常用经济学术语
一些经济学术语及其它（一）
Cold snap寒潮、寒流（可数）
There is no auctioneer calling out the price of ice cream
an ice-cream cone
competitive market：a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price
price takers：those who have no impact on price but can only accept the price
Perfectly competitive markets 竞争充分市场
One such market, called an oligopoly （寡头市场）, has a few sellers that do not always compete aggressively
law of demand：the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises
law of supply：the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises
normal good （正常商品）：a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand
inferior good ( 劣质商品)：a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand
s ubstitutes（替代品）：two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other
complements（互补品）：two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other
hot fudge 热巧克力
demand schedule：a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded
supply schedule：a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied
ceteris paribus（其它条件不变）：a Latin phrase, translated as “other things being equal,” used as are minder that all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constant
A 10 percent increase in the price causes a 12 percent drop in teenage smoking （这句话让我说肯定是in smoking among teenagers）
At an even lower price, you may choose to go out of business altogether (这个词的用法以前没怎么注意，此处可以翻译为“直接”)
Equilibrium：a situation in which supply and demand have been brought into balance
equilibrium price：the price that balances supply and demand
equilibrium quantity：the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded when the price has adjusted to balance supply and demand
The equilibrium price is sometimes called the market-clearing price（市场出清价格）because, at this price, everyone in the market has been satisfied: Buyers have bought all they want to buy, and sellers have sold all they want to sell
There is no upward or downward pressure on the price （价格没有上升或者下降的压力，就是这么表达的）
law of supply and demand：the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance
shortage：a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied
surplus：a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded一些经济学术语及其它（二）
Elasticity弹性a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants
price elasticity of demand需求的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price
income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income
cross-price elasticity of demand需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good price elasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price
Demand for a good is said to be elastic if the quantity demanded responds substantially to changes in the price. Demand is said to be inelastic if the quantity demanded responds only slightly to changes in the price.
midpoint method 中点法经济学中计算弹性的一种方法
elastic demand 弹性需求
inelastic demand 非弹性需求
price ceiling 最高限价a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold (impose a price ceiling/floor)
price floor 最低限价a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold
When the government imposes a binding price ceiling on a competitive market, a shortage of the good arises, and sellers must ration the scarce goods among the large number of potential buyers.
tax incidence 税收归宿the study of who bears the burden of taxation
payroll tax: 工资税
A tax burden falls more heavily on the side of the market that is less elastic.
一些经济学术语及其它（三）
welfare economics 福利经济学the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being willingness to pay 支付意愿the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good
consumer surplus 消费者剩余a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays producer surplus生产者剩余the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost
marginal buyer 边际买家the buyer who would leave the market first if the price were any higher marginal seller 边际卖家the seller who would leave the market first if the price were any lower efficiency效率the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society
equity公平the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society
In some markets, a single buyer or seller (or a small group of them) may be able to control market prices. This ability to influence prices is called market power 市场势力.
market failure市场失灵—the inability of some unregulated markets to allocate resources efficiently deadweight loss无谓损失/社会净损失the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax
Taxes cause deadweight losses because they prevent buyers and sellers from realizing some of the gains from trade.
The greater the elastic cities of supply and demand, the greater the deadweight loss of a tax.
marginal tax rate 边际税率
underground economy 地下经济
Laffer curve拉弗曲线
supply-side economics 供应经济学
一些经济学术语及其它（十）
Economists call this situation imperfect competition不完全竞争
Oligopoly 寡头垄断a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products
The essence of an oligopolistic market 寡头市场 is that there are only a few sellers. As a result, the actions of any one seller in the market can have a large impact on the profits of all the other sellers monopolistic competition垄断竞争a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical
oligopolistic market寡头市场
oligopolist寡头
duopoly双寡头垄断
collusion串通an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge
cartel卡塔尔/垄断联盟a group of firms acting in unison
Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actor shave chosen
game theory博弈论the study of how people behave in strategic situations
prisoners’dilemma囚徒困境a particular “game”between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial
dominant strategy优势策略a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players
resale price maintenance转售价格维持
fair trade公平交易
predatory pricing掠夺性定价 a pricing strategy intended to force competitors out of market with a short-term big price cut in order to gain a monopoly position in the long term.
Tying搭售
Over time, Microsoft has added many features to Windows that were previously stand-alone products 单独销售产品
一些经济学术语及其它（九）
While a competitive firm is a price taker价格接受者, a monopoly firm is a price maker 价格制定者
A firm is a monopoly/monopolist 垄断者if it is the sole seller of its product and if its product does not have close substitutes.
The fundamental cause of monopoly is barriers to entry 进入壁垒
An industry is a natural monopoly自然垄断when a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms.
In competitive markets 竞争性市场, price equals marginal cost. In monopolized markets 垄断性市场, price exceeds marginal cost.
Sometimes companies merge not to reduce competition but to lower costs through more efficient joint production. These benefits from mergers are sometimes called synergies 协同效应
Yet in many cases firms try to sell the same good to different customers for different prices, even though the costs of producing for the two customers are the same. This practice is called price discrimination 价格歧视.
To understand why a monopolist would want to price discriminate
In particular, one such force is arbitrage 套利, the process of buying a good in one market at a low price and selling it in another market at a higher price in order to profit from the price difference.
We begin by assuming that the monopolist can price discriminate perfectly. Perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视describes a situation in which the monopolist knows exactly the willingness to pay of each customer and can charge each customer a different price.
一些经济学术语及其它（八）
water-efficient shower heads 莲蓬头
competitive market 竞争性市场a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker
each seller can sell all he wants at the going price 现行价格
To keep matters concrete, let’s consider a specific firm
average revenue 平均收益total revenue divided by the quantity sold
marginal revenue 边际收益the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold
At the profit-maximizing level of output, marginal revenue and marginal cost are exactly equal
the land lies fallow 休耕
sunk cost 沉没成本a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recovered
shutdown 歇业
exit 退出
一些经济学术语及其它（七）
total revenue总收益 the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output
total cost 总成本the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production
explicit costs显性成本input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm
implicit costs隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm
economic profit经济利润total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs accounting profit 会计利润total revenue minus total explicit cost
production function 生产函数the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good
marginal product 边际产量the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input diminishing marginal product 边际产量递减the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases
fixed costs固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced
variable costs 可变成本costs that do vary with the quantity of output produced
average total cost 平均总成本total cost divided by the quantity of output
average fixed cost 平均固定成本fixed costs divided by the quantity of output
average variable cost 平均可变成本variable costs divided by the quantity of output
marginal cost 边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production
efficient scale有效规模 the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost
average total cost is high because the fixed cost is spread 分摊 over only a few units
economies of scale 规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases
diseconomies of scale 规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases
constant returns to scale规模报酬不变the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes
一些经济学术语及其它（六）
1. Today, all taxes taken together—including personal income taxes, corporate income taxes, payroll taxes, sales taxes, and property taxes—use up about a third of the average American’s income
2. In many European countries, the tax bite is even larger.
3. The family’s tax liability (how much it owes) is then based on its total income.
4. charitable donation/giving 慈善捐款
6. When the government runs a budget surplus, it uses the excess receipts to reduce its outstanding debts
7. average tax rate 平均税率total taxes paid divided by total income
9. marginal tax rate 边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income
10. benefits principle 受益原则the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services
11. vertical equity 纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amounts
12. horizontal equity 横向公平the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amount
13. proportional tax 比例税a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of income
14. regressive tax 累退税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers
15. progressive tax 累进税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction o their income than do low-income tax payers
16. Would it be more fair to give the Smiths a tax break 税收减免 to help them offset their high medical expenses?
17. flypaper theory 粘蝇纸理论of tax incidence. According to this theory, the burden of a tax, like a fly on flypaper, sticks wherever it first lands. This assumption, however, is rarely valid
18. flat tax 单一税率
一些经济学术语及其它（五）
A moment’s thought （稍作思考）reveals a long list of goods that the songwriter could have had in mind Excludability 排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it
Rivalry 竞争性the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use
private goods 私人物品goods that are both excludable and rival
public goods 公共物品goods that are neither excludable nor rival
common resources 共有资源goods that are rival but not excludable
natural monopoly 自然垄断/自然独占
excludable goods 排他性物品
rival goods 竞争性物品
toll road 收费公路
free rider 搭便车者/免费享用公共物品者a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it
profit-seeking firms tend to free ride （作动词用）on the knowledge created by others
cost-benefit analysis 成本效益分析a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good
Tragedy of the Commons 公地悲剧a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the stand point of society as a whole
一些经济学术语及其它（四）
world price 世界价格the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good
import quota 进口配额 a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically
deadweight loss 无谓损失/社会净损失：是指由于市场未处于最优运行状态而引起的社会成本, 也就是当偏离竞争均衡时, 所损失的消费者剩余和生产者剩余。
externality 外部性：一个经济主体的经济活动对另一个经济主体所产生的有害或有益的影响
positive externality 正外部性：一个经济主体的经济活动对另一个经济主体所产生的有益影响
negative externality 负外部性：一个经济主体的经济活动对另一个经济主体所产生的有害影响
social cost 社会成本：是从社会角度来看的成本，等于生产成本加上给他人和社会所带来的损失internalizing an externality 外部性内化altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions
technology spillover 技术外溢：指外商投资、跨国贸易等对东道国相关产业或企业的产品开发技术、生产技术、管理技术、营销技术等产生的提升效应
technology policy 技术政策Government intervention in the economy that aims
to promote technology-enhancing industries is called technology policy
property right 财产权
Coase theorem科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own
transaction costs 交易成本the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain
Command-and-control policies （命令-控制性政策）regulate behavior directly
Market-based policies （市场性政策）provide incentives so that private decision makers will choose to solve the problem on their own
Pigovian tax 庇古税 a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality
If you have ever been stuck in bumper-to-bumper traffic
Tradable pollution permits 可转让污染许可证
Right to pollute /pollution right 污染权
经济学名词解释大全汇总(打印版)
经济学名词解释大全汇总1.绝对优势（Absolute advantage） 如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。 2.逆向选择（Adverse choice） 在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。 3.选择成本（Alternative cost） 如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。 4.需求的弧弹性（Arc elasticity of demand）如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 为第二组值，那么，弧弹性就等于-（Q1-Q2）（P1＋P2）/（P1-P2）（Q1＋Q2） 5.非对称的信息（Asymmetric information）在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。 6.平均成本（Average cost） 平均成本是总成本除以产量。也称为平均总成本。 7.平均固定成本( Average fixed cost） 平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。8.平均产品（Average product） 平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。9.平均可变成本（Average variable cost）平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。10.投资的β(Beta） β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。对于一种股票而言，它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时，一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。 11.债券收益(Bond yield） 债券收益是债券所获得的利率。 12.收支平衡图（Break－even chart） 收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。 13.预算线(Budget line） 预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。它的斜率等于商品X的价格除以商品Y的价格再乘以一1 14.捆绑销售（Bundling） 捆绑销售指这样一种市场营销手段，出售 两种产品的厂商，要求购买其中一种产品 的客户，也要购买另一种产品。 15.资本（Capital） 资本是指用于生产、销售及商品和服务分 配的设备、厂房、存货、原材料和其他非 人力生产资源。 16.资本收益（Capital gain） 资本收益是指人们卖出股票（或其他资产） 时所获得的超过原来为它支付的那一部 分。 17.资本主义（Capitalism） 资本主义是一种市场体系，它依赖价格体 系去解决基本的经济问题：生产什么？如 何生产？怎样分配？经济增长率应为多 少？ 18.基数效用(Cardinal utility） 基数效用是指像个人的体重或身高那样在 基数的意义上可以度量的效用（它意味着 效用之间的差别，即边际效用，是有意义 的）。序数效用与它相反，它只在序数的层 面上才有意义。 19.卡特尔（Cartel） 卡特尔是指厂商之间为了合谋而签订公开 和正式协议这样一种市场结构形态。 20. 科布一道格拉斯生产函数是指这样的 生产函数Q=AL“IK”2 Mi3。式中，Q为产 量；L为劳动的数量；K为资本的数量；M 为原材料的数量；A，31，12，23均为常 数。 21.勾结（Collision） 勾结是指一个厂商和同业内其他的厂商签 订有关价格、产量和其他事宜的协议。 22.比较优势（Comparative advantage） 如果与生产其他商品的成本相比，一个国 家生产的某种产品的成本比另一个国家 低，那么，该国就在这种商品的生产上与 另一个国家相比具有比较优势。 23.互补品（Complements） 如果X和Y是互补品，X的需求量就与Y 的价格成反向变化。 24.成本不变行业（Constant-cost industry） 成本不变的行业是指具有水平的长期供给 曲线的行业，它的扩大并不会引起投入品 价格的上升或下降。 25.规模收益不变 （Constant returns to scale） 如果所有投入品的数量都以相同的百分数 增加，并导致产量也以相同的百分数增加， 就是规模收益不变的。 26.消费者剩余（Consumer surplus） 消费者剩余是指消费者愿意为某种商品或 服务所支付的最大数量与他实际支付的数 量之差。 27.可竞争市场（Contestable market） 可竞争市场是指那种进入完全自由以及退 出没有成本的市场。可竞争市场的本质在 于它们很容易受到打了就跑的进入者的伤 害。 28.契约曲线（Contract curve） 契约曲线是（在消费者之间进行交换时） 两个消费者的边际替代率相等的点的轨 迹，或者（在生产者之间进行交换时）两 个生产者的边际技术替代率相等的点的轨 迹。 29.角点解（Corner solution） 角点解是指这样一种情形，预算线在位于 坐标轴上的点处达到最高的可获得的 30.需求的交叉弹性 （Cross elasticity of demand） 需求的交叉弹性是指商品Y的价格发生 1％的变化时所引起的商品X的需求量变 化的百分比。 31.垄断的无谓损失 （Deadweight loss of monopoly） 如果一个完全竞争的市场转变为一个垄断 的市场，这种转变所带来的总剩余的减少 就是无谓损失。 32.买方垄断的无谓损失（Deadweight loss of monopsony） 如果一个完全竞争的市场转变成一个买方 垄断的市场，这种转变所带来的总剩余的 减少即为无谓损失。 33.成本递减行业（Decreasing-cost industry）成本递减行业是指具有向下倾斜 的长期供给曲线的行业，它的扩大会引起 平均成本下降。 34.规模收益递减 （Decreasing return to scale） 如果所有投入品的数量都以相同的百分数 增加，并导致产量增加的百分数小于该百 分数，就是规模收益递减的。 35.需求曲线（Demand curve） 需求曲线表示在每一价格下所需求的商品 数量。 36.可贷资金的需求曲线 （Demand curve of loanable funds） 可贷资金的需求曲线表示可贷资金的需求 量与利率二者之间的关系。
经济学术语
经济学术语经济学术语解释 1、什么是CPI、通货膨胀、PPI 和GNP 缩减指数？ 消费者物价指数(Consumer Price Index) ，英文缩写为CPI ，是反映与居民生活有关的产品及劳务价格统计出来的物价变动指标，通常作为观察通货膨胀水平的重要指标。如果消费者物价指数升幅过大，表明通胀已经成为经济不稳定因素，央行会有紧缩货币政策和财政政策的风险，从而造成经济前景不明朗。因此，该指数过高的升幅往往不被市场欢迎。 例如，在过去12 个月，消费者物价指数上升2。3%，那表示，生活成本比12 个月前平均上升2。3% 。当生活成本提高，你的金钱价值便随之下降。也就是说，一年前收到的一张100 元纸币，今日只可以买到价值97。70 元的货品及服务。一般说来当CPI>3% 的增幅时我们称为Inflation ，就是通货膨
胀；而当CPI>5% 的增幅时，我们把他称为Serious Inflation ，就是严重的通货膨胀。 主要价格指数有三个：消费者价格指数 CPI(Consumer ' s Price Index) ，生产者价格指数PPI(Producer ' s Price Index )，GNP 缩减指数(GNP Deflator) 。 三种价格指数的计算方法基本一样，即各种商品的价格变化程度的加权平均。不过，每一种价格指数计算中选择的商品篮子不一样。计算消费者价格指数时，商品篮子中包含的典型市民的消费篮子。所以，消费者价格指数也被称为生活成本指数。生产者价格指数计算时，选取的商品篮子中包含的是生产资源。GNP 缩减指数则是一个更具综合性的指数，其计算中选取的商品篮子既包含消费品，也包含生产资源。 可以这样说，CPI 是一个同步经济指标，PPI 是一个先行经济指标。一般来说生产者价格指数领先于经济3 个月到半年，消费者滞后于经济3 个月到半年。CPI 可以显示目前经济状况，而PPI 可以显示未来经济状况。PPI 计算的是厂商出售的价格，而CPI 计算的是消费者购买的价格。 2、什么是恩格尔系数？ 1857 年，德国统计学家恩格尔在研究了当时
微观经济学词汇完整版
微观经济学词汇完整版 作者：汤井旗 Ten Principles of Microeconomics #1: People Face Tradeoffs #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It #3: Rational People Think at the Margin #4: People Respond to Incentives #5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity #7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes #8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services #9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money #10: Society Faces a Short-Run Tradeoff between Inflation and Unemployment scarcity稀缺性 the lim ited nature of society’s resources efficiency效率 the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources equity公平 the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society opportunity cost机会成本 whatever must be given up to obtain some item marginal changes边际变动 small incremental adjustments to a plan of action market economy市场经济 an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services market failure市场失灵 a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently externality外部性the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander market power市场势力the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices productivity生产力the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time Phillips curve菲利普斯曲线 a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment circular-flow diagram循环流向图 a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms production possibilities frontier生产可能性边界 a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology microeconomics微观经济学 the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets macroeconomics宏观经济学 the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth positive statements实证表述claims that attempt to describe the world as it is normative statements规范表述 claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be reverse causality反向因果关系 competitive market竞争性市场a market in which there are manybuyers and many sellers so that eachhas a negligible impact on the marketprice
经济学常用术语
经济学常用术语 1、什么是CPI、通货膨胀、PPI 消费者物价指数(ConsumeP rice Index)，英文缩写为CPI，是反映与居民生活 有关的产品及劳务价格统计出来的物价变动指标，通常作为观察通货膨胀水平的重要指标。如果消费者物价指数升幅过大，表明通胀已经成为经济不稳定因素，央行会有紧缩货币政策和财政政策的风险，从而造成经济前景不明朗。因此，该指数过高的升幅往往不被市场欢迎。例如，在过去12个月，消费者物价指数上升2.5%，那表示，生活成本比12个月前平均上升2.5%。当生活成本提高，你的金钱价值便随之下降。也就是说，一年前收到的一张100元纸币， 今日只可以买到价值97.50元的货品及服务。一般说来当CPI>3%勺增幅时，就是通货膨胀；而当CPI>5%勺增幅时，就是严重的通货膨胀。 主要价格指数有：消费者价格指数CPI(Consumer' s Price Index)，生产者价格指数PPI(Producer ' s Price Index)。 两种价格指数的计算方法基本一样，即各种商品的价格变化程度的加权平 均。不过，每一种价格指数计算中选择的商品篮子不一样。 计算消费者价格指数时，商品篮子中包含的典型市民的消费篮子。所以，消 费者价格指数也被称为生活成本指数。生产者价格指数计算时，选取的商品篮子中包含的是生产资源。 可以这样说，CPI是一个同步经济指标，PPI是一个先行经济指标。一般来说生产者价格指数领先于经济3个月到半年，消费者滞后于经济3个月到半年。CPI可以显示目前经济状况，而PPI可以显示未来经济状况。PPI计算的是厂商出售的价格，而CPI计 算的是消费者购买的价格。 3、什么是GDP什么是GNP二者有什么区别?
经济学中常见术语(中英文对照)
经济学中常见术语(中英文对照)
经济术语 价格术语trade term (price term) 运费freight 单价price 码头费wharfage 总值total value 卸货费landing charges 金额amount 关税customs duty 净价net price 印花税stamp duty 含佣价price including commission 港口税portdues 回佣return commission 装运港portof shipment 折扣discount,allowance 卸货港port of discharge 批发价wholesale price 目的港portof destination 零售价retail price 进口许口证inportlicence 现货价格spot price 出口许口证exportlicence 期货价格forward price 现行价格（时价）current price 国际市场价格world (International)Marketpr ice 离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board 成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）C&F-cost and freight
public sector 公共部门,公共成分 economic channels 经济渠道 economic balance 经济平衡 economic fluctuation 经济波动 economic depression 经济衰退 economic stability 经济稳定 economic policy 经济政策 economic recovery 经济复原 understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯 cartel 卡特尔 rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势 economic situation 经济形势 infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达 underdeveloped 不发达的 developing 发展中的
经济学常用词汇解释及翻译
1、绝对优势（Absolute advantage） 如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。 2、逆向选择（Adverse choice） 在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。 3、选择成本（Alternative cost） 如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。4、需求的弧弹性（Arc elasticity of demand） 如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 为第二组值，那么，弧弹性就等于 -（Q1-Q2）（P1＋P2）/（P1-P2）（Q1＋Q2） 5、非对称的信息（Asymmetric information） 在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。 6、平均成本（Average cost） 平均成本是总成本除以产量。也称为平均总成本。 7、平均固定成本( Average fixed cost） 平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。 8、平均产品（Average product） 平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。 9、平均可变成本（Average variable cost） 平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。 10、投资的β(Beta） β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。对于一种股票而言，它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时，一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。 11、债券收益(Bond yield） 债券收益是债券所获得的利率。 12、收支平衡图（Break－even chart） 收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。 13、预算线(Budget line） 预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。它的斜率等于商品X的价格除以商品Y 的价格再乘以一1。 14、捆绑销售（Bundling） 捆绑销售指这样一种市场营销手段，出售两种产品的厂商，要求购买其中一种产品的客户，也要购买另一种产品。 15、资本（Capital） 资本是指用于生产、销售及商品和服务分配的设备、厂房、存货、原材料和其他非人力生产资源。 16、资本收益（Capital gain） 资本收益是指人们卖出股票（或其他资产）时所获得的超过原来为它支付的那一部分。 17、资本主义（Capitalism） 资本主义是一种市场体系，它依赖价格体系去解决基本的经济问题：生产什么？如何生产？怎样分配？经济增长率应为多少？ 18、基数效用(Cardinal utility） 基数效用是指像个人的体重或身高那样在基数的意义上可以度量的效用（它意味着效用之间的差别，即边
GMAT备考：《经济学人》The Economist常用词汇总结(8)完整篇.doc
GMAT备考：《经济学人》The Economist 常用词汇总结(8) 141、富有价格弹性(Price elastic) 如果需求的价格弹性大于1，那么商品的需求就是富有价格弹性。 142、需求的价格弹性(Price elasticity of demand) 需求的价格弹性是指价格变化1%导致的需求量变化的百分比(习惯上通常以正数表示)。 143、供给的价格弹性(Price elasticity of supply) 供给的价格弹性是指价格变化1%导致的供给量变化的百分比。 144、最低限价(Price floor) 最低限价是指政府对某种商品所规定的。例如，联邦农业计划规定了小麦和玉米的。 145、缺乏价格弹性(Price inelastic) 如果需求的价格弹性小于1，那么商品的需求就是缺乏价格弹性。 146、价格( Price leader) 价格是指在寡头垄断的行业中制定价格并且其他厂商愿意
跟随的厂商。 147、价格系统(Price system) 在价格系统下，商品和服务都有一个价格，在纯粹的资本主义经济中价格执行一个经济系统的基本职能(决定生产什么、怎样生产、每个人应该得到多少以及一个国家的增长率应该是多少)。 148、委托--代理问题(Principal-agent problem) 由于经理或工人可能会追求自己的目标，即便这样做会减少企业所有者的利润，从而导致了委托--代理问题。经理或工人是为所有者工作的代理人，所有者是委托人。 149、囚犯困境(Prisoner`s dilemma) 囚犯困境是指这样一种情形，此时两个人(或厂商)合作要比不合作好，但是每个人都觉得不合作符合他的利益，因此每个人的状况都要坏于如果他们合作时的境况。 150、私人成本(Private cost) 私人成本是指单个使用者为了能够使用某一资源而带来的费用。
金融、经济专业词汇、术语大全
经济金融术语汉英对照表 A 安全网safety net 按可比口径on comparable basis 按轻重缓急to prioritize 暗补implicit subsidy 暗亏hidden loss B 颁发营业执照to license;to grant a licence to 办理存款业务to take deposits 保护农民的生产积极性to protect farmers'incentive to produce 备付金（超额准备金）excess reserves 本外币并账c onsolidation of domestic and foreign currencyaccounts 本外币对冲操作sterilization operation 本位利益localized interest;departmentalism 奔小康to strive to prosper;to strive to become well-to-do 避税（请见“逃税”）tax avoidance 币种搭配不当currency mismatch 币种构成currency composition 变相社会集资disguised irregular （or illegal ）fund raising 表外科目（业务）off-balance-sheet items （operation ） 薄弱环节weaknesses;loopholes 不变成本fixed cost 不变价at constant price;in real terms 不动产real estate 不良贷款（资产）problem loans ；non-performing loans （assets ）C 财务公司finance companies 财政赤字fiscal deficit 财政挤银行f iscal pressure on the central bank （over monetary policy ） 财政政策与货币政策的配合coordination of fiscal and monetary policies 采取循序渐进的方法in a phased and sequenced manner 操作弹性operational flexibility 操纵汇率to manipulate exchange rate 产品构成product composition;product mix
2020年(财务知识)经济学术语表
（财务知识）经济学术语表
·货币和财政政策对总需求的影响 *总需求曲线向右下方倾斜： 财富效应：较低的物价水平提高了家庭持有的货币的实际价值，而更多的实际财 富刺激了消费支出； 利率效应：当人们努力把他们的超额货币量贷出去时，较低的物价降低了利率， 而较低的利率刺激了投资支出； 汇率效应：当较低的物价水平降低了利率时，投资者把他们的部分资金转移到国 外，引起了国内通货相对于国外通货的贬值。这种贬值使国 内物品和国外物品相比变得便宜，从而刺激了净出口。 *流动偏好理论： 凯恩斯的理论，认为利率的调整是货币供给和货币需求平衡。 *货币政策主要手段： 1.公开市场操作（如买进债券，增加货币量，利率下降；卖出债券，减少货币量， 利率上升。）2.调法定存款准备金率（如降低准备率，增加货币量，利率 下降；提高准备率，减少货币量，利率上升。货币创造总量＝最初存款/ 法定存款准备金率）3.调再贴现率（如降低贴现率，放松贴现条件，商业 银行得到更多的资金，增加流通中的货币供给量，降低利息率。） *货币市场和总需求曲线图 （如利率效应的分析：较高的物价水平增加了货币需求—较高的货币需求引起了较高的利率—较高的利率减少物品和劳务的需求量） （改变货币供给：既定的物价水平下，货币政策变动<如美联储于公开市场活动中购买政府债券来增加货币供给>，引起总需求变动<即需求曲线移
动>） *增加货币供给/降低利率：扩大总需求的货币政策（中央银行公开市场买入国债，降低存款准备金率，降低再贴现率，放松贴现条件；增加货币供给， 刺激总需求，使经济摆脱萧条，增加就业。） 减少货币供给/提高利率：紧缩总需求的货币政策（中央银行公开市场抛出债券，提高存款准备金率，提高再贴现率，严格贴现条件；减少货币供给，遏 制总需求的作用，降低通货膨胀率。） *乘数效应： 当扩张性财政政策增加了收入，从而增加了消费支出时引起的总需求的额外移动。（投资、消费、税收均有乘数效应。） *挤出效应： 当扩张性财政政策引起了利率上升，从而减少了投资支出时所引起的总 需求减少。（财政扩张引起的收入增加提高了货币需求。） *自动稳定器： 当经济进入衰退时，决策者不用采取任何有意的行动也会刺激总需求的财政政策变动。（包括税收、政府转移支付） *财政政策主要手段： 1.改变政府购买（主要） 2.改变政府的转移支付（只有具体手段变动时才是财政 政策，否则就是自动稳定器）3.税收4.借债水平（发行国债） *支出乘数公式： M=m/(1-MPC)税收乘数=-MPC/(1-MPC) *乘数效应和挤出效应对货币市场和总需求曲线的影响（图）
经济学术语
经济学术语 National Income （国民收入） Aggregate Supply & Demand （总供应与总需求） Distribution & Re-distribution （分配与再分配） Unemployment & Inflation （失业与通货膨胀） Financial System （金融系统） Development & Growth （发展与增长） Sustainability （可持续性） Scarcity (稀缺性） Efficiency （效率） Supply and Demand （供应与需求） Elasticity （弹性） Equilibrium （均衡） Cost and Profit （成本与利润） Competition （竞争） Market （市场） （由于时间关系，术语数量很少，我会在以后的时间里不断的添加内容的。） Factor要素 factor demand要素需求 factor market要素市场 factors of production生产要素 factor substitution要素替代 factor supply要素供给 fallacy of composition合成谬误 final goods最终产品 firm企业 firms’ demand curve for labor企业劳动需求曲线 firm supply curve企业供给曲线 first-degree price discrimination第一级价格歧视 first—order condition一阶条件 fixed costs固定成本
国际经济学 术语词汇表 英汉对照
术语词汇表英汉对照 术语词汇表英汉对照Autarky 自给自足经济 ad valorem tariff 从价关税 antidumping duty 反倾销税 advanced nations 发达国家 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 亚太经济合作组织appreciation 升值 arbitrage 套汇 asset-markets approach 资产市场分析法 adjustment mechanism 调整机制 automatic adjustment 自动调整 absorption approach 吸收分析法 adjustable pegged exchange rates 可调整的钉住汇率制auction price 拍卖价格 aggressive protective trade policy 侵略性保护贸易政策alternative duty 选择税 absolute quota 绝对配额 autonomous quota 自主配额 agreement quota 协议配额 American Selling Price ,ASP 美国售价制 Anti-dumping Code 反倾销守则 Arms trade 军火贸易 Association of South East Asian Nations , ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟Basis for trade 贸易基础 Business services 商业服务 Beggar-thy-neighbor policy 以邻为壑政策 Bonded warehouse 保税仓库 Buy-national policies 购买国货政策 Buffer stock 缓冲存货 Benelux 比卢荷(比利时\荷兰\卢森堡) Brain drain 人才外流 Balance of international indebtedness 国际债务平衡表Balance of payments 国际收支 Bid rate 买价 Bretton woods system 布雷顿森林体系 Bank for international settlements (BIS) 国际结算银行 Basket valuation 一篮子定价法 Buffer-stock facility 缓冲存货贷款 Bilateral trade 双边贸易 Balance of trade 贸易差额 Barter trade 易货贸易 Buyer?s credit 买方信贷
最全经济学英语词汇(打印版)
经济学英语词汇1、General terms 一般术语 economist 经济学家 socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 自由经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守 primary sector 初级成分 private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策 economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定 concentration 集中 holding company 控股公司 trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔 rate of growth 增长 economic trend经济趋势 economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设 standard of living生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺 stagnation停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的 2、Capital 资本 initial capital 创办资本 frozen capital 冻结资金 frozen assets 冻结资产 fixed assets 固定资产 real estate 不动产,房地产 circulating capital, working capital 流动资本available capital 可用资产 capital goods资本货物reserve 准备金,储备金 calling up of capital 催缴资本allocation of funds资金分配contribution of funds 资金捐献working capital fund 周转基金revolvingfund 循环基金,周转性基金contingency fund 意外开支,准备金reserve fund 准备金
2020考研英语《经济学人》常用词汇(4)-考研辅导
2020考研英语《经济学人》常用词汇（4）【导语】当你真正想完成一件事时，根本不会在意别人是否看到。备考漫漫长路，冠珠教育和你一起默默地走下去。以下是2020考研英语《经济学人》常用词汇，一起来看看吧！ 1、自由资源(Freeresource) 自由资源是指特别富裕以致在零价格就可以获得的资源。 2、一般均衡分析(Generalequilibriumanalysis) 一般均衡分析是指(与局部均衡分析相反)把各种市场和价格的相互作用都考虑进去的分析。 3、吉芬反论(Giffen`sparadox) 吉芬反论是指商品的需求量与价格成正向关系这样一种状况。当劣质商品价格的替代效应并不足以抵消收人效应时就会发生这样的情况。 4、隐成本(Implicitcost) 使用企业所有者拥有的资源(诸如他的时间与资本)的选择成本就是隐成本。 5、收入补偿的需求曲线(Income-compensateddemandcurve) 收入补偿的需求曲线表示，当消费者的收入调整到不论价格如何都可以购买最初的市场篮子，这时在每一种价格下消费者所需求的商品的数量有多少。 6、收入--消费曲线(Income-consumptioncurve) 收入一消费曲线是把代表与全部可能的消费者货币收入相应的
均衡市场篮子的点连接而成的一条曲线。这种曲线可以用于推导恩格尔曲线。 7、收人效应(Incomeeffect) 收入效应是指，所有价格不变时完全由于消费者满足水平的变化所引起的商品X的需求量的改变。 8、需求的收入弹性(incomeelasticityofdemand) 需求的收入弹性是指，当价格保持不变时消费者收入发生1%的变化时，所引起的需求数量变化的百分比。 9、成本递增的产业(Increasing-costindustry) 成本递增的行业是指具有向上倾斜的长期供给曲线的行业，它的扩大会引起投入品价格的上升。 10、规模收益递增(increasingreturnstoscale) 如果所有投入品的数量都以相同的百分数增加，并导致产量增加的百分数大于该百分数，就是规模收益递增的。 11、无差异曲线(Indifferencecurve) 无差异曲线表示对消费者没有区别的市场篮子的点的轨迹。 12、劣质商品(Inferiorgood) 劣质商品是指其收入效应使得实际收人增加导致需求量减少的商品。 13、创新(Innovation) 当一项发明第一次使用时，我们称之为创新。 14、投人品(Input)
常用经济学术语
一些经济学术语及其它（一） Cold snap寒潮、寒流（可数） There is no auctioneer calling out the price of ice cream an ice-cream cone competitive market：a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price price takers：those who have no impact on price but can only accept the price Perfectly competitive markets 竞争充分市场 One such market, called an oligopoly （寡头市场）, has a few sellers that do not always compete aggressively law of demand：the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises law of supply：the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises normal good （正常商品）：a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand inferior good ( 劣质商品)：a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand s ubstitutes（替代品）：two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other complements（互补品）：two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other hot fudge 热巧克力 demand schedule：a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded supply schedule：a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied ceteris paribus（其它条件不变）：a Latin phrase, translated as “other things being equal,” used as are minder that all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constant A 10 percent increase in the price causes a 12 percent drop in teenage smoking （这句话让我说肯定是in smoking among teenagers） At an even lower price, you may choose to go out of business altogether (这个词的用法以前没怎么注意，此处可以翻译为“直接”) Equilibrium：a situation in which supply and demand have been brought into balance equilibrium price：the price that balances supply and demand equilibrium quantity：the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded when the price has adjusted to balance supply and demand The equilibrium price is sometimes called the market-clearing price（市场出清价格）because, at this price, everyone in the market has been satisfied: Buyers have bought all they want to buy, and sellers have sold all they want to sell There is no upward or downward pressure on the price （价格没有上升或者下降的压力，就是这么表达的） law of supply and demand：the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance shortage：a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied