the action by one party that has an adverse affect on some third party who is not part of the original transaction. For example, in an industrial setting, smoke from a factory that lowers surrounding property values may be viewed as a negative externality. For financial institutions, one concern is the contagion effect that can arise when the failure of one FI can cast doubt on the solvency of other institutions in that industry.22. If financial markets operated perfectly and costlessly, would there be a need forfinancial intermediaries?To a certain extent, financial intermediation exists because of financial market imperfections. If information is available costlessly to all participants, savers would not need intermediaries to act as either their brokers or their delegated monitors. However, if there are social benefits tointermediation, such as the transmission of monetary policy or credit allocation, then FIs would exist even in the absence of financial market imperfections.23. What is mortgage redlining?Mortgage redlining occurs when a lender specifically defines a geographic area in which it refuses to make any loans. The term arose because of the area often was outlined on a map with a red pencil.24. Why are FIs among the most regulated sectors in the world? When is netregulatory burden positive?FIs are required to enhance the efficient operation of the economy. Successful financial intermediaries provide sources of financing that fund economic growth opportunity that ultimately raises the overall level of economic activity. Moreover, successful financial intermediaries provide transaction services to the economy that facilitate trade and wealth accumulation.Conversely, distressed FIs create negative externalities for the entire economy. That is, the adverse impact of an FI failure is greater than just the loss to shareholders and other private claimants on the FI's assets. For example, the local market suffers if an FI fails and other FIs also may be thrown into financial distress by a contagion effect. Therefore, since some of the costs of the failure of an FI are generally borne by society at large, the government intervenes in the management of these institutions to protect society's interests. This intervention takes the form of regulation.However, the need for regulation to minimize social costs may impose private costs to the firms that would not exist without regulation. This additional private cost is defined as a net regulatory burden. Examples include the cost of holding excess capital and/or excess reserves and the extra costs of providing information. Although they may be socially beneficial, these costs add to private operating costs. To the extent that these additional costs help to avoid negative externalities and to ensure the smooth and efficient operation of the economy, the net regulatory burden is positive.25. What forms of protection and regulation do regulators of FIs impose to ensuretheir safety and soundness?Regulators have issued several guidelines to insure the safety and soundness of FIs:a. FIs are required to diversify their assets. For example, banks cannot lend morethan 10 percent of their equity to a single borrower.b. FIs are required to maintain minimum amounts of capital to cushion anyunexpected losses. In the case of banks, the Basle standards require a minimum core and supplementary capital of 8 percent of their risk-adjusted assets.c. Regulators have set up guaranty funds such as BIF for commercial banks, SIPCfor securities firms, and state guaranty funds for insurance firms to protectindividual investors.d. Regulators also engage in periodic monitoring and surveillance, such as on-siteexaminations, and request periodic information from the FIs.26. In the transmission of monetary policy, what is the difference between insidemoney and outside money? How does the Federal Reserve Board try to control the amount of inside money? How can this regulatory position create a cost for the depository financial institutions?Outside money is that part of the money supply directly produced and controlled by the Fed, for example, coins and currency. Inside money refers to bank deposits not directly controlled by the Fed. The Fed can influence this amount of money by reserve requirement and discount rate policies. In cases where the level of required reserves exceeds the level considered optimal by the FI, the inability to use the excess reserves to generate revenue may be considered a tax or cost of providing intermediation.27. What are some examples of credit allocation regulation? How can this attemptto create social benefits create costs to the private institution?The qualified thrift lender test (QTL) requires thrifts to hold 65 percent of their assets in residential mortgage-related assets to retain the thrift charter. Some states have enacted usury laws that place maximum restrictions on the interest rates that can be charged on mortgages and/or consumer loans. These types of restrictions often create additional operating costs to the FI and almost certainly reduce the amount of profit that could be realized without such regulation.28. What is the purpose of the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act? What are thesocial benefits desired from the legislation? How does the implementation of this legislation create a net regulatory burden on financial institutions?The HMDA was passed by Congress to prevent discrimination in mortgage lending. The social benefit is to ensure that everyone who qualifies financially is provided the opportunity to purchase a house should they so desire. The regulatory burden has been to require a written statement indicating the reasons why credit was or was not granted. Since 1990, the federal regulators have examined millions of mortgage transactions from more than 7,700 institutions each calendar quarter.29. What legislation has been passed specifically to protect investors who use investment banksdirectly or indirectly to purchase securities? Give some examples of the types of abuses for which protection is provided.The Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940 were passed byCongress to protect investors against possible abuses such as insider trading, lack of disclosure, outright malfeasance, and breach of fiduciary responsibilities.30. How do regulations regarding barriers to entry and the scope of permitted activities affectthe charter value of financial institutions?The profitability of existing firms will be increased as the direct and indirect costs of establishing competition increase. Direct costs include the actual physical and financial costs of establishing a business. In the case of FIs, the financial costs include raising the necessary minimum capital to receive a charter. Indirect costs include permission from regulatory authorities to receive a charter. Again in the case of FIs this cost involves acceptable leadership to the regulators. As these barriers to entry are stronger, the charter value for existing firms will be higher.31. What reasons have been given for the growth of investment companies at the expense of“traditional” banks and insurance companies?The recent growth of investment companies can be attributed to two major factors: a. Investors have demanded increased access to direct securities markets.Investment companies and pension funds allow investors to take positions indirect securities markets while still obtaining the risk diversification, monitoring, and transactional efficiency benefits of financial intermediation. Some experts would argue that this growth is the result of increased sophistication on the part of investors; others would argue that the ability to use these markets has caused the increased investor awareness. The growth in these assets is inarguable.b. Recent episodes of financial distress in both the banking and insuranceindustries have led to an increase in regulation and governmental oversight,thereby increasing the net regulatory burden of “traditional” companies. Assuch, the costs of intermediation have increased, which increases the cost ofproviding services to customers.32. What are some of the methods which banking organizations have employed to reduce thenet regulatory burden? What has been the effect on profitability?Through regulatory changes, FIs have begun changing the mix of business products offered to individual users and providers of funds. For example, banks have acquired mutual funds, have expanded their asset and pension fund management businesses, and have increased the security underwriting activities. In addition, legislation that allows banks to establish branches anywhere in the United States has caused a wave of mergers. As the size of banks has grown, an expansion of possible product offerings has created the potential for lower service costs. Finally, the emphasis in recent years has been on products that generate increases in fee income, and the entire banking industry has benefited from increased profitability in recent years.33. What characteristics of financial products are necessary for financial markets to becomeefficient alternatives to financial intermediaries? Can you give some examples of the commoditization of products which were previously the sole property of financial institutions?Financial markets can replace FIs in the delivery of products that (1) have standardized terms, (2) serve a large number of customers, and (3) are sufficiently understood for investors to be comfortable in assessing their prices. When these three characteristics are met, the products often can be treated as commodities. One example of this process is the migration of over-the-counter options to the publicly traded option markets as trading volume grows and trading terms become standardized.34. In what way has Regulation 144A of the Securities and Exchange Commission provided anincentive to the process of financial disintermediation?Changing technology and a reduction in information costs are rapidly changing the nature of financial transactions, enabling savers to access issuers of securities directly. Section 144A of the SEC is a recent regulatory change that will facilitate the process of disintermediation. The private placement of bonds and equities directly by the issuing firm is an example of a product that historically has been the domain of investment bankers. Although historically private placement assets had restrictions against trading, regulators have given permission for these assets to trade among large investors who have assets of more than $100 million. As the market grows, this minimum asset size restriction may be reduced.Chapter TwoThe Financial Services Industry: Depository InstitutionsChapter OutlineIntroductionCommercial Banks•Size, Structure, and Composition of the Industry•Balance Sheet and Recent Trends•Other Fee-Generating Activities•Regulation•Industry PerformanceSavings Institutions•Savings Associations (SAs)•Savings Banks•Recent Performance of Savings Associations and Savings BanksCredit Unions•Size, Structure, and Composition of the Industry and Recent Trends•Balance Sheets•Regulation•Industry PerformanceGlobal Issues: Japan, China, and GermanySummaryAppendix 2A: Financial Statement Analysis Using a Return on Equity (ROE) FrameworkAppendix 2B: Depository Institutions and Their RegulatorsAppendix 3B: Technology in Commercial BankingSolutions for End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems: Chapter Two1.What are the differences between community banks, regional banks, andmoney-center banks? Contrast the business activities, location, and markets of each of these bank groups.Community banks typically have assets under $1 billion and serve consumer and small business customers in local markets. In 2003, 94.5 percent of the banks in the United States were classified as community banks. However, these banks held only 14.6 percent of the assets of the banking industry. In comparison with regional and money-center banks, community banks typically hold a larger percentage of assets in consumer and real estate loans and a smaller percentage of assets in commercial and industrial loans. These banks also rely more heavily on local deposits and less heavily on borrowed and international funds.Regional banks range in size from several billion dollars to several hundred billion dollars in assets. The banks normally are headquartered in larger regional cities and often have offices and branches in locations throughout large portions of the United States. Although these banks provide lending products to large corporate customers, many of the regional banks have developed sophisticated electronic and branching services to consumer and residential customers. Regional banks utilize retail deposit bases for funding, but also develop relationships with large corporate customers and international money centers.Money center banks rely heavily on nondeposit or borrowed sources of funds. Some of these banks have no retail branch systems, and most regional banks are major participants in foreign currency markets. These banks compete with the larger regional banks for large commercial loans and with international banks for international commercial loans. Most money center banks have headquarters in New York City.e the data in Table 2-4 for the banks in the two asset size groups (a) $100million-$1 billion and (b) over $10 billion to answer the following questions.a. Why have the ratios for ROA and ROE tended to increase for both groupsover the 1990-2003 period? Identify and discuss the primary variables thataffect ROA and ROE as they relate to these two size groups.The primary reason for the improvements in ROA and ROE in the late 1990smay be related to the continued strength of the macroeconomy that allowedbanks to operate with a reduced regard for bad debts, or loan charge-offproblems. In addition, the continued low interest rate environment hasprovided relatively low-cost sources of funds, and a shift toward growth in fee income has provided additional sources of revenue in many product lines.。
《金融风险管理》课后习题答案
《金融风险管理》课后习题答案第一章课后习题答案一、重要名词答案略二、单项选择1-5 C B D A A 6-10 C A C C C 11-15 D A B D A 16-20 B C D D D21-25 B B B B三、多项选择1. BCD2. ACDE3. ADE4. ABCDE5. ABDE6. BCDE7. AD8. ABCE9. ABCDE 10. ACDE11. ACE 12. ABCDE 13. ACDE 14. AB 15.ABC16. ACE 17. ABC 18.ABCDE四、判断题1-5 ××××√ 6-10 ×√×××11-15 √√××× 16-20 ×√√×√五、简答题答案略第二章课后习题答案一、重要名词答案略二、单项选择1-5 A C C AD 6-10 C B D D B 11-15 A A C C D 16-18 A DA三、多项选择1. A B C D2. A B C DE3. ABCDE4. ABCD5. ABCDE6. ABCDE7. ABCD8. ADE9. ACDE 10. ACE四、判断题1-5 ×√××× 6-8 ×√×五、简答题答案略第三章课后习题答案一、重要名词答案略二、单项选择1-5 ACBBB 6-10 ADBCD 11-15 DBBAC 16-21 DDABAB三、多项选择1. ABCE2. AD3. BCDE4. BDE5. BE6. CD7. BCDE8. ABCDE9. BDE 10. ABDE11. BCE 12. ABCE 13. ABCDE 14. ACE四、判断题1-5 √××√√ 6-10 ×√××× 11-15 ××××× 16-17 √×五、简答题答案略第四章课后习题答案二、单选1-5DCCAD 6-10AAABA 11-15DDCCB 15-20A ABBD三、多选1-5BCDE/CD / ABDE /ABCE /ABCDE 6-10ABCD/ ABCDE/ ABDE/CD/AC11-15ABCDE /ABCE/ACD/ABC/ABCD16-20ABCE/ABE/ABCDE/ABCDE/BCDE四、判断题1-5 错错错错错 6-10对对错对对 11-15对对对错对 16-18错错对第五章课后习题答案一、重要名词答案略二、单项选择1-5 ACCBB 6-10 ADDCD 11-15 CCBCD 16-20 ACDCC 21-25 CDBAC 26-30 DABBD 31-35 ABCAB 36-40 DACAB 41-45 CDAAC 46-48 AAD三、多项选择1. ABC2. ABD3. BCE4. AC5. BC6. BCE7. DE8. ADE9. ABCD 10. ABCD11. ABD 12. ABCD 13. ABC 14. ABCD 15. BC16. AB 17. ABCD 18. AC 19. AD 20. BCD21. CD 22. CD 23. AB四、判断题1-5 √×××√ 6-10 ××√×× 11-15 ××××√ 16-20 √×××× 21-25 √×√×× 26-30 ×√××× 31-35 ×√×××36-40 √×√√√ 41-45 ××√√√ 46-47 ×√五、简答题答案略第六章课后习题答案二、单选1-5DCCAD 6-10AAABA 11-15DDCCB 15-20A ABBD四、多选1-5BCDE/CD / ABDE /ABCE /ABCDE 6-10ABCD/ ABCDE/ ABDE/CD/AC11-15ABCDE /ABCE/ACD/ABC/ABCD16-20ABCE/ABE/ABCDE/ABCDE/BCDE五、判断题1-5 错错错错错 6-10对对错对对 11-15对对对错对 16-18错错对第七章课后习题答案一、重要名词答案略二、单项选择1-5 BCDCA 6-10 BBDDD 11-15 CADCC三、多项选择1. ABCDE2. CDE3. ABCDE4. ABCDE5. BCE6. BDE7. ABCE8. BCE9. ABC 10. ABDE11. ABCDE 12. ABD 13. ABCD四、判断题1-10√××√××√×√五、案例分析题案例1：内部欺诈（未经授权交易导致资金损失）案例2：失职违规案例3：核心雇员流失案例4：违反用工发六、简答题答案略第八章课后习题答案一、重要名词答案略二、单项选择1-5 CDCCB 6-10 DCDAB 11-15 CADAA 16-20 DACCC三、多项选择1. ACE2. ABE3. ABCE4. ADE5. ABE6. ABCD7. ABCDE8.ABCD9. ABCD 10. ABC四、判断题1-11××√××√××√√五、简答题答案略第九章课后习题答案一、重要名词答案略二、单项选择1-5 ABDDD 6-10 AABBD 11-16 CCDDAB三、多项选择1. ABCD2. ABCD3. AC4. BCD5. ABCD6. ABCDE7. ACD8. ABCDE9. ABCDE 10.ABCDE四、判断题1-5 ×√××√ 6-10 √×√×× 11-14 √√√√五、简答题答案略第十章课后习题答案一、重要名词答案略二、单项选择1-5 ABBCB 6-10 CCBDA三、多项选择1. CD2. ADE3. AC4. BCDE5. CDE6.ABC7. ACE8. ABC9. ACDE 10.ABC四、判断题1-5 ×××√×五、简答题答案略第十一章课后习题答案二、单选题1-5DABCB 6-10DABDC 11-15DBAAB 16-20DCCAA三、多选题1-5ABD/ACD/AC/ABC/ACD 6-10 ABCD/ABD/ABCDE/ABCDE/ABCDE11-15ABCDE/ABCDE/ABCD/ABCDE/ABCDE16-20ACD/ ABCDE/ABCDE/ ACE/ADE四、1-5对错错对对 6-10对错对对错 11-15对对对对错 16-20对错对错对。
第八章 金融风险管理-真题及解析
第八章 金融风险管理1.（ ）是指金融市场参与者无法以合理成本及时获得充足资金，以偿付到期债务、履行其他支付义务和满足正常业务发展的资金需求的风险。
A.流动性风险B.操作风险C.经营风险D.信用风险【答案】 A】【解析 流动性风险是指金融市场参与者无法以合理成本及时获得充足资金，以偿付到期债务、履行其他支付义务和满足正常业务发展的资金需求的风险。
2.按照风险因素不同划分，金融风险不包括（ ）。
A.投机风险B.市场风险C.信用风险D.流动性风险【答案】 A】【解析 按照风险因素不同，分为流动性风险、市场风险、信用风险、操作风险和声誉风险。
3.（ ）是指债务人或交易对手未能履行合约所规定的义务，或信用质量发生变化而且影响金融资产价值，从而给债权人或金融资产持有人造成经济损失的风险。
A.汇率风险B.信用风险C.流动性风险D.操作风险【答案】 B】【解析 信用风险是指债务人或交易对手未能履行合约所规定的义务，或信用质量发生变化而且影响金融资产价值，从而给债权人或金融资产持有人造成经济损失的风险。
4.在金融风险管理领域，（ ）是指在金融活动中存在金融风险的部位以及受金融风险影响的程度。
A.风险源B.风险敞口C.风险事件D.风险损失【答案】 B【解析 本题考查风险敞口的相关内容。
风险敞口也被称为风险暴露，一般指未被对冲或未加】保护的风险。
在金融风险管理领域，风险敞口是指在金融活动中存在金融风险的部位以及受金融风险影响的程度。
5.运用组合投资策略，可以降低甚至消除（ ）。
A.市场风险B.非系统性风险C.系统性风险D.政策风险【答案】 B【解析 本题考查非系统性风险的相关内容。
非系统性金融风险是指可以通过分散投资组合在】一定程度上能够规避的风险。
6.（ ）也被称为市场流动性风险，它是指对特定金融资产而言，如果二级市场深度不足，交易不活跃，或者因特殊原因转让无法进行，则持有该资产的投资者面临无法变现的局面，或无法以合理价格出售资产而遭受较大损失。
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第8章利率风险I 课后习题答案（1-10）
自己边做题边翻译的，仅供参考….
1.利率波动程度比1979-1982年采用非借入准备金制度时显著降低。
2. 金融市场一体化加速了利率的变化，以及各个国家利率波动之间的传递；与过去相比，利率水平更难控制，不确定性也更大；另外，由于金融机构越来越全球化，任何利率水平的波动都会更迅速地引起公司额外的利率风险问题。
3. 再定价缺口指在一定时期内，需要再定价的资产价值和负债价值之间的差额，再定价即意味着面临一个新的利率。
利率敏感性意味着金融机构的管理者在改变每项资产或负债所公布的利率之前需等待的时间。
再定价模型关注净利息收入变量的潜在变化。
事实上，当利率变化时，资产和负债将被重新定价，利息收入和利息支出都将发生改变，这就是所谓的“面临一个新的利率”。
4. 期限等级是指衡量资产和负债的时间期，投资组合中的证券是否有利率敏感性取决于其再定价期限时间的长短。
再定价期限越长，到期或需要重新定价的证券就越多，利率风险就越大。
5. a.
（1）再定价缺口= RSA - RSL = $200 - $100 million = +$100 million.
净利息收入= ($100 million)(.01) = +$1.0 million, 或$1,000,000.
（2）再定价缺口= RSA - RSL = $100 - $150 million = -$50 million.
净利息收入= (-$50 million)(.01) = -$0.5 million, 或-$500,000.
（3）再定价缺口= RSA - RSL = $150 - $140 million = +$10 million.
净利息收入= ($10 million)(.01) = +$0.1 million, 或$100,000.
b. （1）和（3）的情况下的金融机构在利率下降时面临风险（正的再定价缺口），（2）情况下的金融机构在利率上升时面临风险（负的再定价缺口）。
（3）中的金融机构面临的利率风险最低，因为其再定价缺口最小，（1）则正好相反。
6. 根据监管要求，（美国）活期存款的显性利率为零。
尽管对可转让提款指令之类的交易账户（如NOW账户）支付显性利率，但是金融机构对此所支付的利率不会直接随着利率总水平的变化而变化。
然而，活期存款实际上支付了隐含利息，这种隐含利息来源于金融机构并未对其支票服务收取费用。
进一步说，如果利率上升了，个人存款者会来提取（或挤兑）他们的活期存款，这回迫使金融机构用高收益、有息、对利率敏感的资金来代替活期存款。
零售存折储蓄账户是否应计入利率敏感性负债，也存在十分类似的争论。
7. 缺口比率是累计缺口和总资产之比。
缺口比率可以告诉我们：（1）直接的利率风险情况（正的或负的再定价缺口）；（2）用金融机构的资产规模去除再定价缺口可以反映风险的大小。
8. √√×√×√√√√√×
9. a. 预期的利息收入：$5m + $3.5m = $8.5m.
预期的利息支出：$4.2m + $1.2m = $5.4m.
预期的净利息收入：$8.5m - $5.4m = $3.1m.
b. 利率上升2%后，净利息收入下降为：
50(0.12) + 50(0.07) - 70(0.08) - 20(.06) = $9.5m - $6.8m = $2.7m, 减少了$0.4m.
c. WatchoverU储蓄银行的再定价缺口为$50m - $70m = -$20m. 用再定价模型得出的净利息收入变化为(-$20m)(0.02) = -$0.4m.
d. 净利息收入变为50(0.12) + 50(0.07) - 70(0.07) - 20(0.06) = $9.5m - $6.1m = $3.4m, 增加了$0.3m. 利率敏感性资产和负债的利率变化通常是一样的，因为市场力量让利率总是同步变化。
大多数情况下利率变化都是由政府决策引起的。
10. 再定价模型存在4点缺陷：（1）忽略了利率变化的市场价值效应；（2）过度综合，忽略了在一个再定价期限等级内的资产和负债的分布情况；（3）无法解决非利率敏感性资产与负债的支付流量与提前偿还等问题；（4）忽略了表外业务的现金流量问题。
大型金融机构都有自己的内部系统，用于显示在未来任何一天它们的再定价缺口。
支付流量反映了提前偿还的资产和未预知情况下提取的负债。
只要这两者任一项大大超过预期，金融机构估算的利率敏感性就会发生错误。
11. a.
期限为30天的再定价缺口= 75 - 170 = -$95 million.
期限为91天的再定价缺口= (75 + 75) - 170 = -$20 million.
期限为2年的再定价缺口= (75 + 75 + 50 + 25) - 170 = +$55 million.
b.
净利息收入减少$475,000. ∆NII = FG(∆R) = -95(.005) = $0.475m.
净利息收入增加$712,500. ∆NII = FG(∆R) = -95(.0075) = $0.7125m.
c．期限为1年的再定价缺口= (75 + 75 + 10 + 20 + 25) - 170 = +$35 million.
d. 净利息收入增加$175,000. ∆NII = FG(∆R) = 35(0.005) = $0.175m.
净利息收入减少$262,500, ∆NII = FG(∆R) = 35(-0.0075) = -$0.2625m.
12. 账面价值记账法反映的是资产和负债的原始价值。
市场价值记账法反映的与账面价值不相同，是现行的市场条件，例如利率或者价格。
当资产或负债会被持有至到期时，账面价值记账法不存在任何问题；但当资产或负债要立刻变现时，账面价值记账法就不够准确。
对于金融机构来说，影响资产和负债的价值的主要因素就是利率变化。
当利率上升时，资产和负债的市场价值都会下降。
倘若资产和负债将被持有至到期，那么利率变化不影响这些账面价值。
然而，当存款或贷款需要再融资时，市场价值记账法能为金融机构提供更准确的记录。
按市场价值确定证券价值的做法称为逐日盯市。
13.账面价值揭示了所购证券、发放的贷款、所售负债的历史成本。
它不能反映当前的价值，当前价值是由市场价值决定的。
有效率的金融决策需要即时的信息，结合对未来事件的当前期望。
市场价值是金融机构对于当前状况的最优估值，也是管理者做决策时的有效信号。
账面价值可以准确测量，不像市场价值常出现估值错误。
并且，如果金融机构打算把证券持有至到期，那么证券的现时流动价值并不适合用来估值。
也就是说，证券的市场价值波动所带来的收益或损失永远不会实现，因为金融机构会将它一直持有至到期。
因此，除非金融机构在到期之前卖出，证券的市场价值变动并不会影响金融机构的盈利能力。
14. 期限年息票率到期收益率价格价格-面值（价格-面值）/面值（%）
8 10% 9% $1,055.35 $55.35 5.535%
9 10% 9% $1,059.95 $59.95 5.995%
10 10% 9% $1,064.18 $64.18 6.418%
10 10% 10% $1,000.00
10 10% 11% $941.11 -$58.89 -5.889%
11 10% 11% $937.93 -$62.07 -6.207%
12 10% 11% $935.07 -$64.93 -6.493%
原理一: 固定利率金融资产的利率和价格的变动方向相反。
当利率从10%提高到11%时，价格从$1000变为$941.11。
当利率从10%下降到9%时，价格从$1000变为$1064.18。
原理二: 给定利率的变动幅度，固定利率金融资产的期限越长，价格变动幅度就越大。
当利率从10%提高到11%时，10年期的债券价值减少了$58.89,11年期债券价值减少了$62.07,12年期债券价值减少了$64.93。
原理三: 当利率上升时，长期固定利率金融资产的价值随着期限的增加而下降，但是下降的速度是递减的。
当利率从10%升至11%时，10年期和11年期的资产价格差额为$3.18,11年期和12年期资产价格的差额为$2.86。
原理四: 给定利率变动的百分比，利率下降时价格的增额大于利率上升时价格的减额。
当利率从10%降到9%时，10年期债券的价格增加$64.18。
但当利率从10%升至11%时，10年期债券的价格减少$58.89。