《商业银行管理学》课后习题答案及解析
《商业银行管理》课后习题答案IMChap23
CHAPTER 23BANK MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONSGoal of This Chapter: To understand why the banking industry undertakes so many mergers each year, to discover the steps necessary to evaluate and complete a bank merger or acquisition and explore the research evidence concerning the impact of mergers on the banks involved and on service to the public.Key Terms Presented in This ChapterProfit Potential Purchase-of-Assets MethodsCash Flow Risk Purchase-of-Stock MethodEarnings Risk Wholesale BanksTax Benefits Retail BanksMarket-Positioning Benefits Bank Merger Act of 1960Cost Savings (Efficiency) Competitive EffectsMerger Premium Public BenefitsExchange Ratio Justice Department Merger GuidelinesDilution of Ownership Herfindahl-Hirschman IndexChapter OutlineI. Introduction: Merger Trends in BankingII. Mergers on the RiseIII. Motives for the Rapid Growth of Bank Mergers (Merger Motivations)A. Profit PotentialB. Risk ReductionC. Rescue of Failing BanksD. Tax and Market-Positioning MotivesE. Cost Savings or Efficiency MotiveF. Mergers as a Device for Reducing CompetitionG. Other Merger MotivesH. Merger Motives that Banking Executives IdentifyIII. Selecting a Suitable Merger PartnerA. Stock Price EffectsB. Opportunities for Improving Operating EfficiencyC. Diversification Effects and OpportunitiesD. Merger Premiums, P-E Ratios, and Exchange RatiosIV. The Merger and Acquisition Route to Future GrowthV. Methods of Consummating Merger TransactionsA. Purchase-of-Assets MethodB. Purchase-of-Stock MethodVI. Regulatory Rules Applying to Bank Mergers in the United StatesA. Bank Merger Act of 1960285B. Competitive Effects of MergerC. The Public Benefits TestD. Department of Justice Merger Guidelines and the Herfindahl - Hirschman Index VII. The Merger Decision-Making Process by U.S. Federal RegulatorsVIII. New Merger Rules in EuropeIX. Making a Success of MergersX. Research Studies of MergersA. The Financial Impact on BanksB. The Public BenefitsXI. Summary of the ChapterConcept Checks23-1. Exactly what is a bank merger?Mergers between banks result in the combining of the assets and liabilities of two or more banks. To effect a merger the shareholders of all the banks involved must approve the merger transaction once it is negotiated among the management of the various banks that are parties to the merger. Once the shareholders of each bank involved give approval to the merger, approval must then be sought from the Department of Justice and the principal federal regulatory agency of each bank in the merger.23-2. Why are there so many mergers each year in the banking industry?Many (if not most) mergers occur because the shareholders of the banks involved expect increased profit potential once the merger is consummated. Alternatively, many partners to mergers anticipate reduced cash-flow risk and possibly reduced earnings risk as well.23-3. What factors seem to motivate most bank mergers?Among the most powerful merger motivations are the belief in greater profit potential if a bank merger is consummated, the expectation of a possible reduction of cash flow risk or earnings risk, the possible rescue of failing banks, the gaining of a tax advantage where profits of one merger partner may be offset by the losses of another merger partner, the search for market-positioning benefits in new markets or in superior locations in existing markets, and the pursuit of lower cost and greater efficiency so that the merged institution achieves a greater margin of revenues over operating expense.23-4. What factors should a bank consider when choosing a good merger partner?The following items are the principal factors usually reviewed by the acquiring banking organization:∙Age and history of the bank.∙Background of management.∙Comparative management styles of the merging organizations.286∙Types of services offered.∙Recent history of changes in deposits, loans, and market shares.∙Principal customers served. Geographic fit.∙Internal control procedures.∙Personnel situation.∙Compatibility of accounting and management information systems.∙Condition/depreciation schedule for offices and other physical assets.∙Adequacy of capital, earnings per share, and ownership dilution before and following the proposed merger.∙Growth of expenses.∙Before-tax and after-tax income and rate of return.23-5. What factors must the regulatory authorities consider when deciding whether to approve or deny a bank merger?Mergers that would significantly damage competition cannot be approved unless there are mitigating instigating circumstances (e.g., one of the banks involved is failing). Public convenience must also be weighed by the banking agencies to determine if the merger would improve the supply of needed services that are perhaps currently not being conveniently and efficiently provided to the public.23-6. When is a banking market too concentrated to allow a merger to proceed? What could happen if a bank merger were approved in an excessively concentrated market area?The Department of Justice guidelines state that the banking market area is too concentrated if the postmerger Herfindahl index is greater than 1800 or if the Herfindahl index changes by more than 200 points. If the Justice Department decides that the resultant merger will make the banking market too concentrated they are likely to challenge the merger in federal court.23-7. What steps that management can take appear to contribute to the chances for success in a bank merger? Why do you think many bank mergers produce disappointing results?There are several steps management can take to improve their chances of success after a merger. First they can know themselves, their strengths and weaknesses and the goals they want to pursue. They can also get a team together before any merger to do a detailed analysis of the potential merger and new market area. They can be careful to establish a realistic price for the target firm. Once the merger has taken place they should form a combined management team from both firms to direct the consolidation of the two firms. They should also establish lines of communication between senior management and branch and line management as well as communication channels for other employees and customers. Finally they should set up customer advisory panels to comment on the new bank’s community image, availabil ity of services and helpfulness. Mergers sometimes produce disappointing results because of ill-prepared management, a mismatch of corporate cultures, excess prices paid by the acquirer, inattention to customers feelings and concerns and a general lack of fit between the two firms.23-8. What does recent research tell us about the impact of most bank mergers?287A recent study, which looked at the earnings impact of approximately 600 national bank mergers, found no significant differences in profitability between merging and comparably sized nonmerging banks serving the same local markets. However, CEOs at a substantial majority of the nearly 600 U.S. bank mergers occurring from 1970-1985 believed their capital base improved and they were now a more efficient banking organization. However, as a study by Rose found there is no guarantee of success in a merger. This study of 572 banks which purchased nearly 650 other banks found a symmetric distribution of earnings outcomes for these mergers – nearly half displaying negative earnings results.23-9. Does it appear that most bank mergers among banking firms serve the public interest?Most studies that have looked at this issue find few real public benefits. However, there is also no convincing evidence that the public has suffered a decline in service quality or availability following most bank mergers. On the positive side, mergers may significantly lower the bank failure rate.Problems23-1. Evaluate the impact of the following proposed mergers upon post-merger earnings per share (EPS) if:A. The acquiring bank has a stock price of $18 per share on 200,000 shares of commonoutstanding with an EPS of $6 due to total net earnings of $1,200,000. The acquiredbank is earning $5 per share on 100,000 shares outstanding and reports total netearnings of $300,000 and its stock sells for $15 per share. If earnings total$1,600,000 after the merger occurs, the acquired bank's shareholders will receive$15 / $18 or 0.833 of a share of stock in the acquiring bank for each share they heldin the acquired institution. This means 0.833 x 100,000 or 83,300 additional sharesof the acquiring bank will be issued for a post-merger total of 283,300 sharesoutstanding. Therefore, the post-merger EPS will be $1,600,000 / 283,300sharesor $5.65 per share.B. The acquiring bank is reporting an EPS of $12 and its stock (with 80,000 sharesoutstanding) is selling for $20 per share. The acquired institution has EPS of $14and its stock (with 75,000 shares outstanding) is presently trading at $24 per share.If the two banks agree to exchange stock at current market values, the acquiredbank's stockholders will receive $24 / $20 or 1.2 shares in the acquiring bank foreach share they hold or 90,000 (1.2 x 75,000) additional shares. After the mergerthere will be 170,000 shares outstanding. With $900,000 in post-merger earnings,the combined banking organization's EPS will be $900,000 / 170,000 shares or$5.29 per share.23-2. The merger premiums and exchange ratios for the mergers described are calculated as follows:288A. The acquired bank is selling at $8 per share with 30,000 shares outstanding, whilethe acquiring bank's stock is selling for $12 per share with 50,000 common equity shares outstanding. The acquiring bank will pay a $4 bonus per share to effect the merger. Therefore, a merger premium will be paid amounting to:Merger Premium (in Percent) = [($8 + $4) / $8] x 100 = 150 percent.With an additional $4 per-share bonus the acquired bank's stock will be valued at $12, exactly the same as the acquiring bank's stock for a $12 / $12 or 1:1 exchange ratio. Earnings per share from the merger will be:EPS = $1,250,000 / 80,000 shares = $15.63.Before the merger, the acquiring bank had an EPS of $20, while the acquired bank reported an EPS of $8.33. This suggests there will be some earnings dilution for the shareholders of the acquiring bank (from $20 to $15.63 per share) as well as some ownership dilution.B. If the acquiring bank's stock is currently selling for $30 per share and the acquiredinstitution's shares are trading at $24 per share and the acquired firm's shareholders are offered a $2 per-share bonus to merge, the merger premium will be:Merger Premium (in Percent) = [($24 + $2) / $24] x 100 = 108.33 percent.Thus, the acquired bank's stock will exchange in a ratio of $26 to $30 for theacquiring bank's stock or 0.867 to 1. Thus, the acquired bank's shareholders willreceive 0.867 x 40,000 or 34,667 shares in the merged institution which will then have a total of 154,667 shares outstanding.Post-merger EPS should be: $900,000 / 154,667 shares = $ 5.82.Before the merger, the acquiring institution reported an EPS of $7.08 and theacquired institution had an EPS of $3.75. Again, the acquiring institution'sshareholders will experience some earnings dilution as well as some decline in their ownership share.28929023-3. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index for the Silverton Metropolitan Area is calculated as follows:Bank Current Deposits Current Deposit Market Share Current DepositMarket Share Squared Silverton National Bank $ 854 million 39.54 % 1563.41 Commerce National Bank 383 million 17.73 314.35 Rocky Mountain Trust Company211 million 9.77 95.45Security National Bank 107 million 4.95 24.50Total $2160 million 100.0 % 2782.27The Silverton market has an HHI above 1800 and is, therefore, highly concentrated. If Rocky Mountain Trust Co. and Security National Bank merge, their combined market share is 14.72 percent and the HHI climbs to 2879.0, a change of only 96.7 points which may be acceptable to the regulatory authorities. However, if Silverton County Merchants Bank and Rocky Mountain Trust Company plan to merge, the combined market share of these two banks is 37.78 percent and the HHI rises to 3329.59, a change of 547 points which will, in all probability, be challenged by the regulatory authorities.23-4. Langley Bank and Trust has just received an offer to merge from Courthouse County National Bank. Langley's stock is currently selling for $40 per share. Moreover, the shareholders of Courthouse County Bank agree to pay Langley's stockholders a bonus of $10 per share. What is the merger premium in this case? If Courthouse County's shares are currently trading for $65 per share, what is the exchange ratio between the equity shares of the two banks? Suppose that Langley has 10,000 shares and Courthouse County has 30,000 shares outstanding. How many shares will Langley’s shareholders wind up with after the merger? How many total shares will the merged bank have outstanding?The merger premium must be:percent 125x100$40$10+ $40The exchange ratio between the respective banks' shares is:($40 + $10) / $65 = 0.77 to 1.If Langley has 10,000 shares outstanding and Courthouse County has 30,000 shares, Langley's shareholders will receive 0.77 x 10,000 or 7,700 shares in the consolidated banking company. The merged firm will have 37,700 shares of stock outstanding.23-5. The community of Wanslow is served by three banks which recently reported total deposits of $234 million, $182 million, and $67 million, respectively. Please calculate the Herfindahl index for the Wanslow market area. Suppose that the second and third largest banks merge, what wouldthe post-merger Herfindahl index be? Under the most recent Department of Justice guidelines discussed in the chapter, would the U.S. Department of Justice be likely to challenge this merger?The banking market in Wanslow has the following structure:Deposits Market Share Square of EachMarket Share Bank A $234 million 48.4% 2342.6 Bank B 182 million 37.7% 1421.3 Bank C 67 million 13.9% 193.2 Totals $483 million 100.0% 3957.1 Thus, the Herfindahl-Hirschmann index is 3957.1 in the Wanslow market area. This is a relatively concentrated market to begin with. If the second and third largest banks merge, the post-merger Herfindahl index climbs to 5,005.2 because the combined share of banks B and C jumps to over 50 percent. Clearly, the Herfindahl index rises by more than 200 points and far exceeds 1800 in total. This merger would be challenged by the Department of Justice in the absence of mitigating factors.23-6. In which of the situations described below do the stockholders of both acquiring and acquired banks experience a gain in earnings per share of stock as a result of a merger:P/E Ratio of AcquiringBank P/E Ratio ofAcquiredBankPre-MergerEarnings ofAcquiring BankPre-MergerEarnings ofAcquired BankCombinedEarningsAfter MergerA. 5 3 $750,000 $425,000 $1,200,000B. 4 6 470,000 490,000 850,000C. 8 7 890,000 650,000 1,540,000D. 12 12 1,615,000 422,000 2,035,000The rule is that the stockholders of both acquiring and acquired banks will experience a gain in earnings per share of stock if a bank with a higher P/E ratio acquired a bank with a lower P/E ratio and combined earnings do not fall after the merger. Only cases A and C meet these criteria and the shareholders in these two cases should experience an earnings-per-share gain.23-7. Please list the steps that you believe should contribute positively to success in a bank merger transaction. What management decisions or actions could cause trouble and not contribute to a bank’s merger goals? On average what proportion of bank mergers would you expect would be likely to achieve the goals of management and/or the owners and what proportion would likely fall short of the mergers’ objectives?The steps a bank can take that will contribute positively to the success in a bank merger include the following:291A.The bank must first evaluate its own financial condition, understand its ownstrengths and weaknesses and its own goals. Mergers can then magnify strengthsand minimize weaknesses.B.The bank should form a team to perform a detailed analysis of all potential newmarkets and acquisitions.C.The bank must establish a realistic price for the acquisitionD.After the merger, a combined management team should be formed to continuallywork towards and assess the progress towards the consolidation of the two firms.E. A communication system needs to be formed between senior management andother managers so everyone feels involved in the merger.munication channels need to be formed so customers and employeesunderstand why the merger took place and what the consequences of the merger arelikely to be.G.Customer advisory panels need to be formed to evaluate and comment on thebank’s image in the community, marketing effectiveness and general helpfulness tocustomers.Management decisions and actions which could cause problems for the merger include managers that are ill-prepared, mergers where there is a poor understanding of each other’s culture, mergers where an excessive price is paid for the merger, mergers where customers feelings and concerns are ignored and mergers where the new firm cannot move forward in a cohesive manner.According to some research, it appears that only half of all mergers achieve the goal of an increase in earnings (or profitability). The other half of mergers see a decrease in earnings for the new firm.Web Site Problems1. How are mergers and acquisitions reshaping the banking industry today at the local, national and international levels? Where on the web can you go to get some idea about how to answer this question?A search on the web for how mergers and acquisitions are shaping the banking industry can lead to answers at all levels. First as a n example of the trends at the local and national level, one good source appears to be a speech by William Poole, President of the St. Louis Federal Reserve (/general/speeches/990112.html). He does not foresee the decline of the community bank because they still retain some advantages including the personal touch. However, I believe he sees continued consolidation among the largest banks. In Europe the outlook is similar. In a speech by Dr. A.H.E.M. Wellink, President of De Nederlandsche Bank(http://www.dnb.nl/english/e_speeches/1999/we991006.htm), he states that changes in technology and the Euro as well as other changes will the structure of the European banking industry by continuing the drive toward consolidation in the industry.2. What appears to be the ingredients of a successful bank merger or acquisition? How can the web help you approach this important issue?292A search on successful bank mergers and acquisition may produce some results from the web. There are several merger and acquisition consultants on the web that can help banks as well as other types of firms. One place (/integrate-intl-mergers.html) suggests that the key ingredient of a successful merger is to make sure the merger partner is suitable (that there are similar cultures,etc.) and that a good due diligence is completed before the merger or acquisition.3. In what parts of the world are most bank mergers occurring today? What does the evidence from the web suggest?I believe that there is considerable activity in cross border mergers in recent years. If a search is done on bank mergers across the world this may lead to several sources of information. One source that has been cited here before is one of the publications of the European Central Bank which states that there are many cross-border mergers taking place, often between European Community member banks and outsiders. There is also information out on the web that suggests that cross-border mergers are taking place in Asia(/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/03/mody.htm). This suggests that bank mergers are growing at a considerable rate in many places in the world.293294。
《商业银行管理学》课后习题参考答案
《商业银行管理学》习题参考答案第一章1．金融制度对现代经济体系的运行起到了什么作用？（1）配置功能（2）节约功能（3）激励功能（4）调节功能2．商业银行在整个金融体系中有哪些功能？（1）金融服务功能（2）信用创造功能3．美国、英国、日本和德国的商业银行制度特征是什么？比较英美和日德的银行制度差异。
美国：是金融制度创新和金融产品创新的中心，拥有健全的法律法规对银行进行管制；竞争的激烈，使得美国商业银行具有完善的管理体系和较高的管理水平；受到双重银行体系的管制，即联邦和州权力机构都掌握着管制银行的权利。
英国：成立最早，经验丰富，实行分支行制；银行系统种类齐全、数量众多，按英国的分类，英国的银行主要包括清算银行，商人银行，贴现行，其他英国银行和海外银行等机构；不存在正式的制度化的银行管理机构，惟一的监管机构是作为中央银行的英格兰银行；典型的实行分业经营的国家。
日本：货币的统一发行集中到中央银行－日本银行；商业银行按区域划分的，具体可分为两大类型，即都市银行和地方银行；受到广泛的政府管制；二战前仿效英国业务分离的做法，之后随着环境的变化和经济的发展日本银行从1998年开始实行混业经营。
德国：由统一的中央银行－德意志联邦银行，统一发行货币，且德意志联邦银行被认为是欧洲各国中最具有独立性的中央银行。
德国银行高度集中，实行全能化的银行制度，密集程度是欧盟各国中最高的。
区别：英美在其业务上侧重存款的管理，而日德则侧重在贷款方面。
英美制度完善，有利于银行之间的竞争，日德法律体系发展相对缓慢。
4．根据你对我国银行业的认识，讨论我国银行业在国民经济中的地位以及制度特征。
答：地位：（1）我国的商业银行已成为整个国民经济活动的中枢（2）我国的商业银行的业务活动对全社会的货币供给具有重要影响（3）商业银行已经成为社会经济活动的信息中心（4）商业银行已经成为国家实施宏观经济政策的重要途径和基础（5）商业银行成了社会资本运动的中心制度特征：建立商业银行原则，有利于银行竞争，有利于保护银行体系安全与稳定，使银行保持适当规模。
《商业银行管理》课后习题答案IMChap4
《商业银行管理》课后习题答案IMChap4在学习商业银行管理的过程中，课后习题是巩固知识、检验理解的重要环节。
以下是对《商业银行管理》第四章课后习题的详细答案。
一、选择题1、商业银行的核心资本包括（）A 股本和公开储备B 股本和未公开储备C 债务资本和附属资本D 债务资本和公开储备答案：A解析：核心资本又称一级资本，包括股本（普通股和永久非累积优先股）和公开储备（股票发行溢价、未分配利润等）。
2、下列属于商业银行附属资本的是（）A 重估储备B 普通股C 未分配利润D 公开储备答案：A解析：附属资本包括未公开储备、重估储备、普通准备金、混合资本工具和长期次级债务等。
3、商业银行资本充足率的计算公式是（）A 资本/风险加权资产B 资本/总资产C （核心资本+附属资本）／风险加权资产D （核心资本+附属资本）／总资产答案：C解析：资本充足率＝（核心资本＋附属资本）／风险加权资产。
4、按照《巴塞尔协议》的要求，商业银行的资本充足率不得低于（）A 4%B 8%C 10%D 12%答案：B解析：《巴塞尔协议》规定商业银行的资本充足率不得低于 8%。
二、简答题1、简述商业银行资本的作用。
答：商业银行资本具有以下重要作用：首先，资本为银行的开业、正常经营和持续增长提供了资金基础。
它是银行设立和注册的必要条件，为银行的初期运营提供启动资金。
其次，资本是银行抵御风险的重要防线。
在面临各种风险如信用风险、市场风险、操作风险等时，资本可以吸收损失，保护存款人和其他债权人的利益，维持银行的信誉和稳定。
再者，资本有助于树立公众对银行的信心。
充足的资本向外界传递了银行稳健经营、有能力应对潜在风险的信号，增强了客户、投资者和监管机构对银行的信任。
此外，资本还为银行的扩张和业务发展提供了支持。
银行可以利用资本进行新业务的开拓、分支机构的设立以及技术设备的更新等。
2、简述《巴塞尔协议》对商业银行资本构成的规定。
答：《巴塞尔协议》将商业银行的资本分为核心资本和附属资本两大部分。
商业银行管理学课后题答案
第一章商业银行：商业银行是以追求利润最大化为目标，以多种金融欠债筹集资本，以多种金融财富为其经营对象，能利用欠债进行信用创建，并向客户供应多功能、综合性服务的金融公司。
信用中介：是指商业银行经过欠债业务，把社会上各样闲散钱币资本集中到银行，经过财富业务，把它投向需要资本的各部门，充任有闲置资本者和资本欠缺者之间的中介人，实现资本的融通。
作用：使闲散的钱币转变为资本、使闲置资本获取充分利用、续短为长，知足这会对长久资本的需要。
支付中介：是指商业银行利用活期存款账户，为客户办理各样钱币结算、钱币收付、钱币兑换和转移存款等业务活动。
CAMELS：美国联邦贮备委员会对商业银行看管的分类检查制度，这种分类检查制度的主要内容是把商业银行接受检查的范围分为六大类：资本（ capital）、财富（ asset ）、管理（ management）、利润（ earning ）、流动性（ liquidity）和对市场风险的敏感性（ sensitivity）。
分行制：分行制银行是指那些在总行之下，可在当地或外处设有若干分支机构，并能够从事银行业务的商业银行。
这种商业银行的总部一般都设在多半市，部下所有分支行须由总行领导指挥。
长处：第一，有益于银行汲取存款，有益于银行扩大资本总数和经营规模，能获得规模经济效益。
第二，便于银履行用现代化管理手段和设施，提升服务质量，加快资本周转速度。
第三有益于银行调理资本、转移信用、分别和减少多种风险。
第四，总专家数少，有益于国家控制和管理，其业务经营受地方政府干涉小。
第五，因为资本根源宽泛，有益于提升银行的竞争实力。
弊端：简单加快垄断的形成；并且因为其规模大，内部层次许多，使银行管理的难度增添等。
流动性：指财富变现的能力，商业银行保持随时能以适合的价钱去的可用资本的能力，以便随时对付客户提存以及银行其余支付的需要。
其权衡指标有两个：一是财富变现的成本，二是财富变现的速度。
4.成立商业银行制度的基根源则有哪些？为何要确定这些原则？答：（一）有益于银行业竞争。
《商业银行管理》课后习题答案IMChap6
CHAPTER 6ASSET/LIABILITY MANAGEMENT: DETERMINING AND MEASURING INTEREST RATES AND CONTROLLING A BANK’S INTEREST-SENSITIVE GAP Goals of This Chapter: To learn how to measure a bank's exposure to interest-rate risk and how to reduce that risk exposure through coordinated management of bank assets and liabilities.Key Terms Presented In This ChapterAsset-liability Management Yield to Maturity (YTM)Asset Management Bank Discount RateLiability Management Net Interest MarginFunds Management Interest-Sensitive Gap ManagementInterest Rate RiskChapter OutlineI. Introduction: The Necessity for Coordinating Bank Asset and Liability ManagementDecisionsII. Asset/Liability Management StrategiesA. Asset Management StrategyB. Liability Management StrategyC. Funds Management StrategyIll. Interest Rate Risk: One of the Banker's Greatest ChallengesA. Nature of Interest-Rate RiskB. Forces Determining Interest RatesC. The Measurement of Interest Rates1. Yield to Maturity2. Bank Discount RateD. The Components of Interest RatesE. Bankers' Response to Interest Rate RiskIV. One of the Goals of Interest-Rate HedgingA. The Net Interest MarginB. Interest-Sensitive Gap Management1. Asset-Sensitive Position2. Liability-Sensitive Position3. Calculation of a Bank's Interest-Sensitive Gap4. Impact of Changing Interest Rates on the Gap5. Decisions that need to be Made Concerning Gap Management6. Computer Techniques for Managing Gap7. Cumulative Gap8. Strategies in Gap Management9. Limitations of Interest-Sensitive Gap Management10. Weighted Interest-Sensitive GapV. Summary of the ChapterConcept Checks6-1. What do the following terms mean: Asset management? Liability management? Funds management?Asset management refers to a banking strategy where management has control over the allocation of bank assets but believes the bank's sources of funds (principally deposits) are outside its control. Liability management is a strategy of control over bank liabilities by varying interest rates offered on borrowed funds. Funds management combines both asset and liability management approaches into a balanced liquidity management strategy.6-2. What factors have motivated banks to develop funds management techniques in recent years?The necessity to find new sources of funds in the 1970s and the risk management problems encountered with troubled loans and volatile interest rates in the 1970s and 1980s led to the concept of planning and control over both sides of a bank's balance sheet -- the essence of funds management.6-3. What forces cause interest rates to change? What kinds of risk do bankers face when interest rates change?Interest rates are determined, not by individual banks, but by the collective borrowing and lending decisions of thousands of participants in the money and capital markets. They are also impacted by changing perceptions of risk by participants in the money and capital markets, especially the risk of borrower default, liquidity risk, price risk, reinvestment risk, inflation risk, term or maturity risk, marketability risk, and call risk.Bankers can lose income or value no matter which way interest rates go. Rising interest rates can lead to losses on bank security instruments and on fixed-rate loans as the market values of these instruments fall. Falling interest rates will usually result in capital gains on fixed-rate securities and loans but a bank will lose income if it has more rate-sensitive assets than liabilities. Rising interest rates will also cause a loss to bank income if a bank has more rate-sensitive liabilities than rate-sensitive assets.6-4. What makes it so difficult for banks to forecast interest rate changes?Interest rates cannot be set by an individual bank or even by a group of banks; they are determined by thousands of investors trading in the credit markets. Moreover, each market rate of interest has multiple components--the risk-free interest rate plus various risk premia. A change in any of these rate components can cause interest rates to change. To consistently forecast market interest rates correctly would require bankers to correctly anticipate changes in the risk-free interest rate and in all rate components. Another important factor is the timing of the changes. To be able to take full advantage of their predictions, they also need to know when the changes will take place.6-5. What is the yield curve and why is it important for bankers to know about its shape or slope?The yield curve is a graphical description of the distribution of market interest rates by maturity of financial instrument. The slope of the yield curve determines the spread between long-term and short-term interest rates. In banking most of the long-term rates apply to loans and securities (i.e., bank assets) and most of the short-term interest rates are attached to bank deposits and money market borrowings. Thus, the shape or slope of the yield curve has a profound influence on a bank's net interest margin or spread between asset revenues and liability costs.6-6. What is it that a bank wishes to protect from adverse movements in interest rates?A bank wishes to protect both the value of bank assets and liabilities and the revenues and costs generated by both assets and liabilities from adverse movements in interest rates.6-7. What is the goal of hedging in banking?The goal of hedging in banking is to freeze the spread between asset returns and liability costs and to offset declining values on certain assets by profitable transactions so that a target rate of return is assured.6-8. First National Bank of Bannerville has posted the following financial statement entries: Interest revenues $63 millionInterest costs $42 millionTotal earning assets $700 millionThe bank's net interest margin must be:Net Interest = $63 mill. - $42 mill. = 0.03 or 3 percentMargin $700 mill.If interest revenues and interest costs double while earning assets grow by 50 percent, the net interest margin will change as follows:($63 mill. - $42 mill.) * 2 = 0.04 or 4 percent$700 mill. * (1.50)Clearly the net interest margin increases--in this case by one third.6-9. Can you explain the concept of gap management?Gap management involves determining the maturity distribution and the repricing schedule for a bank's assets and liabilities. When more assets are subject to repricing or will reach maturity in a given period than liabilities or vice versa, the bank has a GAP and is exposed to loss from adverse interest-rate movements based on the gap's size.6-10 When is a bank asset sensitive? Liability sensitive?A bank is asset sensitive when it has more interest-rate sensitive assets maturing or subject to repricing during a specific time period than rate-sensitive liabilities. A liability sensitive position, in contrast, would find the bank having more interest-rate sensitive deposits and other liabilities than rate-sensitive assets for a particular planning period.6-11. Commerce National Bank reports interest-sensitive assets of $870 million andinterest-sensitive liabilities of $625 million. Because interest-sensitive assets are larger than liabilities by $245 million the bank is asset sensitive.If interest rates rise, the bank's net interest margin should rise as asset revenues increase by more than the resulting increase in liability costs. On the other hand, if interest rates fall, the bank's net interest margin will fall as asset revenues decline faster than liability costs.6-12. First National Bank has a cumulative gap for the coming year of + $135 million and interest rates are expected to fall by two and a half percentage points. What is the expected change in First National's net interest income?ExpectedChange in = $135 million * (-0.025) = -$3.38 millionNet Interest IncomeWhat change will occur in net interest income if interest rates rise by one and a quarter percentage points?Expected Changein Net Interest = $135 million * (+0.0125) = +$1.69 millionIncome6-13 How do you measure a bank’s dollar interest-sensitive gap? Its relative interest-sensitive gap? What is the interest-sensitivity ratio?The dollar interest-sensitive gap is measured by taking the repriceable (interest-sensitive) assets minus the repriceable (interest-sensitive) liabilitiies over some set planning period. Common planning periods include 3 months, 6 months and 1 year. The relative interest-sensitive gap is the dollar interest-sensitive gap divided by some measure of bank size (often total assets). The interest-sensitivity ratio is just the ratio of interest-sensitive assets to interest sensitive liabilities. Regardless of which measure you use, the results should be consistent. If you find a positive (negative) gap for dollar interest-sensitive gap, you should also find a positive (negative) relative interest-sensitive gap and a interest sensitivity ratio greater (less) than one.6-14 Suppose Carroll Bank and Trust reports interest-sensitive assets of $570 million and interest-sensitive liabilities of $685 million. What is the bank’s dollar interest-sensitive gap? Its relative interest-sensitive gap and interest-sensitivity ratio?Dollar Interest-Sensitive Gap = Interest-Sensitive Assets – Interest Sensitive Liabilities= $570 - $685 = -$115Relative Gap = $ IS Gap = -$115 = -0.2018 or -20.18 percent Bank Size $570Interest-Sensitivity = Interest-Sensitive Assets =$570 = .8321 Ratio Interest-Sensitive Liabilities $6856-15 Explain the concept of weighted interest-sensitive gap. How can this concept aid bank’s real interest-sensitive gap risk exposure?Weighted interest-sensitive gap is based on the idea that not all interest rates change at the same speed. Some are more sensitive than others. Interest rates on bank assets may change more slowly than interest rates on liabilities and both of these may change at a different speed than thoseinterest rates determined in the open market. In, the weighted interest-sensitive gap methodology all interest-sensitive assets and liabilities are given a weight based on their speed (sensitivity) relative to some market interest rate. Fed Funds loans, for example, have an interest rate which is determined in the market and which would have a weight of 1. All other loans, investments and deposits would have a weight based on their speed relative to the Fed Funds rate. To determine the interest-sensitive gap, the dollar amount of each type of asset or liability would be multiplied by its weight and added to the rest of the interest-sensitive assets or liabilities. Once the weighted total of the assets and liabilities is determined, a weighted interest-sensitive gap can be determined by subtracting the interest-sensitive liabilities from the interest-sensitive assets. This weighted interest-sensitive gap should be more accurate than the unweighted interest-sensitive gap. The interest-sensitive gap may change from negative to positive or vice versa and may change significantly the interest rate strategy pursued by the bank.Problems6-1. A government bond is currently selling for $900 and pays $80 per year in interest for 5 years when it matures. If the redemption value of this bond is $1,000, what is its yield to maturity if purchased today for $900. The yield to maturity equation for this bond would be:$900 = $80(1YTM)1+ + $80(1YTM)2+ + $80(1YTM)3+ + $80(1YTM)4++ $80(1YTM)5+ + $1,000(1YTM)5+At an YTM of 10 percent the bond's price is $924.28, while at 12 percent its price becomes $864.40. Thus, the true YTM lies between 10% and 12%. To find the true YTM we use: 10% + 40.864$28.924$900$28.924$-- * 2% ≈ 10.81%6-2. Suppose the government bond described in problem #1 is held for 3 years and then the bank acquiring the bond decides to sell it at a price of $950. Can you figure out the average annual yield the bank will have earned for its 3-year investment in the bond?In this instance the yield-to-maturity equation can be modified slightly to find the correct holding-period yield that the bank would earn. Specifically,$900 = $80(1HPY)1+ + $80(1HPY)2++ $80(1HPY)3+ + $950(1HPY)3+At an HPY of 10% the bond's price becomes $912.31, while at 12% the bond's price is $868.56.The true holding period yield must be:10% + 912.31900912.31868.56--⎡⎣⎢⎤⎦⎥ x 2% ≈10.56%.6-3. U.S. Treasury bills are available for purchase this week at the following prices (based upon $100 par value) and with the indicated maturities:a. $97.25, 182 days.b. $96.50, 270 days.c. $98.75, 91 days.The discount rates and equivalent yields to maturity (bond-equivalent or coupon-equivalent yields) on each of these Treasury bills are:Discount Rates Equivalent Yields to Maturitya.(10097.25)100- * 360182 = 5.44% (365x.0544)[360(0.0544x182)]- = 19.856350.1 = 5.67% b.(10096.50)100- * 360270 = 4.67% (365x.0467)[360(.0467x270)]- = 17.046347.39 = 4.91% c. (10098.75)100- * 36091 = 4.95% (365x.0495)[360(.0495x91)]- = 18.07355.5 = 5.08%6-4. The First State Bank of Ashfork reports a net interest margin of 3.25 percent in its most recent financial report with total interest revenues of $88 million and total interest costs of $72 million. What volume of earning assets must the bank hold?The relevant formula is:Net Interest Margin = .0325 = AssetsEarning mil. $72mill. $88-Then Earning Assets = $492.31 million.Suppose the bank's interest revenues rise by 8 percent and its interest costs and earning assets increase 10 percent. What will happen to Ash Fork's net interest margin?Substituting in the correct formula we have:New Net Interest Margin = .10)million(1 $492.3.10)million(1 $72.08)(1 million $88++-+= million$541.53million $79.20million $95.04-= 0.0293 or 2.93 percent.6-5. If a bank's net interest margin, which was 2.85 percent, doubles and its total assets, which stood originally at $545 million, rise by 40 percent, what change will occur in the bank's net interest income?The correct formula is:.0285 * 2 = .4)(1*million 545$Income Interest Net +or Net Interest Income = 0.057 * $763 million= $43.49 million.6-6. The cumulative interest-rate gap of Snidal State Bank and Trust Company doubles from an initial figure of -$35 million. If market interest rates fall by 25 percent from an initial level of 6 percent, what change will occur in Snidal Bank's net interest income?The key formula here is:Change in the Bank's = Change in interest rates (in percentage points) * cumulative gap Net Interest = 0.06 * -.25 x (-$35 mill.) * 2Income = 1.05Thus, the bank's net interest income will rise by 5 percent.6-7. Given: Merchants State Bank has recorded the following financial data for the past three years (dollars in millions):Current Year Previous Year Two Years Ago Interest revenues $57 $56 $55 Interest expenses 49 42 34 Loans (Excluding nonperforming) 411 408 406 Investments 239 197 174 Total deposits 487 472 467 Money market borrowings 143 118 96 Solution:Net interest margin (NIM) = Net Interest Income/Earning Assets, whereNet Interest Income = Net Interest Revenues - Net Interest ExpensesEarning Assets = Loans + InvestmentsNIM(Current) = ($57-49)/(411 + 239) = 8/650 = 0.0123 or 1.23%NIM(previous) = ($56-42)/(408 + 197) = 14/605 = 0.0231 or 2.31%NIM(Two years ago) = ($55-34)/(406 + 174) = 21/580 = 0.0362 or 3.62%The net interest margin has been declining steadily and significantly. Probable causes include greater increases in interest expenses relative to interest income due to shifts in funding mix with greater dependence on borrowed funds (more expensive sources) relative to deposits (less expensive sources). Additionally, the mix in earning assets, with greater growth in lower yielding investment securities than in higher yielding loans, is another contributor to the steadily declining net interest margin.Management needs to reevaluate its funding strategies and its loan and investment strategies. If slower loan growth is related to external forces -- for example, a weaker economy -- then less borrowing should be considered. If the slower loan growth is more internal, then more aggressive loan management would be appropriate.6-8 The First National Bank of Wedora, California has the following interest-sensitive gaps:Coming WeekNext30 DaysNext31-90 DaysMore Than90 DaysInterest - $144 $110 $164 $184 Sensitive +29 +19 29 8 Assets = $173 $129 $193 $192 Interest - $232 $ --- $ --- $ --- Sensitive 98 84 196 35 Liabilities = 36 6 --- ---$366 $90 $196 $35 GAP - $193 + $39 - $3 + $157 Cumulative GAP - $193 - $154 - $157 $0First National has a cumulative zero gap and therefore is not vulnerable to loss if interest rates rise. It does have a positive gap in two periods--the next 30 days and more than 90 days. During these particular periods a rise in interest rates would produce a short-run gain.6-9 First National Bank of Barnett currently has the following interest-sensitive assets and liabilities on its balance sheet:Interest-Sensitive Assets Interest-Sensitive LiabilitiesFederal fund loans $65Security holdings $42 Interest-bearing deposits $185Loans and leases $230 Money-market borrowings $78What is the bank’s current interest-sensitive gap? Suppose its Federal funds loans carry an interest-rate sensitivity weight of 1.0 while its investments have a rate-sensitivity weight of 1.15 and its loans and leases display a rate-sensitivity weight of 1.35. On the liability side First National’s rate-sensitivity weight is 0.79 for interest-bearing deposits and 0.98 for itsmoney-market borrowings. Adjusted for these various interest-rate sensitivity weights, what is the bank’s weighted interest-sensitive gap? Suppose the Federal funds interest rate increases or decreases one percentage point. How will the bank’s net interest income be affecte d (a) given its current balance sheet make up and (b) reflecting its weighted balance sheet adjusted for the foregoing rate-sensitivity weights?Solution:Dollar IS Gap = ISA - ISL = ($65 + $42 + $230) - ($185 + $78) = $337 - $263 = $74 Weighted IS Gap = [(1)($65) + (1.15)(42) + (1.35)(230)] - [(.79)($185) + (.98)($78)] = $65 + $48.3 + $310.5 - $146.15 + $76.44= $423.8 - $222.59= $201.21a.) Change in Bank’s Income = IS Gap * Change in interest rates= ($74)(.01) = $.74 millionUsing the regular IS Gap, net income will change by plus or minus $740,000b.) Change in Bank’s Income = Weighted IS Gap * Change in interest rates= ($201.21)(.01) = $2.012Using the weighted IS Gap, net income will change by plus or minus $2,012,0006-10 McGraw Bank and Trust has interest-sensitive assets of $225 million and interest-sensitive liabilities of $168 million. What is the bank’s dollar interest-sensitive gap? What is McGraw’srelative interest-sensitive gap? What is the value of its interest-sensitivity ratio? Is the bank asset sensitive or liability sensitive? Under what scenario for market interest rates will the bank experience a gain in net interest income? A loss in net interest income?Dollar Interest-Sensitive Gap = ISA – ISL = $225 - $168 = $57Relative Interest-Sensitive Gap = ISA – ISL = $57 = 0.2533Bank Size $225Interest-Sensitivity Ratio = ISA = $225 = 1.3393ISL $168This bank is asset sensitive. More assets will be repriced during this time period than liabilities. This means that if interest rates rise, the interest earned on assets will rise relative to the interest paid on liabilities and net interest margin will rise. However, if interest rates fall, interest earned on assets will fall more than interest paid on liabilities and net interest margin will fall.Web Site Problems1. Suppose you want to know what types of banks make the greatest use of asset-liability management tools and what their biggest ALM problems are? Where would you go on the web to try to get answers to these questions?Almost all banks are required by regulators to have some kind of ALM management in place. These techniques can be as simple as the interest sensitive gap discussion in this chapter or the duration gap management in the next chapter. However, there are many consulting firms out there that have developed specific models for managing ALM. One way to see what is out there is to do a search on bank ALM management and see some of the sites that are out there. These sites range from sites for the consulting firms to more general sites that provide a good definition and description of ALM management. Two sources that are available at this time for general information on asset-liability management are/glossaryassetliabilitymanagement.htm and/Products/nccb_asset.htm. However if you want a good discussion of specific models and the problems people are having with ALM management, one good source appears to be /. This site has several discussion groups on various ALM topics.2. If a new web model to apply ALM techniques to a bank’s risk exposure is developed, at what web site are you most likely to find a discussion of that new ALM model?The best place to get information about a new ALM model would be the/ site mentioned above. If a promising new model were developed it would be sure to show up in the discussion groups mentioned above.3. If you need guidance on how to prepare bank forecasts and measure risk as part of a bank’s ALM activities which web site could be most helpful to you?If you are not willing to go to a consultant about how to develop bank forecasts and measure risk, the / web site would probably be the most helpful site. There are many discussions there about how to deal with specific measurement issues and how to find information to determine the risk of your bank compared to peer institutions.85。
《商业银行管理》课后习题答案IMChap19
CHAPTER 19PRICING BUSINESS LOANSGoal of This Chapter: To explore different methods used by bankers today to price business loans and to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of these pricing methods for achieving a bank's goals.Key Terms Presented in This ChapterCost-plus loan pricing Below-prime pricingPrice leadership Cap ratesPrime rate Customer profitability analysisLIBORChapter OutlineI. Introduction: The Challenge of Trying to Correctly Price Business Loans in a HighlyCompetitive MarketII. The Cost-Plus Loan Pricing MethodIll. The Price Leadership ModelA. Prime or Base Rate PricingB. Loan Risk and the MarkupC. Prime-Plus versus Times Prime PricingD. LIBOR-based Loan PricingE. Below-Prime Market Pricing (The Markup Model)F. Loans Bearing Maximum Interest Rates (Caps)IV. Customer Profitability AnalysisA. The Basic FormulaB. A Numerical ExampleC. Earnings Credit for Customer DepositsD. The Future of Customer Profitability AnalysisVI. Summary of the ChapterConcept Checks19-1. What methods are in use today to price business loans?The following methods are in use today to price business loans:a. Cost-plus pricing d. CAP rateb. Price leadership pricing model e. Customer Profitability Analysisc. Markup market-pricing modelCost-plus-profit pricing requires the bank to estimate the total cost involved in making aloan and then adds to that cost estimate a small margin for profit. The price-leadership model, on the other hand, bases the loan rate upon a national or international rate (such as prime or LIBOR) posted by major banks and then adds a small increment on top for profit or risk. The markup model prices a loan on the basis of cost plus a risk premium added to those loans with greater credit risk and/or longer term loans that have greater term risk.CAP rates specify a maximum rate that a borrower can be assessed, thus limiting a borrower's interest-rate risk. Customer profitability analysis looks at all the revenues and costs involved in serving a customer and then requires the bank to calculate the net rate of return from this particular customer.19-2. The loan rate quoted for this $10 million corporate loan would be:Loan Rate = 4 percent Loan Funds Cost + .5 percent Non-funds Operating Cost+ .375 percent default risk premium+ .625 percent term risk premium+ .25 percent profit margin= 5.75 percentBased on a $10 million loan this customer will pay in interest each year:$10,000,000*.0575 = $575,000.19-3. What are the principal strengths and weaknesses of the loan-pricing methods in use today?a. Cost-plus pricingStrength: considers the cost of raising loanable funds and operating costs of running the bank.Weaknesses: banks must know what their costs are in order to consistently makeprofitable, correctly priced loans; gives little regard to competition from other lenders.b. Price leadership pricing modelStrength: considers competition from other lenders, allows for a risk premium to be added to the base or prime rate.Weakness: does not consider the marginal cost of raising loanable funds.c. Markup market-pricing modelStrength: allows banks to compete more aggressively with the commercial paper market.Weakness: narrow margins (markups) on loans.d. CAP rateStrength: is another service option that a bank may offer its customers for a specific fee.Weakness: a prolonged period of high interest rates will effectively transfer the risk offluctuating interest rates from borrower to lender.e. Customer profitability analysisStrength: takes the whole customer relationship into account when pricing each loan request.Weakness: must consider revenues and expenses from all of the bank's dealings with the customer.19-4. What is customer profitability analysis?Customer profitability analysis looks at all the revenues and costs involved in serving a customer and then requires the bank to calculate the net rate of return from all the services the bank sells to this particular customer.Problems19-1. The expected revenues and costs from continuing the present relationship between Enterprise National Bank and USF Corporation were given in this problem and the reader is asked to estimate the expected net rate of return if the bank renews its loan to USF.The total of expected revenues and expected costs is:Expected Revenues Expected CostsInterest Revenue $ 1,100,000 Deposit Interest $ 25,000 Commitment Fees 100,000 Cost of Other Funds Raised 975,000 Deposit Service 4,500 Wire Transfer Costs 1,300 (Maintenance) Fees Loan Processing Costs 12,400 Wire Transfer Fees 3,500 Record keeping Expenses 4,500 Agency Fees 8,800 Account Activity Cost 19,000 Total Expected $1 216,800 Total Expected Costs $ 1,037,200 RevenuesGiven: Total Expected Revenues = $1,216,800Total Expected Costs = $1,037,200Net Revenue = $1,216,800 - $1,037,200 = $179,600Net Funds Loaned = $10,000,000 - $2,125,000 = $7,875,000Expected Net Rate of Return = $179,600/ $7,875,000 = .0228 or 2.28%Because the estimated net rate of return is positive, the bank should strongly consider approving the loan as requested because the bank can earn a premium over its costs.If you decide to turn down this request, under what assumptions regarding revenues, expenses, and customer-maintained deposit balances would you make this loan?An initial reaction might be to increase loan revenues by raising the interest rate on the loan or increasing the loan commitment fee. Depending on the customer's relationship with the bank and with other banks, this may prove to be extremely difficult. Initially, it was assumed that the customer would draw down the entire line of credit, that is, borrow the full $10,000,000. If the customer were to borrow less than the full amount, the cost of funds raised to support this loan could be reduced, increasing the net revenue from the loan. Relative to expenses, it would be more likely that some adjustment in the expenses associated with the relationship would be more appropriate. For example, a careful examination of the relationship activities could allow for a revision of estimated costs incurred by the bank to manage the various aspects of the relationship. As far as the customer-maintained balances are concerned, there could be an opportunity to revise these estimates upward, making the net funds loaned smaller and the expected net rate of return greater.Alternative Scenario 1:Given: Prime rate drops from 10% to 8%. No change in interest costs.Solution:Interest Revenue = 9% x $10,000,000 = $900,000Change in Interest Revenue = $900,000 - $1,100,000 = -$200,000Net Revenue = [$1,216,800 - $200,000] - $1,037,200 = -$20,400Since the expected net revenues are now negative, the estimated net rate of return will be negative (-$20,400 / 7,875,000 = - 0.26%). With this negative expected net rate of return, the bank should carefully review the relationship. If this is a long, very good relationship, the bank should consider making the loan; however, there should be further negotiations to insure the profitability of the relationship. This might include restructuring the deposit relationship.Alternative Scenario 2:Given: Required Rate on Time Deposit = 9.25% (up from 9%)Cost of Other Funds Raised = $1,065,000 (up from $975,000)Prime Rate = 9.5% (down from 10%)Solution:Interest revenue = 10.5% x $ 10,000,000 = $1,050,000Change in Interest Revenue = $1,050,000 - $1,100,000 = -$50,000Add'I Interest Expense (Time Deposit) = $25,695 - $25,000 = $695Add'I Cost of Other Funds = $1,065,000 - $975,000 = $90,000 Additional Funding Costs $90,695Net Revenue = [$1,216,800 - $50,000] - [$1,037,200 + $90,695]= $1,166,800- $1,127,895 = $38,905Since the net revenue under these conditions is positive ($ 38,905), the bank should make the loan. Alternative Scenario 3:Given: All revenues, except interest revenue, and costs held constant.Solution:Break Even Revenues = $1,037,200Break Even Interest Revenue = $1,037,200 - [$100,000 + $4,500+ $3,500 + $ 8,800]= $1,037,200 - $116,800 = $920,400Break Even * $10,000,000 = $920,400Break Even = $920,400 / $10,000,000 = .092 or 9.2%Break Even = Prime Break Even + 1 = 9.2%Prime Break Even = 9.2% - 1 = 8.2%Alternative Scenario 4:Given: All costs, except interest costs, and revenues held constant.Solution: Break Even Revenues = $1,216,800Break Even Interest Costs = $1,216,800 - [$1,300 + $12,400+ 4,500 + $19,000]= $1,216,800 - $ 37,200 = $1,179,60019-2 Chilton Westover Bank has sold negotiable CDs in the amount of $6 million at a yield of 8.75% and purchased $4 million in federal funds at a rate of 8.40%. The weighted average cost of bank funds in this case would be:$ 6,000,000 * .0875 = $525,000$ 4,000,000 * .0840 = $336,000Total Interest Cost = $861,000On a $10 million loan this is an average annual interest cost of $861,000/$10,000,000 or 0.0861 which is 8.61 %. There were also $25,000 in noninterest costs or 0.25% of the loan total of $10million. With a one percent risk premium and a 0.25% minimal profit margin, the loan rate on a cost-plus basis would be:Interest Cost + Non-interest Cost + Risk Premium + Profit Margin =8.61% + 0.25% + 1.00% + 0.25% = 10.11%.Alternative Scenario 1:Given: Funding entire loan with federal funds at 8.4%.Solution:Loan rate on a cost-plus basis would be:Interest Cost + Non-interest Cost + Risk Premium + Profit Margin =8.40% + 0.25% + 1.00% + 0.25% = 9.90%The bank faces the risk that its interest cost component, the federal funds rate, which can change daily, could increase quickly and take up the "slack" in the loan rate, thereby reducing the profit margin on the loan.Alternative Scenario 2:Given: Noninterest costs unexpectedly rise to $38,000 and the customer insists on a cap of 10 percent on the rate.Solution:Profit Margin = Loan Rate – [Interest Cost + Noninterest Cost + Risk Premium]= 10.00% - [8.61% + 0.38% +1.00%]= 10.00%-9.99% = .01%The profit margin, for all intents and purposes, disappears.19-3. Englewood Bank is confronted with a $15 million loan request to fund accounts receivable and inventory for APEX Exports. The bank would prefer a floating-rate loan for 90 days at a rate of LIBOR + 0.25%. Most recently LIBOR was at 9.25%. APEX, however, wants the loan rate set1at 1.014 * LIBOR.At today’s prevailing LIBOR rate the customer's requested loan-rate formula would generate a loan interest rate of 1.014 * 9.25% = 9.38%. The bank wanted to charge a rate of 9.25% + 0.25% = 9.50%. Loan rates tend to move up and down faster with the customer's loan-rate formula than with the bank's LIBOR-plus formula. This customer appears to believe interest rates will soon decline, pulling its loan rate lower.Alternative Scenario:Given: The bank's counterproposal to Apex is LIBOR plus 0.125% with a compensating balance of $250,000.Solution:At the prevailing LIBOR rate of 9.25%, the effective rate of the counter proposal is:[9.25% + 0.125%]/[($15,000,000 - $ 250,000)/$15,000,000]= 9.375%/.9833 = 9.53%On an effective cost basis, Apex is not likely to agree to this request. However, if Apex looks only at the 9.375% rate, they might accept the request. Apex's opportunity cost of the minimum balance would come into play in accepting or rejecting the counter proposal.19-4. RJK Corporation was quoted a loan rate equal to the prevailing federal funds interest rate plus 3/8 of a percentage point (or 0.375%) . RJK wanted the loan renewed at money-market borrowing cost plus 0.25%. If the base rate is set at the federal funds rate the loan rate as requested by RJK would be:Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Fed Funds 8.72% 8.80% 8.69% 8.46% 8.46% Margin 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Loan Rate 8.97% 9.05% 8.94% 8.71% 8.71% Clearly the other money-market interest rates would have generated somewhat lower loan rates, especially the CD and Treasury bill rates. However, interest rates fell over the period examined, resulting in lower loan revenues for the bank. The bank would have been better off to offer its customer a fixed interest rate over the next five weeks.Alternative Scenario:Given: Bank desires to set a floor of 8%. Borrower agrees with the proposal if bank agrees to a loan rate of base rate plus 0.125%.Solution:The major risk faced by the bank is the risk that interest rates will rise along with other costs. If this occurs, increased fixed costs could erode the profit margin. Although this borrower would appear to be an excellent credit risk, increasing interest rates and inflation could result in increased default risk for the borrower over an extended period of time.Both the one-month commercial paper rate and the one-month CD rate have less volatility. Additionally, both maturities (i.e., one month) are closer to the five-week maturity of the requested loan. One might argue that either of these would be preferable, since they would maintain a higher rate in a declining interest rate environment. The one-month commercial paper rate had the lowestdecline during the five-week period, less than 2%, whereas the federal funds rate declined by approximately 3% and the CD rate declined by over 2%. If this trend were to continue over the next five-week period, the commercial paper rate would appear to be a better alternative.Web Site Problems1. What market interest rates are most widely used as base rates to price commercial loans? Where on the world wide web can you go to observe current and past levels of and changes in these market rates?After doing a search on the web, the Bloomberg site gave me the national averages for business loan rates. Their web site is /markets/rates.html. There are many other web sites out there that would also give this information or similar information. The table below lists key interest rates for business loans at the current time.Rate Current %Federal Funds 3.693 month LIBOR 3.71Prime Rate 7.002 Year AAA Industrial 4.5410 year .AAA Industrial 6.11From this information it appears that banks are most likely using the below prime market pricing (the markup) model to price their loans. These loan rates are close to the Federal Funds and LIBOR rates and are below the bank’s prime rate. Other loans to more risky customers may be priced differently.2. If you wanted to know more about the principles and procedures of business loan pricing where on the web would you go?One web site that has basic definitions for loans and may be a good place to start is/index.asp. This is the web site for Direct Loans. There are links to other sites from this one as well as frequently asked questions. A search of the web for business loan procedures may lead to other important web sites and information.。
《商业银行管理》课后习题答案IMChap5
CHAPTER 5MEASURING AND EVALUATING BANK PERFORMANCEGoal of This Chapter: To help the reader learn how to analyze and evaluate a bank's performance, especially its rate of return, efficiency, and risk exposure, from the data provided in bank financial statements.Key Terms Presented in This ChapterBank Profitability Equity MultiplierROA Credit RiskROE Liquidity RiskEfficiency Market RiskNet Interest Margin Interest-Rate RiskNoninterest Margin Earnings RiskNet Profit Margin Solvency RiskAsset Utilization UBPRChapter OutlineI. Introduction: Performance Pressures Faced by Banks TodayII. Evaluating a Bank's PerformanceA. Determining the Bank's Long-Range ObjectivesB. Maximizing The Value of the Firm: A Key Objective for Any BankC. Profitability Ratios: A Surrogate for Stock Values1. Key Profitability Ratios in Banking2. Interpreting Profitability Ratios3. Useful Profitability Formulas4. Breaking Down Equity Returns for Closer Analysis5. Break-Down Analysis of a Bank's Return on Assets6. What a Breakdown of Bank Profitability Measures Can Tell UsD. Measuring Risk in Banking1. Credit Risk2. Liquidity Risk3. Market Risk4. Interest-Rate Risk5. Earnings Risk6. Solvency (or Default) Risk7. Other Forms of Risk in Banking (Inflation Risk, Currency orExchange-Rate Risk, Political Risk, and Crime Risk)E. Other Goals in BankingIII. The Impact of Bank Size on PerformanceIV. Watching out for Size, Location and Regulatory Bias in Analyzing Bank Performance V. Using Financial Ratios and Other Analytical Tools to Track Bank Performance--The UBPR.VI. Summary of the ChapterAppendix to the Chapter - Improving Bank Performance Through Knowledge: Sources of Information for Bankers, Their Customers, and Bank RegulatorsConcept Checks5-1. Why should banks be concerned about their level of profitability and exposure to risk? Banks in the U.S. and most other countries are private businesses that must attract capital from the public to fund their operations. If profits are inadequate or if risk is excessive, they will have greater difficulty in obtaining capital and their funding costs will grow, eroding profitability. Bank stockholders, depositors, and bank examiners representing the regulatory community are all interested in the quality of bank performance. The stockholders are primarily concerned with profitability as a key factor in determining their total return from holding bank stock, while depositors (especially large corporate depositors) and examiners typically focus on bank risk exposure.5-2. What individuals or groups are likely to be interested in these aspects or dimensions of bank performance?The individuals or groups likely to be interested in bank profitability and risk include other banks lending to a particular bank, borrowers, large depositors, holders of long-term debt capital issued by banks, bank stockholders, and the regulatory community.5-3. What factors influence a bank's stock price?A bank's stock price is affected by all those factors affecting its profitability and risk exposure, particularly its rate of return on equity capital and risk to shareholder earnings. A bank can raise its stock price by creating an expectation in the minds of investors of greater earnings in the future, by lowering the bank's perceived risk exposure, or by a combination of increases in expected earnings and reduced risk.5-4. Suppose that a bank is expected to pay an annual dividend of $4 per share on its stock in the current period and dividends are expected to grow 5 percent a year every year, and the minimum required return to equity capital based on the bank's perceived level of risk is 10 percent. Can you estimate the current value of the bank's stock?In this constant dividend growth rate problem the current value of the bank's stock would be: P o = D1 / (k – g) = $4 / (0.10 – 0.05) = $80.5-5. What is return on equity capital and what aspect of bank performance is it supposed to measure?Return on equity capital is the ratio of Net Income After Taxes/Total Equity Capital. It represents the rate of return earned on the funds invested in the bank by its stockholders.5-6. Suppose a bank reports that its net after-tax income for the current year is $51 million, its assets total $1,444 million, and its liabilities amount to 926 million. What is its return on equity capital?The bank's return on equity capital should be:ROE = Net After Tax Income = $51 million = .098 or 9.8 percentEquity Capital $1,444 mill.-$926 mill.5-7. What is return on assets and why is it important in banking?Return on assets is the ratio of Net Income After Taxes/Total Assets. The rate of return secured on a bank's total assets indicates the efficiency of its management in generating net income from all of the resources (assets) committed to the institution.5-8. A bank estimates that its total revenues from all sources will amount to $155 million and its total expenses (including taxes) will equal $107 million this year. Its liabilities total $4,960 million while its equity capital amounts to $52 million. What is the bank's return on assets? Is this ROA high or low? How could you find out?The bank's return on assets would be:ROA = Net After Tax Income = $155 mill. - $107 mill. = 0.0096 or 0.96 percent Total Assets $4,960 mill. + $52 mill.The size of this bank's ROA should be compared with the ROA's of other banks similar in size and location to determine if this bank's ROA is high or low relative to the average forcomparable banks.5-9. Why do bankers pay close attention today to the net interest margin and noninterest margin? To the earnings base and spread?The net interest margin (NIM) indicates how successful the bank has been in borrowing funds from the cheapest sources and in maintaining an adequate spread between its returns on loans and security investments and the cost of its borrowed funds. If the NIM rises, loan and security income must be rising or the average cost of funds must be falling or both. A declining NIM is undesirable because the bank's interest spread is being squeezed, usually because of rising interest costs on deposits and other borrowings.In contrast, the noninterest margin reflects the bank's spread between its noninterest income (such as service fees on deposits) and its noninterest expenses (especially salaries and wages and overhead expenses). For most banks the noninterest margin is negative. Management will usually attempt to expand fee income, while controlling closely the growth of noninterest expenses in order to make a negative noninterest margin as least negative as possible.The earnings base indicates the proportion of the bank's earning assets (loans, leases, and investments) relative to its total assets. As competition increases, greater pressure is placed on the bank's management to maintain the quality and quantity of these earning assets. Additionally, the bank's managers typically will shift some of their emphasis to increasing noninterest income generated by fees.The earnings spread measures the effectiveness of the bank's intermediation function of borrowing and lending money, which, of course, is the bank's primary way of generating earnings. As competition increases, the spread between the average yields on assets and the average cost of liabilities will be squeezed, forcing the bank's management to search for alternative sources of income, such as fees from various services the bank offers.5-10. Suppose a banker tells you that his bank in the year just completed had total interest expenses on all borrowings of $12 million and noninterest expense of $5 million, while interest income from earning assets totaled $16 million and noninterest revenues added to a total of $2 million. Suppose further that assets amounted to $480 million of which earning assets represented 65 percent of total assets, while total interest-bearing liabilities amounted to 55 percent of the bank's total assets. See if you can determine this bank's net interest and noninterest margins and its earnings base and earnings spread for the most recent year.The bank's net interest and noninterest margins must be:Net Interest = $16 mill. - $12 mill. Noninterest = $2 mill. - $5 mill.Margin $480 mill. Margin $480 mill.=.00833 = -.00625 The bank's earnings spread and earnings base are:Earnings = $16 mill. - $12 mill.Spread $480 mill * 0.85 $480 mill. * 0.75= .0392 -.0333Earnings Base = $480 mill. - $480 mill. * 0.15 = 0.85 or 85 percent$480 mill.5-11. What are the principal components of ROE and what do each of these components measure?The principal components of ROE are:a. The net profit margin or net after-tax income to operating revenues which reflects theeffectiveness of a bank's expense control program;b. The degree of asset utilization or ratio of operating revenues to total assets which measures the effectiveness of managing the bank's assets, especially the loan portfolio; and,c. The equity multiplier or ratio of total assets to total equity capital which measures a bank's use of leverage in funding its operations.5-12. If a bank has an ROA of 0.80 percent and an equity multiplier of 12x what is its ROE? Suppose this bank's ROA falls to 0.60 percent. What size equity multiplier must it have to hold its ROE unchanged?The bank's ROE is:ROE = 0.80 percent *12 = 9.60 percent.If ROA falls to 0.60 percent, the bank's ROE and equity multiplier can be determined from:ROE = 9.60% = 0.60 percent * Equity MultiplierEquity Multiplier = 9.60 percent = 16x.0.60 percent5-13. Suppose a bank reports net income after taxes of $12, before-tax net income of $15,operating revenues of $100, assets of $600, and $50 in equity capital. What is the bank's ROE? Tax-management efficiency indicator? Expense control efficiency indicator? Asset management efficiency indicator? Funds management efficiency indicator?The bank's ROE must be:ROE = 50$12$ = 0.24 or 24 percentIts tax-management, expense control, asset management, and funds management efficiencyindicators are:Tax Management = $12 Expense Control = $15Efficiency indicator $15 Efficiency Indicator $100= .8 or 80 percent =.15 or 15 percentAsset Management = $100 Funds Management = $600Efficiency Indicator $600 Efficiency Indicator $50= 0.1666 or 16.67 percent = 12 x5-14. What are the most important components of ROA and what aspects of bank performance do they reflect?The principal components of ROA are:a. Total Interest Income Less Total Interest Expense divided by Total Assets, measuring a bank's success at intermediating funds between borrowers and lenders;b. Provision for Loan Losses divided by Total Assets which measures management's ability to control loan losses and manage a bank's tax exposure;c. Noninterest Income less Noninterest Expenses divided by Total Assets, which indicates the ability of management to control salaries and wages and other noninterest costs and generate tee income;d. Net Income Before Taxes divided by Total Assets, which measures operating efficiency and expense control; ande. Applicable Taxes divided by Total Assets, which is an index of tax management effectiveness.5-15. If a bank has a net interest margin of 2.50%, a noninterest margin of -1.85%, and a ratio of provision for loan losses, taxes, security gains, and extraordinary items of -0.47%, what is its ROA?The bank's ROA must be:ROA = 2.50 percent - 1.85 percent - 0.47 percent = 0.18 percent5-16. To what different kinds of risk are banks subjected today?a. Earnings Risk -- the probability that a bank's earnings (net income) will fall, subjecting its stockholders to actual losses or to lower rates of return.b. Credit Risk -- the probability that loans and securities the bank holds will not pay out as promised.c. Solvency Risk -- the possibility or probability the bank will fail.d. Liquidity Risk -- the probability the bank will not have sufficient cash on hand in the volume needed precisely when cash demands arise.e. Market Risk -- the probability that the value of assets held by the bank will decline due to falling market prices.f. Interest-Rate Risk - the possibility or probability interest rates will change, subjecting the bankto losses.5-17. What items on a bank's balance sheet and income statement can be used to measure it's risk exposure?There are several alternative measures of risk in banking. Solvency risk is often measured by bank capital ratios, such as the ratio of total capital to total assets or total capital to risk assets. Creditrisk can be tracked by such ratios as net loan losses to total loans or relative to total capital. Liquidity risk can be followed by using such ratios as cash assets to total assets or by total loans to total assets. Interest-rate risk may be indicated by such ratios as interest-sensitive liabilities to interest-sensitive assets or the ratio of money-market borrowings to money-market assets.5-18. A bank reports that the total amount of its net loans and leases outstanding is $936 million,its assets total $1,342 million, its equity capital amounts to $110 million, and it holds $1,150 million in deposits, all expressed in book value. The estimated market values of the bank's total assets and equity capital are $1,443 million and $130 million, respectively. The bank's stock is currently valued at $60 per share with annual per-share earnings of $2.50. Uninsured deposits amount to $243 million and money market borrowings total $ 1 32 million, while nonperforming loans currently amount to $43 million, and the bank just charged off $21 million in loans. Calculate as many of the bank's risk measures as you can from the foregoing data.Net Loans and Leases = $936 mill. Uninsured Deposits $243 mill.mill.0.7069 or 70.69 percent 0.2113 or 21.13 percentEquity Capital = $130 mill. Stock Price $60Total Assets $1,443 mill. Earnings Per Share $2.50 = 0.0901 or 9.01 percent = 24 XNonperforming Assets = $43 mill. =0.0459 or 4.59 percentNet Loans and Leases $1,443 mill.Charge-offs of loans = $21 Purchased Funds = $243 mill. + $132 mill. Total Loans and Leases $936 Total Liabilities $1,324 mill. - $110 mill.=.0224 or 2.24 percent .3089 or 30.89 percentBook Value of Assets = $1324 =0.9175 or 91.75 percentMarket Value of Assets $1443Problems5-1. First National Bank of Inesco is expected to pay a dividend of $12 per share at the end of the year and its stock dividends are expected to grow 8 percent a year indefinitely into the future. If the appropriate discount rate applied to the bank's expected dividend stream is 15 percent,Inesco's current stock price should be:P o = D (k g)1- = $12(.15.08)- = $171.43 per share.5-2.Price State Bank's expected stream of dividends over the next three years is as follows: Expected Dividends Per SharePeriod 1 $3.00Period 2 $4.50Period 3 $6.00Applying a discount rate of 12 percent to this dividend stream yields an estimated stockprice ofP o = $3(1.12)+ + $4.50(1.12)2+ + $6(1.12)3+ + $60(1.12)3+P 0 = $53.24 per share.5.3 Depositors and Merchants Bank has an equity-to-asset ratio of 7.5 percent which means its equity multiplier must be:1/(Equity Capital / Assets) = Assets EquityCapital = 1 / 0.075 = 13.33xIn contrast, Newton National Bank has an equity multiplier of:1/(Equity Capital / Assets) = 10.06= 16.67xWith an ROA of 0.85 percent Newton National would have an ROE of:ROE = 0.85 x 16.67x = 14.17 percent.In this case Newton National Bank is making greater use of financial leverage and is generating a higher return on equity capital.Depositors and Merchants has an ROE of:ROE = 0.85 x 13.33 x = 11.33 percent.5-4. The income and expense statement for Gilcrest Merchants National Bank, when arranged in proper order, would appear as follows:Gilcrest Merchants National Bank Income and Expense StatementInterest Fees on Loans $61Interest Dividends on Securities 12Total Interest Income 73Interest Paid on Deposits 49Interest on Nondeposit Borrowings 6Total Interest Expense 55Net Interest Income 18Provision for Loan Losses 2Noninterest Income and Fees 7Noninterest Expenses:Salaries and Employee Benefits 10Overhead Expenses 5Other Noninterest Expenses3Total Noninterest Expenses 18Net Income Before Taxes and SecurityGains or Losses 5Taxes 1Securities Gains (or Losses), Net ofTaxes1Net Income After Taxes $5Among the key ratios that can be calculated are the following:ROE = Net Income After Taxes = $5 =0.0180 or 1.80 percentEquity Capital $80ROA = Net Income After Taxes = $5 =0.005 or .5 percentTotal Assets $1000Net Interest Margin = Total Interest Income–Total Interest Expenses[($61 + $12) –($49 + $6)]=0.0180 or 1.8percent Total Assets $1000Net Noninterest = $7 - $18 =-0.011 or –1.1 percentMargin $1000Net operating margin = [Total Operating Revenues – Total Operating Expenses] /Total Assets = 1000$73$80$ = 0.0070 or 0.70 percent.Earnings = Total Interest Income - Total Interest Expenses = $61 + $12 - $49 + $6 Spread Total Earning Assets Total Interest Bearing $830 $710 Liabilities0.0880 – 0.0775 or 8.8 percent – 7.75 percent or 1.05 percentEarnings base = Total Assets – Nonearning Assets = $830 =0.83 or 83 percent in assets Total Assets $1000Profit Margin =Net income after taxes Total operating revenue = $5$80 = 0.0625 or 6.25 percent. Asset Utilization =Total operating revenue Total Assets = $80$1000 = $80$1000 = 0.08 or 8.0 percent Equity Multiplier =Total Assets Total Equity Capital = 12.5x Net Loans / Total Assets = 1000$670$ = 0.67 or 67 percentCash and Due from Bank = $120 = 0.12 or 12 percent Total Assets $1000Operating Efficiency Ratio = Total Operating Expenes Total Operating Revenues = $73$80 = 0.9125 or 91.25 percentEmployee Productivity = Net Operating Income = $80 - $73 = $175,000Ratio # of Full Time Employees $40 per employee5-5. The rates of return requested for Shadowwood National Bank are as follows:ROE = $105 ROA = $105$15,765 - $15,440 $15,7650.3231 or 32.31 percent 0.0067 or .67 percentNet Interest = $1875 - $1210 = $665 = 0.0527 or 5.27 percentMargin $12,612 $12,612(If total assets are used as the denominator, NIM = 4.22%.)Net Noninterest Margin =$501$685$12,612= 0.0146 or –1.46 percent.(If total assets are used as the denominator, the noninterest margin is –1.17%).Net Operating = ($1,875+- $501) – ($1,210 + $685 + $381) = $100 =0.0063 or.63 percent Margin $15,765 $15,765Net Return Before = ($1,875 + $501) – ($1,210 + $685 + $381 + $16) = $84 = 0.0053 or .53 Special Transaction Costs $15,765 $15,765 .percentEarnings per Share = 000,145000,000,105$ = $724.14 per share.Alternative Scenario 1:Suppose interest income, interest expenses, noninterest income, and noninterest expenses each increase by 5 percent, with all other items remaining unchanged.If we assume that the 5% increase flows through to net income, resulting in a 5% increase in net income, then the ROE, ROA, and EPS will increase by (at least) 5% also. Actually, the scenario which does not have provision for loan losses, securities gains, and taxes increasing would result in a greater than 5% increase in net income. This would, of course, result in the ROE, ROA, and EPS increases being greater than 5%.Alternative Scenario 2:Suppose Shadowood's interest income, interest expenses, noninterest income, and noninterest expenses decline by 5 percent, all other factors held equal. As with scenario 1, if we assume the decrease flows through to net income, then net income will decrease by 5%. This decrease will result in ROE, ROA, and EPS actually being greater than 5% as a result of the other items, such as provision for loan losses, taxes, and securities gains, not changing. Base Problem Alternative Scenario 1 AlternativeScenario 2Interest Income $1875 $1968.75 $1781.25 Interest Expense 1210 1270.50 1149.50 Net Interest Income $ 665 $ 698.25 $ 631.75Provision for Loan Losses $ 381 $ 381 $ 381Noninterest Income $ 501 $ 526.05 $ 475.95 Noninterest Expense 685 719.25 650.75 Net Noninterest Income ($184) ($193.20) ($174.8)Net Income Before Taxes $ 100 $ 124.05 $ 75.95 Income Taxes $ 16 $ 16 $ 16 Securities Gaines (orLosses)21 21 21 Net Income After Taxes $ 105 $ 129.05 $ 80.95Common SharesOutstanding145,000 145,000 145,000Base Problem AlternativeScenario 1AlternativeScenario 2a. ROE 32.31% 39.71% 24.91%b. ROA 0.67 0.82% 0.51%c. NIM (1) 5.27% 5.54% 5.01%NIM (2) 4.22% 4.43% 4.01%d. EPS $724.14 $890.00 $558.28e. NNIM (1) -1.46% -1.53% -1.39%NNIM (2) -1.17% -1.23% -1.11%f. NOM 0.63% 0.79% 0.48%g. Net Returns BeforeSpecial Transactions0.53% 0.69% 0.38%Notes: All figures except Common Shares in millions.Equity Capital = Total Assets - Total Liabilities = $ 15,765 - $15,440= $ 325 (millions) Total Assets =$15,765 millionsEarning Assets = $12,612 millionsNIM(1) uses Earning Assets in the denominator; NIM(2) uses Total AssetsNNIM(1) uses Earning Assets in the denominator; NNIM(2) uses Total Assets5-6. Selected balance sheet and income statement data for Farmers and Merchants National Bank are given as follows:Given: ROA = 0.0076 (i.e., 0.76%)Total Assets = $1.69 billion ($1,690 million)Equity Capital = $139 millionSolution:ROE = ROA * Total AssetsEquity Capital = 0.0076 * $1,690$139= 0.0924 or 9.24%Alternative Scenario 1:R0A increases by 50%, with no change in assets or equity capital.Therefore, the new ROA = 0.0076 * 1.5 = 0.0114 or 1.14%.New ROE = 1.14% * 12.16 = 13.86%This represents a 50% increase in ROE. With no changes in assets or equity, the investors' funds are more effectively utilized, generating additional income and making the bank more profitable. Alternative Scenario 2:ROA decreases by 50%, with no change in equity or assets.Therefore, the new ROA = 0.0076 * 0.5 = 0.0038 or 0.38%.New ROE = 0.38% * 12.16 = 4.62%This represents a 50% decrease in ROE. The bank's management has been less efficient, in this case, in managing their lending and/or investing functions or their operating costs.Alternative Scenario 3:ROA = 0.0076 or 0.76% (as in the original problem)Total assets double in size to $3.38 billion and equity capital doubles in size to $278 million. Therefore, the equity multiplier (i.e. total assets/equity capital) remains the same (E.M. =$3,380/$278 = 12.16). As a result, there is no change in ROE from the original situation (i.e., 0.76% * 12.16 = 9.24%).Alternative Scenario 4:This, of course, is just the reverse of scenario 3. Since the changes in both assets and equity capital are the same, the ratio of the two (i.e., the equity multiplier) remains constant. As a result, there is again no change in ROE.E.M. = Total Assets/Equity Capital = $845/$69.5 = 12.16.Therefore, ROE = 0.76% * 12.16 = 9.24%.5-7. Granite Dells State Bank reports the following information:Given:Total Operating Revenues = $135 millionTotal Operating Expenses = $121 millionTax Liability = $2 millionTotal Assets = $1.17 billionTotal Liabilities = $989 millionSolution:Net Income after Taxes = $135 million -$121 million -$2 million = $12 millionEquity Capital = $1.17 billion - $989 million = $181 million= $12 million / $181 million = 0.0663 or 6.63%.ROE = Net Income after TaxesEquity CapitalAlternative Scenario 1:Given: Total operating revenues, total operating expenses, and taxes each grow by 10%, but assets and liabilities remain fixed.Solution:Total revenues = $135 million * 1.10 = $148.5 millionTotal expenses = $121 million * 1.10 = $133.1 millionTax liability = $2 million * 1.10 = $2.2 millionNet Income after Taxes = $148.5 - $133.1 - $2.2 = $13.2 millionROE = $13.2 million/$181 million = 0.0729 or 7.29%= 10% (ROE increases by 10%)Change in ROE = 7.29% 6.63%6.63%Alternative Scenario 2:Given: Total assets increase by 10% (Total assets = $ 1.17 * 1.10 = $1.287 billion)Total liabilities increase by 10% (Total liabilities = $989 million * 1.10 =1.0879Revenues and expenses (including taxes) remain unchanged.Solution: Equity Capital = $1.287 billion - $1.0879 billion = $199.1 million= 0.063 or 6.03%ROE = $12 million$199.1 millionTherefore change in ROE = 6.03% - 6.63% = -0.6% = -9%6.63% 6.63% (ROE decreases by 9%)Alternative Scenario 3:Given: Total revenues decline by 10% (Total revenues = $135 million * 0.90 = $121.5 million) Total expenses decline by 10% (Total expenses = $121 million * 0.9 = $108.9 million)Tax liability declines by 10% (Tax liability = $2 * 0.9 = $1.8 million)Assets and liabilities remain unchanged (Therefore, equity remains unchanged)Solution: Net Income after Tax = $121.5 million - 108.9 million - $1.8 million = $10.8 ROE = $10.8 million = 0.0597 = 5.97%$181 millionTherefore, change in ROE = 5.97% - 6.63% = -0.66% = -10% (ROE decreases by 10%)6.63% 6.63%Alternative Scenario 4:Given: Assets and liabilities decrease by 10%; therefore,Equity capital decreases by 10%,Operating revenues, operating expenses, and taxes remain unchanged.Solution: Total assets = $1.17 billion * 0.9 = $1.053 billionTotal liabilities = $989 million * 0.9 =$890.1 millionEquity capital = $1.053 billion - $890.1 million = $162.9 million= 0.0737 or 7.37%ROE = $12 million$162.9 million5-8. Suppose a bank is projected to achieve a 1.25 percent ROA during the coming year. What must its ratio of total assets to total equity capital be if it is to achieve a 12-percent ROE goal? Given: ROA = 1.25% and target ROE = 12%Solution: ROE = ROA * (Total Assets/Equity Capital)Total Assets = ROE = 12% = 9.6 xEquity Capital ROA 1.25%If ROA unexpectedly falls to 0.75% and target ROE remains 12%:Solution:12% = .75% * Total AssetsEquity CapitalTotal Assets = 12% =16 xEquity Capital .75%Alternative Scenario 1:Given: ROA = 1.5% and target ROE = 12%Solution: Total Assets = 12% = 8xEquity Capital 1.5%Alternative Scenario 2:Given: Bank's ROA unexpectedly declines to 0.75%Solution: Total Assets = 12% = 16 x (The same as part 2 of original problem) Total Equity .75%5-9. The following information is given for Blythe County National Bank:Net Income after Taxes = $16 millionTotal Operating Revenues = $215 millionTotal Assets = $1,250 millionTotal Equity Capital Accounts = $111 millionSolve for the bank's net profit margin, asset utilization ration, equity multiplier, and ROE. Solutions:a. Net Profit Margin = Income After Taxes = $16 mill. = 0.0744 or 7.44%Total Operating Revenue $215 mill.b. Asset Utilization = Total Operating Revenues = $215 mill. = 0.172 or 17.2%Total Assets $1250 mill.c. Equity Multiplier = Total Assets = $1250 mill. = 11.26 timesTotal Equity Capital $111 mill.d. ROE = Net Income After Taxes = $16 mill. = 0.1441 or 14.41%Total Equity Capital $111 mill.Alternative Scenario:Given: Total Liabilities = $1,475 million。
(完整版)《商业银行管理学》课后习题答案
《商业银行管理学》课后习题及题解第一章商业银行管理学导论习题一、判断题1. 《金融服务现代化法案》的核心内容之一就是废除《格拉斯－斯蒂格尔法》。
2. 政府放松金融管制与加强金融监管是相互矛盾的。
3. 商业银行管理的最终目标是追求利润最大化。
4. 在金融市场上，商业银行等金融中介起着类似于中介经纪人的角色。
5. 商业银行具有明显的企业性质，所以常用于企业管理的最优化原理如边际分享原理、投入要素最优组合原理、规模经济原理也适用于商业银行。
6. 金融市场的交易成本和信息不对称决定了商业银行在金融市场中的主体地位。
7. 企业价值最大化是商业银行管理的基本目标。
8. 商业银行管理学研究的主要对象是围绕稀缺资源信用资金的优化配置所展开的各种业务及相关的组织管理问题。
9. 商业银行资金的安全性指的是银行投入的信用资金在不受损失的情况下能如期收回。
二、简答题1. 试述商业银行的性质与功能。
2. 如何理解商业银行管理的目标？3. 现代商业银行经营的特点有哪些？4. 商业银行管理学的研究对象和内容是什么？5. 如何看待“三性”平衡之间的关系？三、论述题1. 论述商业银行的三性目标是什么，如何处理三者之间的关系。
2. 试结合我国实际论述商业银行在金融体系中的作用。
第一章习题参考答案一、判断题1.√2.×3.×4.√5.×6.√7.×8.√9.√二、略；三、略。
第二章商业银行资本金管理习题一、判断题1. 新巴塞尔资本协议规定，商业银行的核心资本充足率仍为4％。
2. 巴塞尔协议规定，银行附属资本的合计金额不得超过其核心资本的50%。
3. 新巴塞尔资本协议对银行信用风险提供了两种方法：标准法和内部模型法。
4. 资本充足率反映了商业银行抵御风险的能力。
5. 我国国有商业银行目前只能通过财政增资的方式增加资本金。
6. 商业银行计算信用风险加权资产的标准法中的风险权重由监管机关规定。
二、单选题1. 我国《商业银行资本充足率管理办法》规定，计入附属资本的长期次级债务不得超过核心资本的。
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《商业银行管理学》课后习题及题解第一章商业银行管理学导论习题一、判断题1. 《金融服务现代化法案》的核心内容之一就是废除《格拉斯－斯蒂格尔法》。
2. 政府放松金融管制与加强金融监管是相互矛盾的。
3. 商业银行管理的最终目标是追求利润最大化。
4. 在金融市场上，商业银行等金融中介起着类似于中介经纪人的角色。
5. 商业银行具有明显的企业性质，所以常用于企业管理的最优化原理如边际分享原理、投入要素最优组合原理、规模经济原理也适用于商业银行。
6. 金融市场的交易成本和信息不对称决定了商业银行在金融市场中的主体地位。
7. 企业价值最大化是商业银行管理的基本目标。
8. 商业银行管理学研究的主要对象是围绕稀缺资源信用资金的优化配置所展开的各种业务及相关的组织管理问题。
9. 商业银行资金的安全性指的是银行投入的信用资金在不受损失的情况下能如期收回。
二、简答题1. 试述商业银行的性质与功能。
2. 如何理解商业银行管理的目标？3. 现代商业银行经营的特点有哪些？4. 商业银行管理学的研究对象和内容是什么？5. 如何看待“三性”平衡之间的关系？三、论述题1. 论述商业银行的三性目标是什么，如何处理三者之间的关系。
2. 试结合我国实际论述商业银行在金融体系中的作用。
第一章习题参考答案一、判断题1.√2.×3.×4.√5.×6.√7.×8.√9.√二、略；三、略。
第二章商业银行资本金管理习题一、判断题1. 新巴塞尔资本协议规定，商业银行的核心资本充足率仍为4％。
2. 巴塞尔协议规定，银行附属资本的合计金额不得超过其核心资本的50%。
3. 新巴塞尔资本协议对银行信用风险提供了两种方法：标准法和内部模型法。
4. 资本充足率反映了商业银行抵御风险的能力。
5. 我国国有商业银行目前只能通过财政增资的方式增加资本金。
6. 商业银行计算信用风险加权资产的标准法中的风险权重由监管机关规定。
二、单选题1. 我国《商业银行资本充足率管理办法》规定，计入附属资本的长期次级债务不得超过核心资本的。
A. 20%B. 50%C. 70%D. 100%2. 商业银行用于弥补尚未识别的可能性损失的准备金是。
A. 一般准备金B. 专项准备金C. 特殊准备金D. 风险准备金3. 《巴塞尔协议》规定商业银行的核心资本与风险加权资产的比例关系。
A. ≧8%B. ≦8%C. ≧4%D. ≦4%三、简答题1．试述商业银行资本金的功能。
2. 试述商业银行资本金的构成。
3. 试述1988年巴塞尔协议的基本内容。
5. 试述商业银行提高资本充足率的途径。
四、论述题试论述现阶段我国商业银行提高资本金的策略。
第二章习题参考答案一、判断题1.× [题解]新巴塞尔协议商业银行核心资本充足率为8%。
2.× [题解]巴塞尔协议规定，银行附属资本的合计金额不得超过其核心资本的100%。
3.√ [题解]银行信用风险计量包括标准法和内部评级法两种。
4.√ [题解]资金越充足，缓冲损失的能力越强。
5.× [题解]也可通过发行普通股，优先股，次级长期债券来增加资本金。
6.× [题解]新巴塞尔协议规定，监管机关规定只能对其监督检查。
二、单选题1. B [题解]附属资本的合计金额不得超出其核心资本的100%，长期次级债券最多只能为核心资本的50%，普通准备金和普通呆账准备金占风险资产的比例最多不超过1.25%，在特别的情况下可达2%。
2. A [题解]依据一般准备金的定义。
3. A [题解]核心资本与风险加权资产是核心资本充足率。
三、简答题1. 试述商业银行资本金的功能。
1. [题解]商业银行资本金包括营业功能、保护功能、管理功能。
试述商业银行资本金的构成。
2. [题解]商业银行资本金的构成包括普通资本和优先资本。
普通资本包括普通股、资本盈余、未分配利润等，优先资本包括优先股、资本票据和资本债券、可转换债券等。
试述1988年巴塞尔协议的基本内容。
3. [题解]1988年巴塞尔协议的基本内容包括划分资本、规划资产的风险权重、规定商业银行资本充足率的最低标准、过渡期安排。
试述商业银行提高资本充足率的途径。
4. [题解]商业银行提高资本充足率有2种途径：1、分子对策，即提高资本总量，如采用内源资本策略（留存盈余、股息政策）和外源资本策略发行普通股、发行优先股、发行次级中长期债券）来提高资本总量；2、分母对策，即压缩银行资产规模调整资产结构。
四、论述题1. 试论述现阶段我国商业银行提高资本金的策略。
1. [题解]商业银行提高资本金有两种策略，即内源资本策略和外源资本策略。
内源资本策略是指增加内源资本，即增加以留存收益方式形成的资本；外源资本策略是指通过发行普通股、发行优先股、发行长期次级债券等形式来增加资本。
第三章商业银行负债业务管理习题一、判断题1. 商业银行向中央银行借款可以用于投资。
2. 欧洲货币市场借款利率一般以LIBOR为基准。
3. 市场渗透定价法不强调利润对成本的弥补。
4. 高负债是商业银行区别于其他企业的重要标志之一。
5. 对商业银行来说存款并不是越多越好。
6. CDs存单是一种面额较大、不记名发行但不能在二级市场流通转让的定期存款凭证。
7. 我国目前资本市场利率仍然是市场利率与计划利率并存。
8. 负债是商业银行资金的全部来源。
二、单项题1. 商业银行存款管理的目标不包括。
A. 保持存款的稳定性B. 降低存款的成本率C. 降低存款的流动性D. 提高存款的增长率2. 存款按存款资金性质及计息范围划分为财政性存款和。
A. 个人存款B. 定期存款C. 一般性存款D. 单位存款3. 使商业银行负债成本最低的存款为。
A. 同业存款B. 有奖存款C. 定期存款D. 活期存款4. 商业银行的被动负债是。
A. 发行债券B. 吸收存款C. 同业拆借D. 再贷款5. 下列借入负债中被采用“隔日放款”或今日货币形式的为。
A. 同业拆借B. 回购协议C. 间接借款D. 再贴现6. 商业银行可长期利用的存款，称为。
A. 流动性存款B. 原始存款C. 定期存款D. 发行长期金融债券7. 商业银行中长期借款包括。
A．同业拆借 B. 回购协议C. 中央银行借款D. 发行长期金融债券8. 同业借款不包括。
A. 同业拆借B. 再贴现C. 抵押借款D. 转贴现9. 目标利润定价法的核心在于。
A. 严格测算各种存款的营业成本B. 计算存款的历史加权成本C. 确定存款的边际成本D. 确定存款的风险成本10. 商业银行吸收的存款中稳定性最好的是。
A. NOW账户B. 定活两便存款C. 储蓄存款D. 自动转账服务账户11. 商业银行的存款成本除了利息支出，还包括。
A. 办公费B. 员工工资C. 差旅费D. 非利息支出12. 关于同业拆借说法不正确的是。
A. 同业拆借是一种比较纯粹的金融机构之间的资金融通行为。
B. 为规避风险，同业拆借一般要求担保。
C. 同业拆借一般不需向中央银行缴纳法定存款准备金，降低了银行的筹资成本。
D. 同业拆借资金只能作短期的用途。
三、多选题1. 商业银行负债按负债的流动性可分为。
A. 流动负债B. 应付债券C. 其他长期负债D. 应付账款2. 下列属于存款的创新种类的是。
A. 可转让支付命令账户B. 大额可转让定期存单C. 货币市场账户D. 个人退休金账户3. 影响存款成本定价的因素包括。
A. 市场利率的水平B. 存款的期限结构C. 银行的盈利性D. 客户与银行的关系4. 商业银行借入资金应考虑的因素包括。
A. 借入资金的规模B. 借入资金的期限C. 借入资金的相对成本D. 借入资金的分险E. 借入资金的法规限制5. 商业银行国内市场借款的主要方式有。
A. 转贴现B. 向央行借款C. 同业拆借D. 发行金融债券E. 证券回购协议6. 价格定价法中价格表按收费条件包括。
A. 免费定价B. 有条件免费定价C. 浮动费率D. 固定费率7. 以下属于商业银行“主动型负债”的是。
A. 存款B. 同业拆借C. 再贴现D. 金融债券E. 转贴现四、计算题1. 假定一家银行筹集了500万的资金，包括200万的活期存款，300万定期存款与储蓄存款。
活期存款的利息和非利息成本为存款的8%，定期存款和储蓄存款总成本为10%。
假如储备要求减少银行可使用资金的数额为活期存款的15%，储蓄存款的5%。
求该银行负债的加权平均成本率。
2. 某银行可通过7%的存款利率吸引50万元新存款。
银行估计，若提供利率为7.5%，可筹集资金100万元；提供8%利率可筹集存款150万元；提供8.5%的利率可筹集存款200万元；提供9%的利率可筹集存款250万元。
如果银行投资资产的收益率为10%，由于贷款利率不随贷款量的增加而增加，贷款利率就是贷款的边际收益率。
存款为多少时银行可获得最大的利润呢？五、简答题1. 简述商业银行负债的性质。
2. 简述商业银行负债业务的作用。
3. 简述商业银行负债业务经营管理的目标。
4. 简述商业银行借入资金时应考虑的因素。
5. 负债对商业银行管理有何意义。
6. 商业银行借入资金时一般有哪些渠道。
7. 商业银行存款定价通常有哪些方法。
六、论述题论述你对存款立行观点的看法。
第三章习题参考答案一、判断题1.×2.√3.√4.√5.√6.×7.√8.×二、单选题1.C2.C3.A4.B5.A6.D7.D8.B9.B 10.C 11.D 12.B三、多选题1.ABC2.ABCD3.ABCD4.ABCDE5.ABCDE6.ABD7.BCDE四、计算题1. 加权平均成本率=全部负债利息总额/全部负债平均余额×100%=[（200×8%+300×10%）/（200×85%+300×95%）] ×100%=10.11%2. 利润=贷款收益-存款成本（1）（10%-7.5%）×100+50×7.5%-50×7%=2.75（2）（10%-8%）×150+50×8%-50×7%=3.5（3）（10%-8.5%）×200+50×8.5%-50×7%=3.75（4）（10%-9%）×250+50×9%-50×7%=3.5所以采取第三种方案可以获得最大利润。
五、略；六、略；七、略。
第四章商业银行贷款业务管理（一）习题一、判断题1. 五级分类法中，不良贷款包括可疑贷款和损失贷款两类。
2. 质押贷款的质物指借款人或第三人的不动产。
3. 补偿性余额实际上是银行变相提高贷款利率的一种表现形式。
4. 资金边际成本是指商业银行每增加一单位可用于投资或贷款的资金所需支付的利息、费用成本。