英国文学第三章
刘炳善《英国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解-第3章 英国资产阶级革命时期【圣才出品】
第3章英国资产阶级革命时期3.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Background Knowledge（背景知识）The harmonious collaboration between Queen Elizabeth and the Parliament which represented the interest of the bourgeoisie was intensified at the end of Elizabeth’s reign. As JamesⅠ and Charles Ⅰ came to throne, the conflict between the monarch and the Parliament became more and more severe. In 1642, the English Bourgeois Revolution broke out. King Charles Ⅰ was beheaded in 1649, and the war ended. Monarchy was abolished. England was declared a commonwealth, i.e., a republic.After the death of Cromwell, the Parliament recalled Charles Ⅱ to England in 1660. Then followed the Restoration period. When James Ⅱ threatened to restore the old absolute monarchy, the bourgeoisie expelled him and invited William, Prince of Orange, from Holland, to be King of England in 1688. This was called “Glorious Revolution”, after this revolution, the state structure of England was settled, within which capitalism could develop freely.伊丽莎白女王和代表资产阶级利益的议会之间良好的合作在她统治的最后几年变得紧张起来。
文学Unit 3 William Shakespeare
△b. Period of rapid growth and development
(1595—1600)
• Mature period of “great comedies”(喜剧） and
historical plays（历史剧）: rapid growth and
development: the plays in this period are marked by more careful and artistic work, better plot, and a marked increase in the knowledge of human nature. • △Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 (1595)(悲剧） • Richard Ⅱ 《里查二世 》(1595) • △ A Mid-Summer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦 》 (1595) • King John《约翰王》 (1596) • △ The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人 》(1596) • Henry IV, Part I《亨利四世 》(1597)
★II. His literary career
Shakespeare's literary career can be roughly divided into 4 periods:
a. Period of early experimentation(1590—1594) b. Period of rapid growth and development (1595—1600) c. Period of gloom and depression (1601—1607) d. Period of calm after storm (1608—1612)
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材-第3章 乔叟时期(1350～1400)【圣才出品】
第3章乔叟时期(1350～1400)3.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）Two important historical events happened during the century in which Chaucer lived and their influence can be detected in the writings of Chaucer and Langland. The first was the Hundred Years’ War between England and France, starting from the reign of Edward the Third (1327～1377) and ending during the reign of Henry the Sixth (1421～1471). It was a series of wars fought between the English kings and the French kings for the French throne. The second historical event was the peasant uprising of 1381, during the reign of King Richard the Second. This peasant uprising was the direct result of exploitation and oppression of the peasants by the feudal lords.在乔叟生活的年代，发生过两件大事，它们的影响力可以在乔叟和朗格兰的作品中见到。
第一件大事是英法百年战争，始于爱德华三世统治时期（1327～1377），终于亨利六世时期（1421～1471）。
Chapters 3-4 英国文学简史ppt(English Literature)
the zenith of wealth and power during her reign. ➢ The Elizabethan age was one in which Renaissance transformed Chaucer’s medieval England into Shakespeare’s modern one.
➢ Plays, 37 in number
John Shakespeare's house, believed to be Shakespeare's birthplace, in Stratford-uponAvon.
William Shakespeare
(1564-1616)
Drama: period I
Drama: period III
➢ 1608-1612: the period of romances or serenity
➢ Cymbeline, Winter’s Tale, The Tempest
A Statue of William Shakespeare in Lincoln Park, Chicago.
First English comedy and tragedy
➢ Gammer Gurton’s Needle (1553/1575) ➢ Gorboduc (1561)
Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)
Introduction ➢ The most preeminent figure among the
英国文学选读unit3
Unit3 Francis Bacon (I561-1626)
Of Marriage and Single Life Of Studies
Francis Bacon (1561—1626)
• Francis Baconholas Bacon, Keeper of the Privy Seal to Queen Elizabeth.He went to Cambridge University at twelve. He took up law after graduation, and soon became successful. He became a member of the House of Commons(下议院) at the age of twentythree. His alliance with the bourgeoisie(中 产阶级) offended Queen Elizabeth who, up until that time had liked him. When James I came to the throne, Bacon became Lord Chancellor and was made a knight in 1618. In the course of his climbing to the top, however, he made enemies who brought about his final downfall. He died in disgrace in 1626.
paragraph. • b. the conciseness of expressions and phrases presents a plain style as well as
英国文学Unit3 FrancisBacon
• Bacon’s Essays • What is essay?
– As a form of literature, the essay is a composition of moderate length, usually in prose, which deals in an easy, cursory way with the external conditions of a subject, and, in strictness, with that subject, only as it affects the writer.
• The essay was invented by Montaigne.
– Montaigne introduced the fashion of writing briefly, irregularly, with constant digressions and interruptions, about the world as it appears to the individual who writes. – Bacon offers his views on a whole smorgasbord of topics ranging from Truth, Death,' Adversitie', Marriage & the single life, Love, Boldness, Superstition, Friendship, Health, Ambition, Youth, Beauty to Anger & Fame.
• Pope called Bacon • "the wisest, brightest, and meanest of mankind." • His famous saying, "knowledge is power", is found in the Meditations.
英国文学史及作品选读 Chapter 3
2. The two contemporaries of Chaucer:
John Wycliff: The “Father of English prose”. He translated the Bible into Middle English. William Langland: The Vision of Piers Plowman. An allegory.
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Notes (1)
prioress: (Madam Eglantyne) A nun in charge of a priory or ranking next below the abbess of an abbey. 小女隐修院院长或大女隐修院副院长 parson: An Anglican cleric with full legal control of a parish under ecclesiastical law; a rector. 教区牧师英国英车圣公会牧师，在基督教法律 下拥有对一个教区的完全的法律控制权；教区 长
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3. Geoffrey Chaucer (ca. 1343-1400)
Life: Born urban middle class； In the service of the ruling class； The diplomatic mission that sent Chaucer to Italy in 1372 was a milestone in his literary development. He had direct contact with the Italian Renaissance. Perhaps he acquired manuscripts of works by Dante, Petriarch, and Boccaccio.
英语文学Chapter 3
Chapter 3Directions: Please fill in the following blanks with appropriate information.1.The _________________ refers to the cultural movement from the 14th to the 17th century.It is considered the bridge between the ______________ Ages and modern history. (Renaissance; Middle)2.The Ren aissance began in Florence, Italy. It means the ______________ or revival of the European culture through the rediscovery of classical Greek culture. (rebirth)3.In essence, the Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of the old ___________ ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (middle class), and to recover the purity of the early ___________ from the corruption of Roman Catholic church. (feudalist; church)4.___________ is the essence of Renaissance. Its philosophical foundation is the belief that “Man is the measure of all things”. It praised human nature and emphasized the dignity of human beings and the present life. Humanists believed that man had the right to enjoy life and had the ability to perfect himself and perform wonders. (Humanism)5.___________and drama were the most outstanding literary forms of the Renaissance. (Poetry)6.In England, the sixteenth century marked the beginning of the English Renaissance. The major figures were ______________, Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Sir Thomas More, Francis Bacon and a number of humanist scholars. (William Shakespeare)7.Thomas More’s best-known work is _____________. It is a picture of an ideal non-Christian state where everybody lives a simple life, shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief. (Utopia)8.Christopher Marlowe was an English playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. A chief member of the group known as the ___________________, Marlowe was the foremost Elizabethan tragedian of his day, who greatly influenced William Shakespeare. (University Wits)9.___________________ was an English poet best known for The Faerie Queen,an epic poem celebrating Elizabeth I. (Edmund Spenser)10.William Shakespeare produced a whole series of historical plays, _________________ and comedies: such as Henry V, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and Twelfth Night. (tragedies)11.Ben Jonson’s comment on __________________________’s achievement is: “He was not of an age, but for all time!” (William Shakespeare)12.William Shakespeare’s great tragedies include ________________, Othello, King Lear, and ________________. (Hamlet; Macbeth)13.In “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”, “thee” means “____________”. (you)14.In “But thy eternal summer shall not fade”, “thy” means “____________”. (your)15.“So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, / So long lives this and this gives life to thee” istaken from William Shakespear e’s ____________________. (Sonnet 18)16.The rhyme scheme in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18is________________________________. (a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g)17. A typical Shakespearean sonnet has ____________ lines of iambic pentameter and ends in a rhymed ____________. (14; couplet)18.“To be, or not to be: that is the question”is taken from William Shakespeare’s tragedy ____________. (Hamlet)19.“Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability”is taken from Francis Bacon’s __________________. (Essays)20.“Some books ar e to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested” is taken from ________________________’s Essays. (Francis Bacon)1，_________________指的是从第十四到第十七世纪的文化运动。
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Chinese version of the first part
Q2: in your own words, summarize the character of knight from brief introduction in this excerpt.
Worthy man: Loved the following: Chivalry; Truth; openhandedness; courtesy. Honored for his worthy.
Chaucer’ Chaucer’s literary career
3.the period of his maturity (1386-1400) (1386The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》 坎特伯雷故事集》
Chaucer’ Chaucer’s contribution to English Literature and Language
The Canterbury Tales
The function of the Prologue to The
Canterbury Tales An Excerpt of the Prologue
Geoffrey Chaucer’s Life Chaucer’
Chaucer’ Chaucer’s Life Son of a wine merchant; page – way of court; army – prisoner in France; Diplomatic position in France and Italy; Other positions.
The General Prologue
The first part: the setting of the tales; The second Part: the cause of the book; The third part: the description of palmers.
The first part: the setting of the tales
Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote The droghte of March hath perced to the roote And bathed every veyne in swich licour, Of which vertu engendred is the flour; Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth Inspired hath in every holt and heeth The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne croppes, Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne, And smale foweles maken melodye, That slepen al the nyght with open ye (So priketh hem Nature in hir corages); corages); Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes; halwes, londes;
The Function of the Prologue
A splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature A striking brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country A miniature of the English society of Chaucer’ Chaucer’s time. A framework for the tales
the holy orders: a parson, some nuns, a monk, a friar, a summoner, and a pardoner. and the middle class: a merchant, the Wife of Bath, a haberdasher, a dyer, a carpenter, a weaver, a carpet maker as well as a skipper
夏雨给大地带来了喜悦， 送走了土壤干裂的三月， 沐浴着草木的丝丝经络， 顿时百花盛开，生机勃勃。 西风轻吹留下清香缕缕， 田野复苏吐出芳草绿绿； 碧蓝的天空腾起一轮红日， 青春的太阳洒下万道金辉。 小鸟的歌喉多么清脆优美， 迷人的夏夜怎好安然入睡—— 迷人的夏夜怎好安然入睡—— 美丽的自然撩拨万物的心弦， 多情的鸟儿歌唱爱情的欣欢。 香客盼望膜拜圣徒的灵台， 僧侣立愿云游陌生的滨海。 信徒来自全国东西南北， 众人结伴奔向坎特伯雷， 去朝谢医病救世的恩主， 以缅怀大恩大德的圣徒。
The third part: the description of palmers
Knight: an excellent man; Fought in many campaigns; Despite his prowess, honored in men’s eyes; men’ Deportment: Meek as a girl, gentle, Never spoke ignobly; Horse was good; Clothing: spattered by the rust, just returned.
Part Three Geoffrey Chaucer (1340(1340-1400)
Geoffrey Chaucer
Geoffrey Chaucer’s Life & works Chaucer’ Chaucer’ Chaucer’s contributions to English Literature and Language
The second Part: the cause of the book The author and other 29 palmers meet at the Tabard. They are all about to start the pilgrim journey to Canterbury.
Chaucer’ aucer’s literary career
1.the period of French influence (1359(13591372):
Romance of the Rose; 《玫瑰传奇》 玫瑰传奇》 Book of the Duchess; 《公爵夫人之书》 公爵夫人之书》
the “father of English poetry” poetry” the first most significant poet in English literary history to write in Middle English the “heroic couplet” couplet” did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for the modern English language
• /cantales.htm
Q1：how is the setting of the tales described? Q1： With such a setting, could you predict the general tone of the tales that are to follow?
The description of what you see: bud and roots, showers, flowers, wood and field, sun; What you feel: breeze; What you hear: song of the birds. Spring: full of vigor; full of green which represents life, youth and hope.
Heroic couplet (英雄双韵体） (英雄双韵体）
The heroic couplet, two rhyming iambic pentameter （五步抑扬格）lines, is also （五步抑扬格）lines, called a closet couplet because the meaning and the grammatical structure are complete within two lines.
Chaucer’ Chaucer’s literary career
2.the period of Italian influence (1372(13721386)
The Legend of Good Women;《良妇传说》 Women;《良妇传说》 The House of Fame;《声誉之堂》 Fame;《声誉之堂》 The Parliament of Fowls;《百鸟议会》 Fowls;《百鸟议会》 Troilus and Criseyde.《特罗勒斯与克莱西》 Criseyde.《特罗勒斯与克莱西》
The Canterbury Tales