国际贸易专业英语 (8)
国际贸易8种运输方式英语
国际贸易8种运输方式英语International Trade: 8 Modes of TransportationIntroductionIn the globalized world, international trade plays a vital role in the prosperity of nations. Efficient transportation is a key factor in facilitating international trade flows. This article will explore eight different modes of transportation commonly used in international trade and their characteristics.1. Road TransportationRoad transportation is the most commonly used mode of transportation for goods within a country or across borders. It offers flexibility, accessibility, and door-to-door delivery. Trucks and vans are widely used for transporting a wide range of goods, from perishable items to industrial equipment. However, road transportation may face challenges such as traffic congestion and varying road conditions.2. Rail TransportationRail transportation is an efficient and cost-effective mode for long-distance transportation. Trains can carry a large volume of goods, reducing transportation costs. Rail transportation is commonly used for the movement of bulk commodities such as coal, grain, and chemicals. It is less flexible compared to road transportation, as rail networks may have limited connectivity to certain areas.3. Air TransportationAir transportation is the fastest mode for international trade. It offers quick delivery, especially for high-value and time-sensitive goods. Air cargo usually consists of small, lightweight items, such as consumer electronics and pharmaceuticals. However, air transportation is relatively expensive compared to other modes, and it may be subject to restrictions on certain types of goods.4. Sea TransportationSea transportation is the most widely used mode for international trade. It is cost-effective and efficient for transporting large volumes of goods over long distances. Ocean vessels can carry various types of cargo, including bulk commodities, containers, and automobiles. Sea transportation is characterized by longer transit times, but it offers substantial capacity and cost advantages for global trade.5. Inland Waterway TransportationInland waterway transportation involves the movement of goods on rivers, canals, and lakes. It is an economical mode for transporting bulk cargo, such as petroleum products, coal, and agricultural goods. Inland waterways provide access to landlocked regions and can offer a greener alternative to road or rail transportation. However, this mode is limited to areas with navigable waterways.6. Pipeline TransportationPipeline transportation is used for transporting liquids and gases, such as crude oil, natural gas, and refined petroleum products. It is a safe, efficient, and continuous mode of transportation over long distances. Pipelines arecommonly used for transporting energy resources from production sites to refineries or distribution centers. However, pipeline infrastructure may require significant upfront investment.7. Multimodal TransportationMultimodal transportation involves the use of multiple modes of transportation to move goods from one place to another. It combines the advantages of different modes, offering flexibility and optimization in terms of cost, time, and geographic reach. For example, a shipment may involve a combination of road, rail, and sea transportation to ensure efficient and seamless delivery. Multimodal transportation requires coordination and expertise to manage the logistics efficiently.8. Intermodal TransportationIntermodal transportation is a subset of multimodal transportation that involves the use of standardized containers that can be easily transferred between different modes of transportation. It eliminates the need for cargo handling and increases efficiency in the supply chain. Intermodal transportation combines the advantages of different modes, such as road, rail, and sea, to provide fast and reliable delivery for goods.ConclusionIn conclusion, there are eight main modes of transportation commonly used in international trade: road, rail, air, sea, inland waterway, pipeline, multimodal, and intermodal transportation. Each mode offers distinct advantages and characteristics that cater to specific trade requirements. Understanding the different transportation options is crucial for businessesinvolved in international trade to ensure efficient and cost-effective logistics operations.。
国际商务常用英语
一、信用证英语常用词句信用证种类——Kinds of L/C1. revocable L/C/irrevocable L/C 可撤销信用证/不可撤销信用证2.confirmed L/C/unconfirmed L/C 保兑信用证/不保兑信用证3.sight L/C/usance L/C 即期信用证/远期信用证4.transferable L/C(or)assignable L/C(or)transmissible L/C /untransferable L/C 可转让信用证/不可转让信用证5.divisible L/C/undivisible L/C 可分割信用证/不可分割信用证6.revolving L/C 循环信用证7.L/C with T/T reimbursement clause 带电汇条款信用证8.without recourse L/C/with recourse L/C 无追索权信用证/有追索权信用证9.documentary L/C/clean L/C 跟单信用证/光票信用证10.deferred payment L/C/anticipatory L/C 延付信用证/预支信用证11.back to back L/Creciprocal L/C 对背信用证/对开信用证12.traveller's L/C(or:circular L/C) 旅行信用证信用证有关各方名称——Names of Parties Concerned1. opener 开证人(1)applicant 开证人(申请开证人)(2)principal 开证人(委托开证人)(3)accountee 开证人(4)accreditor 开证人(委托开证人)(5)opener 开证人(6)for account of Messrs 付(某人)帐(7)at the request of Messrs 应(某人)请求(8)on behalf of Messrs 代表某人(9)by order of Messrs 奉(某人)之命(10)by order of and for account of Messrs 奉(某人)之命并付其帐户(11)at the request of and for account of Messrs 应(某人)得要求并付其帐户(12)in accordance with instruction received from accreditors 根据已收到得委托开证人得指示2.beneficiary 受益人(1)beneficiary 受益人(2)in favour of 以(某人)为受益人(3)in one's favour 以……为受益人(4)favouring yourselves 以你本人为受益人3.drawee 付款人(或称受票人，指汇票)(1)to drawn on (or :upon) 以(某人)为付款人(2)to value on 以(某人)为付款人(3)to issued on 以(某人)为付款人4.drawer 出票人5.advising bank 通知行(1)advising bank 通知行(2)the notifying bank 通知行(3)advised through…bank 通过……银行通知(4)advised by airmail/cable through…bank 通过……银行航空信/电通知6.opening bank 开证行(1)opening bank 开证行(2)issuing bank 开证行(3)establishing bank 开证行7.negotiation bank 议付行(1)negotiating bank 议付行(2)negotiation bank 议付行8.paying bank 付款行9.reimbursing bank 偿付行10.the confirming bank 保兑行Amount of the L/C 信用证金额 1. amount RMB￥… 金额：人民币2.up to an aggregate amount of Hongkong Dollars… 累计金额最高为港币……3.for a sum (or :sums) not exceeding a total of GBP… 总金额不得超过英镑……4.to the extent of HKD… 总金额为港币……5.for the amount of USD… 金额为美元……6.for an amount not exceeding total of JPY… 金额的总数不得超过……日元的限度The Stipulations for the shipping Documents 1. available against surrender of the following documents bearing our credit number and the full name and address of the opener 凭交出下列注名本证号码和开证人的全称及地址的单据付款2.drafts to be accompanied by the documents marked(×)below 汇票须随附下列注有(×)的单据3.accompanied against to documents hereinafter 随附下列单据4.accompanied by following documents 随附下列单据5.documents required 单据要求6.accompanied by the following documents marked(×)in duplicate 随附下列注有(×)的单据一式两份7.drafts are to be accompanied by… 汇票要随附(指单据)……Draft(Bill of Exchange)1.the kinds of drafts 汇票种类(1)available by drafts at sight 凭即期汇票付款(2)draft(s)to be drawn at 30 days sight 开立30天的期票(3)sight drafs 即期汇票(4)time drafts 远期汇票2.drawn clauses 出票条款(注：即出具汇票的法律依据)(1)all darfts drawn under this credit must contain the clause “Drafts drawn Under Bank of…credit No.…dated…” 本证项下开具的汇票须注明“本汇票系凭……银行……年……月……日第…号信用证下开具”的条款(2)drafts are to be drawn in duplicate to our order bearing the clause “Drawn u nder United Malayan Banking Corp.Bhd.Irrevocable Letter of Credit No.…dated July 12, 1978” 汇票一式两份，以我行为抬头，并注明“根据马来西亚联合银行1978年7月12日第……号不可撤销信用证项下开立”(3)draft(s)drawn under this credit to be marked：“Drawn under…Bank L/C No.……Dated (issuing date of credit)” 根据本证开出得汇票须注明“凭……银行……年……月……日(按开证日期)第……号不可撤销信用证项下开立”(4)drafts in duplicate at sight bearing the clauses“Drawn under…L/C No.…dated…” 即期汇票一式两份，注明“根据……银行信用证……号，日期……开具”(5)draft(s)so drawn must be in scribed with the number and date of this L/C 开具的汇票须注上本证的号码和日期(6)draft(s)bearing the clause：“Drawn under documentary credit No.…(shown above) of…Bank” 汇票注明“根据……银行跟单信用证……号(如上所示)项下开立”Invoice 1. signed commercial invoice 已签署的商业发票(in duplicate 一式两in triplicate 一式三份in quadruplicate 一式四份in quintuplicate 一式五份in sextuplicate 一式六份in septuplicate 一式七份in octuplicate 一式八份in nonuplicate 一式九份in decuplicate 一式十份)2.beneficiary's original signed commercial invoices at least in 8 copies issued in the name of the buyer indicating(showing/evidencing/specifying/declaration of)the merchandise, country of origin and any other relevant information. 以买方的名义开具、注明商品名称、原产国及其他有关资料，并经签署的受益人的商业发票正本至少一式八份3.Signed attested invoice combined with certificate of origin and value in 6 copies as reuired for imports into Nigeria. 以签署的，连同产地证明和货物价值的，输入尼日利亚的联合发票一式六份4.beneficiary must certify on the invoice…have been sent to the accountee 受益人须在发票上证明，已将……寄交开证人5.4% discount should be deducted from total amount of the commercial invoice 商业发票的总金额须扣除4%折扣6.invoice must be showed: u nder A/P No.… date of expiry 19th Jan. 1981 发票须表明：根据第……号购买证，满期日为1981年1月19日7.documents in combined form are not acceptable 不接受联合单据bined invoice is not acceptable 不接受联合发票Bill of Loading——提单 1. full set shipping(company's)clean on board bill(s)of lading marked "Freight Prepaid" to order of shipper endorsed to … Bank, notifying buyers 全套装船(公司的)洁净已装船提单应注明“运费付讫”，作为以装船人指示为抬头、背书给……银行，通知买方2.bills of lading made out in negotiable form 作成可议付形式的提单3.clean shipped on board ocean bills of lading to order and endorsed in blank marked "Freight Prepaid" notify: importer(openers,accountee) 洁净已装船的提单空白抬头并空白背书，注明“运费付讫”，通知进口人(开证人)4.full set of clean “on board”bills of lading/cargo receipt made out to our order/to order and endorsed in blank notify buyers M/S … Co. calling for shipment from China to Hamburg marked “Freight prepaid” / “Freight Payable at Destination”全套洁净“已装船”提单/货运收据作成以我(行)为抬头/空白抬头，空白背书，通知买方……公司，要求货物字中国运往汉堡，注明“运费付讫”/“运费在目的港付”5.bills of lading issued in the name of… 提单以……为抬头6.bills of lading must be dated not before the date of this credit and not later than Aug. 15, 1977 提单日期不得早于本证的日期，也不得迟于1977年8月15日7.bill of lading marked notify: buyer,“Freight Prepaid”“Linerterms”“received for shipment” B/L not acceptable 提单注明通知买方，“运费预付”按“班轮条件”，“备运提单”不接受8.non-negotiable copy of bills of lading 不可议付的提单副本二、国际贸易单证英语词汇汇总国际贸易单证英语词汇汇总：分析证书certificate of analysis一致性证书cettificate of conformity质量证书certificate of quality测试报告test report产品性能报告product performance report产品规格型号报告product specification report工艺数据报告process data report首样测试报告first sample test report价格/销售目录price/sales catalogue参与方信息party information农产品加工厂证书mill certificate邮政收据post receipt重量证书weight certificate重量单weight list证书certificate价值与原产地综合证书combined certificate of value and origin移动声明movement certificate数量证书certificate of quantity质量数据报文quality data message查询query查询回复response to query订购单purchase order制造说明manufacturing instructions领料单stores requisition产品售价单invoicing data sheet包装说明packing instruction内部运输单internal transport order统计及其他管理用内部单证statistical and other administrative internal documents直接支付估价申请direct payment valuation request直接支付估价单direct payment valuation临时支付估价单provisional payment valuation支付估价单payment valuation数量估价单quantity valuation request数量估价申请quantity valuation request合同数量单contract bill of quantities-BOQ不标价投标数量单unpriced tender BOQ标价投标数量单priced tender BOQ询价单enquiry临时支付申请interim application for payment 支付协议agreement to pay意向书letter of intent订单order总订单blanket order现货订单sport order租赁单lease order紧急订单rush order修理单repair order分订单call off order寄售单consignment order样品订单sample order换货单swap order订购单变更请求purchase order change request 订购单回复purchase order response租用单hire order备件订单spare parts order交货说明delivery instructions交货计划表delivery schedule按时交货delivery just-in-time发货通知delivery release交货通知delivery note装箱单packing list发盘/报价offer/quotation报价申请request for quote合同contract订单确认acknowledgement of order形式发票proforma invoice部分发票partial invoice操作说明operating instructions名牌name/product plate交货说明请求request for delivery instructions订舱申请booking request装运说明shipping instructions托运人说明书(空运) shipper's letter of instructions(air)短途货运单cartage order(local transport)待运通知ready for despatch advice发运单despatch order发运通知despatch advice单证分发通知advice of distribution of document.商业发票commercial invoice贷记单credit note佣金单commission note借记单debit note更正发票corrected invoice合并发票consolidated invoice预付发票prepayment invoice租用发票hire invoice税务发票tax invoice自用发票self-billed invoice保兑发票delcredere invoice代理发票factored invoice租赁发票lease invoice寄售发票consignment invoice代理贷记单factored credit note银行转帐指示instructions for bank transfer银行汇票申请书application for banker's draft托收支付通知书collection payment advice跟单信用证支付通知书document.ry credit payment advice跟单信用证承兑通知书document.ry credit acceptance advice跟单信用证议付通知书document.ry credit negotiation advice银行担保申请书application for banker's guarantee银行担保banker's guarantee跟单信用证赔偿单document.ry credit letter of indemnity信用证预先通知书preadvice of a credit托收单collection order单证提交单document. presentation form付款单payment order扩展付款单extended payment order多重付款单multiple payment order贷记通知书credit advice扩展贷记通知书extended credit advice借记通知书debit advice借记撤消reversal of debit贷记撤消reversal of credit跟单信用证申请书document.ry credit application跟单信用证document.ry credit跟单信用证通知书document.ry credit notification跟单信用证转让通知document.ry credit transfer advice跟单信用证更改通知书document.ry credit amendment notification 跟单信用证更改单document.ry credit amendment汇款通知remittance advice银行汇票banker's draft汇票bill of exchange本票promissory note帐户财务报表financial statement of account帐户报表报文statement of account message保险赁证insurance certificate保险单insurance policy保险申报单(明细表) insurance declaration sheet (bordereau)保险人发票insurer's invoice承保单cover note货运说明forwarding instructions货运代理给进口代理的通知forwarder's advice to import agent货运代理给出口商的通知forwarder's advice to exporter货运代理发票forwarder's invoice货运代理收据证明forwarder's certificate of receipt托运单shipping note货运代理人仓库收据forwarder's warehouse receipt货物收据goods receipt港口费用单port charges document.入库单warehouse warrant提货单delivery order装卸单handling order通行证gate pass运单waybill通用(多用)运输单证universal (multipurpose) transport document.承运人货物收据goods receipt, carriage全程运单house waybill主提单master bill of lading提单bill of lading正本提单bill of lading original副本提单bill of lading copy空集装箱提单empty container bill油轮提单tanker bill of lading海运单sea waybill内河提单inland waterway bill of lading不可转让的海运单证(通用) non-negotiable maritime transport document.nbsp(generic)大副据mate's receipt全程提单house bill of lading无提单提货保函letter of indemnity for non-surrender of bill of lading货运代理人提单forwarder's bill of lading铁路托运单(通用条款) rail consignment note (generic term)陆运单road list-SMGS押运正式确认escort official recognition分段计费单证recharging document.公路托运单road cosignment note空运单air waybill主空运单master air waybill分空运单substitute air waybill出国人员物品申报crew's effects declaration乘客名单passenger list铁路运输交货通知delivery notice(rail transport)邮递包裹投递单despatch note (post parcels)多式联运单证(通用) multimodal/combined transport document.nbsp(generic) 直达提单through bill of lading货运代理人运输证书forwarder's certificate of transport联运单证(通用) combined transport document.nbsp(generic)多式联运单证(通用) multimodal transport document.nbsp(generic)多式联运提单combined transport bill of lading/multimodal bill of lading订舱确认booking confirmation要求交货通知calling foward notice运费发票freight invoice货物到达通知arrival notice(goods)无法交货的通知notice of circumstances preventing delivery (goods)无法运货通知notice of circumstances preventing transport (goods)交货通知delivery notice (goods)载货清单cargo manifest载货运费清单freight manifest公路运输货物清单bordereau集装箱载货清单container manifest (unit packing list)铁路费用单charges note托收通知advice of collection船舶安全证书safety of ship certificate无线电台安全证书safety of radio certificate设备安全证书safety of equipment certificate油污民事责任书civil liability for oil certificate载重线证书loadline document.免于除鼠证书derat document.航海健康证书maritime declaration of health船舶登记证书certificate of registry船用物品申报单ship's stores declaration出口许可证申请表export licence, application出口许可证export licence出口结汇核销单exchange control declaration, exprotT出口单证( 海关转运报关单)(欧共体用) despatch note model T T1出口单证(内部转运报关单)(欧共体用) despatch note model T1 T2出口单证(原产地证明书) despatch note model T2T5管理单证(退运单证)(欧共体用) control document.nbspT5铁路运输退运单re-sending consigment noteT2L出口单证(原产地证明书)(欧共体用) despatch note model T2L 出口货物报关单goods declaration for exportation离港货物报关单cargo declaration(departure)货物监管证书申请表application for goods control certificate货物监管证书申请表goods control certificate植物检疫申请表application for phytosanitary certificate植物检疫证书phytosanitary certificate卫生检疫证书sanitary certificate动物检疫证书veterinary certifieate商品检验申请表application for inspection certificate商品检验证书inspection certificate原产地证书申请表certificate of origin, application for原产地证书certificate of origin原产地申明declaration of origin地区名称证书regional appellation certificate优惠原产地证书preference certificate of origin普惠制原产地证书certificate of origin form GSP领事发票cosular invoice危险货物申报单dangerous goods declaration出口统计报表statistical doucument, export国际贸易统计申报单intrastat declaration交货核对证明delivery verification certificate进口许可证申请表import licence, application for进口许可证import licence无商业细节的报关单customs declaration without commercial detail有商业和项目细节的报关单customs declaration with commercial and item detail无项目细节的报关单customs declaration without item detail有关单证related document.海关收据receipt (Customs)调汇申请application for exchange allocation调汇许可foreign exchange permit进口外汇管理申报exchange control declaration (import)进口货物报关单goods declaration for importation内销货物报关单goods declaration for home use海关即刻放行报关单customs immediate release declaration海关放行通知customs delivery note到港货物报关单cargo declaration (arrival)货物价值申报清单value declaration海关发票customs invoice邮包报关单customs declaration (post parcels)增值税申报单tax declaration (value added tax)普通税申报单tax declaration (general)催税单tax demand禁运货物许可证embargo permit海关转运货物报关单goods declaration for customs transitTIF国际铁路运输报关单TIF formTIR国际公路运输报关单TIR carnet欧共体海关转运报关单EC carnetEUR1欧共体原产地证书EUR 1 certificate of origin暂准进口海关文件ATA carnet欧共体统一单证single administrative document.海关一般回复general response (Customs)海关公文回复document.nbspresponse (Customs)海关误差回复error response (Customs)海关一揽子回复package response (Customs)海关计税/确认回复tax calculation /confirmation response (Customs) 配额预分配证书quota prior allocation certificate最终使用授权书end use authorization政府合同government contract进口统计报表statistical document. import跟单信用证开证申请书application for document.ry credit先前海关文件/报文previous Customs document.message三、跟单英语：验货常用语跟单英语：验货常用语成品检验Checking of finished products检验，检查inspection, check商检commodity inspection领面松wrinkles at top collar领面紧top collar appears tight领面起泡crumples at top collar领外口松collar edge appears loose领外口紧collar edge appears tight底领伸出collar band is longer than collar底领缩进collar band is shorter than collar底领里起皱wrinkles at collar band facing底领外露collar band lean out of collar倘领偏斜collar deviates from front center line 领窝不平creases below neckline后领窝起涌bunches below back neckline驳头起皱wrinkles at top lapel驳头反翘top lapel appears tight驳头外口松lapel edge appears loose驳头外口紧lapel edge appears tight驳口不直lapel roll line is uneven串口不直gorge line is uneven领卡脖tight neckline领离脖collar stand away from neck小肩起皱puckers at shoulders塌肩wrinkles at shoulder袖隆起皱creases at underarm袖隆缝起皱puckers at underarm seam塌胸lack of fullness at chest省尖起泡crumples at dart point拉链起皱wrinkles at zip fly止口不直front edge is uneven止口缩角front edge is out of square止口反翘front edge is upturned止口反吐facing leans out of front edge止口豁split at front edge止口下部搭叠过多crossing at front edge底边起皱wrinkles at hem后身起吊back of coat rides up背衩豁开split at back vent背衩搭叠过多crossing at back vent绗棉起皱puckers at quilting絮棉不均padded cotton is uneven边缘缺棉empty hem绱袖不圆顺diagonal wrinkles at sleeve cap袖子偏前sleeve leans to front袖子偏后sleeve leans to back前袖缝外翻inseam leans to front袖口起皱wrinkles at sleeve opening袖里拧diagonal wrinkles at sleeve lining袋盖反翘top flap appears tight 袋盖反吐flap lining leans out of edge袋盖不直flap edge is uneven袋口角起皱creases on two ends of pocket mouth袋口裂split at pocket mouth腰头探出end of waistband is uneven腰缝起皱wrinkles at waistband facing里襟里起皱creases at right fly夹裆tight crotch短裆short seat后裆下垂slack seat前浪不平wrinkles at front rise裆缝断线bursting of crotch seam裤脚前后two legs are uneven脚口不齐leg opening is uneven吊脚pulling at outseam or inseam烫迹线外撇crease line leans to outside烫迹线内撇crease line leans to inside腰缝下口涌bunches below waistline seam裙裥豁开split at lower part of skirt裙身吊split hem line rides up裙浪不匀skirt flare is uneven线路偏移stitch seam leans out line双轨接线stitch seam is uneven跳针skipping尺码不符off size缝制不良stitching quality is not good洗水不良washing quality is not good熨烫不良pressing quality is not good极光iron-shine水渍water stain锈迹rust污渍spot色差color shade, off shade, color deviation褪色fading, fugitive color线头thread residue毛头raw edge leans out of seam绣花不良embroidery design out line is uncovered四、进出口实用英语汇总单证英语：进出口实用英语汇总1. 通知对方以开立信用证As you have confirmed theorder, we have arranged with the Bank of China to open an L/C in your favor for the amount of US $150,000 in accordance with the trade terms stipulated.2. 通知对方已寄出信用证According to your request for opening L/C, we are pleased to inform you that we have airmailed today through the Bank of China an irrevocable L/C for $200,000 in favor of the New York Trading Co., Inc. on the following terms and conditions.3. 通知对方已开立并寄出信用证We hasten to inform you that we have today been advised by the Bank of China of the establishment of an L/C in your favor to the amount of $100,000 available on or before April 30, 2001.We believe it will be in your hands within this week.4. 通知对方外国银行开立信用证By order and for your account we have made fax instructions to our Los Angeles branch to establish an L/C in favor of the Pacific Trading Co., Inc., Los Angeles to the amount of US$50,000.5. 通知对方已收到信用证Thank you very much for your L/C covering your order No.100.The goods you have ordered are being prepared for shipment.As soon as the shipment has been executed, you will be advised by fax and our letter will follow with the shipping documents.来源：6. 通知信用证的开立与有效期限We have instructed the Bank of China to open an irrevocable letter of credit for US$35,000. This will be advised by the bankers' correspondents, Beijing City Commercial Bank. They will accept your draft on them at 30 days after sight for the amount of your invoices.The credit id valid until September 30.7. 通知对方已开立信用证，并支付汇票We have asked the Bank of China here to open a credit for US$50,000 in your favor and this will remain in force until March 31, 2001.The bank will honor your draft at sight for the amount of your invoice drawn under the L/C.8. 督促对方开立信用证In order to execute your order No.205, please urgently open an irrevocable L/C for the amount of US$100,000 in our favor, available until April 30.As the shipping time is near, we ask you to instruct your bankers to open it so that we can receive it within this week.9. 督促对方确认订单并开立信用证We are pleased to confirm your fax order today and inform you that your order No. 100 is now ready for shipment per M/S Pacific leaving Jilong around June 10.Therefore we are anxious to receive your advice of L/C against this order.10. 要求提早开立信用证We need a period of three months for production in order to execute this order and request your immediately arrangement for opening an L/C two months before the time of shipment. 11. 督促迟迟未寄发的信用证The letter of credit covering your order No. 500 has not yet reached us in spite of our repeated requests.We have been working on the manufacturers to execute your order at higher prices.Therefore we request you open an L/C urgently so that we can make the shipment stipulated.12. 收到信用证后，立刻装运货物The goods of your order are being manufactured in time for the shipping date requested.You inform us that you will open an irrevocable L/C, valid until August 31 and we as k you to send it promptly.Immediately on arrival of the L/C we will pack and ship the goods urgently as requested.来源：13. 通知准备装运，并督促尽早开立信用证We are pleased to confirm your order for electric typewriters amounting to US$100,000.As requested, we are preparing to make shipment by the end of October and would request you open an irrevocable L/C in our favor as soon as possible, valid until November 20.14. 要求修改信用证的付款条件According to the L/C we received, the payment is to be made at 120 d/s.But we want it to be made at sight.This has been agreed to by you and expressly mentioned in your order sheet.Therefore please amend it as stated.15. 因分批装运而必须修改信用证We have just received your advice that you cannot carry out the complete shipment covering our order for sundries at one sailing.Therefore we have instructed our bankers to amend the L/C so that partial shipments may be allowed.来16. 因工厂罢工，要求延长信用证期限We are afraid the L/C may expire before shipment because of the strike in our factory.Therefore please explain our situation to your customers and try to get their consent to extend the L/C to August 31.17. 要求修改信用证的计价方法Your order has been accepted on FOB basis.Your L/C is described as C&F basis and some differences will be made between the invoice amount and the amount of you require.Therefore please amend the price of your L/C to FOB basis.18. 由于船位不足，请求延长信用证的期限In spite of our effort, we find it impossible to secure space for the shipment owing to the unusual shortage of shipping space.Please allow us to request that you extend your L/C to April 10.19. 答应延长信用证的期限As requested in your letter of April 10, we have instructed our bankers to extend the L/C No. 1025 up to and including October 31.Therefore you will receive the extension advice by this weekend.五、常用服饰英语跟单英语：常用服饰英语textilenatural fabric 天然纤维artificial fibre 人造纤维synthetic fibre 合成纤维chemical fibre 化学纤维synthetic fabric 混合纤维cotton棉silk丝wool羊毛linen麻hemp大麻flax亚麻ramie苎麻rayon人造丝nylon尼龙textile fabric织物针织品braided fabric 纺织物calico白布cutton cloth 棉布linen cloth亚麻布satin缎子dress女服tailored suit 女式西服trousseau嫁妆blouse紧身衣衫nightdress女睡衣nightgown女睡衣skirt裙子split skirt裙裤divided skirt 裙裤围裙petticoat衬裙stays束腰girdle腰带headdress头饰turban穆斯林的头巾hair net发网brush发刷cravat领巾neckerchief 领巾scarf围巾shawl披肩muff暖手筒handkerchief 手帕glove手套wrist watch 手表handbag手提包earring耳环necklace项链pendant项饰ring戒指lipstick口红perfume香水cap便帽hat礼帽swimming cap 泳帽hood风帽hatbox帽盒mantle斗篷clothing[总称]衣服clothes服装cheong-sam旗袍garment外衣everyday clothes 便服coat外套housecoat家常服vest汗衫T-shirtT恤衫T-shirt圆领汗衫waistcoat背心underwear内衣裤shorts短裤pants短裤pants裤子trousers[复]裤子belt腰带牛仔裤shoe鞋slipper拖鞋moccasin 软拖鞋sandal凉鞋lace鞋带boot靴子stocking 长统袜sock短袜V-neckV型领lapel翻领tie领带bow tie 蝶形领带ascot宽领带tie pin领带夹belt腰带button纽扣六、男装名词集锦跟单英语之男装名词集锦西装Western-styleclothes/tailoredsuit/suit男装men’swear;men’ssuit男童装boy’sclothes西装上衣uppergarment;jacket/topcoat/blouse/blouson 中西式上衣Chineseandwesternstyleblouse中山装上衣Zhongshancoat/Chinesestylejacket/Sun-Yat-Senstylejacket 男式短上衣mannishjacket男便装上衣sackcoat男紧身上衣doublet短西装上衣minisuit轻便型上衣/运动上衣sportscoat运动短上衣stadiumjumper双排扣短上衣spencercroise(法)V领套头上衣pullenV(法)风帽上衣hoodjacket;anorak套头宽上衣pullblouson宽大短上衣talma紧身短上衣tunic/coatee超短上衣minicoat春秋衫springandautumncoat罩衫smock/blouse茄克衫jacket/blouson衬衫shirt/blouse男衬衫shirt/chemise(法)男用外衬衫liquette(法)美式男用衬衫chemiseAmerican(法)礼服衬衫dressshirt休闲衬衫leisureshirt牛仔衬衫cowboyshirt套头衬衫pullovershirt背心/马甲vest/waistcoat礼服背心dress/eveningvest西服背心waistcoat/vest/weskit户外背心outervest运动背心sport/gymvest牛仔背心cowboyvest单襟背心single-breastedvest两扣背心two-buttonwaistcoat紧身背心doublet/weskit长裤trousers/pants/slacks/pegs/pantalon(法)bags(英口语)西装长裤trousers 英式长裤Britishtrousers高尔夫长裤golfjupon礼服裤dressslacks//courtbreeches礼服条纹裤stripedtrousers直筒裤straighttrousers;stem-pipepants;cigarettepants;straight-legslacks 牛仔裤jeans西装短裤shorts沙滩短裤beachshorts运动短裤trunks;sportsshorts;gymshorts拳击短裤boxershorts/trunks冲浪短裤jams;surfer’sshorts散步短裤walkingshorts宽松短裤baggys男套装men’ssuit;tailleurmasculin(法)男式长服lounge/businesssuit西装式套装tailoredsuit正统男西装classicsuit普通西装lounge/sacksuit古典西装classicmodelsuit意大利欧式西装Italiancontinentalsuit英式西装British-stylesuit日常套装afternoonsuit简便套装easy/casual/leisuresuit;leisuresuit;运动套装sweat/joggingsuit;gymoutfit登山服mountaineeringsuit 滑雪服skisuit户外活动套装blazersuit男海滩装cabanaset燕尾服swallow-tailedcoat;swallowtail;eveningdress内裤pants/underpants;underdrawers三角裤briefs;shortpants;undershorts七、外贸单证英语词汇缩写集锦外贸单证英语词汇缩写集锦cu.ft.;cb.ft. cubic foot 立方英尺cur.;curt. current(this month) 本月cur. currency 币制cu.yd.;cb.yd. cubic yard 立方码C.W.O. cash with order 订货时付款c.w.t.;cwt. hundredweight 英担(122磅)CY Container Yard 集装箱堆场d. denarii(L),panny or pence 便士D/A Document against Acceptance 承兑交单d/a days after acceptance 承兑后若干天(交款)D.D.;D/D Demand draft 即期汇票Delivered at docks 码头交货D/d documentary draft 跟单汇票Dec. December 十二月deld. delivered 交付dept. department 部;股;处destn. destination 目的港;目的地D/f dead freight 空舱费drt. draft 汇票diam. diameter 直径diff. difference 差额;差异dis.;disc't discount 贴现;折扣;贴现息dis.;Dolls. dollars 元Dmge. Damage 损坏destn. destination 目的港;目的地D/N debit note 久款帐单doc. document 单据doc.att. document attached 附单据;附证件dols.;dolls. dollars 元D/P document against payment 付款交单doz. dozen 打d.p. direct port 直达港口d/s;d.s.;days.st. days after sight 见票后若干天付款ds.;d's days 日dto.;do ditto 同上;同前d.t. delivery time 交货时间dup.;dupl.;duplte. duplicate 誊本;第二份;两份D.W.T. dead weight tonnage 载重吨D/Y delivery 交付;交货dz.;doz. dozen 打ea. each 每E.C. Exempli causa(for example) 例如E/D Export Declaration 出口申报单E.E. errors excepted 错误当查;错误当改E.E.C. European Economic Community 欧洲共同体e.g.;ex.g. Exempli gratia(L.)=for example 例如end. endorsed;endorsement 背书encl.;enc. ecnlosure 附件E.&O.E. errors and omissions excepted 错漏当查;错漏当改E.O.M. end of month 月末E.O.S. end of season 季末eq. equivalent 等值的,等量的e.q.m. equal quantity monthly 每月相等的数量Et.seq. Et sequentia(and other things) 及以下所棕述的Et.al. Et.alibi(and elsewhere) 等等e.t.a.;eta;ETA estimated(expected)time of arrival 预计到时间etc. et cetera(L.)=and others 等等ETCL;etcl expected time of commencement of loading 预计开装时间etd;ETD estimated(expected)time of departure 预计离港时间ETDEL expected time of delivery 预计交货时间ETFD expected time of finishing discharging 预计卸完时间ETFL expected time of finishing loading 预计装完时间ex per or out of 搭乘ex. excluding 除外;example 例子;样本Exch. exchange,兑换;汇兑Excl. exclusive or excluding 除外ex.int. ex interest 无利息exp. export 出口Exs. expenses 费用Ext. extra 特别的;额外的F degree Fahrenheit 华氏度数F.A. free alongside(ship) (船)边交货f/a/a;F.A.A. free from all average 分损不赔(保险用语)f.a.c. fast as can 尽快f.a.q.;E.A.Q. fair average quality 大路货;中等品质f.a.s.;F.A.S. free alongside ship 船边交货价F.B. freight bill 运费单。
进出口专业英语词汇(S8)
super concentrated low-sud laundry detergent 超浓缩无泡沫洗衣粉
Super crab-E-rad AMA胂草铵
Super crab-E-rad 甲胂铵
Super crab-E-rad-calar 甲基胂酸钙
super welder 超精密小型焊机
super woollen carpet 高级羊毛地毯
super woollen machine-spun yarn 高级机纺线
super-alpha titanium alloy 超α型钛合金
super-Ascoloy 超级阿斯科洛伊耐热不锈钢
super-compactor 重型压实机
super Invar 超因瓦低膨胀系数合金
super jet cleaner 高效喷气清棉机
super laser 高能激光器
super light insulated sandwich panel 超轻隔热夹芯板
super milling dye 高耐缩绒染料
Super Narco 优级纳科高强力粘胶长丝
super high pressure synthetic diamond press 超高压合成金刚石压力机
super high purity indium 超高纯铟
super high purity mercury 超高纯汞
super hole cutter 开孔钻
super inflate 超膨胀的粘胶纤维
super rubber 超级橡胶
Super Seven 超级-7型赛车
外贸英语函电.Chapter8
We look forward to receiving your shipping advice and thank you in advance.
Notes
Packing:
Large packing/outer packing (Packing for transportation 运输包装) Small packing/inner packing (Packing for sales 销售包装)
Example.
Dear Sirs, 30 metri
We are now pleased to inform you that we have shipped the above goods on board s.s. “Wuxi” which sails for your port tomorrow.
Notes
Unit packing: Bag Sack Carton Case Box Crate Drum Can, Tin Bundle Combined packing: Container Pallet Bg; Bgs 袋 Sx; Sxs 麻袋 Ctn; Ctns 硬纸箱 C/; C/s 箱子 Bx 盒 Crt 板条箱 Drm 桶 罐头 Bdle 捆 集装箱 货盘（tray底盘; platform平板）
Example…
The tea under the captioned contract should be packed in international standard tea boxes, 24 boxes on a pallet, 10 pallets in an FCL container. On the outer packing please mark our initials SCC in a diamond, under which the port of destination and our order number should be stenciled. In addition, warning marks like KEEP DRY, USE NO HOOK, etc. should also be indicated.
不可不知的国际贸易英语术语
不可不知的国际贸易英语术语国际贸易英语是指在国际贸易过程中使用的专业术语。
随着全球化的加快，国际贸易逐渐成为各个国家经济的重要组成部分，对于从事国际贸易的人来说，掌握国际贸易英语术语是非常重要的。
下面是一些不可不知的国际贸易英语术语：1. Export (出口) - The act of selling and shipping goods to a foreign country.2. Import (进口) - The act of buying and receiving goods from a foreign country.3. Trade balance (贸易平衡) - The difference between a country's exports and imports.4. Tariff (关税) - A tax or duty imposed on imported goods.5. Quota (限额) - A limit or restriction on the quantity of goods that can be imported or exported.6. Free trade (自由贸易) - The unrestricted exchange of goods and services between countries without the imposition of tariffs or other barriers.7. Customs (海关) - The government agency responsible for regulating the flow of goods into and out of a country.第1页/共4页8. Trade deficit (贸易逆差) - The situation when a country's imports exceed its exports.9. Trade surplus (贸易顺差) - The situation when a country's exports exceed its imports.10. Dumping (倾销) - The practice of selling goods in a foreign market at a price below the cost of production.11. Letter of credit (信用证) - A document issued by a bank guaranteeing payment to a seller.12. Bill of lading (提单) - A document issued by a carrier that confirms receipt of goods for shipment.13. Incoterms (国际贸易术语解释) - A set of standardized trade terms used in international contracts.14. FOB (离岸价) - Free on Board, a term indicating that the seller is responsible for goods until they are loaded onto a ship.15. CIF (成本加运费加保险费价) - Cost, Insurance, and Freight, a term indicating that the seller is responsible for the cost of goods, insurance, and freight.16. EXW (工厂交货价) - Ex Works, a term indicating that the buyer is responsible for picking up goods at the seller's factory.17. Certificate of origin (原产地证书) - A document thatcertifies the country in which goods were produced.18. Import duty (进口税) - A tax imposed by a country on imported goods.19. Export subsidy (出口补贴) - Financial assistance provided bya government to encourage the export of goods.20. Non-tariff barrier (非关税壁垒) - A restriction on trade in the form of quotas, licensing requirements, or technical standards.21. World Trade Organization (世界贸易组织) - An international organization that oversees global trade rules and resolves trade disputes.22. Intellectual property rights (知识产权) - Legal protectionfor inventions, trademarks, copyrights, and other intellectual property.23. Trade agreement (贸易协议) - A formal agreement between two or more countries that determines the terms of trade between them.24. Free trade agreement (自由贸易协定) - An agreement between countries to eliminate tariffs and other barriers to trade.25. Regional trade agreement (区域贸易协定) - An agreement between countries in a particular geographical region to facilitate trade.第3页/共4页26. World Bank (世界银行) - An international financialinstitution that provides loans and grants to support development projects.27. International Monetary Fund (国际货币基金组织) - An international organization that promotes global monetary cooperation and provides financial assistance to countries in need.28. Exchange rate (汇率) - The rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another.29. Currency devaluation (货币贬值) - A decrease in the value ofa country's currency relative to other currencies.30. Currency appreciation (货币升值) - An increase in the value of a country's currency relative to other currencies.以上就是一些不可不知的国际贸易英语术语，了解和掌握这些术语对于从事国际贸易的人来说非常重要，能够帮助他们更好地进行商务沟通和交流。
外贸英语函电8保险
Translate the following sentences into English:
1. 根据你方要求，我们将按发票金额的110% 投保。 We shall cover insurance for 110% of the invoice value in accordance with your request. 2. 请给合同投保平安险和战争险。 Please insure FPA and against War Risk on the contract. 3. 我们将按一般惯例投保水渍险和战争险。 We shall cover WPA and against War Risk according to the usual practice. 4. 这份保单给我们保了破碎险。 The insurance policy covers us against Breakage. 5. 由于合同规定按发票金额的110%投保，如你方要求按130% 投保， 额外保费应由你方负担。 As the contract stipulates that insurance should cover 110% of the invoice value, if you desire to cover insurance for 130% instead, the extra premium should be for your account.
保险人； 保险人；保险商 保险人；保险商 保险公司 保险商 被保险人；投保人 保险人；投保人 投保申请人 投保申请人 投保申请单
insurer insurance company underwriter the insured insurant applicant proposer proposal form
国际贸易专业英语第四版答案
国际贸易专业英语第四版答案1、72．—? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??—Yes, please. I want a sweater. [单选题] * A．How muchB．Can I help you(正确答案)C．Excuse meD．What will you take2、The boy’s mother always _______ him a story before he goes to bed. [单选题] *A. saysB. speaksC. tells(正确答案)D. talks3、Every morning John takes a（）to his office. [单选题] *A. 20-minutes' walkB. 20 minute ' walkC. 20-minutes walkD. 20-minute walk(正确答案)4、This year our school is _____ than it was last year. [单选题] *A. much more beautiful(正确答案)B. much beautifulC. the most beautifulD. beautiful5、—Can you play the violin at the art festival?—No, I ______. But I am good at playing the drums.（）[单选题] *A. canB. can’t(正确答案)C. doD. don’t6、( ) My mother told me _____ in bed. [单选题] *A. not readB. not readingC. don’t readD. not to read(正确答案)7、He often comes to work early and he is _______ late for work. [单选题] *A. usuallyB. never(正确答案)C. oftenD. sometimes8、--How is your friend coming?--I’m not sure. He _______ drive here. [单选题] *A. may(正确答案)B. canC. mustD. will9、The huntsman caught only a（）of the deer before it ran into the woods. [单选题] *A. gazeB. glareC. glimpse(正确答案)D. stare10、--Can I _______ your dictionary?--Sorry, I’m using it. [单选题] *A. borrow(正确答案)B. lendC. keepD. return11、Comparatively speaking, of the three civil servants, the girl with long hair is _____. [单选题] *A. more helpfulB. extremely helpfulC. very helpfulD. the most helpful(正确答案)12、( ) It tells what is going on ___the county and all____the world. [单选题] *A. across; over(正确答案)B. all; acrossC. in; inD.to; for13、34．My mother isn't in now, but she will be back ______ ten minutes. [单选题] *A．forB．beforeC．in(正确答案)D．at14、The sun disappeared behind the clouds. [单选题] *A. 出现B. 悬挂C. 盛开D. 消失(正确答案)15、In many cities, a low-carbon lifestyle has become（）. [单选题] *A. more popular and more popularB. more and more popular(正确答案)C. the most popularD. most and most popular16、24．Kitty’s father ______ a policeman since 2 He loves helping people. [单选题] * A．isB．wasC．has been (正确答案)D．have been17、21 In a few years' time, there ________ thousands of trees on the hill. [单选题] * A．will haveB．will be(正确答案)C．are haveD．have18、I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don't have enough money to buy _____. [单选题] *A. it(正确答案)B. oneC. thisD. that19、His sister ______ the chess club.（）[单选题] *A. want to joinB. want joiningC. wants to join(正确答案)D. wants joining20、—Tony, it’s cold outside. ______ wear a jacket?—OK, mom.（）[单选题] *A. Why not(正确答案)B. Why don’tC. Why did youD. Why do you21、More than one student_____absent from the class yesterday due to the flu. [单选题] *A.areB.hasC.isD.was(正确答案)22、I run out of money. Could you _______ me some？[单选题] *A. lend(正确答案)B. sellC. borrowD. buy23、_____how to do with the trouble of the computer, Tom had to ask his brother for help. [单选题] *A.Not to knowB.Not knowing(正确答案)C.Not knownD.Not know24、32．Mr. Black is ______ now, so he wants to go to a movie with his son. [单选题] *A．busyB．free(正确答案)C．healthyD．right25、A healthy life is generally thought to be（）with fresh air, clean water, and homegrown food. [单选题] *A. joinedB. boundC. lackingD. associated(正确答案)26、Will you be able to finish your homework _______? [单选题] *A. by the timeB. in time(正确答案)C. once upon a timeD. out of time27、8．—Will she have a picnic next week?—________. And she is ready. [单选题] *A．Yes, she doesB．No, she doesn'tC．Yes, she will(正确答案)D．No, she won't28、pencil - box is beautiful. But ____ is more beautiful than ____. [单选题] *A. Tom's; my; heB. Tom's; mine; his(正确答案)C. Tom's; mine; himD. Tom's; my; his29、They will hold the party if they _____ the project on time. [单选题] *A. will completeB. complete(正确答案)C．completedD. had completed30、I hadn't realized she was my former teacher _____ she spoke [单选题] *A. asB. sinceC. until(正确答案)D. while。
国际贸易方式词汇及对外贸易常用英语123
stocks 存货，库存量cash sale 现货purchase 购买，进货bulk sale 整批销售，趸售distribution channels 销售渠道wholesale 批发retail trade 零售业hire-purchase 分期付款购买fluctuate in line with market conditions 随行就市unfair competition 不合理竞争dumping 商品倾销dumping profit margin 倾销差价，倾销幅度antidumping 反倾销customs bond 海关担保chain debts 三角债freight forwarder 货运代理trade consultation 贸易磋商mediation of dispute 商业纠纷调解partial shipment 分批装运restraint of trade 贸易管制RTA (Regional Trade Arrangements) 区域贸易安排favorable balance of trade 贸易顺差unfavorable balance of trade 贸易逆差special preferences 优惠关税bonded warehouse 保税仓库transit trade 转口贸易tariff barrier 关税壁垒tax rebate 出口退税TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) 技术性贸易壁垒，贸易伙伴术语trade partner 贸易伙伴manufacturer 制造商，制造厂middleman 中间商，经纪人dealer 经销商wholesaler 批发商retailer, tradesman 零售商merchant 商人，批发商，零售商concessionaire, licensed dealer 受让人，特许权获得者consumer 消费者，用户client, customer 顾客，客户buyer 买主，买方carrier 承运人consignee 收货人进出口贸易词汇commerce, trade, trading 贸易inland trade, home trade, domestic trade 国内贸易international trade 国际贸易foreign trade, external trade 对外贸易，外贸import, importation 进口importer 进口商export, exportation 出口exporter 出口商import licence 进口许口证export licence 出口许口证commercial transaction 买卖，交易inquiry 询盘delivery 交货order 订货make a complete entry正式/完整申报bad account 坏帐Bill of Lading 提单marine bills of lading 海运提单shipping order 托运单blank endorsed 空白背书endorsed 背书cargo receipt 承运货物收据condemned goods 有问题的货物catalogue 商品目录customs liquidation 清关customs clearance 结关国际贸易英语词汇集锦一贸易价格术语trade term / price term 价格术语world / international market price 国际市场价格FOB (free on board) 离岸价C&F (cost and freight) 成本加运费价CIF (cost, insurance and freight) 到岸价freight 运费wharfage 码头费landing charges 卸货费customs duty 关税port dues 港口税import surcharge 进口附加税import variable duties 进口差价税commission 佣金return commission 回佣，回扣price including commission 含佣价net price 净价wholesale price 批发价discount / allowance 折扣retail price 零售价spot price 现货价格current price 现行价格/ 时价indicative price 参考价格customs valuation 海关估价price list 价目表total value 总值贸易保险术语All Risks 一切险F.P.A. (Free from Particular Average) 平安险W.A. / W.P.A (With Average or With Particular Average) 水渍险War Risk 战争险F.W.R.D. (Fresh Water Rain Damage) 淡水雨淋险Risk of Intermixture and Contamination 混杂、玷污险Risk of Leakage 渗漏险Risk of Odor 串味险Risk of Rust 锈蚀险Shortage Risk 短缺险T.P.N.D. ( Theft, Pilferage&Non-delivery) 偷窃提货不着险Strikes Risk 罢工险贸易机构词汇WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际货币基金组织CTG (Council for Trade in Goods) 货币贸易理事会EFTA (European Free Trade Association) 欧洲自由贸易联盟AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area) 东盟自由贸易区JCCT (China-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade) 中美商贸联委会NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area) 北美自由贸易区UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) 联合国贸易与发展会议GA TT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 关贸总协定对外贸易常用英语(1)They mainly trade with Japanese firms.他们主要和日本商行进行贸易。
外贸英语函电Chapter 8 Letter of Credit
1) The quantity to be delivered each month must not be less than 30 metric tons. 每月应交的数量不得少于三十公吨。
2) 单据已交银行议付。
The documents have already been delivered to the bank for negotiation.
Be able to write letters of extension of an L/C
Be able to write letters of amendment to the L/C
Chapter 8 Letters of Credit
➢ Main & Difficult Points
2) 航班预计中午到达上海。 The flight is due in Shanghai at noon. 3) 双方定于下周签订合同。 Both sides are due to sign a contract in the next week. 4) 明年我们的薪水等级应该修改。
Our salary scales are due for revision next year.
▪ shipping mark
装运标志
▪ shipping container 船运集装箱
▪ shipping order
装货纸；装货单
▪ shipping space
舱位；船位
▪ shipping date
装船日期
▪ shipping day
开船日期
▪ steamer ship
蒸汽机轮船
▪ motor vessel
涉及本合同的争执或执行本合同中所发生的一切争执应通过友好 协商予以解决。
国际贸易专业英语 中译英
句子翻译：U1：1．通过国际贸易，可以使消费者和贸易国获取本国没有的商品和劳务。
（get access to/be exposed to）Tradeing globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries.2．通过国际贸易，富裕国家可以更高效地使用其劳动力、技术或资本等资源。
（allow/enable）International trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources-whether labor, technology, or capital-more efficiently.3．与当地企业不同，跨国企业都是在全球范围内从事经营活动。
（as opposed to）Multinational firms, as opposed to local ones,undertake their business operations on a global basis.4．今年来，中国的对外贸易呈现高速、稳定的增长。
（register）For recent years, China has registered fast and sustained growth in foreign trade volumes.5．在全球化的市场条件下，企业面临着与国内外企业的记列的竞争。
（given）Give a globalized world market, firms find themselves in fierce competion with domestic and foreign players.U2：1．进口政策的目的在于获得发展中国家经济所需要的具有现代技术的资本货物。
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• Real-time sales information
• ResLeabharlann ock vt. 重新进货，再储存实时销售信息
n. 补货订单
• Restructure vt. 更改结构，重建结构，调整，改造 • Retailer 零售商
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WORDS, PHRASES & TERMS
• Specification n. 详述，规格，说明书，规范
• Subcontractor n. 转包商，次承包者 • Technology-intensive industry • Tiered network 层级结构 • Unparalleled adj. 无比的，无双的，空前的 技术密集型产业
• Value chain 价值链
• Vertically integrated 垂直一体化的
可以发展与全球供应商的紧密联系，尤其在低成本国家更是
这样。
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服装行业是一个用来审视采购者驱动型价值链动力学的 理想行业。成立服装企业的相对容易、以及发达国家对该部 门的保护的流行，已经带来了第三世界服装出口商无比地多 样性。而且，它有广阔的前向和后向关联，这有助于解释与 该行业相关的大量就业。服装价值链围绕五个部分来组织： 原材料供应，包括天然和人造纤维；零部件供给，例如纺织 品公司生产的纱线和布料；由服装工厂构成的生产网络，包 括国内和海外的转包商；由中间商建立的出口渠道；以及在 零售层面上的销售网络（如图所示）。
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相反，采购商驱动型价值链，往往以高度的竞争和全球分散
的工厂系统为特点，进入壁垒很低。开发和销售品牌产品的 公司，对如何、何时及在哪儿制造这些产品、以及每个阶段 产生多少利润都有很大的控制权。因此，生产者驱动型价值 链是在生产的环节受到控制，而采购商驱动型价值链的主要
影响力是被商家在设计和零售阶段运用的。
是这样一种模式，即基于每天与零售商的店铺相关联的实时
销售信息，供应商频繁地运送货物，以补充来自零售商的不 间断的订单）的出现。
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这些技术包括：条形码和条形码扫描器，用来提供即时和精
确的产品出售信息；电子数据交换（EDI），被零售商用来
重新进货；以及一些自动分配中心，用来处理一些小额的重 新进货订单，而不是用传统的、用来大量运输的仓库系统。
新企业进入壁垒最高的集中部分是利润最高的。
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在生产商驱动型价值链中，先进产品如飞机、汽车和计
算机的制造者是关键的经济因素，无论是在他们的收入方面， 还是在他们控制与原材料和零部件提供者的后向联系、以及 与分配与零售方面的前向联系上的能力方面。生产商驱动型 价值链中的领导企业往往属于国际寡头。
连锁大卖 场
合 成 纤 维
石油、 瓦斯
石 化 产 品
合成纤 维
亚洲服装承包 商 国内和海外转 包商
折扣店 折扣店、工 厂零售店、 邮购、其他
销售网络 15
原材料网络
零部件网络
生产网络
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这些不同部分之间存在一些差别，例如地理位置、劳动力技
能和条件、技术水平、企业的规模和类型，这些区别同样影 响价值链中主要企业之间的市场力量和利润分配。虽然越向 产业链上游的纺织和纤维环节延伸，进入门槛越高，但是对 大多数服装企业而言，该行业进入门槛低；品牌和门店是能
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工业和商业企业都促进了全球化，建立了两种国际经
济网络模式。一种是“生产商驱动型”，另一种是“采购商 驱动型”。在生产者驱动型价值链中，大生产商——往往是 跨国公司——在生产网络（包括处于其前向或后向的企业） 的协同中处于中心地位。这在资本和技术密集型产业中是很
典型的——例如汽车、飞机、计算机、半导体和重型机械等。
UNIT 7 全球价值链
2016 SPRING
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WORDS, PHRASES & TERMS
• Accrue vi. 自然增加，产生
• Backward linkage 后向关联 • Bar code 条形码
• Branded adj. 名牌的
• Buyer-driven value chain 买家驱动型价值链 • Capital-intensive industry 资本密集型产业 • Carve up 瓜分 • Consumer-goods 消费品
订购货物的大型零售商或下订单的卖家提供。
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符合采购商驱动模式的企业，包括像沃尔玛、Sears和
JC Penny这样的零售商、像耐克和锐步这样的运动鞋公司、 像Liz Claiborne, Gap和The Limited Inc. 这种时尚导向的 服装公司。它们一般只设计和/或销售——但不生产——他 们下订单的品牌产品。他们是“没有工厂的制造者”，将产
• Point-of-sale scanner 条形码扫描器，简称POS scanner
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WORDS, PHRASES & TERMS
• Producer-driven value chain 生产商驱动型价值链
• Prominent adj. 卓越的，显著的，突出的 • Promotional campaign • Replenishment orders 促销活动
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WORDS, PHRASES & TERMS
• Lavish adj. 非常大方的，过分丰富的，浪费的
• Lean retailing 敏捷零售模式 • Marketer 市场参与者，商家 • Megaretailer 大零售公司 • Oligopoly n. 求过于供的市场情况
• Pivotal adj. 枢轴的，关键的
够给公司带来巨大经济收入的另一类竞争资产。
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创建和维护国际品牌需要制定巨额广告预算并开展促销活动，
大型零售店采用复杂而成本高昂的信息技术，研制供应商库 存管理“快速反应”方案以增加收入、降低风险，这类行业
使零售店和商家在许多消费品产业中取代了传统的制造商而
居主导地位。在服装行业，一些关键信息技术的出现，导致 了制造和销售的分离，而这又引起“敏捷零售模式”（也就
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WORDS, PHRASES & TERMS
• Decentralize vt. 使分散，使没有中央集权
• Discount chain 折扣连锁店 • Displace v. 转置，转移，取代，置换
• Electronic data interchange 电子数据交换
• Entry barrier 进入壁垒 • Forward linkages 前向关联 • Information technology 信息技术 • Intermediary n. 中间物，中间人
公司）。
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主导企业与非主导企业的区别在于，他们控制了主要资源的 使用（例如产品设计、新技术、品牌名称或消费需求），这 些资源产生的利润回报是最大的。
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美国和其他发达经济体的零售部门正在经历一场重要的重建。
全球零售业被一些大的组织所支配，这些组织在产品（专营 店的兴起，即只销售服装的商店、只销售鞋子或办公用品的 商店）和价格（数量大、成本低的折扣店的增长）上正在发 展更大程度的专业化。而且，使分配管道保持充盈的状态，
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在全球资本主义中，经济活动是国际范围的，结构上是
全球化的。“国际化”指的是经济活动跨国界的地理散布。 就其本身而论，这并不是一个新的现象。至少从十七世纪殖 民力量开始瓜分世界从而寻找原材料和新市场开始，这就成 了世界经济的一个突出特征。而“全球化”出现的更晚一些，
它意味着国际间散布的经济活动在功能上是一体化的。
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采购商驱动型价值链中，大的零售商、市场参与者和品牌制
造商在一系列出口国——一般是发展中国家——建立非中央 化的生产网络中发挥关键作用。这种贸易导向工业化已经在 劳动密集型和消费品产业流行起来，例如服装、鞋、玩具、 手工艺品和消费性电子产品行业。第三世界的承包商构成层
级网络，组织生产，为国外买家提供最终产品。产品规格由
品的物质生产与设计和营销分开。
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生产者驱动型链条中的利润来自规模、数量和技术进步，而
采购商驱动型链条与之不同，其利润来自高价值调研、设计、 售卖、营销和融资服务等组合，从而使零售商、设计者和商 家发挥战略型经纪人的作用，将海外工厂和商家联络起来， 在主要消费市场中就缝隙市场产品进行贸易。在价值链中，
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全球价值链途径的主要假设是，国家的发展需要与行业
中最重要的几家主导企业相联系。这些主导企业，并不一定 是传统的垂直一体化制造商，也不一定参与最终产品的制造。 主导企业，如时装设计公司或拥有自有品牌的零售商，可以 处在制造部门的上游或下游环节，也可以是关键部件的供应
商（如计算机行业中的英特尔等微处理器公司或微软等软件
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营销网络
纺织公司 服装制造商 北美 零售渠道 零售渠道
天 棉花、 然 羊毛、 纤 丝绸 维
纱 线 （ 纺 线）
织物 （编织、 针织、 精加工）
美国服装工厂 （设计、剪裁、 缝合、开扣眼、 熨烫）
百货商店
品牌服 装公司
专卖店
国内和墨西哥 /加勒比盆地 转包商 海外采 购方办 公室 贸易公 司
出口网络