国际商务合同文体与翻译chapter4
Are they good sentences?
For the full term and even when the contract is finished or cancelled, Party B cannot nformation to the other party.
This Contract shall be governed by and
construed in accordance with the laws
of China.
Formal legal words
The Appendix hereto shall, through the contract period, be considered to be construed as an integral part of this Contract. 整个合同期间，本合同附件都应解释为合同不可 分割的一部分 The Appendix hereto shall, through the contract period, be deemed to be construed as an integral part of this Contract.
Formal legal words
Party A shall send back the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou. 甲方应将病人遣返中国并负责其往返广州的旅费
Party A shall repatriate the patient
Formal legal words
※ “在……之前”一般用“prior to”， 而不用“before”；
If the Force Majeure applies prior to
the Completion Date, the parties will meet to discuss a revised timetable for the completion of the Project.
to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou.
Formal legal words
This Contract shall be governed by and
explained according to the laws of China. 本合同受中国法律管辖，并依照中国法律解释。
For the full term and even after the termination or cancellation of the Agreement, Party B shall take all and every necessary care to ensure that such technical information shall not be disclosed to any third party.
Word Using in Business Contract
LOGO
Formal legal words
正式法律用语
Formal legal words
商务合同是具有法律效力的经济文书，其语言 属于法律范畴。商务英语合同中大量使用的是 正式的法律用语及专业词汇，它既不同于文学 文本中诗情画意的文字，也不同于生活用语中 随性而发的话语。
Are they good sentences?
The buyer can ask for a claim against the seller because the seller caused the losses the buyer has to bear.
The buyer shall have the right to lodge a claim against the seller for the losses sustained if any.
LOGO
国际商务合同的文体与翻译
Style and Translation of International Business Contracts
商务英文合同的语言特色
Language Features
1 Language Features of Business Contract 2 Word Using in Business Contract 3 Sentence Pattern in Business Contract
如在竣工期之前遇到不可抗力，双方应开会 讨论修改工程竣工的时间表。
Formal legal words
※“关于”常用“as regards”，“concerning” 或“relating to”，而不会用“about”；
在本合同有效期内，甚至在其终止或撤销后，乙方仍需 注意保密，不得将该项技术资料泄露给任何第三方。
Language Features
Commercial contract is an agreement, which legally binds the parties concerned according to fixed laws. Therefore, language in commercial contract should be professional or legal, formal and accurate in order to avoid possible disputes and conflicts.
Formal legal words
The Employer shall give correct technical guidance to the personnel. 雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。
The Employer shall render correct
technical guidance to the personnel.
国际商务合同的文体与翻译chapter.ppt
Are they good sentences?
The buyer can ask for a claim against the seller because the seller caused the losses the buyer has to bear.
The buyer shall have the right to lodge a claim against the seller for the losses sustained if any.
Formal legal words
The Employer shall give correct technical guidance to the personnel. 雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。
The Employer shall render correct
technical guidance to the personnel.
Word Using in Business Contract
LOGO
Formal legal words
正式法律用语
Formal legal words
商务合同是具有法律效力的经济文书，其语言 属于法律范畴。商务英语合同中大量使用的是 正式的法律用语及专业词汇，它既不同于文学 文本中诗情画意的文字，也不同于生活用语中 随性而发的话语。
如在竣工期之前遇到不可抗力，双方应开会 讨论修改工程竣工的时间表。
Formal legal words
※“关于”常用“as regards”，“concerning” 或“relating to”，而不会用“about”；
This Contract shall be governed by and
2024年国际商务协议英文版翻译示例版B版
20XX 专业合同封面COUNTRACT COVER甲方：XXX乙方：XXX2024年国际商务协议英文版翻译示例版B版本合同目录一览1. 翻译服务范围1.1 翻译文件类型1.2 翻译语言版本1.3 翻译质量标准2. 翻译时间和进度安排2.1 翻译完成时间2.2 翻译进度报告2.3 翻译修改和润色3. 翻译费用和支付方式3.1 翻译费用金额3.2 支付时间和方式3.3 翻译费用调整4. 翻译人员的资格和经验4.1 翻译人员资格4.2 翻译人员经验4.3 翻译团队管理5. 翻译资料的保密和保护5.1 保密义务5.2 资料保护措施5.3 保密期限6. 翻译成果的版权和使用6.1 翻译成果版权6.2 翻译成果使用范围6.3 翻译成果修改和再授权7. 违约责任7.1 翻译服务未按期完成 7.2 翻译质量不符合约定7.3 翻译资料泄露或遗失8. 争议解决方式8.1 协商解决8.2 调解解决8.3 仲裁解决8.4 法律途径9. 其他约定9.1 合同的生效和终止9.2 合同的修改和补充9.3 通知和送达10. 适用法律和管辖10.1 适用法律10.2 合同争议的管辖11. 合同的签订和生效11.1 合同签订地点和时间 11.2 合同的副本和正本11.3 合同的生效条件12. 双方信息12.1 翻译服务提供方信息12.2 翻译服务需求方信息13. 附件13.1 翻译文件清单13.2 翻译质量评估标准13.3 保密协议14. 签署页14.1 翻译服务提供方签署 14.2 翻译服务需求方签署第一部分：合同如下：第一条翻译服务范围1.1 翻译文件类型1.1.1 商业报告1.1.2 合同文件1.1.3 会议纪要1.1.4 技术手册1.2 翻译语言版本1.2.1 英语至中文1.2.2 中文至英语1.2.3 其他语言版本（具体语种列表）1.3 翻译质量标准1.3.1 准确性1.3.2 流畅性1.3.3 专业术语的正确使用1.3.4 符合原文意图1.3.5 校对和润色第二条翻译时间和进度安排2.1 翻译完成时间2.1.1 按文件类型和页数计算的完成时间表 2.1.2 特定文件的交付日期2.2 翻译进度报告2.2.1 定期进度更新2.2.2 里程碑和关键阶段的报告2.3 翻译修改和润色2.3.1 客户反馈的整合2.3.2 内部质量控制流程2.3.3 最终审校和润色第三条翻译费用和支付方式3.1 翻译费用金额3.1.1 根据文件类型和页数定价3.1.2 附加服务的费用计算3.2 支付时间和方式3.2.1 预付款的百分比和期限3.2.2 剩余费用的支付日期3.2.3 支付方式（如银行转账、等） 3.3 翻译费用调整3.3.1 变更服务内容的费用调整3.3.2 额外工作量的费用计算第四条翻译人员的资格和经验4.1 翻译人员资格4.1.1 语言学位或相关资格证书4.1.2 专业领域的工作经验4.2 翻译人员经验4.2.1 翻译相关行业经验4.2.2 特定主题的翻译项目经验4.3 翻译团队管理4.3.1 团队成员的分工和职责4.3.2 质量保证流程第五条翻译资料的保密和保护5.1 保密义务5.1.1 对客户资料的保密5.1.2 对翻译成果的保密5.2 资料保护措施5.2.1 资料存储和访问控制 5.2.2 网络安全措施5.3 保密期限5.3.1 资料的保密期限5.3.2 保密期限的延长条件第六条翻译成果的版权和使用6.1 翻译成果版权6.1.1 版权归属6.1.2 版权转让条件6.2 翻译成果使用范围6.2.1 指定用途6.2.2 额外使用的许可条件 6.3 翻译成果修改和再授权6.3.1 对翻译成果的修改6.3.2 翻译成果的再授权流程第八条违约责任8.1 翻译服务未按期完成8.1.1 延迟交付的罚则8.1.2 延迟交付的补救措施 8.2 翻译质量不符合约定8.2.1 质量问题的界定8.2.2 质量问题的补救措施 8.3 翻译资料泄露或遗失8.3.1 资料泄露或遗失的责任 8.3.2 资料泄露或遗失的赔偿第九条争议解决方式9.1 协商解决9.1.1 双方协商的期限9.1.2 协商不成的后续步骤 9.2 调解解决9.2.1 调解机构的选定9.2.2 调解结果的效力9.3 仲裁解决9.3.1 仲裁机构的选定9.3.2 仲裁程序和裁决的执行 9.4 法律途径9.4.1 诉讼管辖法院9.4.2 法律诉讼的程序和时效第十条其他约定10.1 合同的生效和终止10.1.1 合同生效的条件10.1.2 合同终止的情形10.2 合同的修改和补充10.2.1 合同修改的程序10.2.2 合同补充的内容10.3 通知和送达10.3.1 通知的方式和时限10.3.2 送达地址的确认第十一条适用法律和管辖11.1 适用法律11.1.1 合同适用的法律体系 11.1.2 法律冲突的处理原则 11.2 合同争议的管辖11.2.1 争议解决的地理位置 11.2.2 管辖法律的适用第十二条合同的签订和生效12.1 合同签订地点和时间12.1.1 签订地点的确认12.1.2 签订时间的记录12.2 合同的副本和正本12.2.1 合同副本的制作和分发 12.2.2 合同正本的使用和保存 12.3 合同的生效条件12.3.1 生效条件的满足12.3.2 生效时间的确定第十三条双方信息13.1 翻译服务提供方信息13.1.1 法律实体信息13.1.2 联系人和联系方式13.2 翻译服务需求方信息13.2.1 法律实体信息13.2.2 联系人和联系方式第十四条附件14.1 翻译文件清单14.1.1 文件名称和编号14.1.2 文件内容和页数14.2 翻译质量评估标准14.2.1 质量评估的指标和方法 14.2.2 质量评估的流程和时限 14.3 保密协议14.3.1 保密协议的内容14.3.2 保密协议的签署和生效第二部分：其他补充性说明和解释说明一：附件列表：附件1：翻译文件清单1.1 商业报告示例文件1.2 合同文件模板1.3 会议纪要样本1.4 技术手册样本附件2：翻译质量评估标准2.1 准确性评估表2.2 流畅性评估表2.3 专业术语使用评估表2.4 符合原文意图评估表2.5 校对和润色评估表附件3：保密协议3.1 保密协议3.2 保密协议签署页说明二：违约行为及责任认定：违约行为：1. 翻译服务未按期完成1.1 延迟交付的罚则：按照合同约定的金额的1% per day 计算违约金。
商务英语阅读教程4Unit4textBppt课件
to WTO agreements, which are Ratify
signed by representatives of 批准
member governments and
ratified by their parliaments. Most of the issues that the WTO focuses on derive from previous
《知识产权协定》宗旨：减少对 国际贸易的扭曲与阻碍；促进对 知识产权在国际范围内更充分、 有效的保护；确保知识产权的实 施及程序不对合法贸易构成壁垒。
Translation 1
Extending the coverage of trade regulation to the national level, we will examine the relationship between national trade regulation and the world trading system, particularly export and import regulation.
elimination of preferences, on a
Substantial
reciprocal and mutually advantageous 实质的
basis." It was negotiated during
the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment and was the
Agreement 马拉喀什协议
nations on 15 April 1994,
replacinTariffs and
Trade .
Chapter 4 International Trade
Chapter 4 International Trade_____________________________________________________________________ The objectives of this chapter:1. Trade terms2. Incoterms3. Comparison of trade terms4. Selection of trade terms5. Service in International tradeⅠ.Trade terms1. Definition of trade terms2. Components of trade terms1. Definition of trade termsTrade terms , price terms are short terms and abbreviations which are used to explain the price composition.4.1 International Commercial TermsDiscussion questions•1. What is Incoterms?•2. What is the purpose of Incoterms?•3. What are the cost and risk division points for each group of trade terms?•4. In CIF, what kind of insurance coverage is usually provided by the seller to the buyer? •5. Why buyers from some countries require FOB term?What is “Incoterms”?The system of definitions that is most widely used by exporters throughout the world is “Incoterms” (developed by the International Chamber of Commerce).1）. The purpose of Incotermsto provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade.2）. Incoterms 1990①the"E"--term②the "F"--terms③the "C"--terms④the "D"--terms2. Components of trade terms①type of currency②price per unit③measurement unit④trade termseg: ₤100 per dozen CIF LondonII. Comparison of trade terms1. FOB: free on board(d port of shipment)装运港船上交货……指定装运港）FOB means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship's rail at the named port of shipment.13种贸易术语比较A. The seller must:A1. provision of goods in conformity with the contractA2. Licences, authorisations and formalitiesA3.Contract of carriage and insuranceA4. DeliveryA5. Transfer of risksA6. Division of costsA7.Notice to the buyerA8. proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message A9.Checking --packing--markingB. the buyer must:B1. payment of the priceB2. Licences, authorisations and formalitiesB3. Contract of carriageB4. Taking deliveryB5. Transfer of risksB6. Division of costsB7. Notice to the sellerB8. Proof of delivery , transport document or equivalent electronic messageB9.Inspection of goods2. CFR:cost and freight(d port of destination)the seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination.A. The seller must:A1. Provision of goods in conformity with the contractA2.Licences, authorisations and formalitiesA3.Contract of carriage and insuranceA4.DeliveryA5.Transfer of risksA6.Division of costsA7.Notice to the buyerA8.Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic messageA9.Checking---packing---markingB. The buyer mustB1.Payment of the priceB2.Licences, authorisations and formalitiesB3.Contract of carriageB4.Taking deliveryB5.Transfer of risksB6.Division of costsB7.Notice to the sellerB8.Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic messageB9.Inspection of goods3. CIF: cost ,insurance and freight(d port destination)成本加保险费，运费……指定目的港the seller delivers when goods pass the ship's rail in the port of shipment. the seller must pay the costs and freight ,to procure marine insurance against the buyer's risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.A. The seller must:A1.provision of goods in conformity with the contractA2.Licences,authorisations and formalitiesA3.Contract of carriage and insuranceA4.DeliveryA5.Transger of risksA6.Division of costsA7.Notice to the buyerA8.Proof of delivery,transport document or equivalent electronic messageA9.Checking---packing---markingB. The buyer must:B1.Payment of the priceB2.Licences, authorisations and formalitiesB3.Contract of carriageB4.Taking deliveryB5.Transfer of risksB6.Division of costsB7.Notice to the sellerB8.Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic messageB9.Inspection of goods•在常用国际贸易术语中，FOB、CIF和CFR只适用于海运，FCA、CPT和CIP可用于各种运输方式。
国际商务合同的文体与翻译chapter2 4 优质课件
Rescission and Termination
合同解除和合同终止的区别：
1.合同解除是单方法律行为(one-sided act in law) 由于主客观情况的出现，导致不可能或不必要 履行合同时，当事人一方根据法律或约定，通 知另一方解除原合同法律关系。
2.合同的终止是基于合同履行完毕，生效裁决或 合同当事人合意(meeting of minds)等法律事实， 而导致合同法律关系归于消灭。
法律规定的其他情形
※After the rescission of a contract, the p has not been performed shall be suspended; with regard to the part that has been performed, one party may ask the other party to restore it to the original state or adopt other remedial measures, and shall have the right to demand compensation
如果乙方在6个月内不能销售双方同意的数量， 甲方有权书面通知乙方解除本合同
Rescission of Contract
In any of the following situations, the parties may rescind a contract:
1. If the objective of a contract cannot be reached
Rescission of Contract
合同的解除是指合同未履行或未完全履行前 (has not or wholly been performed)，由于发生 导致合同履行成为不必要或不可能的主客观情 况，当事人一方通知另一方(the notice by the other party)解除原合同法律关系的法律行为。 合同解除是一种单方法律行为(one-sided act in law)。只要法定或约定的合同解除原因发生，当 事人一方有权通知另一方解除合同。
国际经贸英语合同写作翻译
国际经贸英语合同写作翻译International Trade and Business English Contract Writing and TranslationIn today’s globalized world, international trade and business transactions are becoming increasingly prevalent. As a result, the ability to communicate effectively in international trade and business English is becoming a highly sought-after skill. One of the most important aspects of conducting international business is the ability to draft and translate contracts accurately and efficiently. In this article, we will explore the key elements and best practices for writing and translating international trade and business English contracts.1. Introduction to International Trade and Business English ContractsInternational trade and business English contracts are legal documents that outline the terms and conditions agreed upon by the involved parties. These contracts provide a framework for the parties' commercial relationship and dictate the rights and obligations of each party. When drafting an international trade and business English contract, it is crucial to ensure clarity, precision, and conformity to legal requirements.2. Structure of International Trade and Business English ContractsInternational trade and business English contracts typically consist of several key sections:a. Header: The contract should include a header that clearly states the title of the contract, the date of execution, and the names and addresses of the parties involved.b. Introduction: The introduction section provides a brief overview of the purpose and background of the contract. It may also include definitions of key terms used throughout the document.c. Agreement: The agreement section outlines the terms and conditions agreed upon by the parties. This section should cover important aspects such as payment terms, delivery obligations, quality standards, liability and indemnity provisions, dispute resolution mechanisms, and termination clauses.d. Governing Law and Jurisdiction: This section specifies the laws that will govern the interpretation and enforcement of the contract. It also identifies the jurisdiction where any disputes arising from the contract will be resolved.e. Confidentiality and Non-Disclosure: If the contract involves the exchange of sensitive information, a confidentiality and non-disclosure section should be included to protect the parties' proprietary information.f. Force Majeure: This section addresses unforeseeable circumstances that may prevent the parties from fulfilling their contractual obligations, such as natural disasters or political unrest.g. Miscellaneous: The miscellaneous section covers any additional provisions or clauses that are relevant to the specific contract.3. Best Practices for Writing International Trade and Business English ContractsWhen writing international trade and business English contracts, it is important to follow best practices to ensure clarity and avoid ambiguity. Here are some tips to enhance the quality of your contract writing:a. Use Clear and Concise Language: Contracts should use plain English and avoid legal jargon as much as possible. Clear and concise language ensures that all parties can understand the terms and conditions without confusion.b. Define Key Terms: Key terms used throughout the contract should be defined to prevent any misinterpretation. This ensures that all parties have a common understanding of the contract's provisions.c. Be Specific and Detailed: Contracts should provide specific and detailed information regarding obligations, deadlines, quantities, prices, and any other relevant details. This minimizes the risk of misunderstandings or disputes.d. Ensure Consistency: The language and format used throughout the contract should be consistent. This includes consistent use of defined terms, numbering, and references.4. Translation Considerations for International Trade and Business English ContractsTranslation is a critical aspect of international trade and business English contracts, especially when dealing with parties from different language backgrounds. Here are some considerations for effective contract translation:a. Engage Professional Translators: Contracts require precise translation to ensure accuracy and maintain legal integrity. It is advisable to engage professional translators who have expertise in legal translation and a good understanding of the specific industry.b. Cultural Sensitivity: Contracts are influenced by the legal and business practices of different countries. Translators should be aware of cultural nuances and adapt the language and content accordingly to ensure the translated contract aligns with the target market's expectations.c. Proofreading and Review: Translated contracts should undergo rigorous proofreading and review processes to eliminate errors and ensure accuracy in the final document. This may involve involving the contracting parties or legal experts fluent in the target language.Conclusion:Writing and translating international trade and business English contracts require a thorough understanding of legal and business practices, as well as effective communication skills. By following the key elements and best practices outlined in this article, individuals and businesses can enhance their ability to draft and translate contracts accurately and efficiently. This will serve to strengthen their international trade and business endeavors and build strong and successful partnerships across borders.。
lecture 4 商务合同的翻译
12
Use the correct and precise words In the absence of such statement, the commercial documents will be released only against payment. 如无此项说明, 商业单据仅凭付款交 付.
4
语言特色
• 多把here, there, where加后缀 Here—this There—that Where—what/which Hereinafter：later in this contract, etc. Hereto：to this
5
Use old English
To make the compound words by adding after, by, in, of, on, to, under, upon, or with after here, there, or where Hereafter: in this document and after this point 此后, 以后 Hereby: in this way or by this letter以 此, 特此, 由此 Thereby: by that 按此, 借此, 从而, 由此 Therefrom: from that从那里
6
语言特色
• 多用成双成对的同义词 1）This Agreement made and entered into by and between ABC Co. and XYZ Co. ABC 公司和XYZ公司双方签订本协议。 2）All documents, letters, telegrams and telexes interchanged between both parties before the signing of the Contract shall become null and void automatically from the date on which the Contract comes into force. 双方在签约前交换的所有文件、书信、电报和电 传，应从本合同生效之日开始自动失效。 7
国际商务合同翻译教程 教学配套课件 兰天 修改后 unit four
after delivery to the Buyer’s warehouse.
协议双方充分认识到，为了他们自己和合营企业的最大利 益，必须尽一切可能增加生产。因此，双方同意合营企业应保 留足够的收益，用于扩大生产的其他需要，如奖金和福利基
在开工之前，承包商应为此将各种计划、技术说明书一并提请
业主批准。
我方特此宣布，开始营业的资本额为（金额）。
4．1．1 1 therefore 译成“因此”，“为此”。
It is, therefore, to the mutual benefit of AAA and ZZZ to establish high standard of quality in the merchandise.
项与主要债务人负连带责任。
4．1．5 hereto 相当于to this，可译成“本协议的”。
The parties hereto are fully aware that the best interests of their own and Joint Venture will be served by taking all reasonable measures to ensure increase in production and in order to achieve this goal, the Parties agree to retain sufficient earnings in Joint Venture for the expansion of production and other requirements, such as bonus and welfare funds. The annual proportion of the earnings to be retained shall be decided by the Board of Directors.
合同法第四章(中英文)
合同法第四章（中英文）合同法第四章（中英文）债务人部分履行债务给债权人增加的费用，由债务人负担。
Chapter IVFulfillment of the Contract第六十条当事人应当按照约定全面履行自己的义务。
当事人应当遵循老实信用原那么，根据合同的性质、目的和交易习惯履行通知、协助、保密等义务。
Article 60 Theparties shall fulfill fully their respective obligations as contracted.The partiesshall observe the principle of good faith and fulfill the obligations ofnotification, assistance and confidentiality in aordance with the nature andaims of the contract and trade practices.第六十一条合同生效后，当事人就质量、价款或者报酬、履行地点等内容没有约定或者约定不明确的，可以协议补充;不能达成补充协议的，按照合同有关条款或者交易习惯确定。
Article 61 Fora contract that has bee valid, where the parties have not stipulated thecontents regarding quality, price or remuneration or the place of performance,or have stipulated them unclearly, the parties may supplement them byagreement; if they are unable to reach a supplementary agreement, the problemshall be determined in aordance with the related clauses of the contract orwith trade practices.第六十二条当事人就有关合同内容约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，适用以下规定：(一)质量要求不明确的，按照国家标准、行业标准履行;没有国家标准、行业标准的，按照通常标准或者符合合同目的的特定标准履行。
国际商务合同中英文对照(精品文档)_共5页
“永久工程”是根据合同将实施的永久工程（包括机械设备）。 例2 Neither the Consultants nor their Sub-consultants nor the Personnel of either of them shall, either directly or indirectly, engage in such business or professional activities in China as conflict with the activities assigned to them under this Contract. 咨询人，分包咨询人或两类人员，均不能直接或间接地在中国从事与本合同所 赋予的活动相冲突的商业或职业活动。 例3 “Retention Money[❤21] ” means the aggregate of all monies[❤22] retained by the Employer pursuant to Sub-Clause 60.2(a). “保留金”是指业主根据第 60.2（a）款规定留存的所有款项的总额。 ６ In Respect of; In Respect Thereof[❤23] 涉及，至于，在……方面，比 about, concerning, as regards 正式。 例1 Prior to making a claim under the performance security[❤24] , the Employer shall, in every case, notify the Contractor stating the nature of the default in respect of which the claim is to be made. Chinese version for reference: 根据履约保证，提出索赔之前，在任何情况下，业主应通知承包人，针对提出 的索赔说明违约的性质。 例2 The Employer shall indemnify the Contractor against[❤25] all claims, proceedings, damages, costs, charges and expenses in respect of the matters (referred to in the exceptions) defined in Sub-Clause 22.2. 业主应保障承包人免除承担属于第 22.2 款规定情况下的所有索赔，诉讼，损害 ，诉讼费，指控费及其他开支。 例3 The Employer shall not be liable to the Contractor for any matter or thing arising out of or in connection with the Contract or execution of the Works, unless the Contractor shall have included a claim in respect thereof in his Final Statement[❤26] and in the Statement at Completion[❤27] referred to in Sub-Clause 60.5. 除非承包人在其最终报表中以及在第 60.5 款提及的竣工报表中已经包括索赔事 宜，对由合同及工程实施引起的或与之有关的任何问题和事件，雇主不应对承 包人负有责任。