lecture(9)
Lecture 9

3. 西安 西安是著名的“丝绸之路” 西安是著名的“丝绸之路”的起点,在汉朝已成为我国和 外国的交通中心。 As the starting point of the famous “Silk Road”, Xi’an became, Road” Xi’ during the Han Dynasty, the hub of communications between China and the outside world. 西安古称长安,现在是陕西省省会,是我国西北最大的城 市,拥有500多万人口。 市,拥有500多万人口。 Xi’an, called Chang’an in ancient China, is now the capital of Xi’ Chang’ Shanxi Province. It is the largest city with the population of over 5 million in the northwest of China. 西安已有3000多年历史,在1100年的时间里,相机有11个 西安已有3000多年历史,在1100年的时间里,相机有11个 朝代在这里建都。从汉朝起,就成了中国与外部世界经济、 文化交流的中心。 Boasting a history of more than 3000 years, Xi’an served Xi’ intermittently as the capital of eleven dynasties in 1100 years. Xi’an has been a financial and cultural center for international Xi’ exchanges between China and other couy.
lecture_9

Lecture 9:Surface Modification of BiomaterialsPurpose : alter surface properties to enhance performance in biological environment while retaining bulk properties of device Specific Objectives: 1. clean a surface2. reduce/eliminate protein adsorption• reduce undesirable/uncontrolled responses to implants &extracorpeal devicesC3b/IgG adsorption � activation of WBCs• reduce nonspecific adsorption on biosensors & bioassays (noise & fouling) • current strategy: hydrated, hydrophilic surfacesPEO is current “gold standard” 3. reduce/eliminate cell adhesion• create surfaces that mimic nature’s cell resistant surfacesex. Human serum albumin: naturally low affinity to components of body fluids & tissues (consider its high conc. in blood—60 wt% of proteins!)Image removed due to copyright considerations4. promote cell attachment/adhesion• modify g 1 (vary chemistry � › protein adsorption) • create positive surface charge- many proteins have net negative surface charge� › protein adsorption- cell glycocalyx has neg. charge �nonspecific attractionNOTE: a strongly ++ surface can inhibit cell growth• increase surface roughness/porosity- promotes cell attachment (› surface area for binding) - can inhibit cell growth• bind cell adhesion ligands to surface- adhesion proteins (fibronectin) - adhesion protein epitopes: RGD (fibronectin, collagen…);YIGSR(tyr-isoleuc-gly-ser-arg) (laminin B1)5. reduce thromogenicity• hydrophilic surfaces- eliminate protein adsorption• hydrophobic surfaces• surface-bound heparin- natural surface of endothelial cells lining blood vessels- inactivates factor Xa & thrombin by binding anti-thrombin• surface-bound albumin- no ligands for platelets (can attach if HSA denatures-how?)• albumin affinity coatings- surfaces that strongly adsorb albumin from blood to make apassive coating; ex. bilirubin K d ~ 10-8 l/mol• endothelial cell attachment- natural blood vessel lining � fibrinolytic activity(hydrolysis of fibrin)� �� 6. reduce bacterial adhesion(~1 m Bacterial adhesionvia proteins & polysaccharides in cell wall(nonspecific)specific receptors for plasma proteins (ex. S. aureus binds fibrinogen/fibrin, FN, VN) pili facilitate initial surface attachment bacteria cell wallex . E. colibacteria cell wall(gram negative)(gram positive)ex. Staphylococcus aureus,S. epidermis• passive coatingshydrophilic polymers, HSA, • bactericidal agents- Ag-containing films- antibiotics (ex., gentamicin eluting film)- cell wall-disrupting agents (cationic)i) non-mammal anti-microbial peptides:amphiphilic helix structures (ex. LKLLKKL) ii) cationic polymers (ex. lipid-like side chains) 7. alter tra nsport properties- regulate the passage of H2O, theraputic agents, etc.ex. crosslinking (passive) or pH “valves” (active)8. increase lubricity (fl friction/wear)in vivo: hydrophilic surfaces9. increase hardnessenhance wear resistance10 . enhance corrosion/degradation resistance� � ��Surface Modification Methods A. Plasma TreatmentsPlasmas : ionized gases (ions, electrons, free radicals, atoms, molecules) created by ion/electron impact under applied E-field: A + e fi A + + 2e Uses1. surface etchingemploys inert gases (e.g., Ar) purposes: remove impurities, increase roughness 2. surface reactionscrosslink polymer surfaces modify transport properties, reduce surface mobility generate surface functional groups › or fl g 1, create reactive surfacesO 2, CO 2, CO : -C-O-, -C=O, -O-C=O, -C-O-ON 2, NO 2, NO (nitric oxide): -C-N, -C=N, -C ”N (plus above) NH 3 (ammonia): -NH, -NH 2 (plus above) CF 4, C 2F 6 (hexafluorethane): -CF, -CF 2, -CF 3� Drawbacks:a. ill-defined surface chemistriesb. reconstruction nullifies treatment2ted—q a-plasma trea --H 2C=CH H 2C=O NH 2CH 2CH 2OHplasma-sprayed coatings (inorganics) fine powders injected in plasma �partial melting gives surface adhesion HA (hydroxyapatite): bone bonding Al 2O 3: › hardnessCoCr, Ti: › surface roughness/porosity� bone bonding� �B. Polymer/Organic Coatings1. solvent coating/castingpolymer in VOC (volatile organic compound) dipped, sprayed, rolled, or brushed on surface 2. grafted polymer layerssurface graft polymerization: plasma (incl. corona discharge) or radiation (g or UV) generate surface free radicals that initiate chain polymerization Drawbacks:-poorly controlled thickness & molecular weight- unreacted monomer - unbound homopolymercondensation rxns: polymer or biomolecule bonded to functional groups on surface (-OH, -COOH, -NH 2) -OH groups: on metals, glasses, ceramics direct covalent attachment to –OH: X= -Cl, -OCH 3, -OCH 2CH 3O C2 2)2-(CH end of proteins)� use of a coupling agent (–COOH to –NH 2): 2)7NH 2 + RCOOH 2)7NH-CO-R3. Adsorption from solutionamphiphilic macromolecules: block copolymersex. PluronicsPEO-PPO-PEO triblocksDrawbacks:- low coverage (steric limitations)- not covalently bound—cells can rearrange! Alternate amphiphile architectures:combs (shag carpet) bottle brush (glycocalyx mimic)(MIT)� polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) (MIT)electrostatic assembly: alternate adsorption of polycation andpolyanion monolayersAdvantages:- fabricate surface coatings incorporating diverse components(proteins, DNA, drugs…)- deposit onto any surface chemistry or topographyex. PEM encapsulation of cellsalginate (a polysaccharide, -)/polylysine (+) - water-basedno organic residuals, compatible with biological components � self-assembled monolayers (chemisorption): ordered (closepacked) monolayers of organics (head group with shorthydrocarbon tail)alkane thiols on Au (model surfaces or biosensors/arrays)Au + HS-R fi AuAu(I)-S-R + ½ H2›4. Patterned Surface Modification� Microcontact printing :- conventional lithography methods used to prepare a PDMS “stamp” by crosslinking - “ink” is a SAM (or other molecule) for selective deposition (G. Whitesides – Harvard)Alternating regions ofcell-surface� Molecular imprinting- biological components used as a template to create surfacebinding sites with specific chemistry & topology- process: polymerize around template, extract template molecule� imprint of template with complementary chemistry - imprint exhibits selective adsorption of template moleculeImage courtesy of Prof. Michael RubnerImage removed due to copyright considerationsImage removed due to copyright considerationsFigures 1 and 3 from Ratner, B.D. et al. "Template-imprinted nanostructured surfaces for protein recognition." Nature 398 (15 Apri l 1999), pp. 593-597. BSA is selectively adsorbed toBSA-imprinted surface incompetitive adsorption with IgGC. Other Methods� Surface Segregation- desired surface agent is added to bulk biomaterial & selectively segregates to surfaceex., amphiphilic comb polymer/PLA scaffolds (MIT)# annealed in water 70°COOO OOOOxyzmOHn� Ion implantation: high energy ion beam buries atoms into near-surface (up to 106 eV) (metals) ex. N implantation in Ti•› hardness & wear resistance •› corrosion resistance。
科技英语交流(第Lecture 9 How to revise a scientific man

❖ If the manuscript is on the cutting edge (前 沿领域) or is of sufficient quality to be sent for pபைடு நூலகம்er review, chances are the manuscript will be examined by two (or more) anonymous peer reviewers. They, in a few weeks or months, recommend or reject your manuscript.
❖ Revising is also rethinking, a process frequently occurring before drafting, during drafting, between versions of drafts, and at the end of several drafts. During this process, the writer is not only required to aim at the overall structure, the style and clarity, but also the smallest elements, such as a misspelled word, or an ambiguous phrase.
国外商学院课程Lecture_9

2)where one party prevents the other from completing performance
PLANCHE V COLBURN(1831) 8 bing 14 Planche agreed to write a book for Colburn and was to be paid on completion. He researched and wrote part of the book and was then told it was not required.
Business (Management) Affairs
Lecture 9
DISCHARGE OF CONTRACT 1
Types of Discharge
DISCHARGE
It is important to know when a contract is at an end (discharged) so that both parties can “move on” to new negotiations and agreements without fear that previous responsibilities will resurface.
Lecture-9-Krashen’s-Monitor-Model说课材料

Krashen's Monitor Model
Who is a better second language learner, a child or an adult? Why?
more flexible phonological organ; no “affective filter”;
He cites evidences of some fluent speakers without having learned rules (like illiterate people),while others may “know” rules but fail to apply them in real language use (like some incompetent “highscore” learners).
but adult learners have better learning strategies and can better monitor themselves.
Monitor Model(监控模式), also known
as "Monitor Model of Second Language Development"(第二语言发 展监控模式) , was first proposed by Krashen(1979). Later, Krashen(1981, 1982,1985)enriched his theory with "comprehensible input hypothesis"(可理 解输入假说). The model consists of five
The acquisition-learning hypothesis
lecture 9(汉英词义对比及其翻译)

9
A Contrastive Study of the Words and Expressions in C-E Translation
一.英汉语义对比及词的翻译
1.语义对应现象 汉语和英语虽属不同语系却都拥有丰富的词汇量。 汉字的表意能力及组合能力很强,英语从拉丁语、古法语及其他 语言中吸收了大量的词汇,它们都是词汇量非常丰富的语言,有 着大量的对应词语。这是汉英翻译的语言基础。
milk (抽象) 人奶,牛奶,羊奶(具体)
还有些英汉词语在概念意义上是对应的,但在内涵意义上 却是不对应的,如: vinegar: 内涵意义: 不高兴,坏脾气 醋 内涵意义 : 有"妒忌"的
1.3 zero equivalents 无对应(词义空缺)
中国炒饭 Chinese Chaofan 嗑头 Kowtow 功夫 Kungfu
原文“酿酒和饮酒”中的“酒” “酒”在英语中可以有很多选择 alcohol,wine,liquor,spirits, beer … 因此学生译文中出现了许多有趣的搭配现象, 比如:brew wine and drink alcohol, brew spirits and drink wine, Brew wine and drink beer等等。 正确处理的方法一般有两种: (l)使用及物动词,但统一宾语,比如: brew and drink wine: (2)使用不及物动词: brew and drink。
He kills time every day down at the park. 他天天在那边的公园里消磨时光。 That mistake killed his chances. 那次错误毁掉了他的机会。 His joke nearly killed me. 他的笑话真是笑死人。
lecture9-Plastic Deformation of Metals

Plane Strain Compression
Schematic illustration of the plane-strain compression test. The dimensional relationships shown should by satisfied for this test to be useful and reproducible. This test give the yield stress of the material in plane strain.
Yield Criteria for Plane Stress
Uniaxial tensile /compression:
σ max = σ f
Plane strain:
σ max = 1.15σ f
Tresca:
σ max σ min
2
=
σf
2
2
von Mises:
(σ 1 σ 2 ) 2 + (σ 2 σ 3 ) 2 + (σ 3 σ 1 ) 2 = 2σ f
n TS = K e
n
where e is the base of the natural logarithm, e = 2.7183.
States of Stress and Strain
(a) Plane stress in sheet stretching; there are no stresses acting on the surfaces of the sheet. (b) Plane stress in compression; there are no stresses acting on the sides of the specimen being compressed. (c) Plane strain in tension; the width of the sheet remains constant while being stretched. (d) Plane strain in compression; the width of the specimen remains constant, due to the restraint by the groove. (e) Triaxial tensile stresses acting on an element. (f) Hydrostatic compression of an element.
Lecture9 时间与空间观

Promptness
Of course, it is not always possible to be punctual. Social and business etiquette also provides rules for late arrivals. Calling on the telephone if one is going to be more than a few minutes late for scheduled appointment is considered polite and is often expected. Keeping a date or a friend waiting beyond ten to twenty minutes is considered rude. On the other hand, arriving thirty minutes late to some parties is acceptpecting deadlines is also important in academic and professional circles. It is expected that deadlines for class assignments or business reports will be met. Students who hand in assignments late may be surprised to find that the professor will lower their grades or even refuse to grade their work. Whether it is a question of arriving on time or of meeting a deadline, people are culturally conditioned to regulate time.
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m4
N
杆件轴线
/ m 2 ( Pa )
R2
纵向对称面 R1
例:求C截面k点正应力
P C
k y
a b
h/2 z h/2
已知: P 1.5kN , a 2m ,
h 0.18m , b 0.12m , y 0.06m
解:(1)截面弯矩:
Mc Pa 1.5103 2 3103( N m )
h
h
S y
zdA
A
h b ( h z )zdz bh2
0h
6
②形心
zc
Sy A
bh2 6
bh h 23
例:求图示物体的形心坐标。
120 z1
单位:mm
z
解: 矩形I:
10
A1 120 10 1200( mm 2 )
y1 (yc,zc)
I II y2
80
z2 10 y
y1 5 ( mm ) z1 60 (mm )
④ (6)代入(2)式
M y ---- (7) I z 如何判别应力符号?
(中性轴) z x
y σdA z
y (对称轴)
说明:
①纤维受拉为正,受压为负;
②公式适用范围: a.弯矩、剪力共同存在的截面(剪力弯曲);
(剪力对正应力影响很小)
b.只要有纵向对称面且荷载作用于该面内。
③单位:
PN
m
P
m
zc
A1z1 A1
A2 z 2 A2
1200 60 700 5 1200 700
39.7( mm
)
4. 惯性矩
y
dA
A
y
oz
对z、y轴惯性矩:
Iz
y 2dA,
A
Iy
z 2dA
A
对原点o的极惯性矩:
z I 2dA
I I z I y ( 2 y2 z2 ) 量纲:[长度]4;符号:正 (不能为零)。
•任意截面:
A ydA A yc
y
c
y yc
A
o zc z
dA
zdA A
A
zc
ydA
z
yc
A
A
zdA
zc
A
A
— 在yoz坐标下形心的位置
推论:对形心轴的静矩为零 。
(当 yc zc 0 时
ydA zdA 0 )
A
A
•组合截面:(由几个形心已知的简单图形组成)
n
Sz Ai yi
1.截面几何性质:
截面面积 A
极惯性矩I 2 dA
惯性矩 Iz P
( N )
A
T
(
)
I
(弯曲应力) P
变形大
变形小
2. 静矩 (复习)
静矩 — 面积×距离
y
y
A
o z
dA
Sz
ydA
A
对z轴
z
S y
zdA
A
对y轴Biblioteka 静矩: 可为正、负、零。 量纲:[长度]3
3.形心( yc, zc 复习)
M
M
纯弯曲:
M图
内力只有弯矩,无剪力。
?
由 三
① 几何规律;
个 ② 物理规律;
规 律
③ 平衡规律。
1. 几何关系:
mn
a o
a o
x
b
b
m
n 中性轴
变形前
y
M m’ n’ M
a’ a’
b’ o’
o’ b’
m’
n’
中性层
变形后(小变形)
现象: ①mm,nn变形后仍为
直线。 z ②bb伸长,aa缩短;
i 1
n
S y Ai zi
i 1
yc
Sz
n
Ai
i 1
zc
Sy
n
Ai
i 1
( yi、zi —各截面形心到轴的距离 )
z
例:计算图示三角形对y轴的静
矩,及形心距y轴的距离。
h
dz
解:①静矩
b(z)
z
取微面积: dA b( z )dz
y b
b( z ) b ( h z ) dA b ( h z )dz
矩形II:
A2 70 10 700( mm 2 )
y2
10
70 2
45
(
mm
)
z2 5 (mm )
z
10
形心:
120 z1
单位:mm
y1 (yc,zc)
I II y2
80
z2 10 y
yc
A1 y1 A2 y2 A1 A2
1200 5 700 45 1200 700
19.7( mm )
z
y (对称轴)
---- (3)
M y
z dA 0
A
---- (4)
M z
y dA M ---- (5)
A
讨论:
① 将式(2)代入(3)
E y -(2)
N dA 0 -(3)
A
M y
z dA 0 -(4)
A
A
E
y
dA
0
A ydA 0 M
中性轴通过截面形心
② 将式(2)代入(4)
P c
a
(2)惯性矩:
k y
b
h/2 z h/2
Iz
bh3 12
0.12 0.183 12
0.583 104(m4)
(Iz 的计算将在下节讨论)
(3)k点应力:
k
Mc Iz
y
3 10 3 0.583 104
0.06
3.09 106 ( N / m 2 ) 3.09MPa (拉)
§5-2 截面几何性质
推断: z ①同层纤维变形相
等(平面假设); ②中性层没有变形。
中性层曲率半径
d
M
M
m’ n’
y
a’
a’
•纤维bb变形后的长度: b'b' ( y )d
o’ b’
o’ b’
•纤维bb变形前的长度:
m’
n’
o'o' d
•纤维bb的应变:
( y )d d y - - - - (1)
第五章
梁的应力及强度计算
内力
应力
F
A
T
IP
梁
M
的
应
FAy
FS
力
?
M
?
?
FAy
V
正应力 —— 与弯矩对应; 剪应力 —— 与剪力对应;
轴向拉压: F
园轴扭转: T
A 结论: ① 应力与内力成正比;
IP
② 应力与截面几何性质有关(成反比);
③ 应力应该与在截面上的位置有关。
§5-1 梁纯弯曲时的正应力
A zE ydA 0
Iyz
=
zydA
A
0
z, y轴是惯性主轴(下节讨论)
(中性轴) z x
y σdA z
y (对称轴)
E y
-(2)
Mz
y dA M -(5)
A
③ (2)代入(5)式:
A
yE
y
dA
M
A y2dA I z
1 M ---- (6)
M
EI z
EIz——抗弯刚度
d
( 与 y 成正比)
假设: 各层纤维之间无挤压作用;
2.物理关系:
各条纤维为单向拉压受力。
根据虎克定律:
E y
- - - - (2) (中轴性尚未确定, y、未知)
M 由(2)可知应力分布:
中性轴 z
x
y
3. 静力平衡
M
(中性轴) M
z x
y σdA
微内力的合力及平衡:
N A dA 0
5.惯性积:
y
dA
A
y
oz
I yz
yzdA
A
量纲: [长度]4;
z
符号:可正、可负(可为零)。
y
例: 计算矩形截面对其
形心轴的惯性矩和 h/2
z
惯性积。
h/2
b/2 b/2
解:
(1)惯性矩:
h/2
对z轴 dA=bdy
h/2
Iz
y2dA
A
h / 2 by2dy bh3
h / 2
12
同理对y轴 dA hdz