古希腊建筑文化

古代希腊是欧洲文化的摇篮，同样也是西欧建筑的开拓者，但毕竟还处在萌芽和胚胎的时期，它们的类型还少，形制很简单，结构比较幼稚，这是因为它的艺术的完美所致。

古希腊的纪念性建筑在公元前8世纪大致形成，公元前5世纪已成熟，公元前4世纪进入一个形制和技术更广阔的发展时期。由于宗教在古代社会据有重要的地位，因而古代国家的神庙往往是这一国家建筑艺术的最高成就的代表，希腊亦不例外。古希腊是个泛神论国家，人们把每个城邦，每个自然现象都认为受一位神灵支配着，因此希腊人祀奉各种神灵建造神庙。希腊神庙不仅是宗教活动中心，也是城邦公民社会活动和商业活动的场所,还是储存公共财富的地方。这样神庙就成了希腊崇拜的圣地，希腊最早的神庙建筑只是贵族居住的长方形有门廊的建筑。在他们看来神庙是神居住的地方，而神不过是更完美的人，所以神庙也不过是更高级的人的住宅。

Ancient Greece is the cradle of European culture, is also a pioneer in Western European architecture, but after all still in the embryonic and fetal period, they are also the type of small, very simple shape, structure, rather naive, because it was perfectly art To.??????Ancient Greek monuments in the 8th century BC, roughly the formation of the 5th century BC, has matured into a 4th century BC, and technology shape the broader period of development. As far as religion in ancient society have an important role, which is often the ancient temple state of the art of architecture in this country the highest achievements of the representatives of Greece is no exception. Pantheism is a country of ancient Greece, people of each city, each natural phenomena that dominated by a god, so the Greeks built temples enshrine various gods. Greek temple is not only a religious center and a city-state of civil society activities and business activities, workplace, or storage areas of public wealth. This became the Greek temple of worship in the Holy Land, Greece, the oldest living temple building is a rectangle with noble porch construction. In their view, to where the temple of God, and God is perfect, however, so the temple is more advanced but also the residential people.

一、古希腊三柱式

柱式: 柱式是指一整套古典建筑立面形式生成的原则。基本原理就是以柱径为一个单位，按照一定的比例原则，计算出包括柱础（Base）、柱身（shaft）和柱头（Capital）的整个柱子的尺寸，更进一步计算出包括基座（Stylobate）和山花（Pediment）的建筑各部分尺寸。古希腊的建筑从公元前7世纪末，除屋架之外，均采用石材建造。神庙是古希腊城市最主要的大型建筑，其典型型制是围廊式。由于石材的力学特性是抗压不抗拉，造成其结构特点是密柱短跨，柱子、额枋和檐部的艺术处理基本上决定了神庙的外立面形式。古希腊建筑艺术的种种改进，也都集中在这些构件的形式、比例和相互组合上。公元前6世纪，这些形式已经相当稳定，有了成套定型的做法，即以后古罗马人所称的“柱式”。

1, 3 column Ancient Greece??????Column: column refers to the set of the classical form of the facade of the principle of generation. The idea is that in order to column diameter as a unit, according to some principle of proportionality, calculated including the column bases (Base), column shaft (shaft) and stigma (Capital) the size of the entire column, and further calculated including the base (Stylobate ) and the Shanhua (Pediment) parts of the building dimensions. Ancient Greek architecture from the 7th

century, in addition to roof trusses, the are built with stone. The main temple is the ancient Greek city of big buildings, the typical type system is a veranda-style. Since the mechanical properties of stone is not tensile compression, resulting in a dense column of its structural features short span, columns, and eaves beam at the Ministry of artistic treatment largely determine the form of the temple's facade. Ancient Greek architecture all the improvements, are also concentrated in these elements of form, proportion and mix with each other. 6th century BC, these forms have been fairly stable, with the complete set of stereotypes, that Houguluoma people call "column."

古希腊建筑基本上是三种主要柱式：

多立克柱式：希腊多立克柱式（Doric Order）的特点是比较粗大雄壮，没有柱础，柱身有20条凹槽，柱头没有装饰，多立克柱又被称为男性柱。著名的雅典卫城（Athen Acropolis）的帕提农神庙（Parthenon）即采用的是多立克柱式。

爱奥尼柱式：希腊爱奥尼柱式（Ionic Order）的特点是比较纤细秀美，柱身有24条凹槽，柱头有一对向下的涡卷装饰，爱奥尼柱又被称为女性柱。爱奥尼柱由于其优雅高贵的气质，广泛出现在古希腊的大量建筑中，如雅典卫城的胜利女神神庙（Temple of Athena Nike）和伊瑞克提翁神庙（Erechtheum）。

Ancient Greek architecture is basically three main column:?????Doric: the Greek Doric order (Doric Order) is characterized by relatively thick majestic, no column bases, there are 20 grooves of the pillar, there is no stigma decorated Doric column is also known as male column. The famous Acropolis (Athen Acropolis) of the Parthenon (Parthenon) that is used is Doric.?????Ionic order: the Greek Ionic order (Ionic Order) is characterized by relatively thin and beautiful, there are 24 grooves of the pillar, the stigma has a pair of decorative scroll down, Ionic column is also known as female column. Ionic column because of its elegant and noble qualities, widespread large number of buildings in ancient Greece, such as the Acropolis, Temple of the victory of the goddess (Temple of Athena Nike) and Yiruiketi Wong Temple (Erechtheum).

科斯林柱式：希腊科斯林柱式（Corinthian Order）的比列比爱奥尼柱更为纤细，柱头是用毛莨叶（Acanthus）作装饰，形似盛满花草的花篮。相对于爱奥尼柱式，科林斯柱式的装饰性更强，但是在古希腊的应用并不广泛，雅典的宙斯神庙（Temple of Zeus）采用的是克林斯柱式。

Corserine column: Greece corserine column (Corinthian Order) of 比列比爱奥尼columns more slender, the stigma is Ranunculus leaves (Acanthus) for decoration, the shape of a basket full of flowers. Relative to the Ionic order, a more decorative Corinthian style, but not widely applied in ancient Greece, Athens, Zeus Temple (Temple of Zeus) by the Collins column.

独具匠心的雅典卫城建筑

雅典城得名于女神雅典娜，而卫城则是供奉雅典娜的地方，原为雅典奴隶主的城堡，公元前5世纪雅典奴隶制民主政治时期改建为宗教活动中心。是希腊建筑艺术的代表作品。卫城的建筑与地形结合紧密，极具匠心。如果把卫城看作一个整体，那山岗本身就是它的天然基座，而建筑群的结构以至多个局部的安排都与这基座自然的高低起伏相协调，构成完整的统一体。它被认为是希腊民族精神和审美理想的完美体现。卫城的古迹中，著名的有帕提农神庙和雅典娜胜利女神庙。

Originality of the Acropolis Building????Athens is named after the goddess Athena, the Acropolis was dedicated to Athena, where the original master of the castle for the Athens, Athens, 5th century BC during slavery democracy into religious centers. Representatives of the Greek works of architectural art. Acropolis buildings and terrain combined with tight, great ingenuity. If the Acropolis as a whole, that the hill itself is its natural base, but the structure of buildings as well as several local arrangements with the base of the natural ups and downs in harmony, to form a complete unity. It is considered the aesthetic ideal of the Greek national spirit and the perfect embodiment. Acropolis monuments, notably the Parthenon and Athena Goddess Temple.

叹为观止的帕提农神庙

帕提农神庙是供奉雅典娜女神的主神庙，又称万神殿，建于公元前5世纪中叶，公认是多利克柱式（三种希腊古典建筑柱式中最简单的一种）发展的顶峰。神庙的主体建筑为两个大厅，东西两端各有一个带6根多利亚圆柱的门廊。东边的门廊通向内殿，殿内原来供奉着巨大的雅典娜女神像，高11.89 米，由总重约40～50塔伦特的金片镶着木框架制成，其脸面、手、脚部分用象牙雕刻，眼睛的瞳仁由宝石镶嵌。神像设计灵巧，可以活动或转移隐蔽。但这一艺术杰作，于公元5世纪被东罗马帝国皇帝搬走后失踪，成为世界艺术史上的一大憾事。帕提农神庙是希腊全盛时期建筑与雕刻的主要代表，有“希腊国宝”之称。5世纪中叶，神庙被改为基督教堂，雅典娜神像被移去。1458年土耳其人占领雅典后将神庙改为清真寺。1687年威尼斯人与土耳其人作战时，炮火击中了神庙中的一个火药库，炸毁了神庙的中部。1801-1803年，英国贵族埃尔金勋爵将大部分存留的雕刻运走。许多原属神庙的古物，现散落在不列颠博物馆、卢浮宫和哥本哈根等地。19世纪下半叶，曾对神庙进行过部分修复，但已无法恢复原貌，现仅留有一座石柱林立的外壳。

Breathtaking Parthenon??????Parthenon is the main temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, also known as the Pantheon, built in the mid-5th century BC, recognized Doleac column (three Greek classical architecture in the simplest) development peak. Temple's main building into two halls, one each in East and West ends of the cylinder with six Dorian porch. East of the porch leading to the Inner Temple, originally dedicated to the great hall goddess Athena, 11.89 meters high, the total weight of about 40 to 50 gold pieces inlaid Talent made of wood framework, its face, hands, feet, part of the ivory carving, eyes, Tongren by the stone setting. Statue design smart, you can covert activities or transfer. However, this work of art, in the 5th century AD, Roman Emperor was moved east after the disappearance, one of the world's art history major regret. Parthenon Greek architecture and sculpture heyday of the main representatives of the "Greek national treasure," said. 5 mid-century, the temple was changed to Christ Church, Athena statue was removed. In 1458 after the Turks occupied the temple into a mosque in Athens. Venetian and Turkish war in 1687 when the fire hit the temple in a powder keg to blow up the temple's central. 1801-1803, British aristocrat Lord Elgin of the sculptures will be transported most of retention. Many formerly Temple of Antiquities, now scattered in the British Museum, the Louvre and the Copenhagen and other places. Half of the 19th century, the temple had been part of the repair, but can not be restored, is now only one Dan Zhulin

established shell left.

雅典娜胜利神庙

雅典娜胜利神庙建于公元前449-前421年，采用爱奥尼亚柱式，台基长8.15米，宽5.38米，前后柱廊雕饰精美，是居住在雅典的多利亚人与爱奥尼亚人共同创造的建筑艺术结晶。胜利女神是巨人帕拉斯与冥河斯提克斯的女儿，她作为智慧女神雅典娜和主神宙斯的象征，在艺术品中表现为他们用手牵领着的小人儿，她手持棕榈枝或花环，在比赛胜利者头上展翅翱翔。她不仅司战争的胜利，也司其他赛事的胜利。

Temple of Athena??????Athena Temple was built in BC 449 - 421 years ago, using Ionic column, platform length 8.15 m, 5.38 m wide, beautifully carved around the colonnade, is living in Athens Dorians and Ionic Asian people together to create the architectural art crystal. Nike is a giant Pallas and dipped Sitikesi's daughter, she was a goddess of wisdom Athena and Zeus's symbol, in performance art in the hands pull their children led the villain, her palm or hand-held Garland, head of the race winner soar. She not only Division victory, but also the victory of the Division other events.

宙斯神庙

位于奥林匹亚村，是为了祭祀宙斯而建的，也是古希腊最大的神庙之一。宙斯神殿建于公元前470年，于公元前456年完工，由建筑师Libon设计，宙斯神像则由雕刻家pheidias负责。直到公元前86年，罗马指挥官苏拉(Sulla)攻占雅典，破坏了尚未完成的建筑，将一部分石柱和其他建材拆下来之后，运到罗马。直到今天，在罗马市中心的古罗马广场遗址上，还能看见它们。神殿是以表面铺上灰泥的石灰岩建成，殿顶则使用大理石兴建而成。宙斯庙尤以象牙和黄金的塑像而闻名于世。

Zeus Temple???????Olympia Village is located, was built to worship Zeus, and it is one of ancient Greece's largest temple. Zeus in the Temple was built in 470 BC, was completed in 456 BC, designed by the architect Libon, Zeus statue by the sculptor pheidias responsible. Until 86 BC, the Roman commander Sura (Sulla) captured Athens, destroyed the unfinished building, columns and other building materials will be part of the dismantling, the transport to Rome. Even today, the Roman Forum in Rome, the site of the city center, but also see them. Temple is built of limestone surface covered with plaster, marble is used Dianding was built. Zeus Temple, especially ivory and gold statue of the famous.

宙斯神庙是按照伊奥尼亚风格的建筑，后来改用了科林斯式石柱风格，而且一概使用大理石。和众多的古希腊神庙一样，宙斯神庙也遭受严重的破坏，104根柱子中仅存13根。宙斯神庙和哈德良拱门隔路相望。这两座建筑都是由距今1900多年前的罗马帝国国王哈德良时期修建的。现在我们已经无法看到宙斯神庙和哈德良拱门的原始形态，只能通过断壁残垣来回忆当时的辉煌。

Zeus Temple is in accordance with the Ionian architectural style, then switch to the Corinthian style columns, and Yi Gai use of marble. And many, like the ancient Greek temple, the temple of Zeus also suffered severe damage, 104 columns in the remaining 13. Temple of Zeus and Hadrian's Arch across across the road. This is two buildings away 1900 years ago by the Roman Empire during Hadrian built the King. Now that we have not seen the Temple of Zeus and Hadrian Arch of the original form, only by Duanbicanyuan to recall the glorious time.

古希腊建筑反映了一种人文精神: 古希腊纪念性的建筑物，除了艺术价值外，更为重要的是要歌颂城邦制度或体现城邦光荣的历史，渗透着爱国主义的精神。同时也反映了古希腊人热爱大自然。首先，建筑上大量而又广泛地运用了关于植物和动物的图案与雕饰。但是，古希腊人同时也是勇于征服大自然的。古希腊建筑乃至西方古典建筑的艺术风格重在表现人与自然的对抗之美。古希腊建筑以震撼人的外观和尺度展示建筑的永恒与崇高，以体现人之伟力。

Ancient Greek architecture reflects a humanistic spirit: ancient Greek monumental buildings, in addition to artistic value, the more important to praise the glorious city-state system, or reflect the city's history, permeated with the spirit of patriotism. Also reflects the ancient Greek love of nature. First, building on the lot without extensive use of plants and animals on the patterns and carving. However, the ancient Greeks but also the courage to conquer nature. Western classical architecture of ancient Greece and even the artistic style of architecture lies against the performance of man and nature beauty. Ancient Greek architecture in order to shock people's appearance and scale display of the eternal and noble buildings, to reflect the great strength of person.

古希腊建筑反映了一种历史的纪念：古希腊文明被罗马帝国征服后，用其文化征服了罗马。因此罗马很大程度上继承了希腊的建筑风格。尽管罗马在发展自己建筑的同时将希腊的建筑作了很大的改动，但其精髓不变。希腊人的写实精神和艺术表现手法在文艺复兴时期得到了极大的发扬。从文艺复兴时期作品的逼真完美中就可以看出，爱琴文明作为欧洲的摇篮是多么重要。Ancient Greek architecture reflects a history of Memorial: ancient Greek civilization conquered by the Roman Empire, with its cultural conquest of Rome. Therefore, largely inherited the Greek Roman architectural style. Although the Roman building in the development of their own buildings, while the Greek made a big change, but its essence unchanged. Greek realism and artistic expression in the Renaissance was a great forward. Works from the Renaissance ideal of realism can be seen, Aegean civilization, the cradle of Europe how important it is.

我们可以深深的体会到，古希腊神庙的建筑风格是闪烁着人性光辉的历史巨作。一座座高大雄伟的建筑是在一套精密的准则下建造出的、体现古希腊人热爱自然征服自然的、表达对诸神无限敬重的、永远追求完美精致的作品。作为一种另人折服的高超技艺和独特的审美情趣，建筑也更体现了人文精神和一种历史的纪念。建筑是人建造的，更是为人而建造的。石铸的神庙是为了体现人们的种种愿望，意志与思想。因此，不同时代的建筑也反映了不同时代的人，不同时代的社会。

We can realize how the ancient Greek temple architecture is a glorious history of humanity shining masterpiece. 1 seat is tall magnificent building constructed under the guidelines set out precise, and reflect the ancient Greeks love nature to conquer nature, to express infinite gods respected, always seeking the perfect delicate works. Empowering the other person as a superb and unique aesthetics, architecture and more reflects the human spirit and a history of the Memorial. Architecture is a human construction, it is built man. Stone cast of the temple is to embody all the aspirations of the people, will and thought. Therefore, different era buildings also reflect the different ages of people, different times of the community.

古希腊建筑是一本石头做的书。书中凝结了太多的辉煌，太多的灿烂，然而我们能看到的却只有残墙断柱，只有乱石堆的沧桑-----希腊终究也逃不过历史衰败和断代,无法流传导致的许多迷惑和不解让人遗憾和叹息,但古希腊的建筑却超越了时代,走向永恒,完好的保存了下来.也许,我们还能站在石柱和石柱之间,体会那雄伟壮丽中的沧桑与悲凉. 建筑是一个时代的纪念。她永远将这个时代的政治、经济、文化的万种风情烙在身上，我们能从读建筑中，读出一个时代的历史风云。

Ancient Greek architecture is a book made of stone. The book condenses a lot of brilliant, too brilliant, but we can see only Canqiang broken column, only the chaotic rubble of the vicissitudes ----- decline of Greece after all can not escape history, and dating, can not spread lead to confusion and bewilderment of many people regret and sigh, but the ancient Greek era building has been exceeded, to the eternal, well-preserved. perhaps, we can stand between the pillars and columns, that magnificent experience in The vicissitudes of life and sadness. commemoration of an era architecture. She will always be this era's political, economic, and cultural customs 10,000 kinds of branded on the body, we can read building, read the historical events of an era.